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<div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 1939 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1939-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Underground </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Armed forces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extermination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extermination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 Extermination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extermination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concentration_camps_and_slave_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concentration_camps_and_slave_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.5 Concentration camps and slave work </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concentration_camps_and_slave_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_human_experimentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_human_experimentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.6 Nazi human experimentation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_human_experimentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_contacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_contacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.7 Sexual contacts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_contacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Workplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Workplace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Propaganda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Military roles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Limitations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Limitations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.4 Limitations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limitations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volunteers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volunteers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.5 Volunteers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volunteers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretation_of_aerial_photographs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretation_of_aerial_photographs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.6 Interpretation of aerial photographs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation_of_aerial_photographs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian_pay_scales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian_pay_scales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.7 Civilian pay scales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian_pay_scales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.8 High profile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.9 Post-war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.10 British India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yugoslavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yugoslavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axis_and_associated_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axis_and_associated_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Axis and associated countries </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Axis_and_associated_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Axis and associated countries subsection </button> <ul 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_Social_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_Social_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Italian Social Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_Social_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comfort_women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comfort_women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 Comfort women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comfort_women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_icons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_icons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Cultural icons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_icons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" > 10 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="المرأة في الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المرأة في الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80" title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধে নারী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধে নারী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_de_la_mujer_en_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Papel de la mujer en la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Papel de la mujer en la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="زنان در جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زنان در جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femmes_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Femmes pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Femmes pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="נשים במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נשים במלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Жените во Втората светска војна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Жените во Втората светска војна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%86%DA%93%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87_%DA%A9%DB%90_%DA%9A%DA%81%DB%90" title="په دویمه نړیواله جګړه کې ښځې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="په دویمه نړیواله جګړه کې ښځې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96" title="Жінки в Другій світовій війні – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Жінки в Другій світовій війні" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B8%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دوسری جنگ عظیم میں خواتین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دوسری جنگ عظیم میں خواتین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q16969751#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Women_in_World_War_II" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_women_in_warfare" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox women in warfare"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_in_war1511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_war" title="Women in war">Women in war</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_warfare" title="Women in ancient warfare">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_post-classical_warfare" title="Women in post-classical warfare">Post-classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_warfare_(1500%E2%80%931699)" title="Women in warfare (1500–1699)">1500–1699</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_18th-century_warfare" title="Women in 18th-century warfare">18th-century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_warfare_and_the_military_in_the_19th_century" title="Women in warfare and the military in the 19th century">1800–1899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_warfare_and_the_military_(1900%E2%80%931945)" title="Women in warfare and the military (1900–1945)">1900–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_world_wars" title="Women in the world wars">The world wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_I" title="Women in World War I">WWI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">WWII</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_warfare_and_the_military_(1945%E2%80%931999)" title="Women in warfare and the military (1945–1999)">1945–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_warfare_and_the_military_(2000%E2%80%93present)" title="Women in warfare and the military (2000–present)">2000–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_job_(AWM_ARTV00332).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg/300px-Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg/450px-Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg/600px-Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>In many nations women were encouraged to join female branches of the armed forces or participate in industrial or farm work.</figcaption></figure> Women took on many different roles during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, including as combatants and workers <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">on the home front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-1">[1]</a> The war involved global conflict on an unprecedented scale; the absolute urgency of mobilizing the entire population made the expansion of the role of women inevitable, although the particular roles varied from country to country. Millions of women of various ages were injured or died as a result of the war. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_patterns">World patterns</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: World patterns">edit</a>]</div> Several hundred thousand women served in combat roles, especially in <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> units. The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> integrated women directly into their army units; approximately one million served in the Red Army, including about at least 50,000 on the frontlines; <a href="/wiki/Bob_Moore_(historian)" title="Bob Moore (historian)">Bob Moore</a> noted that "the Soviet Union was the only major power to use women in front-line roles,"<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a>: 358, 485  The United States, by comparison, elected not to use women in combat because public opinion would not tolerate it.<a href="#cite_note-ProQuest1296724766-3">[3]</a> Instead, as in other nations, about 350,000 women served as uniformed auxiliaries in non-combat roles in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces" title="United States Armed Forces">U.S. armed forces</a>. These roles included administration, nurses, truck drivers, mechanics, electricians, and auxiliary pilots.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Some were killed in combat or captured as prisoners of war. Over 1600 female nurses received various decorations for courage under fire. Approximately 350,000 American women joined the military during World War II. Women also took part in the resistances of <a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Resistance">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Yugoslav_Partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a>, as well as in the British <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">SOE</a> and American <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Strategic_Services" title="Office of Strategic Services">OSS</a> which aided these. Some women were forced into <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual slaves">sexual slavery</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> forced hundreds of thousands in Asia to become sex slaves known as <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>, before and throughout World War II. Women soldiers and auxiliaries on all sides of the conflict, when enlisted in the military, were eventually taken <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>, just like their male counterpart. They were often discriminated,<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a>: 356–377  particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">the USSR</a>, which were more likely to violate the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:14-5">[5]</a>: 4–5 Among the earliest women POWs of the war were <a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Polish_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in the Polish Army (page does not exist)">women who served in the Polish Army</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobiety_w_Wojsku_Polskim" class="extiw" title="pl:Kobiety w Wojsku Polskim">pl</a>]<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> (Germans avoided using women in the military except as auxiliaries <a href="/wiki/Wehrmachthelferin" title="Wehrmachthelferin">until later years</a><a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a>: 365–366 ); including <a href="/wiki/Janina_Lewandowska" title="Janina Lewandowska">Janina Lewandowska</a>, Polish aviator and army officer captured by the Soviets during their invasion of Poland and subsequently murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_massacre" title="Katyn massacre">Katyn massacre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:9-2">[2]</a>: 370–71  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Allies">Allies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Allies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_women_during_World_War_II" title="Australian women during World War II">Australian women during World War II</a></div> Australian women played a larger role in World War II than they had done in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Many women wanted to play an active role, and hundreds of voluntary women's auxiliary and paramilitary organisations had been formed by 1940. A shortage of male recruits forced the military to establish female branches in 1941 and 1942. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_women_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian women during the World Wars">Canadian women during the World Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Locomotive_fast_freight_cleaning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Locomotive_fast_freight_cleaning.png/220px-Locomotive_fast_freight_cleaning.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Locomotive_fast_freight_cleaning.png/330px-Locomotive_fast_freight_cleaning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Locomotive_fast_freight_cleaning.png/440px-Locomotive_fast_freight_cleaning.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Women replaced men in many of the <a href="/wiki/Railway_roundhouse" title="Railway roundhouse">roundhouse</a> jobs during World War II. Photo taken January 1943.</figcaption></figure> When war began to look unavoidable in the late 1930s, Canadian women felt obligated to help the fight. In October 1938, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Voluntary_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Royal Voluntary Service">Women's Volunteer Service</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>. Soon, all the provinces and territories followed suit and similar volunteer groups emerged. "Husbands, brothers, fathers, boyfriends were all joining up, doing something to help win the war. Surely women could help as well!"<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Cross">Red Cross</a>, several volunteer corps had designed themselves after auxiliary groups from Britain. These corps had uniforms, marching drills and a few had rifle training. It became clear, that a unified governing system would be beneficial to the corps. The volunteers in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> donated two dollars each to pay the expenses so a representative could talk to politicians in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>. Although all of the politicians appeared sympathetic to the cause, it remained "premature" in terms of national necessity.<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> In June 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Canadian Women's Army Corps">Canadian Women's Army Corps</a> was established. The women who enlisted would take over <ul><li>Drivers of light mechanical transport vehicles</li> <li>Cooks in hospitals and messes</li> <li>Clerks, typists, and stenographers at camps and training centres</li> <li>Telephone operators and messengers</li> <li>Canteen helpers<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commander_Adelaide_Sinclair.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Commander_Adelaide_Sinclair.jpg/220px-Commander_Adelaide_Sinclair.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Commander_Adelaide_Sinclair.jpg/330px-Commander_Adelaide_Sinclair.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Commander_Adelaide_Sinclair.jpg/440px-Commander_Adelaide_Sinclair.