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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rankings for Chinese universities</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><caption class="infobox-title fn"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049405">.mw-parser-output .noitalic{font-style:normal}</style><span class="noitalic">Wu Shulian University Ranking</span></i></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Categories</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher education</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Annual</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Wu Shulian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1993<span class="noprint">; 31 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1993</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First issue</th><td class="infobox-data">1993</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wurank.net/">wurank.net</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Wu Shulian Chinese university rankings</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">武书连大学排名</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">武書連大學排名</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wǔshūlián dàxué páimíng</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Wu Shulian is an individual who created and published by himself the rankings for universities in China. Wu Shulian's ranking has caused significant controversy due to his excessive business operations behind the rankings and for-profit indicator system design of the rankings. The publication of the rankings has been criticized by many Chinese media, including <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangming_Daily" title="Guangming Daily">Guangming Daily</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(China)" title="Ministry of Education (China)">Ministry of Education of China</a> strongly opposed the university rankings as it was based on the payment of "fees."<sup id="cite_ref-新华调查：“大学排行榜”？不如一笑了之_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-新华调查：“大学排行榜”？不如一笑了之-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-大学排行榜不同版本掐架_爆_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-大学排行榜不同版本掐架_爆-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-武书连大学排行榜再受质疑_商业操作致弊端丛生_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-武书连大学排行榜再受质疑_商业操作致弊端丛生-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_ranking">Published ranking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Shulian_Chinese_university_rankings&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Published ranking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The annual ranking has been continuously released since 1996. Top 100 universities out of 2,236 colleges and universities (general/integrated ranking) since 2002 are as below, as well as 1996 ranking. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <tbody><tr> <th>University (membership of <a href="/wiki/C9_League" title="C9 League">C9 League</a>/<a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a>)</th> <th>1996</th> <th>2003</th> <th>2004</th> <th>2005</th> <th>2006</th> <th>2007</th> <th>2008</th> <th>2009</th> <th>2010</th> <th>2011</th> <th>2012 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_University" title="Zhejiang University">Zhejiang University</a> (C9-985)</td> <td>4</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>1</td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a> (C9-985)</td> <td>3</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> (C9-985)</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>3</td> <td>3 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a> (C9-985)</td> <td>21</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>6</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Fudan_University" title="Fudan University">Fudan University</a> (C9-985)</td> <td>6</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a> (C9-985)</td> <td>2</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_University" title="Wuhan University">Wuhan University</a> (985)</td> <td>20</td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>10</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>7 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen_University" title="Sun Yat-sen University">Sun Yat-sen University</a> (985)</td> <td>19</td> <td>10</td> <td>11</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>7</td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Science and Technology of China">University of Science and Technology of China</a> (C9-985)</td> <td>10</td> <td>15</td> <td>15</td> <td>11</td> <td>13</td> <td>11</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>13</td> <td>16</td> <td>17 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Huazhong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Huazhong University of Science and Technology">Huazhong University of Science and Technology</a> (985)</td> <td>7</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>11 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jilin_University" title="Jilin University">Jilin University</a> (985)</td> <td>15</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>11</td> <td>11</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>12 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Jiaotong_University" title="Xi'an Jiaotong University">Xi'an Jiaotong University</a> (C9-985)</td> <td>5</td> <td>12</td> <td>12</td> <td>14</td> <td>12</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>12</td> <td>14</td> <td>14</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_University" title="Sichuan University">Sichuan University</a> (985)</td> <td>27</td> <td>13</td> <td>10</td> <td>12</td> <td>11</td> <td>13</td> <td>13</td> <td>13</td> <td>10</td> <td>10</td> <td>9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Institute_of_Technology" title="Harbin Institute of Technology">Harbin Institute of Technology</a> (C9-985)</td> <td>8</td> <td>11</td> <td>13</td> <td>13</td> <td>14</td> <td>14</td> <td>14</td> <td>14</td> <td>11</td> <td>11</td> <td>10 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nankai_University" title="Nankai University">Nankai University</a> (985)</td> <td>25</td> <td>19</td> <td>19</td> <td>18</td> <td>17</td> <td>17</td> <td>16</td> <td>15</td> <td>16</td> <td>15</td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shandong_University" title="Shandong University">Shandong University</a> (985)</td> <td>23</td> <td>14</td> <td>14</td> <td>15</td> <td>15</td> <td>15</td> <td>15</td> <td>16</td> <td>15</td> <td>13</td> <td>13 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Normal_University" title="Beijing Normal University">Beijing Normal University</a> (985)</td> <td>43</td> <td>25</td> <td>22</td> <td>20</td> <td>19</td> <td>19</td> <td>18</td> <td>17</td> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> <td>22 