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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agricultural_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Agricultural methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horticultural_soft_fruit_berries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horticultural_soft_fruit_berries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Horticultural soft fruit berries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horticultural_soft_fruit_berries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commercial production</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commercial production subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phytochemicals_and_color" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phytochemicals_and_color"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phytochemicals and color</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phytochemicals_and_color-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culinary_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Culinary significance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culinary_significance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culinary significance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culinary_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_in_baked_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_baked_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Use in baked goods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_baked_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beverages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beverages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Beverages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beverages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dried" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dried"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Dried</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dried-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fruit_preserves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fruit_preserves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Fruit preserves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fruit_preserves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_usages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_usages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Other usages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_usages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dye" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dye"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Dye</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dye-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Berry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessie" title="Bessie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bessie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA_(%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9)" title="توت (ثمرة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توت (ثمرة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2" title="Հատապտուղ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հատապտուղ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%C9%99meyv%C9%99_bitkil%C9%99r" title="Giləmeyvə bitkilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Giləmeyvə bitkilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="বেরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiu%E2%81%BF-k%C3%B3" title="Chiuⁿ-kó – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiuⁿ-kó" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ягада – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ягада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ягада – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ягада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugenn_(frouezhenn)" title="Hugenn (frouezhenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hugenn (frouezhenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruita_del_bosc" title="Fruita del bosc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fruita del bosc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skovb%C3%A6r" title="Skovbær – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skovbær" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerenobst" title="Beerenobst – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beerenobst" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="བེ་རི། – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བེ་རི།" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjad" title="Marjad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marjad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Μούρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μούρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruta_del_bosque" title="Fruta del bosque – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fruta del bosque" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berfrukto" title="Berfrukto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Berfrukto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basafruitu" title="Basafruitu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Basafruitu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%87_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87)" title="سته (میوه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سته (میوه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruit_rouge" title="Fruit rouge – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fruit rouge" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Froita_silvestre" title="Froita silvestre – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Froita silvestre" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A6%AC_(%EA%B3%BC%EC%9D%BC)" title="베리 (과일) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베리 (과일)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2" title="Հատապտուղ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հատապտուղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobi%C4%8Dasto_vo%C4%87e" title="Bobičasto voće – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bobičasto voće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beri_(jenis_buah)" title="Beri (jenis buah) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beri (jenis buah)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A" title="Гагадыргъ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гагадыргъ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frutti_di_bosco" title="Frutti di bosco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frutti di bosco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="פירות יער – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פירות יער" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woh_b%C3%A8ri" title="Woh bèri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Woh bèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Жидек – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жидек" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%89_(%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%87)" title="بيرى (فواكه) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيرى (فواكه)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81" title="एँेसेलु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एँेसेलु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="ベリー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6r" title="Bær – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bær" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A6r" title="Bær – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bær" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9r%C3%AEthe" title="Chérîthe – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chérîthe" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frutos_silvestres" title="Frutos silvestres – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frutos silvestres" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fructe_de_p%C4%83dure" title="Fructe de pădure – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fructe de pădure" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ягода – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ягода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4ien" title="Bäien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Bäien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berry" title="Berry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Berry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobi%C4%8Dasto_vo%C4%87e" title="Bobičasto voće – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Bobičasto voće" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marja" title="Marja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5" title="เบอร์รี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบอร์รี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AA" title="توت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" 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data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E6%A2%A8%E9%A1%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%9E%9C" title="啤梨類生果 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="啤梨類生果" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouga" title="Ouga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ouga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8E%93%E6%9E%9C" title="莓果 