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="780" /></a><figcaption>Commander <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Sinclair" title="Adelaide Sinclair">Adelaide Sinclair</a>, Director of the Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service</figcaption></figure> On 2 July 1942 women were given permission to enlist in what would be known as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Women's Auxiliary Air Force">Canadian Women's Auxiliary Air Force</a>. Lastly the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Canadian_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service">Women's Royal Canadian Naval Service</a> (WRENS).<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> The WRENS were the only corps that were officially a part of their sanctioning body as a women's division. This led to bureaucratic issues that would be solved most easily by absorbing the civilian corps governed by military organizations, into women's divisions as soldiers. According to the <a href="/wiki/RCAF" class="mw-redirect" title="RCAF">RCAF</a> the following are the requirements of an enlisted woman: <ol><li>Must be at least 17 years of age, and younger than 41 years of age</li> <li>Must be of medical category A4B (equivalent of A1)</li> <li>Must be equal to or over 5 feet (152 cm), and fall within the appropriate weight for her height, not being too far above or below the standard</li> <li>Must have a minimum education of entrance into high school</li> <li>Be able to pass the appropriate trades test</li> <li>Be of good character with no record of conviction for an indictable offence<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a></li></ol> Women would not be considered for enlistment if they were married and had children dependent on them. Training centres were required for all of the new recruits. They could not be sent to the existing centres as it was necessary that they be separated from male recruits. The Canadian Women's Army Corps set up centres in <a href="/wiki/Vermilion,_Alberta" title="Vermilion, Alberta">Vermilion, Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kitchener,_Ontario" title="Kitchener, Ontario">Kitchener, Ontario</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a> were the locations of the training centres for the Canadian Women's Auxiliary Air Force. The WRENS were outfitted in <a href="/wiki/Galt,_Ontario" title="Galt, Ontario">Galt, Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> Each service had to come up with the best possible appeal to the women joining, for they all wanted them. In reality, the women went where their fathers, brothers and boyfriends were.<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> Women had numerous reasons for wanting to join the effort; whether they had a father, husband, or brother in the forces, or simply felt it a duty to help. One woman blatantly exclaimed that she could not wait to turn eighteen to enlist, because she had fantasies of assassinating Hitler. Many women aged 16 or 17 lied about their age in order to enlist. The United States would allow only women who were at least twenty-one to join. For their young female citizens, Canada was the logical option. Recruitment for the different branches of the Canadian Forces was set up in places like Boston and New York. Modifications were made to girls with US citizenship, having their records marked, "Oath of allegiance not taken by virtue of being a citizen of The United States of America".<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> Women had to undergo to medical examinations and meet fitness requirements as well as training in certain trades, depending on the aspect of the armed forces of which they wanted to be a part. Enlisted women were issued entire uniforms minus the undergarments, for which they would receive a quarterly allowance.<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> To be an enlisted woman during the creation stages was not easy. Besides the fact that everyone was learning as they went, they did not receive the support they needed from the male recruits. To begin with, women were initially paid two-thirds of what a man at the same level would make.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-8">[8]</a> As the war progressed the military leaders began to see the substantial impact the women could make. This was taken into account and the women received a raise to four-fifths of the wages of a man.<a href="#cite_note-timeline-8">[8]</a> A female doctor however, would receive equal financial compensation to her male counterpart. The negative reaction of men towards the female recruits was addressed in <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> films. <a href="/wiki/Canada_Carries_On#1943" title="Canada Carries On">Proudly She Marches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wings_on_Her_Shoulder" title="Wings on Her Shoulder">Wings on Her Shoulder</a> were made to show the acceptance of female recruits, while showing the men that although they were taking jobs traditionally intended for men, they would be able to retain their femininity.<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Greyeyes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mary_Greyeyes.jpg/220px-Mary_Greyeyes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mary_Greyeyes.jpg/330px-Mary_Greyeyes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mary_Greyeyes.jpg/440px-Mary_Greyeyes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1163" /></a><figcaption>Army publicity photograph of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Greyeyes" title="Mary Greyeyes">Mary Greyeyes-Reid</a> with Harry Ball, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Piapot_First_Nation" title="Piapot First Nation">Piapot First Nation</a> dressed in the garb of a Plains Chief.</figcaption></figure> Other problems faced early on for these women were those of a more racial nature. An officer of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Army_Corps" title="Canadian Women's Army Corps">CWAC</a> had to write to her superiors regarding whether or not a girl of "<a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indian nationality</a>" would be objected to for enlistment. Because of Canada's large population of immigrants, German women also enlisted, creating great animosity between recruits.<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> The biggest difficulty was the French-Canadian population. In a document published on 25 November 1941, it was declared that enlisted women should "unofficially" speak English. However, seeing the large number of capable women that this left out, a School of English was stabled for recruits in mid-1942.<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> In 1942, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Greyeyes" title="Mary Greyeyes">Mary Greyeyes-Reid</a> became the first <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> woman to join the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-forces-9">[9]</a> She was featured in photographs to represent native people in the forces, yet at the same time was not welcome in the barracks due to discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-legion-10">[10]</a> Once in training, some women felt that they had made a mistake. Several women cracked under the pressure and were hospitalized. Other women felt the need to escape, and ran away. The easiest and fastest way out of the service was pregnancy. Women who found out that they were expecting were given a special, quickly executed, discharge.<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> The women who successfully graduated from training had to find ways to entertain themselves to keep morale up. Softball, badminton, tennis, and hockey were among popular pastimes for recruits.<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> Religion was of a personal matter to the recruits. A minister of sorts was usually on site for services. For Jewish women, it was custom that they were able to return to their barracks by sundown on <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> and holidays; a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> would be made available if possible.<a href="#cite_note-gossage-7">[7]</a> At the beginning of the war, 600,000 women in Canada held permanent jobs in the private sector. By the peak in 1943, 1.2 million women had jobs.<a href="#cite_note-fact-11">[11]</a> Women quickly gained a good reputation for their mechanical dexterity and fine precision due to their smaller stature. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_woman_measuring_piece_of_munitions_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_(Canada)_factory_(I0004898).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_woman_measuring_piece_of_munitions_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_factory_%28I0004898%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-A_woman_measuring_piece_of_munitions_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_factory_%28I0004898%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_woman_measuring_piece_of_munitions_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_factory_%28I0004898%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-A_woman_measuring_piece_of_munitions_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_factory_%28I0004898%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/A_woman_measuring_piece_of_munitions_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_factory_%28I0004898%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-A_woman_measuring_piece_of_munitions_at_the_General_Engineering_Company_%28Canada%29_factory_%28I0004898%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2830" data-file-height="3826" /></a><figcaption>A woman measuring a piece of munitions at the <a href="/wiki/GECO" title="GECO">GECO</a> munitions factory</figcaption></figure> Female munitions workers were sometimes nicknamed: "Bomb Girl", "Fusilier", "Munitionette", "Munitions Gal".<a href="#cite_note-Dickson-12">[12]</a> Canadian munitions factories that hired women include the General Engineering Company (Canada) Limited (GECO) and <a href="/wiki/Defence_Industries_Limited" title="Defence Industries Limited">Defence Industries Limited</a> (DIL). Women in the <a href="/wiki/GECO" title="GECO">GECO</a> (or "Scarboro") munitions plant filled fuses, primers, tracers and tubes <a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In addition to buildings dedicated to munitions manufacturing, <a href="/wiki/GECO" title="GECO">GECO</a> also included a bank, offices, a guardhouse, a kitchen, proofing yard, changing houses, medical department, laundry, Recreation Club and more.<a href="#cite_note-dickson-14">[14]</a> Women also had to keep their homes together while the men were away. "An Alberta mother of nine boys, all away at either war or factory jobs – drove the tractor, plowed the fields, put up hay, and hauled grain to the elevators, along with tending her garden, raising chickens, pigs, and turkeys, and canned hundreds of jars of fruits and vegetables".<a href="#cite_note-fact-11">[11]</a> In addition to physical jobs, women were also asked to cut back and ration. Silk and nylon were used for the war efforts, creating a shortage of stockings. Many women painted lines down the back of their legs to create the illusion of wearing the fashionable stockings of the time.<a href="#cite_note-fact-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> After 1943 Italian women joined the anti-fascist resistance, and also served in the fascist army of Mussolini's rump state that formed in 1943. Some 35,000 women (and 170,000 men) joined in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a>. The women served as auxiliaries in their own ranks. Most did cooking and laundry duty. Some were guides, messengers, and couriers near the front lines. Others were attached to small attack groups of five or six fighters engaged in sabotage. Some all-female units, engaged in civilian and political action. The Germans aggressively tried to suppress them, sending 5000 to prison, deporting 3000 to Germany. About 650 died in combat or by execution. On a much larger scale, non-military auxiliaries of the Catholic Centro Italiano Femminile (CIF) and the leftist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unione_Donne_Italiane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unione Donne Italiane (page does not exist)">Unione Donne Italiane</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Donne_Italiane" class="extiw" title="it:Unione Donne Italiane">it</a>] (UDI) were new organizations that gave women political legitimacy after the war.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1939">1939</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1939">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_soldiers_1939.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Female_soldiers_1939.JPG/220px-Female_soldiers_1939.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Female_soldiers_1939.JPG/330px-Female_soldiers_1939.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Female_soldiers_1939.JPG/440px-Female_soldiers_1939.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A grave of three Polish female soldiers who were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">Invasion of Poland</a>, 1939, among their colleagues interred at Warsaw's <a href="/wiki/Pow%C4%85zki_Cemetery" title="Powązki Cemetery">Powązki Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> The Polish military maintained a number of Women's Military Battalions, trained by the <a href="/wiki/Przysposobienie_Wojskowe_Kobiet" title="Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet">Przysposobienie Wojskowe Kobiet</a> (Female Military Training) and commanded by <a href="/wiki/Maria_Wittek" title="Maria Wittek">Maria Wittek</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland_(1939)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Poland (1939)">Invasion of Poland</a> they saw combat, playing auxiliary roles in defensive action. <a href="/wiki/Janina_Lewandowska" title="Janina Lewandowska">Janina Lewandowska</a> was a pilot. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marianna_Cel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marianna Cel (page does not exist)">Marianna Cel</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianna_Cel" class="extiw" title="pl:Marianna Cel">pl</a>] was a member of <a href="/wiki/Henryk_Dobrza%C5%84ski" title="Henryk Dobrzański">Henryk Dobrzański</a>'s guerilla unit from 1939 to 1940. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Underground">Underground</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Underground">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Krystyna_Skarbek" title="Krystyna Skarbek">Krystyna Skarbek</a> worked for the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Underground_State" title="Polish Underground State">Polish underground</a> in Hungary and later joined SOE. Writer <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka" title="Zofia Kossak-Szczucka">Zofia Kossak-Szczucka</a> helped Jews during the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, was arrested and imprisoned in the <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz concentration camp</a>. <a href="/wiki/El%C5%BCbieta_Zawacka" title="Elżbieta Zawacka">Elżbieta Zawacka</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Cichociemni" class="mw-redirect" title="Cichociemni">paratrooper</a>, courier and fighter. Grażyna Lipińska organised an intelligence network in <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Byelorussia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Byelorussia during World War II">German-occupied Belarus</a> 1942–1944.