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_University" title="Tianjin University">Tianjin University</a> (985)</td> <td>18</td> <td>18</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>16</td> <td>17</td> <td>18</td> <td>21</td> <td>22</td> <td>20 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Central_South_University" title="Central South University">Central South University</a> (985)</td> <td>32</td> <td>16</td> <td>17</td> <td>17</td> <td>18</td> <td>18</td> <td>19</td> <td>19</td> <td>17</td> <td>17</td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_University" title="Southeast University">Southeast University</a> (985)</td> <td>9</td> <td>21</td> <td>20</td> <td>21</td> <td>22</td> <td>23</td> <td>20</td> <td>20</td> <td>18</td> <td>19</td> <td>19 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Renmin_University_of_China" title="Renmin University of China">Renmin University of China</a> (985)</td> <td>44</td> <td>35</td> <td>28</td> <td>26</td> <td>24</td> <td>20</td> <td>22</td> <td>21</td> <td>19</td> <td>18</td> <td>21 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beihang_University" title="Beihang University">Beihang University</a> (985)</td> <td>14</td> <td>22</td> <td>23</td> <td>23</td> <td>23</td> <td>22</td> <td>23</td> <td>22</td> <td>25</td> <td>27</td> <td>27 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Xiamen_University" title="Xiamen University">Xiamen University</a> (985)</td> <td>42</td> <td>24</td> <td>25</td> <td>22</td> <td>21</td> <td>21</td> <td>21</td> <td>23</td> <td>26</td> <td>23</td> <td>23 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Dalian_University_of_Technology" title="Dalian University of Technology">Dalian University of Technology</a> (985)</td> <td>11</td> <td>30</td> <td>26</td> <td>27</td> <td>27</td> <td>25</td> <td>24</td> <td>24</td> <td>22</td> <td>21</td> <td>18 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Tongji_University" title="Tongji University">Tongji University</a> (985)</td> <td>29</td> <td>23</td> <td>21</td> <td>24</td> <td>26</td> <td>24</td> <td>26</td> <td>25</td> <td>23</td> <td>25</td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_China_University_of_Technology" title="South China University of Technology">South China University of Technology</a> (985)</td> <td>35</td> <td>20</td> <td>24</td> <td>25</td> <td>25</td> <td>27</td> <td>27</td> <td>26</td> <td>24</td> <td>24</td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_University" title="Chongqing University">Chongqing University</a> (985)</td> <td>34</td> <td>33</td> <td>31</td> <td>30</td> <td>29</td> <td>28</td> <td>28</td> <td>27</td> <td>27</td> <td>26</td> <td>26 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Lanzhou_University" title="Lanzhou University">Lanzhou University</a> (985)</td> <td>33</td> <td>41</td> <td>42</td> <td>32</td> <td>33</td> <td>31</td> <td>30</td> <td>28</td> <td>29</td> <td>29</td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Polytechnical_University" title="Northwestern Polytechnical University">Northwestern Polytechnical University</a> (985)</td> <td>12</td> <td>26</td> <td>29</td> <td>28</td> <td>28</td> <td>26</td> <td>25</td> <td>29</td> <td>28</td> <td>28</td> <td>28 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/East_China_Normal_University" title="East China Normal University">East China Normal University</a> (985)</td> <td>39</td> <td>36</td> <td>34</td> <td>33</td> <td>32</td> <td>30</td> <td>29</td> <td>30</td> <td>31</td> <td>33</td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Institute_of_Technology" title="Beijing Institute of Technology">Beijing Institute of Technology</a> (985)</td> <td>50</td> <td>32</td> <td>36</td> <td>37</td> <td>35</td> <td>33</td> <td>31</td> <td>31</td> <td>30</td> <td>30</td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Agricultural_University" title="China Agricultural University">China Agricultural University</a> (985)</td> <td>13</td> <td>29</td> <td>30</td> <td>31</td> <td>30</td> <td>29</td> <td>32</td> <td>32</td> <td>33</td> <td>31</td> <td>31 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hunan_University" title="Hunan University">Hunan University</a> (985)</td> <td>38</td> <td>45</td> <td>43</td> <td>43</td> <td>40</td> <td>34</td> <td>33</td> <td>33</td> <td>32</td> <td>32</td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University_(Shenyang,_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeastern University (Shenyang, China)">Northeastern University</a> (985)</td> <td>22</td> <td>27</td> <td>27</td> <td>29</td> <td>31</td> <td>32</td> <td>34</td> <td>34</td> <td>46</td> <td>46</td> <td>46 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou_University" title="Zhengzhou University">Zhengzhou University</a></td> <td>51</td> <td>44</td> <td>44</td> <td>44</td> <td>39</td> <td>36</td> <td>35</td> <td>35</td> <td>35</td> <td>34</td> <td>34 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University_of_Aeronautics_and_Astronautics" title="Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics">Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics</a></td> <td>17</td> <td>52</td> <td>47</td> <td>45</td> <td>44</td> <td>39</td> <td>36</td> <td>36</td> <td>36</td> <td>37</td> <td>36 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/East_China_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="East China University of Science and Technology">East China University of Science and Technology</a></td> <td>31</td> <td>34</td> <td>35</td> <td>36</td> <td>36</td> <td>38</td> <td>38</td> <td>37</td> <td>34</td> <td>35</td> <td>35 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Soochow_University_(Suzhou)" title="Soochow University (Suzhou)">Soochow University</a></td> <td>64</td> <td>37</td> <td>39</td> <td>39</td> <td>38</td> <td>35</td> <td>37</td> <td>38</td> <td>42</td> <td>36</td> <td>37 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Agricultural_University" title="Nanjing Agricultural University">Nanjing Agricultural University</a></td> <td>47</td> <td>50</td> <td>50</td> <td>49</td> <td>45</td> <td>42</td> <td>40</td> <td>39</td> <td>40</td> <td>39</td> <td>38 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_University_of_Technology" title="Wuhan University of Technology">Wuhan University of Technology</a></td> <td>63</td> <td>38</td> <td>38</td> <td>42</td> <td>42</td> <td>40</td> <td>39</td> <td>40</td> <td>39</td> <td>42</td> <td>42 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_University" title="Shanghai University">Shanghai University</a></td> <td>49</td> <td>43</td> <td>45</td> <td>52</td> <td>54</td> <td>50</td> <td>43</td> <td>41</td> <td>38</td> <td>38</td> <td>41 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Science_and_Technology_Beijing" title="University of Science and Technology Beijing">University of Science and Technology