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="莓果" data-language-autonym="中文" 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berries&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Berries">Berries</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">In the culinary sense, small edible fruit</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the botanical usage, see <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry (botany)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Berry_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Berry (disambiguation)">Berry (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table style="width: 300px; height: 300px; float:right; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed-hover"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Berberis_thunbergii_berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Japanese barberries"><img alt="Japanese barberries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Berberis_thunbergii_berries.jpg/180px-Berberis_thunbergii_berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Berberis_thunbergii_berries.jpg/271px-Berberis_thunbergii_berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Berberis_thunbergii_berries.jpg/360px-Berberis_thunbergii_berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Berberis_thunbergii" title="Berberis thunbergii">Japanese barberries</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 126.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 124.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Norwegian_blueberry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bilberry"><img alt="Bilberry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Norwegian_blueberry.jpg/187px-Norwegian_blueberry.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Norwegian_blueberry.jpg/281px-Norwegian_blueberry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Norwegian_blueberry.jpg/374px-Norwegian_blueberry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1179" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 105px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribes_rubrum2005-07-17.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Redcurrants"><img alt="Redcurrants" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ribes_rubrum2005-07-17.JPG/180px-Ribes_rubrum2005-07-17.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ribes_rubrum2005-07-17.JPG/271px-Ribes_rubrum2005-07-17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ribes_rubrum2005-07-17.JPG/360px-Ribes_rubrum2005-07-17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Redcurrant" title="Redcurrant">Redcurrants</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lonicera_coerulea_a3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Honeysuckle"><img alt="Honeysuckle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lonicera_coerulea_a3.jpg/180px-Lonicera_coerulea_a3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lonicera_coerulea_a3.jpg/271px-Lonicera_coerulea_a3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lonicera_coerulea_a3.jpg/360px-Lonicera_coerulea_a3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 100px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Lonicera_caerulea" title="Lonicera caerulea">Honeysuckle</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 66px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 64px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stachelbeere_(Ribes_uva-crispa).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gooseberries"><img alt="Gooseberries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stachelbeere_%28Ribes_uva-crispa%29.jpg/96px-Stachelbeere_%28Ribes_uva-crispa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="64" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stachelbeere_%28Ribes_uva-crispa%29.jpg/145px-Stachelbeere_%28Ribes_uva-crispa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Stachelbeere_%28Ribes_uva-crispa%29.jpg/193px-Stachelbeere_%28Ribes_uva-crispa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 44px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gooseberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Gooseberries">Gooseberries</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 128px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 126px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rubus_chamaemorus_close-up.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cloudberry"><img alt="Cloudberry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rubus_chamaemorus_close-up.JPG/189px-Rubus_chamaemorus_close-up.JPG" decoding="async" width="126" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rubus_chamaemorus_close-up.JPG/283px-Rubus_chamaemorus_close-up.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Rubus_chamaemorus_close-up.JPG/377px-Rubus_chamaemorus_close-up.JPG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 106px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rubus_chamaemorus" title="Rubus chamaemorus">Cloudberry</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaccinium_corymbosum_a2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Highbush blueberries"><img alt="Highbush blueberries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vaccinium_corymbosum_a2.jpg/181px-Vaccinium_corymbosum_a2.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vaccinium_corymbosum_a2.jpg/272px-Vaccinium_corymbosum_a2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Vaccinium_corymbosum_a2.jpg/361px-Vaccinium_corymbosum_a2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="766" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 101px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_corymbosum" title="Vaccinium corymbosum">Highbush blueberries</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 62px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 60px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blackberries"><img alt="Blackberries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg/88px-Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg" decoding="async" width="59" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg/133px-Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg/177px-Black_Butte_blackberry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="2790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytextwrapper" style="width: 40px"><div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">Blackberries</a></div> </div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>berry</b> is a small, pulpy, and often edible <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a>. Typically, berries are juicy, rounded, brightly colored, sweet, sour or tart, and do not have a stone or pit, although many pips or seeds may be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common examples of berries in the culinary sense are <a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">strawberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Raspberries">raspberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blueberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueberries">blueberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">blackberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_currant" title="White currant">white currants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Redcurrant" title="Redcurrant">redcurrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, <b>soft fruit</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Horticultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Horticultural">horticultural</a> term for such fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The common usage of the term "berry" is different from the scientific or <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">botanical definition of a berry</a>, which refers to a <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruit</a> produced from the <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">ovary</a> of a single flower where the outer layer of the ovary wall develops into an edible fleshy portion (<a href="/wiki/Pericarp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pericarp">pericarp</a>). The botanical definition includes many fruits that are not commonly known or referred to as berries, such as <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumbers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">chili peppers</a>. Fruits commonly considered berries but excluded by the botanical definition include strawberries, raspberries, and <a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">blackberries</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_fruit" title="Aggregate fruit">aggregate fruits</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morus_(plant)" title="Morus (plant)">mulberries</a>, which are <a href="/wiki/Multiple_fruit" title="Multiple fruit">multiple fruits</a>. <a href="/wiki/Watermelons" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermelons">Watermelons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pumpkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumpkins">pumpkins</a> are giant berries that fall into the category "<a href="/wiki/Pepo_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pepo (botany)">pepos</a>". A plant bearing berries is said to be <i>bacciferous</i> or <i>baccate</i>. </p><p>Berries are eaten worldwide and often used in <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">preserves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cake" title="Cake">cakes</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pie" title="Pie">pies</a>. Some