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied Poland</a> women played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">resistance movement</a>. Their most important role was as couriers carrying messages between cells of the resistance movement and distributing news broadsheets and operating clandestine printing presses. During partisan attacks on Nazi forces and installations they served as scouts. About 40,000 of Polish women were imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück concentration camp</a>. <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Posmysz" title="Zofia Posmysz">Zofia Posmysz</a> survived two camps and described her story, inspiring the 1963 film <a href="/wiki/Passenger_(1963_film)" title="Passenger (1963 film)">Passenger</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Jakubowska" title="Wanda Jakubowska">Wanda Jakubowska</a> was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a> and after the war directed a classic film <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Stage" title="The Last Stage">The Last Stage</a>. Jewish women fought in the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a> and several smaller fights.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The Stroop Report contains a picture of <a href="/wiki/HeHalutz" title="HeHalutz">HeHalutz</a> female fighters captured with weapons. During the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Rising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw Rising">Warsaw Rising</a> of 1944, female members of the <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a> were couriers and medics, but many carried weapons and took part in the fighting. Among the more notable women of the Home Army was <a href="/wiki/Wanda_Gertz" title="Wanda Gertz">Wanda Gertz</a> who created and commanded DYSK (Women's sabotage unit). For her bravery in these activities and later in the Warsaw Uprising she was awarded Poland's highest awards – <a href="/wiki/Virtuti_Militari" title="Virtuti Militari">Virtuti Militari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polonia_Restituta" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonia Restituta">Polonia Restituta</a>. Many nurses were murdered on 2 September 1944. <a href="/wiki/Anna_%C5%9Awirszczy%C5%84ska" title="Anna Świrszczyńska">Anna Świrszczyńska</a> was a nurse and expected to be executed. She described later the Rising in her poems. One of the articles of the capitulation was that the German Army recognized them as full members of the armed forces and needed to set up separate <a href="/wiki/Prisoner-of-war_camp" title="Prisoner-of-war camp">prisoner-of-war camps</a> to hold over 2000 female prisoners-of-war.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%82gorzata_Fornalska" title="Małgorzata Fornalska">Małgorzata Fornalska</a> was one of important Communist activists, arrested and killed by Germans. <a href="/wiki/Helena_Woli%C5%84ska-Brus" title="Helena Wolińska-Brus">Helena Wolińska-Brus</a> was influential in Communist underground <a href="/wiki/Gwardia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwardia Ludowa">Gwardia Ludowa</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Armia_Ludowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Ludowa">Armia Ludowa</a>. Many female teachers organized <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland_during_World_War_II" title="Education in Poland during World War II">underground education</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AnconaGirls.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AnconaGirls.jpg/240px-AnconaGirls.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AnconaGirls.jpg/360px-AnconaGirls.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/AnconaGirls.jpg/480px-AnconaGirls.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Four members of <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Service_(Poland)" title="Women's Auxiliary Service (Poland)">Poland's Women's Auxiliary Service</a></figcaption></figure> Many women worked for <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a>: <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka" title="Zofia Kossak-Szczucka">Zofia Kossak-Szczucka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irena_Sendler" title="Irena Sendler">Irena Sendler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonina_%C5%BBabi%C5%84ska" title="Antonina Żabińska">Antonina Żabińska</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Armed forces">edit</a>]</div> A number of all-female units in the Polish forces in exile were also established. These included the <a href="/wiki/Anders_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Anders Army">Anders Army</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Service_(Poland)" title="Women's Auxiliary Service (Poland)">Women's Auxiliary Service</a> which was deployed in Italy and served across the Polish Army, Navy, and Air Force. The Soviet <a href="/wiki/First_Polish_Army_(1944-1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Polish Army (1944-1945)">First Polish Army</a> had the <a href="/wiki/Emilia_Plater_Independent_Women%27s_Battalion" title="Emilia Plater Independent Women's Battalion">Emilia Plater Independent Women's Battalion</a>, whose members took part in fighting as part of sentry duties. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extermination">Extermination</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Extermination">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>The Holocaust</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">The Holocaust in Poland</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Stefania_Wilczy%C5%84ska" title="Stefania Wilczyńska">Stefania Wilczyńska</a> cooperated with <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Korczak" title="Janusz Korczak">Janusz Korczak</a> working in a Jewish orphanage in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a>, they were murdered in <a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka extermination camp</a>. <ul><li>Romani genocide</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></div> <ul><li>Slavs</li></ul> Thousands of women were killed during <a href="/wiki/Pacification_actions_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland">Pacification actions in German-occupied Poland</a>. Tens of thousands were killed by Ukrainian nationalists in <a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Poles_in_Volhynia_and_Eastern_Galicia" title="Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia">Volhynia and Eastern Galicia</a>. Tens of thousands of Polish women were shot in August 1944 at Warsaw during <a href="/wiki/Ochota_massacre" title="Ochota massacre">Ochota massacre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wola_massacre" title="Wola massacre">Wola massacre</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Concentration_camps_and_slave_work">Concentration camps and slave work</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Concentration camps and slave work">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Zofia_Kossak-Szczucka" title="Zofia Kossak-Szczucka">Zofia Kossak-Szczucka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seweryna_Szmaglewska" title="Seweryna Szmaglewska">Seweryna Szmaglewska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krystyna_%C5%BBywulska" title="Krystyna Żywulska">Krystyna Żywulska</a> were imprisoned in Auschwitz and later described their experiences in novels. Many women were <a href="/wiki/Zivilarbeiter" title="Zivilarbeiter">Zivilarbeiters</a> or camp or prison inmates who had to work for Germans. There existed a camp for girls in <a href="/wiki/Dzier%C5%BC%C4%85zna,_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Voivodeship" title="Dzierżązna, Łódź Voivodeship">Dzierżązna, Łódź Voivodeship</a>, a subcamp of the <a href="/wiki/Kinder_KZ" title="Kinder KZ">Polen-Jugendverwahrlager der Sicherheitspolizei in Litzmannstadt</a>. Babies born by the prisoners were starved in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_birthing_centres_for_foreign_workers" title="Nazi birthing centres for foreign workers">Nazi birthing centres for foreign workers</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nazi_human_experimentation">Nazi human experimentation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Nazi human experimentation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Nazi human experimentation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sexual_contacts">Sexual contacts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sexual contacts">edit</a>]</div> German historian Maren Röger describes three types of sexual contact: intimacy, rape and prostitution.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_women_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet women in World War II">Soviet women in World War II</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II#Soviet_Union" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II § Soviet Union</a></div> The Soviet Union mobilized women at an early stage of the war, integrating them into the main army units, and not using the "auxiliary" status. More than 800,000 women served in the Soviet Armed Forces during the war, which is roughly 3 percent of total military personnel, mostly as medics.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> About 300,000 served in anti-aircraft units and performed all functions in the batteries – including firing the guns.<a href="#cite_note-ProQuest1296724766-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> A small number were combat flyers in the Air Force,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> forming three bomber wings and joining into other wings. Women also saw combat in infantry and armored units, and female snipers became famous after commander <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Pavlichenko" title="Lyudmila Pavlichenko">Lyudmila Pavlichenko</a> made a record killing 309 Germans (mostly officers and enemy snipers). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_UK_Monument-to-the-Women-of-World-War-II-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/London_UK_Monument-to-the-Women-of-World-War-II-01.jpg/170px-London_UK_Monument-to-the-Women-of-World-War-II-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/London_UK_Monument-to-the-Women-of-World-War-II-01.jpg/255px-London_UK_Monument-to-the-Women-of-World-War-II-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/London_UK_Monument-to-the-Women-of-World-War-II-01.jpg/340px-London_UK_Monument-to-the-Women-of-World-War-II-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3631" data-file-height="4539" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Women_of_World_War_II" title="Monument to the Women of World War II">Monument to the Women of World War II</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom home front during World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Workplace">Workplace</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Workplace">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Office_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_H28513.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/War_Office_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_H28513.jpg/220px-War_Office_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_H28513.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/War_Office_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_H28513.jpg/330px-War_Office_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_H28513.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/War_Office_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_H28513.jpg/440px-War_Office_Second_World_War_Official_Collection_H28513.jpg 2x" data-file-width="762" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Pte Elizabeth Gourlay transmitting a radio message</figcaption></figure> When Britain went to war, <a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_I#United_Kingdom" title="Women in World War I">as before in World War I</a>, previously forbidden job opportunities opened up for women. Women were called into the factories to create the weapons that were used on the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-Carruthers,_Susan_L_1947-24">[24]</a> Women took on the responsibility of managing the home and became the heroines of the home front. According to historian Susan Carruthers, this industrial employment of women significantly raised women's self-esteem as it allowed them to carry out their full potential and do their part in the war. During the war, women's normative roles of "house wife" transformed into a patriotic duty. As Carruthers put it, the housewife has become a heroine in the defeat of Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-Carruthers,_Susan_L_1947-24">[24]</a> The roles of women shifting from domestic to male-dominated and dangerous jobs in the workforce made for important changes in workplace structure and society. During the Second World War, society had specific ideals for the jobs in which both women and men participated. When women began to enter into the male-dominated workforce and munitions industries previously dominated by men, women's segregation began to diminish. Increasing numbers of women were forced into industry jobs between 1940 and 1943.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> As surveyed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Labour (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Labour</a>, the percentage of women in industrial jobs went from 19.75 per cent to 27 per cent from 1938 to 1945.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> It was very difficult for women to spend their days in factories, and then come home to their domestic chores and care-giving, and as a result, many women were unable to hold their jobs in the workplace.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> Britain underwent a labour shortage where an estimated 1.5 million people were needed for the armed forces, and an additional 775,000 for munitions and other services in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> It was during this "labour famine" that propaganda aimed to induce people to join the labour force and do their bit in the war. Women were the target audience in the various forms of propaganda as they were paid substantially less than the men.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> It was of no concern whether women were filling the same jobs that men previously held. Even if women were replacing jobs with the same skill level as a man, they were still paid significantly less due to their gender. In the engineering industry alone, the number of skilled and semi-skilled female workers increased from 75 per cent to 85 per cent from 1940 to 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> According to Gazeley, even though women were paid less than men, it is clear that women engaging in war work and taking on jobs preserved by men reduced industrial segregation.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_worker_meets_Roosevelt_-_Toni_Frissell_LC-F9-01-4211-92-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UK_worker_meets_Roosevelt_-_Toni_Frissell_LC-F9-01-4211-92-2.jpg/220px-UK_worker_meets_Roosevelt_-_Toni_Frissell_LC-F9-01-4211-92-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UK_worker_meets_Roosevelt_-_Toni_Frissell_LC-F9-01-4211-92-2.jpg/330px-UK_worker_meets_Roosevelt_-_Toni_Frissell_LC-F9-01-4211-92-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/UK_worker_meets_Roosevelt_-_Toni_Frissell_LC-F9-01-4211-92-2.jpg/440px-UK_worker_meets_Roosevelt_-_Toni_Frissell_LC-F9-01-4211-92-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4230" data-file-height="4369" /></a><figcaption> A female machinist talking with <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> during her goodwill tour of Great Britain in 1942</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, women were essential to the war effort. The contribution by civilian men and women to the British war effort was acknowledged with the use of the words "<a href="/wiki/Home_front" title="Home front">home front</a>" to describe the battles that were being fought on a domestic level with rationing, recycling, and war work, such as in munitions factories and farms. Men were thus released into the military. Women were also recruited to work on the canals, transporting coal and munitions by barge across the UK via the inland waterways. These became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Boatwomen%27s_training_scheme" title="Boatwomen's training scheme">Idle Women</a>", initially an insult derived from the initials IW, standing for Inland Waterways, which they wore on their badges, but the term was soon adopted by the women themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Telegraph_2008-26">[26]</a> Many women served with the Women's <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Fire_Service" title="Auxiliary Fire Service">Auxiliary Fire Service</a>, the Women's Auxiliary Police Corps and in the <a href="/wiki/Air_Raid_Precautions" title="Air Raid Precautions">Air Raid Precautions</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Civil_Defence_Corps" title="Civil Defence Corps">Civil Defence</a>) services. Others did voluntary welfare work with <a href="/wiki/Royal_Voluntary_Service" title="Royal Voluntary Service">Women's Voluntary Services</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">the Salvation Army</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service,_April_1945_TR2832.