Beijing</a></td> <td>26</td> <td>40</td> <td>40</td> <td>38</td> <td>43</td> <td>43</td> <td>42</td> <td>42</td> <td>50</td> <td>49</td> <td>51 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Electronic_Science_and_Technology_of_China" title="University of Electronic Science and Technology of China">University of Electronic Science and Technology of China</a> (985)</td> <td>37</td> <td>56</td> <td>56</td> <td>48</td> <td>49</td> <td>47</td> <td>48</td> <td>43</td> <td>37</td> <td>40</td> <td>39 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Southwest_University" title="Southwest University">Southwest University</a></td> <td></td> <td>93</td> <td>91</td> <td>79</td> <td>51</td> <td>51</td> <td>46</td> <td>45</td> <td>41</td> <td>43</td> <td>43 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Normal_University" title="Northeast Normal University">Northeast Normal University</a></td> <td>36</td> <td>58</td> <td>60</td> <td>59</td> <td>58</td> <td>54</td> <td>49</td> <td>43</td> <td>43</td> <td>44</td> <td>44 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Xidian_University" title="Xidian University">Xidian University</a></td> <td>46</td> <td>53</td> <td>55</td> <td>47</td> <td>46</td> <td>45</td> <td>44</td> <td>46</td> <td>47</td> <td>45</td> <td>45 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_A%26F_University" title="Northwest A&F University">Northwest A&F University</a> (985)</td> <td></td> <td>57</td> <td>49</td> <td>54</td> <td>52</td> <td>49</td> <td>53</td> <td>47</td> <td>49</td> <td>48</td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jinan_University" title="Jinan University">Jinan University</a></td> <td>84</td> <td>49</td> <td>51</td> <td>53</td> <td>48</td> <td>44</td> <td>47</td> <td>48</td> <td>54</td> <td>52</td> <td>49 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Nanjing University of Science and Technology">Nanjing University of Science and Technology</a></td> <td>30</td> <td>46</td> <td>46</td> <td>46</td> <td>50</td> <td>48</td> <td>51</td> <td>49</td> <td>48</td> <td>47</td> <td>47 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Huazhong_Normal_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Huazhong Normal University">Huazhong Normal University</a></td> <td>52</td> <td>54</td> <td>57</td> <td>58</td> <td>57</td> <td>55</td> <td>50</td> <td>50</td> <td>45</td> <td>58</td> <td>67 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Weifang_University" title="Weifang University">Weifang University</a></td> <td></td> <td>55</td> <td>52</td> <td>55</td> <td>55</td> <td>53</td> <td>55</td> <td>51</td> <td>51</td> <td>54</td> <td>53 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Mining_and_Technology" title="China University of Mining and Technology">China University of Mining and Technology</a></td> <td>24</td> <td>31</td> <td>33</td> <td>35</td> <td>41</td> <td>41</td> <td>45</td> <td>52</td> <td>53</td> <td>85</td> <td>87 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Normal_University" title="Nanjing Normal University">Nanjing Normal University</a></td> <td>70</td> <td>47</td> <td>48</td> <td>51</td> <td>53</td> <td>52</td> <td>52</td> <td>53</td> <td>64</td> <td>51</td> <td>54 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_University" title="Yangzhou University">Yangzhou University</a></td> <td>74</td> <td>51</td> <td>54</td> <td>57</td> <td>60</td> <td>57</td> <td>57</td> <td>54</td> <td>44</td> <td>41</td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Huazhong_Agricultural_University" title="Huazhong Agricultural University">Huazhong Agricultural University</a></td> <td>69</td> <td>60</td> <td>58</td> <td>56</td> <td>56</td> <td>56</td> <td>62</td> <td>55</td> <td>61</td> <td>65</td> <td>58 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_University,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest University, China">Northwest University</a></td> <td>95</td> <td>48</td> <td>53</td> <td>50</td> <td>47</td> <td>46</td> <td>54</td> <td>56</td> <td>62</td> <td>61</td> <td>63 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ocean_University_of_China" title="Ocean University of China">Ocean University of China</a> (985)</td> <td>54</td> <td>64</td> <td>65</td> <td>60</td> <td>59</td> <td>58</td> <td>56</td> <td>57</td> <td>60</td> <td>57</td> <td>56 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hunan_Normal_University" title="Hunan Normal University">Hunan Normal University</a></td> <td>62</td> <td>61</td> <td>61</td> <td>66</td> <td>65</td> <td>60</td> <td>61</td> <td>58</td> <td>59</td> <td>62</td> <td>68 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Jiaotong_University" title="Beijing Jiaotong University">Beijing Jiaotong University</a></td> <td>53</td> <td>66</td> <td>67</td> <td>73</td> <td>70</td> <td>62</td> <td>60</td> <td>59</td> <td>52</td> <td>55</td> <td>57 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_China_Normal_University" title="South China Normal University">South China Normal University</a></td> <td>61</td> <td>65</td> <td>66</td> <td>62</td> <td>61</td> <td>59</td> <td>59</td> <td>60</td> <td>56</td> <td>59</td> <td>62 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_University_of_Chemical_Technology" title="Beijing University of Chemical Technology">Beijing University of Chemical Technology</a></td> <td>75</td> <td>86</td> <td>74</td> <td>69</td> <td>66</td> <td>61</td> <td>58</td> <td>61</td> <td>57</td> <td>56</td> <td>55 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shaanxi_Normal_University" title="Shaanxi Normal University">Shaanxi Normal University</a></td> <td>80</td> <td>84</td> <td>83</td> <td>75</td> <td>71</td> <td>67</td> <td>63</td> <td>62</td> <td>66</td> <td>60</td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_University" title="Nanchang University">Nanchang University</a></td> <td>97</td> <td>71</td> <td>73</td> <td>88</td> <td>68</td> <td>66</td> <td>65</td> <td>63</td> <td>63</td> <td>63</td> <td>61 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shanxi_University" title="Shanxi University">Shanxi University</a></td> <td></td> <td>80</td> <td>72</td> <td>64</td> <td>64</td> <td>63</td> <td>64</td> <td>64</td> <td>69</td> <td>68</td> <td>70 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hohai_University" title="Hohai University">Hohai University</a></td> <td>85</td> <td>81</td> <td>70</td> <td>71</td> <td>69</td> <td>64</td> <td>66</td> <td>65</td> <td>67</td> <td>66</td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_University_of_Technology" title="Beijing University of Technology">Beijing University of Technology</a></td> <td>81</td> <td>59</td> <td>64</td> <td>68</td> <td>74</td> <td>74</td> <td>67</td> <td>66</td> <td>65</td> <td>64</td> <td>65 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/South_China_Agricultural_University" title="South China Agricultural University">South China Agricultural University</a></td> <td>83</td> <td>70</td> <td>75</td> <td>65</td> <td>62</td> <td>69</td> <td>68</td> <td>67</td> <td>82</td> <td>79</td> <td>77 