berries are commercially important. The berry industry varies from country to country as do types of berries cultivated or growing in the wild. Some berries such as raspberries and strawberries have been bred for hundreds of years and are distinct from their wild counterparts, while other berries, such as <a href="/wiki/Lingonberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingonberries">lingonberries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloudberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloudberries">cloudberries</a>, grow almost exclusively in the wild. </p><p>While many berries are edible, some are <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisonous</a> to humans, such as <a href="/wiki/Atropa_belladonna" title="Atropa belladonna">deadly nightshade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phytolacca_americana" title="Phytolacca americana">pokeweed</a>. Others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Morus_alba" title="Morus alba">white mulberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morus_rubra" title="Morus rubra">red mulberry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Sambucus" title="Sambucus">elderberry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are poisonous when <a href="/wiki/Unripe" class="mw-redirect" title="Unripe">unripe</a>, but are edible when ripe. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackthorn_-_Balatonkenese.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blackthorn_-_Balatonkenese.JPG/220px-Blackthorn_-_Balatonkenese.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blackthorn_-_Balatonkenese.JPG/330px-Blackthorn_-_Balatonkenese.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Blackthorn_-_Balatonkenese.JPG/440px-Blackthorn_-_Balatonkenese.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Blackthorn, <i><a href="/wiki/Prunus_spinosa" title="Prunus spinosa">Prunus spinosa</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Berries have been valuable as a food source for humans since before the start of agriculture, and remain among the primary food sources of other primates. They were a seasonal staple for early hunter-gatherers for thousands of years, and wild berry gathering remains a popular activity in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> today. In time, humans learned to store berries so that they could be used in the winter. They may be made into <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">fruit preserves</a>, and among Native Americans, mixed with meat and fats as <a href="/wiki/Pemmican" title="Pemmican">pemmican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berries also began to be cultivated in Europe and other countries. Some species of blackberries and raspberries of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Rubus" title="Rubus">Rubus</a></i> have been cultivated since the 17th century, while smooth-skinned blueberries and cranberries of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a></i> have been cultivated in the United States for over a century.<sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan, between the 10th and 18th centuries, the terms <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ichibigo</i></span> and <span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn">ichigo</i></span> referred to many berry crops. The most widely cultivated berry of modern times, however, is the strawberry, which is produced globally at twice the amount of all other berry crops combined.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The strawberry was mentioned by ancient Romans, who thought it had medicinal properties,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was then not a staple of agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-wild_crop_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wild_crop-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberries</a> began to be grown in French gardens in the 14th century. The <a href="/wiki/Musk_strawberry" title="Musk strawberry">musk strawberry</a> (<i>F. moschata</i>), also known as the hautbois strawberry, began to be grown in European gardens in the late 16th century. Later, the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_strawberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia strawberry">Virginia strawberry</a> was grown in Europe and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> The most commonly consumed strawberry, the <a href="/wiki/Garden_strawberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden strawberry">garden strawberry</a> (<i>F. ananassa</i>), is an accidental hybrid of the Virginia strawberry and a Chilean variety <i><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_chiloensis" title="Fragaria chiloensis">Fragaria chiloensis</a></i>. It was first noted by a French gardener around the mid 18th century that, when <i>F. moschata</i> and <i>F. virginiana</i> were planted in between rows of <i>F. chiloensis</i>, the Chilean strawberry would bear abundant and unusually large fruits. Soon after, <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Nicolas_Duchesne" title="Antoine Nicolas Duchesne">Antoine Nicolas Duchesne</a> began to study the <a href="/wiki/Breeding_of_strawberries" title="Breeding of strawberries">breeding of strawberries</a> and made several discoveries crucial to the science of plant breeding, such as the sexual reproduction of strawberry.<sup id="cite_ref-duchesne_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duchesne-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the early 1800s, English breeders of strawberry made varieties of <i>F. ananassa</i> which were important in strawberry breeding in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hundreds of cultivars have since been produced through the breeding of strawberries.<sup id="cite_ref-wild_crop_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wild_crop-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> word berie ("berry, grape,") comes from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic</a> *basjom (source also of Old Norse ber, Middle Dutch bere, German Beere "berry;" Old Saxon winberi, Gothic weinabasi "grape"), which is of unknown origin. This and apple are the only native fruit names.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Botanical_definition">Botanical definition</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry (botany)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Culinary berries but not botanical berries</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:199px;max-width:199px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ripe,_ripening,_and_green_blackberries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ripe%2C_ripening%2C_and_green_blackberries.jpg/197px-Ripe%2C_ripening%2C_and_green_blackberries.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ripe%2C_ripening%2C_and_green_blackberries.jpg/296px-Ripe%2C_ripening%2C_and_green_blackberries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Ripe%2C_ripening%2C_and_green_blackberries.jpg/394px-Ripe%2C_ripening%2C_and_green_blackberries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3394" data-file-height="2418" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">Blackberries</a> – botanically: <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_fruit" title="Aggregate fruit">aggregate fruits</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:189px;max-width:189px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Closeup_of_blackthorn_aka_sloe_aka_prunus_spinosa_sweden_20050924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Closeup_of_blackthorn_aka_sloe_aka_prunus_spinosa_sweden_20050924.jpg/187px-Closeup_of_blackthorn_aka_sloe_aka_prunus_spinosa_sweden_20050924.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Closeup_of_blackthorn_aka_sloe_aka_prunus_spinosa_sweden_20050924.jpg/281px-Closeup_of_blackthorn_aka_sloe_aka_prunus_spinosa_sweden_20050924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Closeup_of_blackthorn_aka_sloe_aka_prunus_spinosa_sweden_20050924.jpg/374px-Closeup_of_blackthorn_aka_sloe_aka_prunus_spinosa_sweden_20050924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Prunus_spinosa" title="Prunus spinosa">Sloe berries</a> – botanically: <a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">stone fruits</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">drupes</a></div></div></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Berries in the culinary and botanical sense</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tytteb%C3%A6r.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tytteb%C3%A6r.jpg/182px-Tytteb%C3%A6r.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tytteb%C3%A6r.jpg/273px-Tytteb%C3%A6r.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tytteb%C3%A6r.jpg/364px-Tytteb%C3%A6r.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Lingonberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingonberries">Lingonberries</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:136px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranberrys_beim_Ernten.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cranberrys_beim_Ernten.jpeg/202px-Cranberrys_beim_Ernten.jpeg" decoding="async" width="202" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cranberrys_beim_Ernten.jpeg/303px-Cranberrys_beim_Ernten.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Cranberrys_beim_Ernten.jpeg/404px-Cranberrys_beim_Ernten.