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg/220px-Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg/330px-Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg/440px-Hrh_Princess_Elizabeth_in_the_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service%2C_April_1945_TR2832.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4879" data-file-height="3581" /></a><figcaption>Princess Elizabeth (later Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">Auxiliary Territorial Service</a>, April 1945</figcaption></figure> Women were "drafted" in the sense that they were conscripted into war work by the Ministry of Labour, including non-combat jobs in the military, such as the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Naval Service">Women's Royal Naval Service</a> (WRNS or "Wrens"), the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Air Force">Women's Auxiliary Air Force</a> (WAAF or "Waffs") and the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">Auxiliary Territorial Service</a> (ATS). Auxiliary services such as the <a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Auxiliary" title="Air Transport Auxiliary">Air Transport Auxiliary</a> also recruited women.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In the early stages of the war such services relied exclusively on volunteers, however by 1941 conscription was extended to women for the first time in British history and around 600,000 women were recruited into these three organisations.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> In these organizations women performed a wide range of jobs in support of the Army, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> both overseas and at home. These jobs ranged from traditionally feminine roles like cook, clerk and telephonist to more traditionally masculine duties like mechanic, <a href="/wiki/Armourer" title="Armourer">armourer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Searchlight" title="Searchlight">searchlight</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brigstock_2007-29">[29]</a> and anti-aircraft instrument operator.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> British women were not drafted into combat units, but could volunteer for combat duty in anti-aircraft units, which shot down German planes and <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 missiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ProQuest1296724766-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Civilian women joined the <a href="/wiki/Special_Operations_Executive" title="Special Operations Executive">Special Operations Executive</a> (SOE), which used them in high-danger roles as secret agents and underground radio operators in Nazi occupied Europe.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Propaganda">Propaganda</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Propaganda">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kriegsplakate_6_db.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kriegsplakate_6_db.jpg/170px-Kriegsplakate_6_db.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kriegsplakate_6_db.jpg/255px-Kriegsplakate_6_db.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kriegsplakate_6_db.jpg/340px-Kriegsplakate_6_db.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>Propaganda poster by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Zec" title="Philip Zec">Philip Zec</a> encouraging British women to work in factories</figcaption></figure> British Women's Propaganda was issued during the war in attempts to communicate to the house-wife that while keeping the domestic role, she must also take on a political role of patriotic duty.<a href="#cite_note-Gingrich,_Nadine_2005-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_World_War_II" title="Propaganda in World War II">Propaganda</a> was meant to eliminate all conflicts of personal and political roles and create a heroine out of the women. The implication with propaganda is that it asked women to redefine their personal and domestic ideals of womanhood and motivate them go against the roles that have been instilled in them.<a href="#cite_note-Gingrich,_Nadine_2005-32">[32]</a> The government struggled to encourage women to respond to posters and other forms of propaganda. One attempt to recruit women into the labour force was in one short film Her Father's Daughter. In this propaganda film a wealthy factory owner's daughter begs to do her part in the war, but her father carries the stereotypical belief that women are meant to be caretakers and are incapable of such heavy work. When one foreman presents one of the most valuable and efficient workers in the factory as the daughter, the father's prejudices are eliminated. The encouraging message of this short film is "There's Not Much Women Can't Do".<a href="#cite_note-Gingrich,_Nadine_2005-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_roles">Military roles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Military roles">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Anti-aircraft_Gun_Site_in_Britain,_December_1942_TR453.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Anti-aircraft_Gun_Site_in_Britain%2C_December_1942_TR453.jpg/220px-The_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Anti-aircraft_Gun_Site_in_Britain%2C_December_1942_TR453.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Anti-aircraft_Gun_Site_in_Britain%2C_December_1942_TR453.jpg/330px-The_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Anti-aircraft_Gun_Site_in_Britain%2C_December_1942_TR453.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/The_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Anti-aircraft_Gun_Site_in_Britain%2C_December_1942_TR453.jpg/440px-The_Auxiliary_Territorial_Service_at_An_Anti-aircraft_Gun_Site_in_Britain%2C_December_1942_TR453.jpg 2x" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">ATS</a> spotter at a 3.7-inch <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">AA gun site</a>, December 1942</figcaption></figure> The most common role of women in active service was that of a searchlight operator.<a href="#cite_note-Groot,_Gerard_J_1997-33">[33]</a> All of the members of the <a href="/wiki/93rd_Searchlight_Regiment" title="93rd Searchlight Regiment">93rd Searchlight Regiment</a> were women. Despite being limited in their roles, there was a great amount of respect between the men and women in the mixed batteries.<a href="#cite_note-Groot,_Gerard_J_1997-33">[33]</a> One report states "Many men were amazed that women could make adequate gunners despite their excitable temperament, lack of technical instincts, their lack of interest in aeroplanes and their physical weaknesses".<a href="#cite_note-Groot,_Gerard_J_1997-33">[33]</a> While women still faced discrimination from some of the highly stereotypical older soldiers and officers who did not like women "playing with their guns", women were given rifle practice and taught to use anti-aircraft guns while serving in their batteries. They were told that this was in case the Germans invaded. If that were to ever happen, they would be evacuated immediately.<a href="#cite_note-Groot,_Gerard_J_1997-33">[33]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_DC-3_-_Royal_Air_Force_Transport_Command,_1943-1945._CL122.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Douglas_DC-3_-_Royal_Air_Force_Transport_Command%2C_1943-1945._CL122.jpg/220px-Douglas_DC-3_-_Royal_Air_Force_Transport_Command%2C_1943-1945._CL122.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Douglas_DC-3_-_Royal_Air_Force_Transport_Command%2C_1943-1945._CL122.jpg/330px-Douglas_DC-3_-_Royal_Air_Force_Transport_Command%2C_1943-1945._CL122.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Douglas_DC-3_-_Royal_Air_Force_Transport_Command%2C_1943-1945._CL122.jpg/440px-Douglas_DC-3_-_Royal_Air_Force_Transport_Command%2C_1943-1945._CL122.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3344" data-file-height="3508" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Air Force">WAAF</a> nursing orderlies selected to fly on air-ambulance duties to France, 1944</figcaption></figure> Three quarters of women who entered the wartime forces were volunteers, compared to men who made up less than a third.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> Single or married women were eligible to volunteer in WAAF, ATS or WRNS and were required to serve throughout Britain as well as overseas if needed, however the age limits set by the services varied from each other. Generally women between 17 and 43 could volunteer and those under 18 required parental consent.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> After applying, applicants had to fulfill other requirements, including an interview and medical examination; if they were deemed fit to serve then they were enrolled for the duration of the war. WRNS was the only service that offered an immobile branch which allowed women to live in their homes and work in the local naval establishment.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> WRNS was the smallest of the three organizations and as a result was very selective with their candidates. Of the three organizations, WAAF was the most preferred choice; the second being WRNS. ATS was the largest of the three organizations and was least favoured among women because it accepted those who were unable to get into the other forces. ATS had also developed a reputation of promiscuity and poor living conditions, many women also found the khaki uniform unappealing and as a result favoured WRNS and WAAF over ATS.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Over 640,000 British women served in various auxiliary services of the British armed forces.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Limitations">Limitations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Limitations">edit</a>]</div> Whilst women were limited in some of their roles, they were expected to perform to the same standard as a male soldier performing the same role, and although they could not participate in frontline combat, they still manned anti-aircraft guns and defences which actively engaged hostile aircraft above Britain. Women went through the same military training, lived in the same conditions and did almost the same jobs as men, with the exception of not being able to participate in front-line combat. This important distinction meant that women did not tend to be nominated for medals of valour or bravery, because they were only awarded for "active operations against enemy in the field", which women could not take part in.<a href="#cite_note-Groot,_Gerard_J_1997-33">[33]</a> Women were also distinct because of the titles by which they were addressed in the army, although these tended to be no different from their male counterparts. They wore the same rank insignia as their male counterparts. Many members of the ATS were respected by the units they were attached to despite their different insignia.<a href="#cite_note-Groot,_Gerard_J_1997-33">[33]</a> The only major difference between an ATS member and a male member of the Regular Army was discipline: a woman was not allowed to be court marshalled unless she herself chose to be. The women in the service were also under the authority of the female officers of the ATS, instead of the male officers under whom they served directly. This meant any disciplinary action was entirely in the hands of the ATS, removing male influence from the process.<a href="#cite_note-Groot,_Gerard_J_1997-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Volunteers">Volunteers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Volunteers">edit</a>]</div> Women were eager to volunteer. Many of the servicewomen came from restricted backgrounds; therefore they found the army liberating.<a href="#cite_note-Groot,_Gerard_J_1997-33">[33]</a> Other reasons women volunteered included escaping unhappy homes or marriages, or to have a more stimulating job. The overwhelming reason for joining the army, though, was patriotism. As in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_the_First_World_War" title="History of the United Kingdom during the First World War">World War I</a>, Great Britain was in a patriotic fervour throughout World War II to protect itself from foreign invasion.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> Women, for the first time, were given the opportunity to help in their native land's defense, which explains the high number of female volunteers at the beginning of the war. Despite the overwhelming response to the call for female volunteers, some women refused to join the forces; many were unwilling to give up the civilian job they had, and others had male counterparts that were unwilling to let them go. Others felt that war was still a man's job, and not something women should be involved in.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> Similar to the men's forces, women's forces were mostly volunteer throughout the war.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> When women's conscription did come into effect, however, it was highly limited. For example, married women were exempt from any obligation to serve unless they chose to do so, and those who were called could opt to serve in civil defense (the home front).<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WAAF_plotters_at_work_in_the_Operations_Room_at_No._11_Group_HQ_at_Uxbridge_in_Middlesex,_1942._CH7698.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/WAAF_plotters_at_work_in_the_Operations_Room_at_No._11_Group_HQ_at_Uxbridge_in_Middlesex%2C_1942._CH7698.jpg/220px-WAAF_plotters_at_work_in_the_Operations_Room_at_No._11_Group_HQ_at_Uxbridge_in_Middlesex%2C_1942._CH7698.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/WAAF_plotters_at_work_in_the_Operations_Room_at_No._11_Group_HQ_at_Uxbridge_in_Middlesex%2C_1942._CH7698.jpg/330px-WAAF_plotters_at_work_in_the_Operations_Room_at_No._11_Group_HQ_at_Uxbridge_in_Middlesex%2C_1942._CH7698.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/WAAF_plotters_at_work_in_the_Operations_Room_at_No._11_Group_HQ_at_Uxbridge_in_Middlesex%2C_1942._CH7698.jpg/440px-WAAF_plotters_at_work_in_the_Operations_Room_at_No._11_Group_HQ_at_Uxbridge_in_Middlesex%2C_1942._CH7698.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2462" data-file-height="1807" /></a><figcaption>WAAF plotters at work in the Operations Room at <a href="/wiki/No._11_Group_RAF" title="No. 11 Group RAF">No. 11 Group RAF</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Uxbridge" title="RAF Uxbridge">Uxbridge</a> in Middlesex, 1942</figcaption></figure> During the war, approximately 487,000 women volunteered for women's services; 80,000 for WRNS, 185,000 for WAAF and 222,000 for ATS.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> By 1941 the demands of the wartime industry called for women's services to be expanded so that more men could be relieved of their previous positions and take on more active roles on the battle field.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> Of all the women's services, ATS needed the greatest number of new applicants; however due to ATS' lack of popularity, they were unable to gain the estimated 100,000 new volunteers needed.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> To try and change women's opinions on ATS, living conditions were improved and a new more flattering uniform was made. In 1941 the Registration for Employment Order was introduced in hopes of getting more women enrolled.