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_University" title="Jiangnan University">Jiangnan University</a></td> <td></td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>94</td> <td>85</td> <td>73</td> <td>68</td> <td>58</td> <td>53</td> <td>52 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Donghua_University" title="Donghua University">Donghua University</a></td> <td></td> <td>75</td> <td>86</td> <td>84</td> <td>77</td> <td>82</td> <td>75</td> <td>69</td> <td>55</td> <td>50</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing University of Technology">Nanjing University of Technology</a></td> <td></td> <td>72</td> <td>63</td> <td>67</td> <td>75</td> <td>70</td> <td>70</td> <td>70</td> <td>77</td> <td>80</td> <td>78 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_University" title="Fuzhou University">Fuzhou University</a></td> <td></td> <td>69</td> <td>77</td> <td>83</td> <td>79</td> <td>72</td> <td>72</td> <td>71</td> <td>83</td> <td>77</td> <td>74 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Geosciences_(Wuhan)" title="China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)">China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)</a></td> <td></td> <td>42</td> <td>37</td> <td>41</td> <td>34</td> <td>65</td> <td>69</td> <td>72</td> <td>72</td> <td>72</td> <td>73 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Yanshan_University" title="Yanshan University">Yanshan University</a></td> <td></td> <td>91</td> <td>79</td> <td>81</td> <td>82</td> <td>75</td> <td>74</td> <td>73</td> <td>73</td> <td>73</td> <td>75 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Henan_University" title="Henan University">Henan University</a></td> <td>59</td> <td>97</td> <td>101+</td> <td>93</td> <td>87</td> <td>83</td> <td>77</td> <td>74</td> <td>71</td> <td>67</td> <td>66 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_University_of_Technology" title="Zhejiang University of Technology">Zhejiang University of Technology</a></td> <td></td> <td>100</td> <td>92</td> <td>91</td> <td>91</td> <td>88</td> <td>80</td> <td>75</td> <td>74</td> <td>70</td> <td>71 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Harbin_Engineering_University" title="Harbin Engineering University">Harbin Engineering University</a></td> <td>90</td> <td>96</td> <td>89</td> <td>78</td> <td>78</td> <td>79</td> <td>71</td> <td>76</td> <td>81</td> <td>75</td> <td>69 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hebei_University" title="Hebei University">Hebei University</a></td> <td></td> <td>82</td> <td>81</td> <td>86</td> <td>81</td> <td>77</td> <td>76</td> <td>77</td> <td>80</td> <td>78</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu_University" title="Jiangsu University">Jiangsu University</a></td> <td></td> <td>73</td> <td>71</td> <td>77</td> <td>83</td> <td>81</td> <td>79</td> <td>78</td> <td>75</td> <td>74</td> <td>72 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Agricultural_University" title="Shandong Agricultural University">Shandong Agricultural University</a></td> <td>23</td> <td>87</td> <td>80</td> <td>76</td> <td>76</td> <td>73</td> <td>81</td> <td>79</td> <td>93</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Hefei_University_of_Technology" title="Hefei University of Technology">Hefei University of Technology</a></td> <td>68</td> <td>79</td> <td>85</td> <td>87</td> <td>86</td> <td>87</td> <td>78</td> <td>80</td> <td>68</td> <td>71</td> <td>76 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Xiangtan_University" title="Xiangtan University">Xiangtan University</a></td> <td>98</td> <td>89</td> <td>93</td> <td>89</td> <td>90</td> <td>89</td> <td>85</td> <td>81</td> <td>78</td> <td>83</td> <td>82 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capital_University_of_Medical_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capital University of Medical Sciences (page does not exist)">Capital University of Medical Sciences</a></td> <td></td> <td>63</td> <td>59</td> <td>61</td> <td>63</td> <td>68</td> <td>82</td> <td>82</td> <td>70</td> <td>69</td> <td>59 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Petroleum" title="China University of Petroleum">China University of Petroleum <small>(Qingdao, Shandong Province)</small></a></td> <td>48</td> <td>39</td> <td>41</td> <td>40</td> <td>37</td> <td>37</td> <td>41</td> <td>83</td> <td>85</td> <td>84</td> <td>89 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_University" title="Yunnan University">Yunnan University</a></td> <td></td> <td>67</td> <td>69</td> <td>72</td> <td>72</td> <td>78</td> <td>83</td> <td>84</td> <td>79</td> <td>76</td> <td>79 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Zhongnan_University_of_Economics_and_Law" title="Zhongnan University of Economics and Law">Zhongnan University of Economics and Law</a></td> <td></td> <td>74</td> <td>62</td> <td>74</td> <td>80</td> <td>76</td> <td>86</td> <td>85</td> <td>86</td> <td>90</td> <td>88 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Medical_University_(PRC)" class="mw-redirect" title="China Medical University (PRC)">China Medical University</a></td> <td></td> <td>62</td> <td>68</td> <td>63</td> <td>67</td> <td>71</td> <td>87</td> <td>86</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Medical_University" title="Southern Medical University">Southern Medical University</a></td> <td></td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>80</td> <td>88</td> <td>87</td> <td>98</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Geosciences_(Beijing)" title="China University of Geosciences (Beijing)">China University of Geosciences (Beijing)</a></td> <td></td> <td>42</td> <td>37</td> <td>41</td> <td>34</td> <td>91</td> <td>89</td> <td>88</td> <td>89</td> <td>88</td> <td>93 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/North_China_Electric_Power_University" title="North China Electric Power University">North China Electric Power University</a></td> <td></td> <td>101+</td> <td>95</td> <td>101+</td> <td>100</td> <td>94</td> <td>92</td> <td>89</td> <td>76</td> <td>81</td> <td>84 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_University_of_Finance_and_Economics" title="Shanghai University of Finance and Economics">Shanghai University of Finance and Economics</a></td> <td></td> <td>85</td> <td>76</td> <td>85</td> <td>84</td> <td>90</td> <td>90</td> <td>90</td> <td>88</td> <td>82</td> <td>83 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_University_of_Posts_and_Telecommunications" title="Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications">Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications</a></td> <td>89</td> <td>94</td> <td>100</td> <td>92</td> <td>85</td> <td>86</td> <td>84</td> <td>91</td> <td>87</td> <td>87</td> <td>81 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/China_Pharmaceutical_University" title="China Pharmaceutical University">China Pharmaceutical