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3157" data-file-height="2125" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cranberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Cranberries">Cranberries</a></div></div></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Botanical berries but not culinary berries</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Watermelons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Watermelons.jpg/175px-Watermelons.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Watermelons.jpg/263px-Watermelons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Watermelons.jpg/350px-Watermelons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Watermelons" class="mw-redirect" title="Watermelons">Watermelons</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bananavarieties.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bananavarieties.jpg/209px-Bananavarieties.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Bananavarieties.jpg/314px-Bananavarieties.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Bananavarieties.jpg 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Bananas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bananas">Bananas</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanical</a> terminology, a berry is a simple fruit with <a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">seeds</a> and pulp produced from the <a href="/wiki/Ovary_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovary (plants)">ovary</a> of a single flower. It is fleshy throughout, except for the seeds. It does not have a special "line of weakness" along which it splits to release the seeds when ripe (i.e. it is <a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">indehiscent</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A berry may develop from an ovary with one or more <a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">carpels</a> (the female reproductive structures of a flower). The seeds are usually embedded in the fleshy interior of the ovary, but there are some non-fleshy examples such as <a href="/wiki/Capsicum" title="Capsicum">peppers</a>, with air rather than pulp around their seeds. The differences between the everyday and botanical uses of "berry" results in three categories: those fruits that are berries under both definitions; those fruits that are botanical berries but not commonly known as berries; and those parts of plants commonly known as berries that are not botanical berries, and may not even be fruits. </p><p>Berries under both definitions include <a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">blueberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cranberry" title="Cranberry">cranberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingonberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingonberry">lingonberries</a>, and the fruits of many other members of the <a href="/wiki/Ericaceae" title="Ericaceae">heather family</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gooseberry" title="Gooseberry">gooseberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goji" title="Goji">goji berries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sambucus" title="Sambucus">elderberries</a>. The fruits of some "currants" (<i><a href="/wiki/Ribes" title="Ribes">Ribes</a></i> species), such as <a href="/wiki/Blackcurrant" title="Blackcurrant">blackcurrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_currant" title="Red currant">red currants</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_currant" title="White currant">white currants</a>, are botanical berries, and are treated as horticultural berries (or as soft fruit in the UK), even though their most commonly used names do not include the word "berry". </p><p>Botanical berries not commonly known as berries include <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (August 2015)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomatoes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplants</a> (aubergines), <a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">persimmons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkins</a>. </p><p>There are several different kinds of fruits which are commonly called berries, but are not botanical berries. <a href="/wiki/Blackberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackberries">Blackberries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raspberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Raspberries">raspberries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strawberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Strawberries">strawberries</a> are kinds of <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_fruit" title="Aggregate fruit">aggregate fruit</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they contain seeds from different ovaries of a single flower. In aggregate fruits like blackberries, the individual "fruitlets" making up the fruit can be clearly seen. The fruits of <a href="/wiki/Prunus_spinosa" title="Prunus spinosa">blackthorn</a> may be called "sloe berries",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but botanically are small <a href="/wiki/Stone_fruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone fruit">stone fruits</a> or drupes, like <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a> or <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>. <a href="/wiki/Juniper" title="Juniper">Junipers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxus" title="Taxus">yews</a> are commonly said to have berries, but these differ from botanical berries and are instead highly modified seed-bearing <a href="/wiki/Conifer_cone" title="Conifer cone">cones</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Juniper_berries" class="mw-redirect" title="Juniper berries">juniper berries</a>, used to flavour <a href="/wiki/Gin" title="Gin">gin</a>, the cone scales, which are hard and woody in most conifers, are instead soft and fleshy when ripe. The bright red berries of yews consist of a fleshy outgrowth (<a href="/wiki/Aril" title="Aril">aril</a>) almost enclosing the poisonous seed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brambleberries.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Brambleberries.svg/220px-Brambleberries.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Brambleberries.svg/330px-Brambleberries.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Brambleberries.svg/440px-Brambleberries.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Rubus" title="Rubus">Rubus</a></i> berries have been <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">crossbred</a> to create a diverse range of <a href="/wiki/Bramble" class="mw-redirect" title="Bramble">brambleberries</a> with desirable traits</figcaption></figure> <p>Strawberries have been grown in gardens in Europe since the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-wild_crop_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wild_crop-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blueberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Blueberries">Blueberries</a> were domesticated starting in 1911, with the first commercial crop in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Huckleberries" class="mw-redirect" title="Huckleberries">Huckleberries</a> of all varieties are not fully domesticated, but domestication was attempted from 1994 to 2010 for the economically significant western huckleberry.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other varieties of <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium" title="Vaccinium">Vaccinium</a></i> are likewise not domesticated, with some being of commercial importance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostru%C5%BEin%C3%ADk_moru%C5%A1ka_ve_Finsku.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ostru%C5%BEin%C3%ADk_moru%C5%A1ka_ve_Finsku.jpg/220px-Ostru%C5%BEin%C3%ADk_moru%C5%A1ka_ve_Finsku.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ostru%C5%BEin%C3%ADk_moru%C5%A1ka_ve_Finsku.jpg/330px-Ostru%C5%BEin%C3%ADk_moru%C5%A1ka_ve_Finsku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Ostru%C5%BEin%C3%ADk_moru%C5%A1ka_ve_Finsku.jpg/440px-Ostru%C5%BEin%C3%ADk_moru%C5%A1ka_ve_Finsku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cloudberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloudberry">Cloudberry</a>, common flowering plant in the cool <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> regions, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tundra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic tundra">arctic tundra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boreal_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Boreal forest">boreal forest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thiem_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thiem-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural_methods">Agricultural methods</h3></div> <p>Like most other food crops, berries are commercially grown, with both conventional pest management and <a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">integrated pest management</a> (IPM) practices. <a href="/wiki/Organically_certified" class="mw-redirect" title="Organically certified">Organically certified</a> berries are becoming more widely available.