<a href="#cite_note-Little-36">[36]</a> This act could not force women to join the forces, but instead required women aged from 20–30 to try to find employment through labour exchanges and provide information on their current employment and family situations.<a href="#cite_note-Little-36">[36]</a> Those who were deemed eligible were persuaded into the war industry because the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Labour_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Labour (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Labour</a> did not have the power to force.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> Propaganda was also used to persuade women into the women's services. By the end of 1941, ATS had only gained 58,000 new workers, falling short of expectations. <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Ernest Bevin</a> then called for <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> and by late 1941 with the <a href="/wiki/National_Service_Act_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="National Service Act 1941">National Service Act</a> it became compulsory for women aged from 20–30 to join military service.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> Married women were exempt from conscription, but those who were eligible had the option to work in war industry or civil defense if they did not want to join one of the services.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> Women were able to request which force they wished to join but most women were put into ATS because of its need for new applicants.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> The National Service Act was repealed in 1949 but by 1944 women were no longer being called up for service because relying on volunteers was thought to be enough to complete the required tasks during the final stages of war.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_Factory_War_work_at_Slough_Training_Centre,_England,_UK,_1941_D3510.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Women%27s_Factory_War_work_at_Slough_Training_Centre%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1941_D3510.jpg/220px-Women%27s_Factory_War_work_at_Slough_Training_Centre%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1941_D3510.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Women%27s_Factory_War_work_at_Slough_Training_Centre%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1941_D3510.jpg/330px-Women%27s_Factory_War_work_at_Slough_Training_Centre%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1941_D3510.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Women%27s_Factory_War_work_at_Slough_Training_Centre%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1941_D3510.jpg/440px-Women%27s_Factory_War_work_at_Slough_Training_Centre%2C_England%2C_UK%2C_1941_D3510.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Four women workers at Slough Training Centre work on the construction of a seaplane float</figcaption></figure> Women also played an important role in British industrial production during the war, in areas such as metals, chemicals, <a href="/wiki/Munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitions">munitions</a>, shipbuilding and engineering. At the beginning of the war in 1939 17.8% of women made up employment in these industries and by 1943 they made up 38.2%.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-37">[37]</a> With the start of the war there was an urgent need to expand the country's labour force and women were seen as a source of factory labour. Before the war, women in industrial production worked exclusively on assembly, which was seen as cheap and undemanding work, but during the war women were needed in other areas of the production process that had previously been carried out by men, such as Lathe operation.<a href="#cite_note-Bruley-38">[38]</a> The Ministry of Labour created training centres that gave an introduction to the engineering process, and by 1941 women were allowed entrance as the importance of the engineering industry grew and became a large source of female employment.<a href="#cite_note-Bruley-38">[38]</a> Areas such as aircraft manufacture, light and heavy general engineering and motor vehicle manufacturing all saw an increase in female employment during the war.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-37">[37]</a> Aircraft production saw the largest rise in female employment as it rose from 7% in 1935 to 40% in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-Bruley-38">[38]</a> At the start of the war men who were already in engineering were prevented from going to war because engineering was seen as an important industry to war production but in 1940 there became a need for more female workers to supply the necessary labour for factory expansion.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> By 1941 with the shortage of skilled labour the Essential Workers Order was introduced which required all skilled workers to register and prevented workers from quitting from jobs that were deemed essential to the war effort without agreement from a National Service Officer.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> The Registration for the Employment Order in 1941 and the Women of Employment Order in 1942 also attempted to get more women into the workforce. The Women of Employment Order required women ages 18–45 to register for labour exchanges and by 1943 the maximum age was raised to 50, which brought an additional 20,000 women into the workforce. Aircraft production was given the top labour priority and many women were diverted into it with some even being transferred from agricultural production.<a href="#cite_note-Little-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interpretation_of_aerial_photographs">Interpretation of aerial photographs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Interpretation of aerial photographs">edit</a>]</div> A vital job was interpreting aerial photographs taken by British spy planes over Allied Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Downing2011-39">[39]</a> There was equality in this work that was not found anywhere else during the war: women were considered equal to men in this field.<a href="#cite_note-Downing2011-39">[39]</a> Women played a role in the planning of <a href="/wiki/D-Day" class="mw-redirect" title="D-Day">D-Day</a> in this capacity – they analyzed the photos of the <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> Coast. Women as photo analysts also participated in the biggest intelligence coup of the war – the discovery of the German <a href="/wiki/V1_flying_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="V1 flying bomb">V1 flying bomb</a>. The participation of women allowed these bombs to be destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-Downing2011-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Civilian_pay_scales">Civilian pay scales</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Civilian pay scales">edit</a>]</div> Although many women were doing jobs that men had previously done during the war, there were still pay distinctions between the two sexes. Women's pay was significantly lower than men's pay. The average female in manufacturing was earning $31 per week while the average male earned $55 per week.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Equal_pay_for_equal_work" title="Equal pay for equal work">Equal pay</a> was rarely achieved as employers wanted to avoid labour costs. Skilled work was often broken down into smaller tasks and labelled skilled or semi-skilled and then paid according to women's pay rates.<a href="#cite_note-Bruley-38">[38]</a> Women who were judged to be doing "men's work" were paid more than women who were thought to be doing "women's work" and the employers' definition of this varied regionally.<a href="#cite_note-Little-36">[36]</a> Women were receiving closer wages to their male counterparts; however despite the government's expressed intentions, women continued to be paid less than men for equivalent work and were segregated in terms of job description, status, and the hours they put in.<a href="#cite_note-Little-36">[36]</a> In 1940 Ernest Bevin persuaded engineering employers and unions to give women equal pay to men since they were taking on the same tasks that men previously had; this became the Extended Employment of Women Agreement.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-37">[37]</a> Generally, pay increases depended on the industry; industries that were dominated by women before the war, like textiles and clothing, saw no changes in pay. However the gap between male and female earnings narrowed by 20–24% in metals, engineering and vehicle building and by 10–13% in chemicals, which were all deemed important to the war effort.<a href="#cite_note-Gazeley,_Ian_2008-25">[25]</a> Overtime hours also differed, with women getting 2–3 hours and men 9–10 a week. Women's hours were still regulated because of their perceived responsibilities to take care of their family and household.<a href="#cite_note-Hart-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_profile">High profile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: High profile">edit</a>]</div> The British gave high prestige to their women's units who therefore escaped much of the vulgar commentary. The two daughters of Prime Minister Churchill were both in uniform. In February 1945, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Princess Elizabeth</a> joined the <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service</a> as an honorary second <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_Territorial_Service#Ranks" title="Auxiliary Territorial Service">subaltern</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Service_number" title="Service number">service number</a> of 230873. She was a driver for the Second Subaltern Windsor Unit.<a href="#cite_note-Crang,_Jeremy_A_2008-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-war">Post-war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Post-war">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Women_of_World_War_II" title="Monument to the Women of World War II">Monument to the Women of World War II</a></div> Post-war, women turned to marriage or to civilian jobs. The Army returned to the male-dominated field it was before the war.<a href="#cite_note-Groot,_Gerard_J_1997-33">[33]</a> "[Demobilisation] was a big disappointment to a lot of us. It was an awful and wonderful war. I wouldn't have missed it for anything; some of the friends we made were forever" one female recounted after being dismissed from service to return to her normal job. Married women were released from service sooner at the end of the war, so they could return home before their husbands to ensure the home was ready when he returned from the front.<a href="#cite_note-Groot,_Gerard_J_1997-33">[33]</a> Despite being largely unrecognised for their wartime efforts in the forces, the participation of women in World War II allowed for the founding of permanent women's forces. Britain instituted these permanent forces in 1949, and the Women's Voluntary Services are still a standing reserve force today.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="British_India">British India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: British India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_during_World_War_II#Women's_Auxiliary_Corps_(India)" title="Indian Army during World War II">Indian Army during World War II § Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Training_to_become_officers_of_the_Indian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Corps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Training_to_become_officers_of_the_Indian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Corps.jpg/170px-Training_to_become_officers_of_the_Indian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Corps.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Training_to_become_officers_of_the_Indian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Corps.jpg/255px-Training_to_become_officers_of_the_Indian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Corps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Training_to_become_officers_of_the_Indian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Corps.jpg/340px-Training_to_become_officers_of_the_Indian_Women%27s_Auxiliary_Corps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Women train to become officers of the Indian Women's Auxiliary Corps</figcaption></figure> In British India, policies resembled those of Great Britain, except that women were not used in anti-aircraft units, and there was no conscription of women for munitions work.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Women's Auxiliary Corps operated from 1939 to 1947, with peak strength of 850 officers and 7,200 auxiliaries in the Indian army. A small naval section operated in the Royal Indian Navy.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian nationalist">nationalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">pro-independence movements</a> in India during the war split on the decision to undertake military service. <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">opposed fascism</a> and on his advice youths from India joined the armed forces to fight with Britain alongside her allies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_(ARP)_duties_in_Bombay,_1942._IND1492.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg/220px-Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg/330px-Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg/440px-Indian_women_training_for_air_raid_precautions_%28ARP%29_duties_in_Bombay%2C_1942._IND1492.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1739" /></a><figcaption>Women train for air raid precaution (ARP) duties in <a href="/wiki/Bombay" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombay">Bombay</a>, 1942</figcaption></figure> One faction of Congress led by <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> was so opposed that it cooperated with Nazi Germany, and actually enlisted soldiers who fought alongside Japanese soldiers in the Burma campaign. The "<a href="/wiki/Rani_of_Jhansi_Regiment" title="Rani of Jhansi Regiment">Rani of Jhansi Regiment</a>" involved these women in combat on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a>. It was active from 1943–45. Bose spent a good deal of effort on developing a nationalist ideology designed to mobilize models of women as mothers and sisters in the Indian tradition. Bose argued that the direct involvement of women was necessary to achieve total independence of India from colonial rule. Bose articulated a modern definition of female heroism that involved combat. Some of his female soldiers were directly involved in combat; they largely had support roles in logistics and medical care.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WASP_trainees_and_their_instructor_pilot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WASP_trainees_and_their_instructor_pilot.JPG/220px-WASP_trainees_and_their_instructor_pilot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WASP_trainees_and_their_instructor_pilot.JPG/330px-WASP_trainees_and_their_instructor_pilot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/WASP_trainees_and_their_instructor_pilot.JPG/440px-WASP_trainees_and_their_instructor_pilot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Women_Airforce_Service_Pilots" title="Women Airforce Service Pilots">WASP</a> trainees In 1944; they flew warplanes inside the United States until they were replaced by returning male pilots</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_women_in_World_War_II" title="American women in World War II">American women in World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latinas_and_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinas and World War II">Latinas and World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States#World_War_II" title="History of women in the United States">History of women in the United States § World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_labor_force_from_1945_to_1950" title="Women in the United States labor force from 1945 to 1950">Women in the United States labor force from 1945 to 1950</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Yugoslav_Partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in the Yugoslav Partisans">Women in the Yugoslav Partisans</a></div> Yugoslavia was dissolved during the war, but the resistance units were active. The Communist <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav National Liberation Movement">Yugoslav National Liberation Movement</a> claimed 6,000,000 civilian supporters; its two million women formed the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Antifascist_Front_of_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Antifascist Front of Yugoslavia">Antifascist Front of Women</a> (AFŽ), in which the revolutionary coexisted with the traditional. The AFŽ managed schools, hospitals and local governments. About 100,000 women served with 600,000 men in Tito's Yugoslav National Liberation Army. It stressed its dedication to women's rights and gender equality and used the imagery of traditional folklore heroines to attract and legitimize the partizanka.