University</a></td> <td></td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>96</td> <td>101+</td> <td>97</td> <td>92</td> <td>90</td> <td>94</td> <td>85 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Normal_University" title="Shandong Normal University">Shandong Normal University</a></td> <td>65</td> <td>99</td> <td>97</td> <td>94</td> <td>97</td> <td>95</td> <td>91</td> <td>93</td> <td>95</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Heilongjiang_University" title="Heilongjiang University">Heilongjiang University</a></td> <td></td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>96</td> <td>94</td> <td>94</td> <td>92</td> <td>91 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Capital_Normal_University" title="Capital Normal University">Capital Normal University</a></td> <td></td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>95</td> <td>92</td> <td>93</td> <td>95 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Normal_University" title="Shanghai Normal University">Shanghai Normal University</a></td> <td></td> <td>98</td> <td>96</td> <td>97</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>98</td> <td>96</td> <td>95</td> <td>95</td> <td>96 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Anhui_University" title="Anhui University">Anhui University</a></td> <td></td> <td>95</td> <td>98</td> <td>98</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>99</td> <td>97</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Fujian_Normal_University" title="Fujian Normal University">Fujian Normal University</a></td> <td>77</td> <td>92</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>100</td> <td>98</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Taiyuan_University_of_Technology" title="Taiyuan University of Technology">Taiyuan University of Technology</a></td> <td>79</td> <td>88</td> <td>84</td> <td>80</td> <td>89</td> <td>99</td> <td>101+</td> <td>99</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+ </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Kunming_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Kunming University of Science and Technology">Kunming University of Science and Technology</a></td> <td></td> <td>83</td> <td>90</td> <td>90</td> <td>95</td> <td>93</td> <td>93</td> <td>100</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+</td> <td>101+ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Notes: </p> <ul><li><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The rank once tried category ranking in 1998. To list top 5, comprehensive universities ranking: 1. <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">Nanjing University</a>, 2. <a href="/wiki/Peking_University" title="Peking University">Peking University</a>, 3. <a href="/wiki/Fudan_University" title="Fudan University">Fudan University</a>, 4. <a href="/wiki/Shandong_University" title="Shandong University">Shandong University</a>, 5. <a href="/wiki/Jilin_University" title="Jilin University">Jilin University</a>, and technological universities ranking: 1. <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>, 2. <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_University" title="Zhejiang University">Zhejiang University</a>, 3. <a href="/wiki/Southeast_University" title="Southeast University">Southeast University</a>, 4. <a href="/wiki/Huazhong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Huazhong University of Science and Technology">Huazhong University of Science and Technology</a>, 5. <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Jiaotong_University" title="Xi'an Jiaotong University">Xi'an Jiaotong University</a>. However, many schools developed to be comprehensive universities soon later, including through mergers.</li> <li>Since about the year 2000 there were peaks of mergers of universities for several years, and one of the reasons for them is to become comprehensive universities.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Petroleum" title="China University of Petroleum">China University of Petroleum</a> has two branches: One in Beijing and the other one in <a href="/wiki/Qingdao" title="Qingdao">Qingdao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Shandong Province">Shandong Province</a>. The Qingdao branch is ranked among Top 100 (no. 83).</li> <li>China University of Geosciences also has two branches: One in <a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Geosciences_(Beijing)" title="China University of Geosciences (Beijing)">Beijing</a> and the other one in <a href="/wiki/China_University_of_Geosciences_(Wuhan)" title="China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)">Wuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubei Province">Hubei Province</a>. Both branches are ranked among Top 100 (Wuhan no. 72 and Beijing no. 88).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Shulian_Chinese_university_rankings&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, the leader of this university ranking program, Mr. Wu Shulian, was reported to have been involved in a fee-for-ranking scandal, involving universities being able to pay money to the ranking program in order to boost their rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the creditability of his ranking came under criticism. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(China)" title="Ministry of Education (China)">Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China</a> strongly opposes all university rankings, especially those based on payment of “fees”, a ministry spokeswoman Xu Mei said. </p><p>A study by an anonymous group from the Chinese University of Science and Technology showed that <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> would fail to rank on the Chinese university rankings if calculated by Wu Shulian's ranking standard, which was considered ridiculous due to that university's international reputation as a leading research institution.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This widespread controversy has greatly affected the credit of this ranking program and has frequently been reported on by the media.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wu Shuliang officially responded with paper in Higher Education Development and Evaluation<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> addressing several mistakes made by the study, including failure to correctly use the ranking method, failure to show the calculation process, meaning that the calculations cannot be repeated, inappropriately publishing classified data from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China">Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China</a>, inappropriate use of unavailable/non-equivalent indices/scores for <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> constituting 78.79% of total indices/scores.