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la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-Navigacion" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Navigacion" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacion </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Acuèlh" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Acuèlh</span></a></li><li id="n-La-tavèrna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:La_tav%C3%A8rna"><span>La tavèrna</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Portals tematics</span></a></li><li id="n-alphindex" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Totas_las_paginas"><span>Indèx alfabetic</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Pagina_a_l%27azard" title="Afichar una pagina a l'azard [x]" 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<input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Recèrca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Recercar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Aisinas personalas"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Esperit&returntoquery=section%3D12%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Esperit&returntoquery=section%3D12%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connectar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aisinas personalas" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aisinas personalas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc"><span>Far un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Esperit&returntoquery=section%3D12%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Esperit&returntoquery=section%3D12%26veaction%3Dedit%26redirect%3Dno" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. 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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'Esperit_dins_las_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'Esperit_dins_las_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>L'Esperit dins las religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-L'Esperit_dins_las_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció L'Esperit dins las religions</span> </button> <ul id="toc-L'Esperit_dins_las_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'esperit_dins_lo_cristianisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'esperit_dins_lo_cristianisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>L'esperit dins lo cristianisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'esperit_dins_lo_cristianisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'esperit_dins_la_cabala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'esperit_dins_la_cabala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>L'esperit dins la cabala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'esperit_dins_la_cabala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'esperit_dins_lo_bodisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'esperit_dins_lo_bodisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>L'esperit dins lo bodisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'esperit_dins_lo_bodisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'esperit_dins_las_filosofias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'esperit_dins_las_filosofias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>L'esperit dins las filosofias</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-L'esperit_dins_las_filosofias-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció L'esperit dins las filosofias</span> </button> <ul id="toc-L'esperit_dins_las_filosofias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Filosofia_occidentala_classica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofia_occidentala_classica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Filosofia occidentala classica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofia_occidentala_classica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofia_de_l'esperit_contemporanèa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofia_de_l'esperit_contemporanèa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Filosofia de l'esperit contemporanèa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofia_de_l'esperit_contemporanèa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofia_espirita" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofia_espirita"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Filosofia espirita</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofia_espirita-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'esprit_dins_las_sciéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'esprit_dins_las_sciéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>L'esprit dins las sciéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'esprit_dins_las_sciéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_connèxes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connèxes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Articles connèxes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Articles_connèxes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Articles connèxes</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Articles_connèxes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concèptes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concèptes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Concèptes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concèptes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretacions_e_aponds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretacions_e_aponds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Interpretacions e aponds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretacions_e_aponds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Esperit</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 139 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gees_(mens)" title="Gees (mens) - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gees (mens)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%95%E1%88%9D%E1%88%AE" title="አዕምሮ - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አዕምሮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="মন - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन - awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C4%9F%C4%B1l" title="Ağıl - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ağıl" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A1%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Аҡыл - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аҡыл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geist" title="Geist - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Geist" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruots" title="Pruots - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pruots" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8" title="মন - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spered" title="Spered - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Spered" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisuk" title="Bisuk - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bisuk" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%96%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%97" title="ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏙᏗ - cheroqui" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏓᏅᏖᏙᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroqui" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%86" title="زەین - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زەین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq%C4%B1l" title="Aqıl - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Aqıl" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysl" title="Mysl - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mysl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D1%81" title="Ăс - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_meddwl" title="Y meddwl - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y meddwl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sind" title="Sind - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sind" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aq%C4%B1l" title="Aqıl - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Aqıl" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mind" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menso" title="Menso - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Menso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaim_(mens)" title="Vaim (mens) - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaim (mens)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gogamen" title="Gogamen - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gogamen" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieli" title="Mieli - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esprit" title="Esprit - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Esprit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wees" title="Wees - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wees" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intinn" title="Intinn - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Intinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" title="心智 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="心智" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lespri" title="Lespri - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lespri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apytu%27%C5%A9_(arandupykuaaty)" title="Apytu'ũ (arandupykuaaty) - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Apytu'ũ (arandupykuaaty)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hankali" title="Hankali - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Hankali" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waihona_no%CA%BBono%CA%BBo" title="Waihona noʻonoʻo - hawaià" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Waihona noʻonoʻo" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A2%D7%AA" title="דעת - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דעת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man" title="Man - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Man" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Խելք - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խելք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%84" title="Խելք - arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խելք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budi" title="Budi - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Budi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mento" title="Mento - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugur" title="Hugur - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hugur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83" title="心 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="心" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main" title="Main - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Main" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agerru" title="Agerru - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Agerru" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezuu_(esprit)" title="Fezuu (esprit) - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Fezuu (esprit)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Сана - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сана" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81" title="ಮನಸ್ಸು - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮನಸ್ಸು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%8C" title="마음 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brys" title="Brys - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Brys" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB-%D1%8D%D1%81" title="Акыл-эс - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Акыл-эс" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mens" title="Mens - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geis" title="Geis - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Geis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94" title="ຈິດ - laosian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈິດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protas" title="Protas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Protas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C4%81ts" title="Prāts - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Prāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saina" title="Saina - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akabudi" title="Akabudi - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Akabudi" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="മനസ്സ് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മനസ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စိုတ် - Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="စိုတ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minda" title="Minda - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minda" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA" title="စိတ် - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စိတ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8" title="मन - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मस्तिष्क - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मस्तिष्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verstand" title="Verstand - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn" title="Sinn - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sinn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn" title="Sinn - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sinn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qorqalbii" title="Qorqalbii - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Qorqalbii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਨ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umys%C5%82" title="Umysł - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Umysł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ment" title="Ment - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ment" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81" title="سیانف - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیانف" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D9%87%D9%86" title="ذهن - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ذهن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mente" title="Mente - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mente" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minte" title="Minte - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%83" title="मनः - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मनः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%B9" title="Өй - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Өй" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱢᱚᱱ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%ACritu_(menti)" title="Spìritu (menti) - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Spìritu (menti)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" title="Mind - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mind" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myse%C4%BE" title="Myseľ - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Myseľ" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Um" title="Um - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Um" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfungwa" title="Pfungwa - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Pfungwa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendja" title="Mendja - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mendja" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BC" title="Ум - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyke" title="Psyke - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psyke" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akili_ya_binadamu" title="Akili ya binadamu - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Akili ya binadamu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மனம் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மனம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81" title="మనసు - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మనసు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95" title="จิต - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%93%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8E%E1%88%8D" title="ሓንጎል - tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ሓንጎል" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zihin" title="Zihin - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Zihin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mihleketo" title="Mihleketo - tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Mihleketo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Зиһен - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Зиһен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Розум - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розум" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84" title="عقل - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عقل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ong" title="Ong - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ong" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2m_tr%C3%AD" title="Tâm trí - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tâm trí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunahuna" title="Hunahuna - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Hunahuna" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5" title="心灵 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="心灵" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqondo" title="Ingqondo - xhòsa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ingqondo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhòsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%9C" title="שכל - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שכל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simlingz" title="Simlingz - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Simlingz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA" title="心智 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="心智" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim" title="Sim - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sim" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E9%9D%88" title="心靈 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="心靈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingqondo" title="Ingqondo - zólo" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingqondo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zólo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q450#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Esperit" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Esperit&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Esperit"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="oc" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png/200px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png/300px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png/400px-RobertFuddBewusstsein17Jh.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>Representacion de las facultats de l'esperit uman per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Fludd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Fludd (la pagina existís pas)">Robert Fludd</a> (1619).