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> After the war, women were relegated to traditional gender roles, but Yugoslavia is unique as its historians paid extensive attention to women's roles in the resistance, until the country broke up in the 1990s. Then the memory of the female soldiers faded away.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C5%BDene_%C4%8Detnici_vojvode_%C4%90uji%C4%87a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%C5%BDene_%C4%8Detnici_vojvode_%C4%90uji%C4%87a.jpg/220px-%C5%BDene_%C4%8Detnici_vojvode_%C4%90uji%C4%87a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%C5%BDene_%C4%8Detnici_vojvode_%C4%90uji%C4%87a.jpg/330px-%C5%BDene_%C4%8Detnici_vojvode_%C4%90uji%C4%87a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/%C5%BDene_%C4%8Detnici_vojvode_%C4%90uji%C4%87a.jpg/440px-%C5%BDene_%C4%8Detnici_vojvode_%C4%90uji%C4%87a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1645" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>Women in <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetnik</a> units</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Четници, Četnici, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">[tʃɛ̂tniːtsi]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: Četniki), formally the Chetnik Detachments of the Yugoslav Army, and also the Yugoslav Army in the Homeland (<a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a>: Југословенска војска у отаџбини, Jugoslovenska vojska u otadžbini; <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: Jugoslovanska vojska v domovini) and the Ravna Gora Movement, was a Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">royalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian nationalist">Serbian nationalist</a> movement and <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla force</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Axis-occupied_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis-occupied Yugoslavia">Axis-occupied Yugoslavia</a>. Although it was not a homogeneous movement,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> it was led by <a href="/wiki/Dra%C5%BEa_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Draža Mihailović">Draža Mihailović</a>. While it was anti-<a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> in its long-term goals and engaged in marginal resistance activities for limited periods,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> it also engaged in tactical or selective <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">collaboration</a> with Axis forces for almost all of the war.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Chetnik policies barred women from performing significant roles.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> No women took part in fighting units and women were restricted to nursing and occasional intelligence work. The low status of female peasants in areas of Yugoslavia where Chetniks were strongest could have been utilized and advantageous in military, political, and psychological terms. The treatment of women was a fundamental difference between the Chetniks and Partisans<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975187–188-57">[57]</a> and Chetnik propaganda disparaged the female role in the Partisans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich196997-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mitchell" title="Ruth Mitchell">Ruth Mitchell</a> (ca. 1889–1969) was a reporter who was the only American woman to serve with the Chetniks. Fluent in German, she worked for the Chetniks as a spy and a courier for about a year.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Axis_and_associated_countries">Axis and associated countries</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Axis and associated countries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> Finnish women took part in defence: nursing, air raid signaling, rationing and hospitalization of the wounded. Their organization was called <a href="/wiki/Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd" title="Lotta Svärd">Lotta Svärd</a>, named after <a href="/wiki/Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd_(poem)" title="Lotta Svärd (poem)">the poem</a>, where voluntary women took part in auxiliary work of the armed forces to help those fighting on the front. Lotta Svärd was one of the largest, if not the largest, voluntary group in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_women_in_the_Holocaust" title="Jewish women in the Holocaust">Jewish women in the Holocaust</a></div> The majority of German girls were members of <a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a> (BDM). The BDM <a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls#Wartime_service" title="League of German Girls">helped the war effort in many ways</a>. On the eve of war 14.6 million German women were working, with 51% of women of working age (16–60 years old) in the workforce. Nearly six million were doing farm work, as Germany's agricultural economy was dominated by small family farms. 2.7 million worked in industry. When the German economy was mobilized for war it paradoxically led to a drop in female work participation, reaching a low of 41% before gradually climbing back to over 50% again. This still compares favorably with the UK and the US, both playing catchup, with Britain achieving a participation rate of 41% of women of working age in 1944. However, in terms of women employed in war work, British and German female participation rates were nearly equal by 1944, with the United States still lagging. The difficulties the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> faced in increasing the size of the work force was mitigated by reallocating labor to work that supported the war effort. High wages in war industries attracted hundreds of thousands, freeing up men for military duties. Prisoners of war were also employed as farmhands, freeing up women for other work.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The Third Reich had many roles for women. The <a href="/wiki/SS" class="mw-redirect" title="SS">SS</a>-Helferinnen were regarded as part of the SS if they had undergone training at a Reichsschule SS but all other female workers were regarded as being contracted to the SS and chosen largely from <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> 3,700 of <a href="/wiki/Female_guards_in_Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Female guards in Nazi concentration camps">women auxiliaries</a> (Aufseherin) served for the SS in the camps, the majority of which were at <a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravensbrück">Ravensbrück</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Women also served in auxiliary units in the navy (Kriegshelferinnen), air force (<a href="/wiki/Luftwaffenhelfer" title="Luftwaffenhelfer">Luftnachrichtenhelferinnen</a>) and army (Nachrichtenhelferin).<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-historiography1055-68">[68]</a> During the war more than 500,000 women were volunteer uniformed auxiliaries in the German armed forces (Wehrmacht). About the same number served in civil aerial defense, 400,000 volunteered as nurses, and many more replaced drafted men in the wartime economy.<a href="#cite_note-historiography1055-68">[68]</a> In the Luftwaffe they served in auxiliary roles helping to operate the anti-aircraft systems that shot down Allied bombers on the German homefront. By 1945, German women were holding 85% of the billets as clericals, accountants, interpreters, laboratory workers, and administrative workers, together with half of the clerical and junior administrative posts in high-level field headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-ProQuest1296724766-3">[3]</a> Germany had a very large and well organized nursing service, with four main organizations, one for Catholics, one for Protestants, the secular DRK (Red Cross) and the "Brown Nurses", for committed Nazi women. Military nursing was primarily handled by the DRK, which came under partial Nazi control. Frontline medical services were provided by male medics and doctors. Red Cross nurses served widely within the military medical services, staffing the hospitals that perforce were close to the front lines and at risk of bombing attacks. Two dozen were awarded the Iron Cross for heroism under fire.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2003-67">[67]</a> In contrast, the brief <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> Nurses in Nazi Germany by Bronwyn Rebekah McFarland-Icke (1999) focuses on the dilemmas of German nurses forced to look the other way while their incapacitated patients were murdered.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German_military_brothels">German military brothels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: German military brothels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels in World War II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_2">Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy#Under_the_Fascist_regime_(1925–1945)" title="Women in Italy">Women in Italy § Under the Fascist regime (1925–1945)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italian_Social_Republic">Italian Social Republic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Italian Social Republic">edit</a>]</div> Mussolini's <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a>, a puppet state of Nazi Germany, gave their women roles as "birthing machines" and as combatants in paramilitary units and police formations (Servizio Ausiliario Femminile). The commander was the brigadier general Piera Gatteschi Fondelli.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Himeyuri_Students" class="mw-redirect" title="Himeyuri Students">Himeyuri Students</a></div> Japanese women were typically not formed into auxiliary units. However, in some cases, such as the civilian resistance in Okinawa to the American invasion, they performed informal services. On Okinawa, the <a href="/wiki/Himeyuri_students" title="Himeyuri students">students and faculty of Daiichi Women's High School and Shihan Women's School</a> were mobilized as a nursing unit by the Japanese army. Military nurses participated in medical experiments.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comfort_women">Comfort women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Comfort women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a> were women and girls forced into <a href="/wiki/Sexual_slavery" title="Sexual slavery">sexual slavery</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> before and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> The name "comfort women" is a translation of the Japanese euphemism <a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%85%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%A9%A6" class="extiw" title="ja:慰安婦">ianfu</a> (慰安婦) and the similar Korean term <a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%84%EC%95%88%EB%B6%80" class="extiw" title="ko:위안부">wianbu</a> (위안부).<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Ianfu is a euphemism for shōfu (娼婦) whose meaning is "prostitute(s)".<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Estimates vary as to how many women were involved, with numbers ranging from as low as 20,000<a href="#cite_note-AWF_CW-79">[79]</a> to as high as 360,000 to 410,000, in Chinese sources;<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> the exact numbers are still being researched and debated.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Many of the women were from occupied countries, including <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">China</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> although women from <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (then a <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese dependency</a>), <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (then the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>), <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> (then <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a>),<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> and other Japanese-occupied territories were used for military "comfort stations". Stations were located in Japan, China, the Philippines, Indonesia, then <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> A smaller number of women of European origin from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> were also involved. According to testimony, young women from countries in Japanese control were abducted from their homes. In many cases, women were also lured with promises of work in factories or restaurants; once recruited, the women were incarcerated in comfort stations in foreign lands.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mariana_Dragescu_preTakeOff_casualty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mariana_Dragescu_preTakeOff_casualty.jpg/170px-Mariana_Dragescu_preTakeOff_casualty.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mariana_Dragescu_preTakeOff_casualty.jpg/255px-Mariana_Dragescu_preTakeOff_casualty.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Mariana_Dragescu_preTakeOff_casualty.jpg/340px-Mariana_Dragescu_preTakeOff_casualty.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Pilot Mariana Drăgescu ready to take off with a wounded man on board, September 1942</figcaption></figure> Romanian women played a role in the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Romanian_Air_Force" title="Royal Romanian Air Force">Royal Romanian Air Force</a>. Inspired by the Finnish Lotta Svärd, the Ministry of the Air set up a specialized <a href="/wiki/Air_ambulance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air ambulance">air ambulance</a> unit called the 108th Medevac Light Transport Squadron, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Escadrila_Alb%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Escadrila Albă">White Squadron</a> (Escadrila Albă), which included mostly female pilots and included <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Dr%C4%83gescu" title="Mariana Drăgescu">Mariana Drăgescu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nadia_Russo" title="Nadia Russo">Nadia Russo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_Thomas_(aviator)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia Thomas (aviator) (page does not exist)">Virginia Thomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marina_%C8%98tirbei" title="Marina Știrbei">Marina Știrbei</a>. The unit was active between 1940–1943, participated in the campaigns at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a> and rose to fame during the war as the only unit of its kind in the world.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Romanian women also served as pilots in other transport and liaison units during the war. Captain Irina Burnaia, for example, commanded the Bessarabian Squadron between 1942–1944. After the war and the Communist seizure of power in Romania, the White Squadron's service was largely ignored and its former members faded into obscurity.