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wu Shuliang's paper shows <a href="/wiki/California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> clearly ranks much higher than any of Chinese Universities using his published method with proper treatment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Shulian_Chinese_university_rankings&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China" title="Rankings of universities in China">Rankings of universities in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_rankings_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="University rankings in China">University rankings in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in China">List of universities in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_university_ranking_(Netbig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese university ranking (Netbig)">Chinese university ranking (Netbig)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_university_ranking_of_billionaire_alumni" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese university ranking of billionaire alumni">Chinese university ranking of billionaire alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/863_Program" title="863 Program">863 Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">College and university rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">Academic Ranking of World Universities</a>, <small>by <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a>’s Institute of Higher Education</small>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/THES_-_QS_World_University_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="THES - QS World University Rankings">THES - QS World University Rankings</a>, <small>by <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education (THE)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">Quacquarelli Symonds</a></small>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Shulian_Chinese_university_rankings&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-新华调查：“大学排行榜”？不如一笑了之-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-新华调查：“大学排行榜”？不如一笑了之_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREF李江涛2011" class="citation web cs1">李江涛 (May 28, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170124051148/http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2011-05/28/c_13898883.htm">"新华调查："大学排行榜"？不如一笑了之"</a>. 新华网. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2011-05/28/c_13898883.htm">the original</a> on January 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%EF%BC%9A%E2%80%9C%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%8E%92%E8%A1%8C%E6%A6%9C%E2%80%9D%EF%BC%9F%E4%B8%8D%E5%A6%82%E4%B8%80%E7%AC%91%E4%BA%86%E4%B9%8B&rft.pub=%E6%96%B0%E5%8D%8E%E7%BD%91&rft.date=2011-05-28&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E6%B1%9F%E6%B6%9B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.xinhuanet.com%2Fsociety%2F2011-05%2F28%2Fc_13898883.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWu+Shulian+Chinese+university+rankings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-大学排行榜不同版本掐架_爆-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-大学排行榜不同版本掐架_爆_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF何聪,_姜泓冰,_陈星星2012" class="citation web cs1">何聪, 姜泓冰, 陈星星 (May 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304122217/http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/17969500.html">"大学排行榜不同版本掐架爆"竞价排名"丑闻"</a>. 人民日报. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/17969500.html">the original</a> on March 4, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%8E%92%E8%A1%8C%E6%A6%9C%E4%B8%8D%E5%90%8C%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E6%8E%90%E6%9E%B6+%E7%88%86%22%E7%AB%9E%E4%BB%B7%E6%8E%92%E5%90%8D%22%E4%B8%91%E9%97%BB&rft.pub=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.au=%E4%BD%95%E8%81%AA%2C+%E5%A7%9C%E6%B3%93%E5%86%B0%2C+%E9%99%88%E6%98%9F%E6%98%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F17969500.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWu+Shulian+Chinese+university+rankings" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-武书连大学排行榜再受质疑_商业操作致弊端丛生-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-武书连大学排行榜再受质疑_商业操作致弊端丛生_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF魏晓明,_丰捷2011" class="citation web cs1">魏晓明, 丰捷 (May 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313073647/http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/14757616.html">"武书连大学排行榜再受质疑商业操作致弊端丛生"</a>. 光明日报. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.people.com.cn/GB/14757616.html">the original</a> on March 13, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%A6%E8%BF%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E6%8E%92%E8%A1%8C%E6%A6%9C%E5%86%8D%E5%8F%97%E8%B4%A8%E7%96%91+%E5%95%86%E4%B8%9A%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E8%87%B4%E5%BC%8A%E7%AB%AF%E4%B8%9B%E7%94%9F&rft.pub=%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E6%97%A5%E6%8A%A5&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft.au=%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%93%E6%98%8E%2C+%E4%B8%B0%E6%8D%B7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F14757616.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWu+Shulian+Chinese+university+rankings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Top 10 in 1996, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://learning.sohu.com/20050221/n224361530.shtml">盘点1987～2005中国大学排行榜 (Summarily Counting 1987-2005 Chinese university rankings)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinadigitaltimes.net/2009/05/universities-in-fee-for-ranking-scandal/">"Universities in Fee-for-Ranking Scandal"</a>. <i>China Digital Times (CDT)</i>. May 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=China+Digital+Times+%28CDT%29&rft.atitle=Universities+in+Fee-for-Ranking+Scandal&rft.date=2009-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinadigitaltimes.net%2F2009%2F05%2Funiversities-in-fee-for-ranking-scandal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWu+Shulian+Chinese+university+rankings" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF王磊2012" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">王磊 (May 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zqb.cyol.com/html/2012-05/15/nw.D110000zgqnb_20120515_1-03.htm"><bdi lang="zh">加州理工排不进"武书连大学排行榜"前五百</bdi></a>. <i><a href="/wiki/China_Youth_Daily" title="China Youth Daily">China Youth Daily</a></i> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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href="/wiki/Webometrics_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Webometrics Ranking of World Universities">Webometrics Ranking of World Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#World's_Universities_with_Real_Impact" title="College and university rankings">World's Universities with Real Impact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_European_Union" title="Rankings of universities in the