</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo tèrme <b>esperit</b> o <b>ment</b> es l'ensems dels <a href="/wiki/Fenom%C3%A8n" title="Fenomèn">fenomèns</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aptitud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aptitud (la pagina existís pas)">facultats</a> mentalas: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percepcion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percepcion (la pagina existís pas)">percepcion</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afectivitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afectivitat (la pagina existís pas)">afectivitat</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Intuicion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intuicion (la pagina existís pas)">intuicion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pensada" title="Pensada">pensada</a> <a href="/wiki/Conc%C3%A8pte" title="Concèpte">conceptuala</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eime (la pagina existís pas)">eime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morala" title="Morala">morala</a>, etc. </p><p>Dins fòrça <a href="/wiki/Tradicion" title="Tradicion">tradicions</a> <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religiosas</a>, s'agís d'un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Principi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principi (la pagina existís pas)">principi</a> de la <a href="/wiki/Vida" title="Vida">vida</a> incorporala de l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88sser_uman" class="mw-redirect" title="Èsser uman">èsser uman</a>. En <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a>, la nocion d'esperit es al còr de las tradicions dichas <a href="/w/index.php?title=Espiritualisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espiritualisme (la pagina existís pas)">espiritualistas</a>. Dins aquel sens s'opausa al <a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C3%B2s_uman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Còs uman (la pagina existís pas)">còs</a> e esperit (nomenat puslèu <a href="/wiki/Consci%C3%A9ncia" title="Consciéncia">consciéncia</a> per la filosofia e <a href="/wiki/Amna" class="mw-redirect" title="Amna">amna</a> per qualques religions). En <a href="/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia">psicologia</a> contemporanèa, lo tèrme ven sinonim de l'ensems de las activitats <a href="/wiki/Mental" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental">mentalas</a> umanas, <a href="/wiki/Consci%C3%A9ncia" title="Consciéncia">conscientas</a> e nonconscientas. </p> <ul><li>En <a href="/wiki/Metafisica" title="Metafisica">metafisica</a> e dins las <a href="/wiki/Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion">religions</a>, lo mot esperit designa normalament l'element <a href="/w/index.php?title=Immaterial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Immaterial (la pagina existís pas)">immaterial</a> incarnat dins l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%88sser_uman" class="mw-redirect" title="Èsser uman">èsser uman</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Per extension se dich tanben de totes los <a href="/wiki/%C3%88sser" title="Èsser">èssers</a> immaterials supausats dodats d'intelligéncia: <a href="/wiki/Dieu" title="Dieu">Dieu</a>, los <a href="/wiki/%C3%80ngel" title="Àngel">àngels</a>, los <a href="/wiki/Dem%C3%B2ni" title="Demòni">demònis</a>.</li> <li>En <a href="/wiki/Psicologia" title="Psicologia">psicologia</a>, lo mot esperit designa los proceses mentals e la facultat de <a href="/wiki/Pensada" title="Pensada">pensar</a> pròpia a l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92me" title="Òme">òme</a>. Aquel tèrme foguèt a vegadas rebutat a causas de las connotacions religiosas o espiritualistas qu'èra cargat, los autors, subretot dins l'escòla psicanalitica, li preferisson aquel, mai neutre, de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psiqu%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psiquè (la pagina existís pas)">psiquè</a>. Dempuèi la fin del <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XX" title="Sègle XX">sègle <span title="Nombre escrit en chifras romanas" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xx</span></a>, jos l'influéncia dels escrichs <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">anglofòns</a>, lo mot <i>esperit</i> es la <a href="/wiki/Traduccion" title="Traduccion">traduccion</a> del tèrme <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" class="extiw" title="en:Mind">mind</a></i>.</li> <li>Dins lo lengatge ordinari, lo mot <i>esperit</i> evòca en mai de l'activitat mentala de facultats o <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engenh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engenh (la pagina existís pas)">engenhs</a> intellectuals, subretot de vivacitat, de finessa, d'<a href="/wiki/Umor" title="Umor">umor</a>.</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origina">Origina</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Origina" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Origina"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo mot esperit ven del <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">latin</a> « <i>spiritus</i> » (derivat de <i>spirare</i> = bufar) que significa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Buf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buf (la pagina existís pas)">buf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vent" title="Vent">vent</a>. Tanben donèt los mots inspirar (lat. <i>inspirare</i>) e expirer (lat. <i>expirare</i>). <i>Esprit</i>, o <i>spiritus</i>, es tanben la traduccion du <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8c" class="mw-redirect" title="Grèc">grèc</a> <i>pneuma</i> e de l'<a href="/wiki/Ebrieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebrieu">ebrieu</a> <i>ruach</i>. </p><p>Lo mot esperit podava se donar a tot çò qu'es fòrt subtil e fòrça actiu, se trapa donc dins las expressions de l'anciana <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimia</a> coma <i>esperit del <a href="/wiki/Vin" title="Vin">vin</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Etan%C3%B2l" title="Etanòl">alcoòl</a>) o <i>esperit de <a href="/wiki/Clorur_de_s%C3%B2di" title="Clorur de sòdi">sal</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Acid_cloridric" title="Acid cloridric">acid cloridric</a>). </p><p>L'esperit pòt tanben se referir al principi de la vida o a l'amna individuala. Ara s'encontra pas mai aquela utilizacion, que pasmens reviscolèt Leibniz, sonque dins los discors teologics o mistics. </p><p><i>Los Esperits o amnas rasonablas</i> son <i>d'imatges de la Divinitat, o del quite Autor de la natura; çò que fa que los Esperits son capables d'intrer dins una mena de Societat amb Dieu ...