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> However, since the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Romanian Revolution</a> there has been a new wave of recognition of the female aviators, as exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Dr%C4%83gescu" title="Mariana Drăgescu">Mariana Drăgescu</a>'s promotion to the rank of Commander (Comandor) in 2013. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_icons">Cultural icons</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Cultural icons">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Civil</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Naomi Parker">Naomi Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pasha_Angelina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasha Angelina">Pasha Angelina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Loftus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby Loftus">Ruby Loftus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Veronica_Foster" title="Veronica Foster">Veronica Foster</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Military</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_L._Gardner" title="Elizabeth L. Gardner">Elizabeth L. Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lyudmila_Pavlichenko" title="Lyudmila Pavlichenko">Lyudmila Pavlichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Hanna Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thea_Rasche" title="Thea Rasche">Thea Rasche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elly_Beinhorn" title="Elly Beinhorn">Elly Beinhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Melitta_Schenk_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Stauffenberg" title="Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg">Melitta Schenk Gräfin von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_World_War_II#Women" title="Historiography of World War II">Historiography of World War II#Women</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalww2museum.org/students-teachers/student-resources/research-starters/research-starters-women-world-war-ii">"Research Starters: Women in World War II"</a>. 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"Spying from the Sky". <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>. 61 (11): 10–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Spying+from+the+Sky&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYellin2005" class="citation book cs1">Yellin, Emily (7 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourmotherswar00emil">Our Mothers War: American Women at Home and at the Front during World War II</a>. NY: Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0743245164" title="Special:BookSources/0743245164"><bdi>0743245164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Mothers+War%3A+American+Women+at+Home+and+at+the+Front+during+World+War+II.&rft.place=NY&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2005-03-07&rft.isbn=0743245164&rft.aulast=Yellin&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourmotherswar00emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette36973" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36973/supplement/1315">"No. 36973"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a> (Supplement). 6 March 1945. p. 1315.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+36973&rft.pages=1315&rft.date=1945-03-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F36973%2Fsupplement%2F1315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2011" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Carol (17 February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/britain_wwtwo/women_at_war_01.shtml">"Women Under Fire in World War Two"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+Under+Fire+in+World+War+Two&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fbritain_wwtwo%2Fwomen_at_war_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Yasmin Khan, The Raj At War: A People's History Of India's Second World War (2015)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarfield2005" class="citation journal cs1">Harfield, Alan (2005). "The Women's Auxiliary Corps (India)". Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research. 83 (335): 243–254. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44231211">44231211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+for+Army+Historical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Women%27s+Auxiliary+Corps+%28India%29&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=335&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E243-%3C%2Fspan%3E254&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44231211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Harfield&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillsSilverman1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hills, Carol; Silverman, Daniel C. (1993). "Nationalism and Feminism in Late Colonial India: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment, 1943–1945". Modern Asian Studies. 27 (4): 741–760. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00001281">10.1017/S0026749X00001281</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/312830">312830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144550568">144550568</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Nationalism+and+Feminism+in+Late+Colonial+India%3A+The+Rani+of+Jhansi+Regiment%2C+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E741-%3C%2Fspan%3E760&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144550568%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F312830%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00001281&rft.aulast=Hills&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.au=Silverman%2C+Daniel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Joyce C. Lebra, Women Against the Raj: The Rani of Jhansi Regiment (Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJancar1981" class="citation journal cs1">Jancar, Barbara (June 1981). "Women in the Yugoslav national liberation movement: An overview". Studies in Comparative Communism. 14 (2–3): 144–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0039-3592%2881%2990004-1">10.1016/0039-3592(81)90004-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Comparative+Communism&rft.atitle=Women+in+the+Yugoslav+national+liberation+movement%3A+An+overview&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E144-%3C%2Fspan%3E164&rft.date=1981-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0039-3592%2881%2990004-1&rft.aulast=Jancar&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrapac2009" class="citation journal cs1">Drapac, Vesna (1 January 2009). "Women, Resistance and the Politics of Daily Life in Hitler's Europe: The Case of Yugoslavia in a Comparative Perspective". Aspasia. 3 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3167%2Fasp.2009.030104">10.3167/asp.2009.030104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aspasia&rft.atitle=Women%2C+Resistance+and+the+Politics+of+Daily+Life+in+Hitler%27s+Europe%3A+The+Case+of+Yugoslavia+in+a+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3167%2Fasp.2009.030104&rft.aulast=Drapac&rft.aufirst=Vesna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJancar-Webster1990" class="citation book cs1">Jancar-Webster, Barbara (1990). Women & Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945. Arden Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0912869094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0912869094"><bdi>978-0912869094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+%26+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Arden+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0912869094&rft.aulast=Jancar-Webster&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chetnik">"Chetnik"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Retrieved 20 May 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chetnik&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FChetnik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich, Jozo</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yoCaAAAAIAAJ">War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: The Chetniks</a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 410–412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0857-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-0857-9"><bdi>978-0-8047-0857-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Revolution+in+Yugoslavia%2C+1941%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Chetniks&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E410-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-0857-9&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyoCaAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoare2006" class="citation book cs1">Hoare, Marko Attila (2006). Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks 1941–1943. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726380-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-726380-8"><bdi>978-0-19-726380-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide+and+Resistance+in+Hitler%27s+Bosnia%3A+The+Partisans+and+the+Chetniks+1941%E2%80%931943&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-726380-8&rft.aulast=Hoare&rft.aufirst=Marko+Attila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilazzo1975" class="citation book cs1">Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975). The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1589-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1589-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-1589-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chetnik+Movement+%26+the+Yugoslav+Resistance&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-1589-8&rft.aulast=Milazzo&rft.aufirst=Matteo+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilazzo1975" class="citation book cs1">Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975). The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 103–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1589-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1589-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-1589-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chetnik+Movement+%26+the+Yugoslav+Resistance&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E103-%3C%2Fspan%3E105&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-1589-8&rft.aulast=Milazzo&rft.aufirst=Matteo+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilazzo1975" class="citation book cs1">Milazzo, Matteo J. (1975). The Chetnik Movement & the Yugoslav Resistance. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 182. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1589-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1589-8"><bdi>978-0-8018-1589-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chetnik+Movement+%26+the+Yugoslav+Resistance&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-1589-8&rft.aulast=Milazzo&rft.aufirst=Matteo+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomasevich1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jozo_Tomasevich" title="Jozo Tomasevich">Tomasevich, Jozo</a> (1969). "Yugoslavia During the Second World War". In <a href="/wiki/Wayne_S._Vucinich" title="Wayne S. Vucinich">Vucinich, Wayne S.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryyugo0008vuci">Contemporary Yugoslavia: Twenty Years of Socialist Experiment</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/contemporaryyugo0008vuci/page/97">97</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/652337606">652337606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yugoslavia+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Yugoslavia%3A+Twenty+Years+of+Socialist+Experiment&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F652337606&rft.aulast=Tomasevich&rft.aufirst=Jozo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcontemporaryyugo0008vuci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975187–188-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich1975187–188_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich1975">Tomasevich 1975</a>, pp. 187–188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETomasevich196997-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETomasevich196997_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTomasevich1969">Tomasevich 1969</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Kurapovna, Marcia. Shadows on the Mountain: The Allies, the Resistance, and the Rivalries that Doomed WWII Yugoslavia. John Wiley & Sons, 2009, pp. 71–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/women/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/mitchell-ruth-c-1888-1969">"Mitchell, Ruth (c. 1888–1969) | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Mitchell%2C+Ruth+%28c.+1888%E2%80%931969%29+%26%23124%3B+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fwomen%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fmitchell-ruth-c-1888-1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/147806554/">"The Tennessean from Nashville, Tennessee"</a>. 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Finland in the Second World War. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1100628936">1100628936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finland+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1100628936&rft.aulast=Lundin&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Adam Tooze</a>, The Wages of Destruction (2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/1183">"Das SS-Helferinnenkorps: Ausbildung, Einsatz und Entnazifizierung der weiblichen Angehörigen der Waffen-SS 1942–1949"</a>. 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The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Japan+unearths+site+linked+to+human+experiments&rft.date=2011-02-21&rft.aulast=McCurry&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Ffeb%2F21%2Fjapan-excavates-site-human-experiments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Asian_Women's_Fund" class="citation web cs1">The Asian Women's Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awf.or.jp/e1/facts-01.html">"Who were the Comfort Women? – The Establishment of Comfort Stations"</a>. Digital Museum The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund. The Asian Women's Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140807180256/http://www.awf.or.jp/e1/facts-01.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 August 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Museum+The+Comfort+Women+Issue+and+the+Asian+Women%27s+Fund&rft.atitle=Who+were+the+Comfort+Women%3F+%E2%80%93+The+Establishment+of+Comfort+Stations&rft.au=The+Asian+Women%27s+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awf.or.jp%2Fe1%2Ffacts-01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Asian_Women's_Fund" class="citation web cs1">The Asian Women's Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://awf.or.jp/e1/facts-00.html">"Hall I: Japanese Military and Comfort Women"</a>. Digital Museum The Comfort Women Issue and the Asian Women's Fund. The Asian Women's Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130315032343/http://awf.or.jp/e1/facts-00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2014. <q>The so-called 'wartime comfort women' were those who were taken to former Japanese military installations, such as comfort stations, for a certain period during wartime in the past and forced to provide sexual services to officers and soldiers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Museum+The+Comfort+Women+Issue+and+the+Asian+Women%27s+Fund&rft.atitle=Hall+I%3A+Japanese+Military+and+Comfort+Women&rft.au=The+Asian+Women%27s+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fawf.or.jp%2Fe1%2Ffacts-00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArgibay2003" class="citation journal cs1">Argibay, Carmen (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1242&context=bjil">"Sexual Slavery and the Comfort Women of World War II"</a>. Berkeley Journal of International Law.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berkeley+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Sexual+Slavery+and+the+Comfort+Women+of+World+War+II&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Argibay&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.berkeley.