European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Latin_America" title="Rankings of universities in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_ASEAN" title="Rankings of universities in ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th 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href="/wiki/Best_Chinese_Universities_Ranking" title="Best Chinese Universities Ranking">BCUR</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wu Shulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CUAA_Chinese_university_ranking" title="CUAA Chinese university ranking">CUAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_university_ranking_(Netbig)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese university ranking (Netbig)">Netbig</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_France" title="Rankings of universities in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Germany" title="College and university rankings">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHE_University_Ranking" title="CHE University Ranking">CHE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institutional_Ranking_Framework" title="National Institutional Ranking Framework">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Japan" title="College and university rankings">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Going_broke_universities_%E2%80%93_Disappearing_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Going broke universities – Disappearing universities">Going broke universities – Disappearing universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truly_Strong_Universities" title="Truly Strong Universities">Truly Strong Universities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_rankings_of_universities_in_Mexico" title="Academic rankings of universities in Mexico">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Mexico" title="College and university rankings">ECUM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_Pakistan" title="Rankings of universities in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings#Russian_Federation" title="College and university rankings">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_South_Africa" title="Rankings of universities in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings_in_the_United_States" title="College and university rankings in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Measuring_University_Performance" title="Center for Measuring University Performance">Center for Measuring University Performance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faculty_Scholarly_Productivity_Index" title="Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index">Faculty Scholarly Productivity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Magazine%27s_List_of_America%27s_Best_Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes Magazine's List of America's Best Colleges"><i>Forbes</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Princeton_Review#College_admissions" title="The Princeton Review">The Princeton Review</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report_Best_Colleges_Ranking" title="U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges Ranking">U.S. News & World Report</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monthly#College_rankings" title="Washington Monthly">Washington Monthly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Will_They_Learn%3F" title="What Will They Learn?">What Will They Learn?</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:University_and_college_rankings" title="Category:University and college rankings">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Education_in_China" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Education_in_China" title="Template:Education in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Education_in_China" title="Template talk:Education in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Education_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Education in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Education_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education in China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Education system</b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_China" title="History of education in China">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(bureaucrat)" title="Mandarin (bureaucrat)">Mandarin (bureaucrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholar-official" title="Scholar-official">Scholar-bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taixue" title="Taixue">Taixue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academies_of_Classical_Learning" title="Academies of Classical Learning">Academies of Classical Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_educators" title="Category:Chinese educators">Chinese educators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burning of books and burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guozijian" title="Guozijian">Guozijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Guozijian" title="Beijing Guozijian">Beijing Guozijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Schools_of_Thought" title="Hundred Schools of Thought">Hundred Schools of Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_and_Guiding_in_mainland_China" title="Scouting and Guiding in mainland China">Scouting in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide_in_China" title="Digital divide in China">Digital divide in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Challenge_Cup_Competition_of_Science_Achievement_in_China" title="Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China">Challenge Cup Competition of Science Achievement in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_reorganization_of_higher_education_in_China" title="1952 reorganization of higher education in China">1952 reorganization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_inequality_in_China" title="Education inequality in China">Education inequality in China</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_academy" title="National academy">Academies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Social_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Social Sciences">Chinese Academy of Social Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Chinese Academy of Engineering">Chinese Academy of Engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plan_111" title="Plan 111">Plan 111</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_First-Class_Construction" title="Double First-Class Construction">Double First-Class Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hope" title="Project Hope">Project Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Talents_Plan" title="Thousand Talents Plan">Thousand Talents Plan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(China)" title="Ministry of Education (China)">Ministry of Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Education_Examinations_Authority" title="National Education Examinations Authority">National Education Examinations Authority</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Compulsory_education_law" title="Education in China">Basic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Primary_education" title="Education in China">Primary education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Secondary_education" title="Education in China">Secondary education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_schools_in_China" title="Boarding schools in China">Boarding schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_and_public_schools_in_China" title="Private and public schools in China">Private and public schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongkao" title="Zhongkao">Zhongkao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Vocational_and_technical_schools" title="Education in China">Vocational</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China#Vocational_and_technical_schools" title="Education in China">Vocation education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_China" title="Higher education in China">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaokao" title="Gaokao">Gaokao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Key_Disciplines" title="National Key Disciplines">National Key Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_English_Test" title="College English Test">College English Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Key_Universities" title="National Key Universities">National Key Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_grading_in_China" title="Academic grading in China">Academic grading in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Key_Laboratories" title="State Key Laboratories">State Key Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JUPAS" title="JUPAS">JUPAS</a> <ul><li><i>for <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Hong_Kong" title="Higher education in Hong Kong">HKSAR students</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_ranks_in_China" title="Academic ranks in China">Academic ranks in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Taught_Higher_Education_Examinations" title="Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations">Self-Taught Higher Education Examinations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Book collecting in China">Book collecting in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_China" title="National Library of China">National Library of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Library" title="Nanjing Library">Nanjing Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Library" title="Shanghai Library">Shanghai Library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medical_schools_in_China" title="Category:Medical schools in China">Medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_business_schools_in_Asia#China" title="List of business schools in Asia">Business schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_China" title="List of law schools in China">Law schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign-language_schools_in_China" title="List of foreign-language schools in China">Foreign-language schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_journalism_and_communication_in_China" title="List of schools of journalism and communication in China">Schools of Journalism and Communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Int'l cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities" title="Association of East Asian Research Universities">Association of East Asian Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Pacific_Rim_Universities" title="Association of Pacific Rim Universities">Association of Pacific Rim Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_U8_Consortium" title="Global U8 Consortium">Global U8 Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Research_Universities" title="International Alliance of Research Universities">International Alliance of Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universitas_21#East_Asia" title="Universitas 21">Universitas 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_Universities_Network" title="Worldwide Universities Network">Worldwide Universities Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subject areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_education_in_China" title="English education in China">English education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exams</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Shuiping_Kaoshi" title="Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi">Hanyu Shuiping Kaoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putonghua_Proficiency_Test" title="Putonghua Proficiency Test">Putonghua Proficiency Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZHC" title="ZHC">Zhíyè Hànyŭ Nénglì Cèshì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Recruitment_Examination" title="Common Recruitment Examination">Common Recruitment Examination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Proficiency_Assessment_for_Teachers" title="Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers">Language Proficiency Assessment for Teachers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_English_Test" title="College English Test">College English Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanguo_Waiyu_Shuiping_Kaoshi" title="Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi">Quanguo Waiyu Shuiping Kaoshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_English_Test_System" title="Public English Test System">Public English Test System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China" title="Rankings of universities in China">Rankings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_China" title="List of universities and colleges in China">List of universities and colleges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Best_Chinese_Universities_Ranking" title="Best Chinese Universities Ranking">BCUR</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wu Shulian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/CUAA_Chinese_university_ranking" title="CUAA Chinese university ranking">CUAA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Netbig_Chinese_university_ranking" title="Netbig Chinese university ranking">Netbig</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_China" title="Rankings of universities in China">Rankings of universities in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Types_of_universities_and_colleges_in_China" title="Types of universities and colleges in China">Types of universities and colleges in China</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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