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:5</sup> </p><p>Many soft fruit berries require a period of temperatures between 0 and 10 °C (32 and 50 °F) for breaking dormancy. In general, strawberries require 200–300 hours, blueberries 650–850 hours, blackberries 700 hours, raspberries 800–1700 hours, currants and gooseberries 800–1500 hours, and cranberries 2000 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-SiteBerry_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiteBerry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, too low a temperature will kill the crops: blueberries do not tolerate temperatures below −29 °C (−20 °F), raspberries, depending on variety, may tolerate as low as −31 °C (−24 °F), and blackberries are injured below −20 °C (−4 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-SiteBerry_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiteBerry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spring frosts are, however, much more damaging to berry crops than low winter temperatures. Sites with moderate slopes (3–5%), facing north or east, in the northern hemisphere, near large bodies of water, which regulate spring temperature, are considered ideal in preventing spring frost injury to the new leaves and flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-SiteBerry_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiteBerry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All berry crops have shallow root systems.<sup id="cite_ref-SiteBerry_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiteBerry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Land-grant_university" title="Land-grant university">land-grant university</a> extension offices suggest that strawberries should not be planted more than five years on the same site, due to the danger of <a href="/wiki/Thielaviopsis" title="Thielaviopsis">black root rot</a> (though many other illnesses go by the same name), which in the past has been controlled in major commercial production by annual <a href="/wiki/Methyl_bromide" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl bromide">methyl bromide</a> fumigation<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OrganicBerry_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrganicBerry-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is largely prohibited now. Besides the number of years in production, soil compaction, the frequency of fumigation, and herbicide usages increase the appearance of black root rot in strawberries.<sup id="cite_ref-OrganicBerry_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrganicBerry-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raspberries, blackberries, strawberries, and many other berries are susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Verticillium_wilt" title="Verticillium wilt">verticillium wilt</a>. Blueberries and cranberries grow poorly if the clay or silt content of the soil is more than 20%, while most other berries tolerate a wide range of soil types.<sup id="cite_ref-SiteBerry_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiteBerry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For most berry crops, the ideal soil is well drained sandy loam, with a pH of 6.2–6.8 and a moderate to high organic content; however, blueberries have an ideal pH of 4.2–4.8 and can be grown on muck soils, while blueberries and cranberries prefer poorer soils with lower cation exchange, lower calcium, and lower levels of phosphorus.<sup id="cite_ref-SiteBerry_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiteBerry-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Growing most berries organically requires the use of proper crop rotation, the right mix of cover crops, and the cultivation of the correct beneficial microorganisms in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-OrganicBerry_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrganicBerry-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As blueberries and cranberries thrive in soils that are not hospitable to most other plants, and conventional fertilizers are toxic to them, the primary concern when growing them organically is bird management.<sup id="cite_ref-OrganicBerry_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OrganicBerry-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Postharvest small fruit berries are generally stored at 90–95% relative humidity and 0 °C (32 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-StoreBerry_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoreBerry-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cranberries, however, are frost sensitive, and should be stored at 3 °C (37 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-StoreBerry_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoreBerry-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blueberries are the only berries that respond to ethylene, but flavor does not improve after harvest, so they require the same treatment as other berries. Removal of ethylene may reduce disease and spoilage in all berries.<sup id="cite_ref-StoreBerry_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoreBerry-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Precooling within one to two hours post-harvest to storage temperature, generally 0 °C (32 °F), via forced air cooling increases the storage life of berries by about a third.<sup id="cite_ref-StoreBerry_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoreBerry-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under optimum storage conditions, raspberries and blackberries last for two to five days, strawberries 7–10 days, blueberries two to four weeks, and cranberries two to four months.<sup id="cite_ref-StoreBerry_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoreBerry-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berries can be shipped under high carbon dioxide or modified atmosphere of 10–15% carbon dioxide for high carbon dioxide or 15–20% carbon dioxide and 5–10% oxygen for a modified atmosphere container to increase shelf life and prevent grey mold rot.<sup id="cite_ref-StoreBerry_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StoreBerry-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berries_Contrast.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Berries_Contrast.JPG/220px-Berries_Contrast.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Berries_Contrast.JPG/330px-Berries_Contrast.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Berries_Contrast.JPG/440px-Berries_Contrast.JPG 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Example of color contrast in (mostly inedible) wild berries</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breeding">Breeding</h3></div> <p>Several discoveries in the science of breeding berries were made in the 18th century by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Nicolas_Duchesne" title="Antoine Nicolas Duchesne">Antoine Nicolas Duchesne</a> in his work on strawberries.<sup id="cite_ref-duchesne_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duchesne-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the traditional technique of <a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">plant breeding</a>, berries with specific desirable characteristics were chosen and allowed to sexually reproduce with other berries, and offspring with improved traits could then be selected and used for further crossing. Plants may be <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridized</a> with different species within the same genus; hybridization between different genus may also be possible, but more difficult. Breeding may seek to increase the size and yield of the fruit, improve the flavor and quality of its nutrient content, such as antioxidants, expand the harvest season, and produce cultivars with resistance to diseases, tolerance of hot or cold conditions, and other desirable traits.<sup id="cite_ref-folta_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folta-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advancements in <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> allow for a more efficient and better targeted approach in the selection for a desirable <a href="/wiki/Genotype" title="Genotype">genotype</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Marker-assisted_selection" title="Marker-assisted selection">marker-assisted selection</a>, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">Genetic modification</a> techniques can also be used for breeding berries.<sup id="cite_ref-folta_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folta-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horticultural_soft_fruit_berries">Horticultural soft fruit berries</h3></div> <p>Some fruit not commonly referred to as berries and not always botanically berries are included by land-grant university extension offices in their guides for berry cultivation, or in guides for identifying local wild edible and non-edible berries. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Beach_plum" class="mw-redirect" title="Beach plum">beach plums</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diospyros_virginiana" title="Diospyros virginiana">American persimmons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asimina_triloba" title="Asimina triloba">pawpaws</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_crabapple" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific crabapple">Pacific crabapples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Opuntia" title="Opuntia">prickly pears</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_production">Commercial production</h2></div> <p>In the year 2005, there were 1.8 million acres (7,300 square kilometres) of land worldwide cultivating berries, with 6.3 million short tons (5.7 megatonnes) produced.