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1242%26context%3Dbjil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKellar2011" class="citation book cs1">McKellar, Robert (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxiMJGs2NCQC&q=%22comfort+women%22+euphemism+ianfu&pg=PA189">Target of Opportunity & Other War Stories</a>. AuthorHouse. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1463416560" title="Special:BookSources/978-1463416560"><bdi>978-1463416560</bdi></a>. <q>The term 'comfort women', which is a translation of the Japanese euphemism jugun ianfu ('military comfort women'), categorically refers to women of various ethnic and national backgrounds and social circumstances who became sexual laborers for Japanese troops before and during WWII.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Target+of+Opportunity+%26+Other+War+Stories&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1463416560&rft.aulast=McKellar&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxiMJGs2NCQC%26q%3D%2522comfort%2Bwomen%2522%2Beuphemism%2Bianfu%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoh2009" class="citation book cs1">Soh, C. Sarah (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GIHcaFVxXf0C&q=%22comfort+women%22&pg=PA69">The Comfort Women: Sexual Violence and Postcolonial Memory in Korea and Japan</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226767772" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226767772"><bdi>978-0226767772</bdi></a>. <q>It referred to adult female (fu/bu) who provided sexual services to "comfort and entertain" (ian/wian) the warrior...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Comfort+Women%3A+Sexual+Violence+and+Postcolonial+Memory+in+Korea+and+Japan&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0226767772&rft.aulast=Soh&rft.aufirst=C.+Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGIHcaFVxXf0C%26q%3D%2522comfort%2Bwomen%2522%26pg%3DPA69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFujioka1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fujioka, Nobukatsu (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b0UzAAAAMAAJ&q=%E6%85%B0%E5%AE%89%E5%A9%A6%E3%80%80%E5%A9%89%E6%9B%B2"><bdi lang="ja">污辱の近現代史: いま、克服のとき</bdi></a> [Attainder of modern history] (in Japanese). Tokuma Shoten. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784198605889" title="Special:BookSources/9784198605889"><bdi>9784198605889</bdi></a>. <q>慰安婦は戦地で外征軍を相手とする娼婦を指す用語(婉曲用語)だった。 (Ianfu was a euphemism for the prostitutes who served for the Japanese expeditionary forces outside Japan)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%B1%A1%E8%BE%B1%E3%81%AE%E8%BF%91%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2%3A+%E3%81%84%E3%81%BE%E3%80%81%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%8D%E3%81%AE%E3%81%A8%E3%81%8D&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Tokuma+Shoten&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9784198605889&rft.aulast=Fujioka&rft.aufirst=Nobukatsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db0UzAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%25E6%2585%25B0%25E5%25AE%2589%25E5%25A9%25A6%25E3%2580%2580%25E5%25A9%2589%25E6%259B%25B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AWF_CW-79"><a href="#cite_ref-AWF_CW_79-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628152156/http://www.awf.or.jp/woman/pdf/ianhu_ei.pdf">The "Comfort Women" Issue and the Asian Women's Fund</a> (PDF), Asian Women's Fund, p. 10, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awf.or.jp/woman/pdf/ianhu_ei.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on June 28, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Comfort+Women%22+Issue+and+the+Asian+Women%27s+Fund&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Asian+Women%27s+Fund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awf.or.jp%2Fwoman%2Fpdf%2Fianhu_ei.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuang2012" class="citation book cs1">Huang, Hua-Lun (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DmVz_FRmrc8C">The Missing Girls and Women of China, Hong Kong and Taiwan: A Sociological Study of Infanticide, Forced Prostitution, Political Imprisonment, "Ghost Brides," Runaways and Thrownaways</a>. McFarland. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786488346" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786488346"><bdi>978-0786488346</bdi></a>. <q>Although Ianfu came from all regions or countries annexed or occupied by Japan before 1945, most of them were Chinese or Korean. Researchers at the Research Center of the Chinese Comfort Women Issue of Shanghai Normal University estimate that the total number of comfort women at 360,000 to 410,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missing+Girls+and+Women+of+China%2C+Hong+Kong+and+Taiwan%3A+A+Sociological+Study+of+Infanticide%2C+Forced+Prostitution%2C+Political+Imprisonment%2C+%22Ghost+Brides%2C%22+Runaways+and+Thrownaways&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0786488346&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=Hua-Lun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDmVz_FRmrc8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2005" class="citation cs2"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caroline_Rose_(political_scientist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caroline Rose (political scientist) (page does not exist)">Rose, Caroline</a> (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W2nU1Xu0XdkC">Sino-Japanese relations: facing the past, looking to the future?</a>, Routledge, p. 88, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415297226" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415297226"><bdi>978-0415297226</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sino-Japanese+relations%3A+facing+the+past%2C+looking+to+the+future%3F&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415297226&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW2nU1Xu0XdkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://womenshistory.about.com/od/warwwii/a/comfort_women.htm">"Women and World War II – Comfort Women"</a>. Womenshistory.about.com. Retrieved 26 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+and+World+War+II+%E2%80%93+Comfort+Women&rft.pub=Womenshistory.about.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwomenshistory.about.com%2Fod%2Fwarwwii%2Fa%2Fcomfort_women.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoop2006" class="citation news cs1">Coop, Stephanie (23 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606151027/http://search.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/nn20061223f2.html">"Japan's Wartime Sex Slave Exhibition Exposes Darkness in East Timor"</a>. Japan Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanfocus.org/-Stephanie-Coop/2300">the original</a> on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 29 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Japan%27s+Wartime+Sex+Slave+Exhibition+Exposes+Darkness+in+East+Timor&rft.date=2006-12-23&rft.aulast=Coop&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japanfocus.org%2F-Stephanie-Coop%2F2300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshida2007" class="citation news cs1">Yoshida, Reiji (18 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etan.org/et2007/april/21/18evdenc.htm">"Evidence documenting sex-slave coercion revealed"</a>. The Japan Times. Retrieved 29 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Japan+Times&rft.atitle=Evidence+documenting+sex-slave+coercion+revealed&rft.date=2007-04-18&rft.aulast=Yoshida&rft.aufirst=Reiji&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etan.org%2Fet2007%2Fapril%2F21%2F18evdenc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102154814/http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKSP21646220070305">"Disputes over Japan's wartime "comfort women" continue"</a>, Reuters, March 5, 2007, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKSP21646220070305">the original</a> on January 2, 2008, retrieved March 5, 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Disputes+over+Japan%27s+wartime+%22comfort+women%22+continue&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUKSP21646220070305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoshimi2000" class="citation cs2">Yoshimi, Yoshiaki (2000), Comfort Women. Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II, Asia Perspectives, translation: Suzanne O'Brien, New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 100–101, 105–106, 110–111, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231120333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231120333"><bdi>978-0231120333</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comfort+Women.+Sexual+Slavery+in+the+Japanese+Military+During+World+War+II&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Asia+Perspectives&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E101%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E106%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E111&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0231120333&rft.aulast=Yoshimi&rft.aufirst=Yoshiaki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFackler2007" class="citation cs2">Fackler, Martin (March 6, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/06/world/asia/06japan.html?_r=0">"No Apology for Sex Slavery, Japan's Prime Minister Says"</a>, The New York Times, retrieved March 23, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=No+Apology+for+Sex+Slavery%2C+Japan%27s+Prime+Minister+Says&rft.date=2007-03-06&rft.aulast=Fackler&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F03%2F06%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F06japan.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6411471.stm">"Abe questions sex slave 'coercion'"</a>, BBC News, March 2, 2007, retrieved March 23, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Abe+questions+sex+slave+%27coercion%27&rft.date=2007-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6411471.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6431011.stm">"Japan party probes sex slave use"</a>, BBC News, March 8, 2007, retrieved March 23, 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Japan+party+probes+sex+slave+use&rft.date=2007-03-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F6431011.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapn.ro/cpresa/13916_COMUNICAT-DE-PRESA">"Comunicat nr. 183"</a>. Romanian Ministry of National Defense. 7 September 2012. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Comunicat+nr.+183&rft.pub=Romanian+Ministry+of+National+Defense&rft.date=2012-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapn.ro%2Fcpresa%2F13916_COMUNICAT-DE-PRESA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ligamilitarilor.ro/eroii-neamului/femeile-aviatoare-romance-escadrila-alba/">"Femeile -aviatoare românce – Escadrila Albă"</a>. 28 September 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Femeile+-aviatoare+rom%C3%A2nce+%E2%80%93+Escadrila+Alb%C4%83&rft.date=2011-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ligamilitarilor.ro%2Feroii-neamului%2Ffemeile-aviatoare-romance-escadrila-alba%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alexievich" title="Svetlana Alexievich">Alexievich, Svetlana</a>, translation by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Pevear_and_Larissa_Volokhonsky" title="Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky">Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky</a>. The Unwomanly Face of War: An Oral History of Women in World War II. (2017) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0399588723" title="Special:BookSources/978-0399588723">978-0399588723</a></li> <li>Batinić, Jelena. Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance. (2015) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107091078" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107091078">978-1107091078</a></li> <li>Binney, Marcus. The Women Who Lived for Danger: The Agents of the Special Operations Executive. (2003)</li> <li>Bousquet, Ben and Colin Douglas. West Indian Women at War: British Racism in World War II (1991) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/120079104/west-indian-women-at-war-british-racism-in-world">online</a></li> <li>Brayley, Martin. World War II Allied Women's Services (Osprey Publishing, 2001) short guide to units and uniforms.</li> <li>Campbell, D'Ann. "The Women of World War II" in Thomas W. Zeiler, and Daniel M. DuBois, eds. A Companion to World War II (2 vol 2015) 2:717–738</li> <li>Cook, Bernard A. Women and war: a historical encyclopedia from antiquity to the present (ABC-CLIO 2006)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCottam1980" class="citation journal cs1">Cottam, K. Jean (1980). "Soviet Women in Combat in World War II: The Ground Forces and the Navy". International Journal of Women's Studies. 3 (4): 345–357.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Soviet+Women+in+Combat+in+World+War+II%3A+The+Ground+Forces+and+the+Navy&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E345-%3C%2Fspan%3E357&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Cottam&rft.aufirst=K.+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Diamond, Hanna. Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: choices and constraints (Routledge, 2015).</li> <li>Dawson, Sandra Trudgen, ed. “Women and the Second World War,” International Journal of Military History and Historiography 39:2 (October 2019): 171–312, multiple articles <ul><li>"Women and the Second World War" By: Sandra Trudgen Dawson; pp. 171–180</li> <li>"Wives of Secret Agents: Spyscapes of the Second World War and Female Agency" By: Claire Hubbard-Hall and Adrian O’Sullivan, pp. 181–207</li> <li>"Asserting Citizenship: Black Women in the Women's Army Corps (wac)" By: Sandra Bolzenius, pp. 208–231</li> <li>“'My professional future can be lost in a minute': Re-examining the Gender Dynamics of US Army Nursing during the Second World War" By: Ravenel Richardson, pp. 232–262</li> <li>"From Buzuluk to London: The Combat Trail and Everyday Service of Women Auxiliaries in the Polish Army (1941–1945)" By: Anna Marcinkiewicz-Kaczmarczyk; pp. 263–287</li></ul></li> <li>Gossage, Carolyn and Roberta Bondar. Greatcoats and Glamour Boots: Canadian Women at War, 1939–1945. (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1550023688" title="Special:BookSources/978-1550023688">978-1550023688</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Lower, Wendy</a>. Hitler's Furies: German Women in the Nazi Killing Fields. (2014) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0544334496" title="Special:BookSources/978-0544334496">978-0544334496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peet_McIntosh" title="Elizabeth Peet McIntosh">Elizabeth McIntosh</a>. Sisterhood of Spies: The Women of the OSS. (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591145141" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591145141">978-1591145141</a></li> <li>Monahan, Evelyn and Rosemary Neidel-Greenlee. And If I Perish: Frontline U.S. Army Nurses in World War II. (2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400031290" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400031290">978-1400031290</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Noggle" title="Anne Noggle">Anne Noggle</a>; Christine A. White. A Dance with Death: Soviet Airwomen in World War II. (2001) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1585441778" title="Special:BookSources/978-1585441778">978-1585441778</a></li> <li>Ofer, Dalia and Lenore J. Weitzman. Women in the Holocaust. (1998) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300073546" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300073546">978-0300073546</a></li> <li>Soderbergh, Peter. Women Marines: The World War II Era. (1992) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275941314" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275941314">978-0275941314</a>, on US Marines</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">U-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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