</i>" <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dins lo lengatge filosofic contemporanèu "Esperit" pòt èsser opausat a diferentas nocions: </p> <ol><li>Opausat a la matèria, amb una distinccion entre la pensada et l'objècte de la pensada, la matèria; amb d'analogias amb subjectiu/objectiu o unicitat/multitud dins d'unes rapòrts.</li> <li>Opausat a la natura per exemple dans la distincion libertat/necessitat.</li> <li>Opausat a la carn e a l'instincte de vida animala, <span class="citation">«<i>La carn a de desirs contraris a aqueles de l'esperit, e l'espeerit n'a de contraris a aqueles de la carn</i>.»</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L'Esperit_dins_las_religions"><span id="L.27Esperit_dins_las_religions"></span>L'Esperit dins las religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : L'Esperit dins las religions" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'Esperit dins las religions"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'esperit_dins_lo_cristianisme"><span id="L.27esperit_dins_lo_cristianisme"></span>L'esperit dins lo cristianisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : L'esperit dins lo cristianisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'esperit dins lo cristianisme"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dins la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primi%C3%A8ra_epist%C3%B2la_de_Sant_Pau_als_Tessalonicians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primièra epistòla de Sant Pau als Tessalonicians (la pagina existís pas)">primièra epistòla de Sant Pau als Tessalonicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pau_de_Tars" title="Pau de Tars">Sain Paul</a> prega per que nòstre « èsser tot entièr, l'esperit, l'amna e lo còs » siá gardat sens repròchi a l'Aveniment del Senhor (1Th 5, 23). </p><p>La Glèisa catolica ensenha que la distinccion entre l'amna e l'esperit introdutz pas una dualitat dins l'<a href="/wiki/Amna" class="mw-redirect" title="Amna">amna</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Al <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_IX" title="Sègle IX">sègle <span title="Nombre escrit en chifras romanas" style="font-variant:small-caps;">ix</span></a>, pendent lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Quatrien_concili_de_Constantin%C3%B2ble&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quatrien concili de Constantinòble (la pagina existís pas)">quatrien concili de Constantinòble</a> en <a href="/wiki/869" class="mw-redirect" title="869">869</a>, se faguèt una controvèrsia sus la relacion entre l'<a href="/wiki/Amna" class="mw-redirect" title="Amna">amna</a> e lo còs. L'11<sup>n</sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Canon_(religion)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canon (religion) (la pagina existís pas)">canon</a> d'aquel concili afirma l'unicitat de l'<a href="/wiki/Amna" class="mw-redirect" title="Amna">amna</a>. </p><p>Foguèt donc al <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_IX" title="Sègle IX">sègle <span title="Nombre escrit en chifras romanas" style="font-variant:small-caps;">ix</span></a> que se formalizèt la distinccion entre l'<a href="/wiki/Amna" class="mw-redirect" title="Amna">amna</a> e l'esperit. L'esperit essent tradicionalament associat a la <a href="/wiki/Pensada" title="Pensada">pensada</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Amna" class="mw-redirect" title="Amna">amna</a> al <a href="/wiki/Sentiment" title="Sentiment">sentiment</a>, se considerava de per abans que l'òme podava aver una natura multipla (còs, amna e esperit). Lo <a href="/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme">cristianisme</a> afirma al contrari l'unitat de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persona (la pagina existís pas)">persona</a> umana (un de còs e d'amna) negant l'existéncia de l'esperit, perque es confondut amb l'amna: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><span class="citation">«L'unitat de l'amna e del còs es tan prigonda que se deu considerar l'amna coma la forma del còs; es a dire, es mercé a l'amna espirituala que lo còs constituit de matèria es un còs uman e vivent; l'esperit e la matèria, dins l'òme, son pas doas <a href="/wiki/Natura" title="Natura">naturas</a> unidas, mas lor union forma una unica <a href="/wiki/Natura" title="Natura">natura</a>.»</span></i> <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Lo mot Esperit escrich amb una majuscula, ou figurant dins las expressions Esperit de veritat, Esperit d'adopcion... designe lo « <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sant_Esperit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sant Esperit (la pagina existís pas)">Sant Esperit</a> ». </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'esperit_dins_la_cabala"><span id="L.27esperit_dins_la_cabala"></span>L'esperit dins la cabala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : L'esperit dins la cabala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'esperit dins la cabala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La mistica josieva, dempuèi lo <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Sègle II">sègle <span title="Nombre escrit en chifras romanas" style="font-variant:small-caps;">ii</span></a>, considèra que l'òme possèda, en mai del còs fisic, mai d'una amnas. Los neoplatonicians josieus Abraham ibn Ezra (~ 1150) e Abraham bar Hiyya distrian tres partidas: <i>nêfesh, ru'ah, neshamah</i> ; los cabalistas apondon <i>hayyah, yehidah</i>. Los cinc noms de l'amna, son, dins un òrdre creissent: la <i>nêfesh</i> (vitalitat, doble corporel), lo <i>ru'ah</i> (buf, la personalitat,<i>anima</i>), la <i>neshamah</i> (lo parfum divin, amna superiora, l'étincelle divina, <i>spiritus</i>), la <i>hayyah</i> (vida divina, equivalent de la Bodi), e la <i>yehidah</i> (union, unicitat, principi indivisible d'individualitat). En bastissent en un acronim las inicialas de cadun d'aqueles tèrmes s'obten lo mot naran-hai, NaRaN-HAI(lo Fuòc Vivent). Es la doctrina del cabalista Isaac Louria, lo Ari, vèrs 1570, àa Safed<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'esperit_dins_lo_bodisme"><span id="L.27esperit_dins_lo_bodisme"></span>L'esperit dins lo bodisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : L'esperit dins lo bodisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'esperit dins lo bodisme"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Bodisme" title="Bodisme">bodisme</a> nega l'existéncia de l'<a href="/wiki/Amna" class="mw-redirect" title="Amna">amna</a> (considerada coma una illusion, veire l'article <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatta (la pagina existís pas)">anatta</a>), e insistís sus l'interdependéncia prigonda entre lo còs e l'esperit. L'individú i es considerat coma un ensems