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhao2007_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhao2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>:4</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frozen_berries_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Frozen_berries_2.jpg/220px-Frozen_berries_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Frozen_berries_2.jpg/330px-Frozen_berries_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Frozen_berries_2.jpg/440px-Frozen_berries_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Mixed frozen berries</figcaption></figure> <p>In certain regions, berrypicking can be a large part of the economy, and it is becoming increasingly common for western European countries such as <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> to import cheap labor from <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> to do the berry picking.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice has come under scrutiny in the past years because of the low wages and poor living standard for the "berry-pickers", as well as the lack of worker safety.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 2010s in the US, reduced migration from Mexico and increased minimum wage standards have made finding "stoop-work" labourers to pick the strawberry crop difficult and costly.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phytochemicals_and_color">Phytochemicals and color</h2></div> <p>Once <a href="/wiki/Ripen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripen">ripened</a>, berries have a contrasting color to their background (often of green leaves), making them visible and attractive to <a href="/wiki/Frugivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Frugivorous">frugivorous</a> animals and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This assists the wide <a href="/wiki/Biological_dispersal" title="Biological dispersal">dispersal</a> of the plants' seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Berry colors are due to natural <a href="/wiki/Phytochemical" title="Phytochemical">phytochemicals</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Plant_pigment" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant pigment">plant pigments</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Anthocyanin" title="Anthocyanin">anthocyanins</a>, together with other <a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">flavonoids</a> localized mainly in berry <a href="/wiki/Peel_(fruit)" title="Peel (fruit)">skins</a>, seeds and leaves.<sup id="cite_ref-lee_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lee-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although berry pigments have <a href="/wiki/Antioxidant" title="Antioxidant">antioxidant</a> properties <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no <a href="/wiki/Physiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiological">physiological</a> evidence established to date that berry pigments have actual antioxidant or any other functions within the human body.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, it is not permitted to claim that foods containing polyphenols have antioxidant health value on product labels in the United States or Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-efsa_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-efsa-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culinary_significance">Culinary significance</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_in_baked_goods">Use in baked goods</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Best_Blueberry_Pie_with_Foolproof_Pie_Dough.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A slice of blueberry pie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Best_Blueberry_Pie_with_Foolproof_Pie_Dough.jpg/220px-Best_Blueberry_Pie_with_Foolproof_Pie_Dough.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Best_Blueberry_Pie_with_Foolproof_Pie_Dough.jpg/330px-Best_Blueberry_Pie_with_Foolproof_Pie_Dough.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Best_Blueberry_Pie_with_Foolproof_Pie_Dough.jpg/440px-Best_Blueberry_Pie_with_Foolproof_Pie_Dough.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>Blueberry</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elderberry-jam.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Dark red jam on bread" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Elderberry-jam.JPG/220px-Elderberry-jam.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Elderberry-jam.JPG/330px-Elderberry-jam.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Elderberry-jam.JPG/440px-Elderberry-jam.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elderberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Elderberry">Elderberry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Berries are commonly used in pies or tarts, such as <a href="/wiki/Blueberry_pie" title="Blueberry pie">blueberry pie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackberry_pie" title="Blackberry pie">blackberry pie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strawberry_pie" title="Strawberry pie">strawberry pie</a>. </p><p>Berries are often used in baking, such as blueberry muffins, blackberry muffins, berry cobblers, berry crisps, berry cakes, berry buckles, berry crumb cakes, berry tea cakes, and berry cookies.<sup id="cite_ref-DesBerry_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesBerry-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berries are commonly incorporated whole into the batter for baking, and care is often taken so as to not burst the berries. Frozen or dried berries may be preferable for some baked berry products.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fresh berries are also often incorporated into baked berry desserts, sometimes with cream, either as a filling to the dessert or as a topping.<sup id="cite_ref-DesBerry_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DesBerry-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beverages">Beverages</h3></div> <p>Berries are often added to water and/or juiced, as in <a href="/wiki/Cranberry_juice" title="Cranberry juice">cranberry juice</a>, which accounts for 95% of cranberry crop usage,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> blueberry juice, <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_juice" title="Raspberry juice">raspberry juice</a>, goji berry juice, acai juice, aronia berry juice, and strawberry juice.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wine" title="Wine">Wine</a> is the principal <a href="/wiki/Fermented_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented beverage">fermented beverage</a> made from berries (grapes). <a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Fruit wines</a> are commonly made out of other berries. In most cases, sugars must be added to the berry juices in the process of <a href="/wiki/Chaptalization" title="Chaptalization">Chaptalization</a> to increase the alcohol content of the wine. <a href="/wiki/Fruit_wine#List_of_fruits_and_plants_used_to_make_fruit_wine" title="Fruit wine">Examples of fruit wines made from berries</a> include: elderberry wine, strawberry wine, blueberry wine, blackberry wine, redcurrant wine, huckleberry wine, goji wine and cranberry wine.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Berries are used in some <a href="/wiki/Beer_style" title="Beer style">styles of beer</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Framboise" title="Framboise">framboise</a> (made with raspberry) and other fruit <a href="/wiki/Lambic" title="Lambic">lambics</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dried">Dried</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dried_berries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dried_berries.jpg/220px-Dried_berries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dried_berries.jpg/330px-Dried_berries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Dried_berries.jpg/440px-Dried_berries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3611" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Various <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried berries</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Zante_currant" title="Zante currant">Currants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raisins" class="mw-redirect" title="Raisins">raisins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultana_(grape)" title="Sultana (grape)">sultanas</a> are examples of dried grape berries, and many other commercially important berries are available in dried form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fruit_preserves">Fruit preserves</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">Fruit preserves</a></div> <p>Berries are perishable fruits with a short shelf life, and are often preserved by <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">drying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frozen_food" title="Frozen food">freezing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickling" title="Pickling">pickling</a> or making <a href="/wiki/Fruit_preserves" title="Fruit preserves">fruit preserves</a>. Berries such as blackberry, blueberry, boysenberry, <a href="/wiki/Lingonberry_jam" title="Lingonberry jam">lingonberry</a>, loganberry,<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_&_Francis_2014_p._121_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor_&_Francis_2014_p._121-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raspberry, and strawberry are often used in jams and jellies. