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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technologies informally known as online chat</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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.mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Merge_from plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/50px-Mergefrom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/75px-Mergefrom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mergefrom.svg/100px-Mergefrom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that <i><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></i> be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Merging" title="Wikipedia:Merging">merged</a> into this article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:Online_chat#Merge_to_Synchronous_conferencing_and_move_usable_content_to_various_articles" title="Talk:Online chat">Discuss</a>)<small><i> Proposed since May 2024.</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Synchronous computer-mediated communication">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Synchronous+computer-mediated+communication%22">"Synchronous computer-mediated communication"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Synchronous+computer-mediated+communication%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Synchronous+computer-mediated+communication%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Synchronous+computer-mediated+communication%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Synchronous+computer-mediated+communication%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Synchronous+computer-mediated+communication%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Synchronous conferencing</b> or <b>synchronous computer-mediated communication</b> (<b>SCMC</b>) is any form of <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">computer-mediated communication</a> that occurs in real-time; that is, there is no significant delay between sending and receiving messages.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SCMC includes real-time forms of text, audio, and <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video communication</a>. SCMC has been highly studied in the context of <a href="/wiki/E-learning" class="mw-redirect" title="E-learning">e-learning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_01_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_01-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Synchronous conferencing protocols include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">IRC</a> (Internet Relay Chat)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protocol_for_Synchronous_Conferencing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protocol for Synchronous Conferencing (page does not exist)">PSYC</a> (Protocol for Synchronous Conferencing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILC_(protocol)" title="SILC (protocol)">SILC</a> (Secure Internet Live Conferencing protocol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensible_Messaging_and_Presence_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol">XMPP</a> (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIMPLE_(instant_messaging_protocol)" title="SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)">SIMPLE (instant messaging protocol)</a> (Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions)</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the type of media used, synchronous conferencing can be divided into<sup id="cite_ref-ref_01_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_01-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>audio conferencing:</b> only audio is used</li> <li><b>video conferencing:</b> Both audio (voice) and video and pictures are used.</li></ul> <p>According to the number of access point used, synchronous conferencing can be divided into </p> <ul><li><b>point-to-point:</b> Only two computers are connected end to end.</li> <li><b>multi-point:</b> Two or more than two computers are connected.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synchronous_vs_asynchronous_conferencing">Synchronous vs asynchronous conferencing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Synchronous vs asynchronous conferencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both synchronous and <a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous conferencing">asynchronous conferencing</a> are <a href="/wiki/Online_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Online conferencing">online conferencing</a> where the participants can interact while being physically located at different places in the world. Asynchronous conferencing allows the students to access the learning material at their convenience while synchronous conferencing requires that all participants including the instructor and the students be online at the time of the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-ref_01_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_01-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While synchronous conferencing enables real-time interaction of the participants, asynchronous conferencing allows participants to post messages and others can respond to it at any convenient time. Sometimes a combination of both synchronous and asynchronous conferencing is used. Both methods give a permanent record of the conference.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_02_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_02-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of the methods used in synchronous conferencing are: </p> <ul><li><b>Chat (text only)</b>: Multiple participants can be logged into the conference and can interactively share resources and ideas. There is also an option to save the chat and archive it for later review.</li> <li><b>Voice (telephone or <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">voice-over IP</a>)</b>: This is a conference call between the instructor and the participating students where they can speak through a built-in microphone or a headset.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Video_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conferencing">Video conferencing</a></b>: This may or may not require the participants to have their webcams running. Usually, a video conference involves a live feed from a classroom or elsewhere or content.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">Web conferencing</a></b>: This includes Webinar (Web-based seminar) as well. Unlike in video conferencing, participants of web conferencing can access a wider variety of media elements. Web conferences are comparatively more interactive and usually incorporate chat sessions as well.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Virtual_worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual worlds">Virtual worlds</a></b>: In this setup, students can meet in the virtual world and speak with each other through headsets and VoIP. This can make learning more productive and engaging when the students can navigate the worlds and operate in their avatar.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_factors_for_effective_implementation">Critical factors for effective implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Critical factors for effective implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are four critical factors identified for implementing synchronous conferencing for effective instruction to the students<sup id="cite_ref-ref_01_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref_01-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Video and audio quality which depends on technical factors like higher bandwidth and processing capabilities of the system.</li> <li>Training time depends on the familiarity and proficiency of the instructors and the students with the technology.</li> <li>Teaching strategies depend on the adaptability of the instructors to the new methods, preparing appropriate and effective training materials, and motivating students.</li> <li>Direct meeting of the instructor and the students.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Synchronous_conferencing_in_higher_education">Synchronous conferencing in higher education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Synchronous conferencing in higher education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Synchronous conferencing in education helps in the delivery of content through digital media. Since this is real-time teaching, it also brings the benefits of face-to-face teaching in distance learning.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many higher education institutions offer well-designed quality e-learning opportunities. Some of the advantages of synchronous conferencing in education are:<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_04_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_04-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref_07_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_07-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Helps the students to connect with not only their teachers and peers but also with recognized experts in the field regardless of the geographical distance and different time zones.</li> <li>Provides opportunities for both the teachers and the students to expand their knowledge outside the classroom.</li> <li>Helps students who are home-bound or limited mobility to connect with their classrooms and participate in learning.</li> <li>Helps the faculties to conduct classes when they are not able to come to classes due to an emergency.</li> <li>Supports real-time collaboration, interaction, and immediate feedback</li> <li>Encourage students to learn together and in turn, develop cultural understanding</li> <li>Personalized learning experience for the students</li> <li>Real-time discussion opportunities for students promoting student engagement</li> <li>Active interaction can lead to an associated community of like-minded students</li> <li>Saves travel expenses and time</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation_of_educational_technology">Implementation of educational technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Implementation of educational technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tools for implementing synchronous conferencing depend on the type of educational problem addressed. This is in turn decides the method of synchronous conferencing to be used and the tool to be used in the learning context. The tool selected addresses the problem of improving the learning outcomes which cannot be solved with an asynchronous environment. There are many tools and platforms available for synchronous conferencing.<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_04_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_04-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Smartphone applications</li> <li>Web conferencing tools</li> <li>Video conferencing tools</li> <li>Video and hangout platforms</li> <li>Shared whiteboards</li></ul> <p>The selection of tools and platforms also depends on the group size which depends on the activity for the course design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limitations">Limitations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Limitations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some limitations for synchronous conferencing in learning are:<sup id="cite_ref-Ref_04_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_04-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ref_05_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ref_05-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Disjointed discussions, not connected in time</li> <li>Lack of effective moderation and/or clear guidelines for learners</li> <li>Difficulty in collaborating on online projects</li> <li>Lack of proper communication with the instructor and students.</li> <li>Technical issues may arise if not analysed and planned in advance</li> <li>Lack of familiarity with the tools</li> <li>Limited time to complete the learning activity and to incorporate interactions with the learners</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a> (Groupware)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-user_dungeon" title="Multi-user dungeon">MUDs</a> (Multi-User Dungeons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous conferencing">Asynchronous conferencing</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synchronous_computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li 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