d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Skandhas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skandhas (la pagina existís pas)">agregats</a>, que lo primièr es lo còs, acompanhat de 4 autres concèptes podent èsser ligats a la nocion d'esperit: las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedan%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vedanā (la pagina existís pas)">sensacions</a>, las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samj%C3%B1%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samjñā (la pagina existís pas)">percepcions</a>, las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samsk%C4%81ra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samskāra (la pagina existís pas)">formacions volicionalas</a> e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vij%C3%B1%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vijñāna (la pagina existís pas)">consciéncia</a>. Aqueles agregats son de proceses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anitya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anitya (la pagina existís pas)">impermanents</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coproduccion_condicionala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coproduccion condicionala (la pagina existís pas)">interdependents</a>, e non pas d'objèctes immutables. L'esperit es ligat al còs e ne ven vertadièrament independent sonque dins los estats de meditacion sublimats que son los <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dhy%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dhyāna (la pagina existís pas)">dhyānas</a> en vista del <a href="/wiki/Nirvana" class="mw-disambig" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a>. </p><p>L'esperit es considerat, non pas coma un <i>fantasma dins la maquina</i> del còs, mas coma un siesen sens (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Manas_(sanscrit)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manas (sanscrit) (la pagina existís pas)">manas</a>) en mai dels cinc sens abitualament coneguts. Lo bodisme es ni espiritualista, ni materialista: l'esperit es pas una entitat eternala, mas es tanpauc un epifenomèn de la matèria. Lo cervèl es qu'una mena de "terminal" que fa l'interfàcia entre l'esperit (immaterial) e lo mond dels cinc sens (material). Las experiéncias d'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Estats_modificats_de_consci%C3%A9ncias&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Estats modificats de consciéncias (la pagina existís pas)">estats modificats de consciéncias</a>, comunas pels meditaires avançats, semblan confirmar aquela concepcion. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ajahn_Brahm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ajahn Brahm (la pagina existís pas)">Ajahn Brahm</a> explica: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><span class="citation">«Lo seisen sens, lo mental, es independent dels cinc autres sens. Subretot, es independent del cervèl. Se se fasiá una transplantacion del cervèl entre vosautre e ièu, que prenètz lo meu cervèl e ièu lo vòstre, seriái totjorn Ajahn Brahm e vosautres seriatz totjorn vosautres</span></i>»<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalai_Lama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalai Lama (la pagina existís pas)">Dalai Lama</a> exprimís una opinion semblabla: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i><span class="citation">«Lo nivèl [de consciéncia] mai naut escapa al supòrt material. La consciéncia es independenta de las particulas fisicas»</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Lo foncionament fondamental de l'esprit e son condicionament dins le <a href="/wiki/Samsara" title="Samsara">samsara</a> son decrchs per la cadena causala de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coproduccion_condicionada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coproduccion condicionada (la pagina existís pas)">coproduccion condicionada</a>. Unas escòlas, coma l'escòla <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cittamatra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cittamatra (la pagina existís pas)">Cittamatra</a>, ensenhan un aspècte inconscient de l'esperit, l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80layavij%C3%B1%C4%81na&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ālayavijñāna (la pagina existís pas)">Ālayavijñāna</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L'esperit_dins_las_filosofias"><span id="L.27esperit_dins_las_filosofias"></span>L'esperit dins las filosofias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : L'esperit dins las filosofias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'esperit dins las filosofias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filosofia_occidentala_classica">Filosofia occidentala classica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Filosofia occidentala classica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Filosofia occidentala classica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Al <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XVII" title="Sègle XVII">sègle <span title="Nombre escrit en chifras romanas" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xvii</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Descartes</a> separa lo còs de l'esperit (qu'identifica a l'amna) dins un <a href="/wiki/Dualisme" title="Dualisme">dualisme</a>: lo còs es une <a href="/w/index.php?title=Substan%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substança (la pagina existís pas)">substança</a> espandida e tòca a la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mecanica_(sci%C3%A9ncia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mecanica (sciéncia) (la pagina existís pas)">mecanica</a> (d'ont la teoria dels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_maquina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Animal maquina (la pagina existís pas)">animals maquinas</a>), alara que l'<a href="/wiki/Amna" class="mw-redirect" title="Amna">amna</a> es una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Substan%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substança (la pagina existís pas)">substança</a> pesuca. Per que es passiu, l'esperit es intellect; perque es actiu, es volontat. L'unitat ambedos demora un problèma espinós, e Descartes vei dins la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glandula_pineala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glandula pineala (la pagina existís pas)">glandula pineala</a> lo luòc de communicacion entre ambedos. Mai simplament, Descartes descompausa l'esperit en 3 composants<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> : la <a href="/wiki/Pensada" title="Pensada">pensada</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Imaginacion" title="Imaginacion">imaginacion</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Mem%C3%B2ria_(psicologia)" title="Memòria (psicologia)">memòria</a>. </p><p>Al contrari, los tenents del <a href="/wiki/Materialisme" title="Materialisme">materialisme</a> filosofic refusan l'existéncia d'un principi immaterial e l'esperit es concebut coma la manifestacion de fenomèns <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">fisiologics</a> regís per las leis de la <a href="/wiki/Fisica" title="Fisica">fisica</a> : <span class="citation">«lo <a href="/wiki/Cerv%C3%A8l" title="Cervèl">cervèl</a> secrèta la <a href="/wiki/Pensada" title="Pensada">pensada</a> coma lo <a href="/wiki/Fetge" title="Fetge">fetge</a> secrèta la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bila (la pagina existís pas)">bila</a>»</span> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jean-Georges_Cabanis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis (la pagina existís pas)">Pierre-Jean-Georges Cabanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/1802" class="mw-redirect" title="1802">1802</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filosofia_de_l'esperit_contemporanèa"><span id="Filosofia_de_l.27esperit_contemporan.C3.A8a"></span>Filosofia de l'esperit contemporanèa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Filosofia de l'esperit contemporanèa" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Filosofia de l'esperit contemporanèa"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La generalizacion del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradigme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradigme (la pagina existís pas)">paradigme</a> <a href="/wiki/Monisme" title="Monisme">monista</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalisme_(filosofia)" title="Naturalisme (filosofia)">naturalista</a> dins las <i>sciéncias de l'esperit</i>, ara conegudas jol nom de <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci%C3%A9ncias_cognitivas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sciéncias cognitivas (la pagina existís pas)">sciéncias cognitivas</a></i>, mena sovent ara a metre entre lo <a href="/wiki/Cerv%C3%A8l" title="Cervèl">cervèl</a> e l'esperit dins lo mèsme tipe de rapòrt que le <a href="/wiki/Ordinator" title="Ordinator">material</a> (« hardware ») e lo <a href="/wiki/Logicial" title="Logicial">logicial</a> (« software ») en <a href="/wiki/Informatica" title="Informatica">informatica</a>. </p><p>Aquela tesi dicha de la <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metaf%C3%B2ra_del_cerv%C3%A8l_ordinator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metafòra del cervèl ordinator (la pagina existís pas)">metafòra del cervèl ordinator</a></i> coneis tanben d'adversaris, aqueles que refusan de veire dins l'esperit sonque un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Epifenom%C3%A8n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epifenomèn (la pagina existís pas)">epifenomèn</a> de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurobiologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurobiologia (la pagina existís pas)">neurobiologia</a>, s'opausant a l'optimisme d'aqueles per que, lo camp d' <i>aquò que demora a explicar dins lo fonctionament de l'esperit</i> es acabat e merma cada an. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filosofia_espirita">Filosofia espirita</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Filosofia espirita" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Filosofia espirita"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Doctrina_espirita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doctrina espirita (la pagina existís pas)">espiritisme</a> se definís coma una filosofia espiritualiste<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e dona una plaça essenciala a la nocion d'esperit. Per aquela doctrina, l'esperit es lo principi intelligent de l'univèrs<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, que la vertadièra natura demora de descobrir<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Dins lo sens de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Codificacion_espirita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Codificacion espirita (la pagina existís pas)">doctrina espirita</a>, los Esperits son d'èssers intelligents de la creacion, que pòblan l'univèrs en defòra del mond material, e que constituisson lo mond invisible. Son pas d'esseres d'una creacion particulara, mas las amnas d'aqueles que visquèron sus la tèrra o dins las autras esfèras, e que daissèron lor envelopa corporala<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="L'esprit_dins_las_sciéncias"><span id="L.27esprit_dins_las_sci.C3.A9ncias"></span>L'esprit dins las sciéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : L'esprit dins las sciéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'esprit dins las sciéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Par <a href="/wiki/Etimologia" title="Etimologia">etimologia</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pscicologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pscicologia (la pagina existís pas)">pscicologia</a> es la sciéncia de l'esperit. Mas a causa de la connotacions religiosas e misticas del mot, lo discors scientific preferèt utilizar de tèrmes mai neutres coma <i>facultas</i> o <i>proceses mentals</i> ou encara <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psiqu%C3%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psiquè (la pagina existís pas)">psiquè</a></i> (coma dins los apròches d'inspiracion <a href="/w/index.php?title=Psicanalitica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Psicanalitica (la pagina existís pas)">psicanalitica</a>) o <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognicion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cognicion (la pagina existís pas)">cognicion</a></i>. Dins las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci%C3%A9ncias_cognitivas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sciéncias cognitivas (la pagina existís pas)">sciéncias cognitivas</a> contemporanèas, lo tèrme <i>cognicion</i> se referís pas sonque a la facultats de <a href="/wiki/Coneissen%C3%A7a" title="Coneissença">coneissença</a> e d'<a href="/wiki/Intellig%C3%A9ncia" title="Intelligéncia">intelligéncia</a> de la pensada mas a l'ensems dels proceses psicologics a l'òbra dins l'esperit uman (e nonuman), incluent la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Percepcion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Percepcion (la pagina existís pas)">percepcion</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Motivacion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Motivacion (la pagina existís pas)">motivacion</a>, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decision&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decision (la pagina existís pas)">decision</a> o las <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emotion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emotion (la pagina existís pas)">emotions</a>... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span>Paul Foulquié, <i>Dictionnaire de la langue philosophique</i>, Presses Universitaires de France, París 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Leibniz, <i>Monadologie</i>, p.82-83 et suiv </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Sant Pau, <i>Epistòla als Galats</i>, V, 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catequisme_de_la_Gl%C3%A8isa_catolica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catequisme de la Glèisa catolica (la pagina existís pas)">Catequisme de la Glèisa catolica</a></i>, n° 367</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catequisme_de_la_Gl%C3%A8isa_catolica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catequisme de la Glèisa catolica (la pagina existís pas)">Catequisme de la Glèisa catolica</a></i>, n° 365, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gershom Scholem, <i>La kabbale</i> (1974), trad., Gallimard, coll. "Folio essais", p. 255-260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bswa.org/modules/icontent/index.php?page=105">Buddhism and Science</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span><i>La force du bouddhisme</i>, R. Laffont, 1994, page 151</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Descartes, <i>Discors del metòde</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?id=65hJAAAAIAAJ&dq=descartes%20discours%20m%C3%A9thode&hl=fr&pg=PA3#v=snippet&q=esprit%20m%C3%A9moire&f=false"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-weight:bold; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="En francés">(<abbr title="">fr</abbr>)</span> en linha</a>, 2010-08-01</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Coma especialitat, lo Libre dels Esperits conten la doctrina espirita; coma generalitat, es ligat a la doctrina espiritualista que presenta una de las fasas. Vaquí es la rason que pòrta en tèsta de son títol los mots: Filosofia espiritualista." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allan_Kardec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allan Kardec (la pagina existís pas)">Allan Kardec</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo_libre_dels_Esperits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lo libre dels Esperits (la pagina existís pas)">Lo libre dels Esperits</a>, introduccion. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">" Qu’es aquò l’esperit? Lo principi intelligent de l’univèrs." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo_libre_dels_Esperits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lo libre dels Esperits (la pagina existís pas)">Lo libre dels Esperits</a>, question 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Quina es la natura intima de l’esperit? L’esperit es pas aisit d'analisar dins vòstra lengatge. Per vosautres, es pas res, perque l’esperit es pas una causa palpabla; mas per nosautres es quicòm. Sapiatz lo plan, res es lo nonrés, e lo nonrés existís pas." <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo_libre_dels_Esperits&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lo libre dels Esperits (la pagina existís pas)">Lo libre dels Esperits</a>, question 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lo_libre_dels_mediums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lo libre dels mediums (la pagina existís pas)">Lo libre dels mediums</a>, cap XXXII, vocabulari espirita.</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Articles_connèxes"><span id="Articles_conn.C3.A8xes"></span>Articles connèxes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Articles connèxes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Articles connèxes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concèptes"><span id="Conc.C3.A8ptes"></span>Concèptes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Concèptes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Concèptes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alma (la pagina existís pas)">Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consci%C3%A9ncia" title="Consciéncia">Consciéncia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditacion" title="Meditacion">Meditacion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensada" title="Pensada">Pensada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualia" title="Qualia">Qualia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Subst%C3%A9ncia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substéncia (la pagina existís pas)">Substéncia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mat%C3%A8ria" title="Matèria">Matèria</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretacions_e_aponds">Interpretacions e aponds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Interpretacions e aponds" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esperit&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Interpretacions e aponds"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Filosofia_de_l%27esprit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Filosofia de l'esprit (la pagina existís pas)">Filosofia de l'esprit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sant_Esperit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sant Esperit (la pagina existís pas)">Sant Esperit</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espiritualitat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espiritualitat (la pagina existís pas)">Espiritualitat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Espiritualisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espiritualisme (la pagina existís pas)">Espiritualisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sci%C3%A9ncias_cognitivas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sciéncias cognitivas (la pagina existís pas)">Sciéncias cognitivas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cognitivisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cognitivisme (la pagina existís pas)">Cognitivisme</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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