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> were "the first to make preserves from blueberries".<sup id="cite_ref-Grotto_2007_p._53_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grotto_2007_p._53-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_usages">Other usages</h3></div> <p>Chefs have created quick pickled soft fruit, such as blackberries,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> strawberries,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and blueberries.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strawberries can be battered and quickly fried in a deep fryer.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sauces made from berries, such as cranberry sauce, can be frozen until hard, battered, and deep fried.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cranberry sauce is a traditional food item for <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving" title="Thanksgiving">Thanksgiving</a>, and similar sauces can be made from many other berries such as blueberries, raspberries, blackberries, and huckleberries.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dye">Dye</h3></div> <p>Berries have been used in some cultures for <a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">dyeing</a>. Many berries contain juices that can easily stain, affording use as a natural dye. For example, blackberries are useful for making dyes, especially when ripe berries can easily release juice to produce a <a href="/wiki/Colour_fastness" title="Colour fastness">colorfast</a> effect.<sup id="cite_ref-brambleberriesintherain_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brambleberriesintherain-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FSDyeBerry_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSDyeBerry-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Rubus</i> berries, such as blackberry, raspberry, <a href="/wiki/Black_raspberry" title="Black raspberry">black raspberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dewberry" title="Dewberry">dewberry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loganberry" title="Loganberry">loganberry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thimbleberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Thimbleberry">thimbleberry</a> all produce dye colors. These were once used by Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-FSDyeBerry_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FSDyeBerry-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahady_Fong_Farnsworth_2001_p._47_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahady_Fong_Farnsworth_2001_p._47-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hawaii, the native raspberry called 'akala' was used to dye <a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa cloth</a> with lavender and pink hues, whereas berries from the <a href="/wiki/Dianella_(plant)" title="Dianella (plant)">dianella lily</a> were used for blue coloration, and berries from the <a href="/wiki/Solanum_americanum" title="Solanum americanum">black nightshade</a> were used to produce green coloration.<sup id="cite_ref-Krohn-Ching_1980_p._13_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krohn-Ching_1980_p._13-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2></div> <p>Berry consumption is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Huang_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 review found that berry consumption can significantly lower body mass index, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and systolic blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_berries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of berries">List of berries</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/berry-plant-reproductive-body">"Berry (Plant reproductive body)"</a>. <i><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Berry+%28Plant+reproductive+body%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fberry-plant-reproductive-body&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/inter?dest=/dictionary/berry">"Berry"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Finter%3Fdest%3D%2Fdictionary%2Fberry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/soft%20fruit?s=ts">"soft fruit"</a>. <i>Collins English Dictionary – Complete & Unabridged 10th Edition</i>. HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collins+English+Dictionary+%E2%80%93+Complete+%26+Unabridged+10th+Edition&rft.atitle=soft+fruit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fsoft%2520fruit%3Fs%3Dts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150811080039/https://www.rhs.org.uk/gardens/pdf/wisley/Soft-Fruit-List-2014-2015-final">"Soft Fruit List: 2014–15"</a>. Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rhs.org.uk/gardens/pdf/wisley/Soft-Fruit-List-2014-2015-final">the original</a> on 11 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soft+Fruit+List%3A+2014%E2%80%9315&rft.pub=Royal+Horticultural+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rhs.org.uk%2Fgardens%2Fpdf%2Fwisley%2FSoft-Fruit-List-2014-2015-final&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Berry">"Berry"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Berry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreedictionary.com%2FBerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120412062338/http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/weedguide/singlerecord.asp?id=200">"White mulberry – <i>Morus alba</i>"</a>. <i>Ohio Perennial and Biennial Weed Guide</i>. The Ohio State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oardc.ohio-state.edu/weedguide/singlerecord.asp?id=200">the original</a> on 12 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ohio+Perennial+and+Biennial+Weed+Guide&rft.atitle=White+mulberry+%E2%80%93+Morus+alba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oardc.ohio-state.edu%2Fweedguide%2Fsinglerecord.asp%3Fid%3D200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141106212627/https://novascotia.ca/museum/poison/?section=species&id=117">"Elderberry (<i>Sambucus</i> Species)"</a>. <i>The Poison Plant Patch</i>. Nova Scotia Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://novascotia.ca/museum/poison/?section=species&id=117">the original</a> on 6 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Poison+Plant+Patch&rft.atitle=Elderberry+%28Sambucus+Species%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnovascotia.ca%2Fmuseum%2Fpoison%2F%3Fsection%3Dspecies%26id%3D117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_F._Kiple2000" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth F. Kiple, ed. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vr2qnK_QOuAC&pg=PA1732"><i>The Cambridge World History of Food, Volume 2</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 1731–1732. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40215-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-40215-6"><bdi>978-0-521-40215-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Food%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=1731-1732&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-40215-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVr2qnK_QOuAC%26pg%3DPA1732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron_ListonRichard_CronnTia-Lynn_Ashman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Aaron Liston; Richard Cronn; Tia-Lynn Ashman (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1400140">"Fragaria: A genus with deep historical roots and ripe for evolutionary and ecological insights"</a>. <i>American Journal of Botany</i>. <b>101</b> (10): 1686–99. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3732%2Fajb.1400140">10.3732/ajb.1400140</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25326614">25326614</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Botany&rft.atitle=Fragaria%3A+A+genus+with+deep+historical+roots+and+ripe+for+evolutionary+and+ecological+insights&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1686-99&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3732%2Fajb.1400140&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25326614&rft.au=Aaron+Liston&rft.au=Richard+Cronn&rft.au=Tia-Lynn+Ashman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3732%252Fajb.1400140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJack_Staub2008" class="citation book cs1">Jack Staub (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4NTKoIy2TcYC&pg=PA213"><i>75 Remarkable Fruits for Your Garden</i></a>. Gibbs Smith. p. 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-0881-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4236-0881-3"><bdi>978-1-4236-0881-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=75+Remarkable+Fruits+for+Your+Garden&rft.pages=213&rft.pub=Gibbs+Smith&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4236-0881-3&rft.au=Jack+Staub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4NTKoIy2TcYC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wild_crop-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wild_crop_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wild_crop_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wild_crop_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChittaranjan_Kole2011" class="citation book cs1">Chittaranjan Kole, ed. 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Springer. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-16057-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-16057-8"><bdi>978-3-642-16057-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wild+Crop+Relatives%3A+Genomic+and+Breeding+Resources%3A+Temperate+Fruits&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-642-16057-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkAJ_mUrdpWMC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVern_Grubinger" class="citation web cs1">Vern Grubinger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uvm.edu/vtvegandberry/factsheets/strawberryhistory.html">"History of the Strawberry"</a>. University of Vermont.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Strawberry&rft.pub=University+of+Vermont&rft.au=Vern+Grubinger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uvm.edu%2Fvtvegandberry%2Ffactsheets%2Fstrawberryhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duchesne-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duchesne_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duchesne_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_M._Darrow1966" class="citation book cs1">George M. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-265-1855-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-265-1855-3"><bdi>978-90-265-1855-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Botanical+Dietary+Supplements&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-265-1855-3&rft.aulast=Mahady&rft.aufirst=G.B.&rft.au=Fong%2C+H.H.S.&rft.au=Farnsworth%2C+N.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTiU-Dz2wxyAC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krohn-Ching_1980_p._13-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krohn-Ching_1980_p._13_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrohn-Ching1980" class="citation book cs1">Krohn-Ching, V. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zO7Gv4OqA2oC&pg=PA13"><i>Hawaii Dye Plants and Dye Recipes</i></a>. University Press of Hawaii. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0698-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0698-9"><bdi>978-0-8248-0698-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hawaii+Dye+Plants+and+Dye+Recipes&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Hawaii&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0698-9&rft.aulast=Krohn-Ching&rft.aufirst=V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzO7Gv4OqA2oC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartiniMarinoAngelinoDel_Bo'2020" class="citation journal cs1">Martini D, Marino M, Angelino D, Del Bo' C, Del Rio D, Riso P, Porrini M (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnutrit%2Fnuz053">"Role of berries in vascular function: a systematic review of human intervention studies"</a>. <i>Nutrition Reviews</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 189–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fnutrit%2Fnuz053">10.1093/nutrit/nuz053</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2434%2F669748">2434/669748</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31365093">31365093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrition+Reviews&rft.atitle=Role+of+berries+in+vascular+function%3A+a+systematic+review+of+human+intervention+studies&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-206&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2434%2F669748&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31365093&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fnutrit%2Fnuz053&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Marino%2C+M&rft.au=Angelino%2C+D&rft.au=Del+Bo%27%2C+C&rft.au=Del+Rio%2C+D&rft.au=Riso%2C+P&rft.au=Porrini%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fnutrit%252Fnuz053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huang-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huang_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huang_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuangChenLiaoZhu2016" class="citation journal cs1">Huang H, Chen G, Liao D, Zhu Y, Xue X (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4804301">"Effects of Berries Consumption on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Meta-analysis with Trial Sequential Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>6</b>: 23625. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...623625H">2016NatSR...623625H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep23625">10.1038/srep23625</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4804301">4804301</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27006201">27006201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Effects+of+Berries+Consumption+on+Cardiovascular+Risk+Factors%3A+A+Meta-analysis+with+Trial+Sequential+Analysis+of+Randomized+Controlled+Trials&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=23625&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4804301%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27006201&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep23625&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...623625H&rft.aulast=Huang&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Chen%2C+G&rft.au=Liao%2C+D&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Y&rft.au=Xue%2C+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4804301&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABerry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Bowling, B.L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7G8cAQAACAAJ"><i>The Berry Grower's Companion</i></a>. Timber Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-726-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88192-726-9">978-0-88192-726-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Berries" class="extiw" title="commons:Berries"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Berries</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Berries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Berries">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/berry" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/berry">berry</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalberrycrops.org">Official website</a></span></span> of the National Berry Crops Initiative (United States)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Fruits" title="Template:Fruits"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fruits" title="Template talk:Fruits"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fruits" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fruits"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_fruits" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">fruits</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achene" title="Achene">Achene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hesperidium" title="Hesperidium">Hesperidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)#Modified_berries" title="Berry (botany)">Pepo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">Caryopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Drupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follicle_(fruit)" title="Follicle (fruit)">Follicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">Legume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loment" title="Loment">Loment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Pome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_(fruit)" title="Samara (fruit)">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schizocarp" title="Schizocarp">Schizocarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silique" title="Silique">Silique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syconium" title="Syconium">Syconium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories of fruits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessory_fruit" title="Accessory fruit">Accessory fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit#Simple_fruit" title="Fruit">Simple fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_fruit" title="Compound fruit">Compound fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggregate_fruit" title="Aggregate fruit">Aggregate fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_fruit" title="Multiple fruit">Multiple fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehiscence_(botany)" title="Dehiscence (botany)">Dehiscent fruit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Function</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaspore_(botany)" title="Diaspore (botany)">Diaspore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drift_seed" title="Drift seed">Drift fruit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Non-timber_forest_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Template talk:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Non-timber forest products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Non-timber_forest_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_product" title="Animal product">Animal products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fur" title="Fur">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">Honey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pine_honey" title="Pine honey">pine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_(hunting)" title="Game (hunting)">Wild game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Berries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">tree fruit</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">Bilberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_binucao" title="Garcinia binucao">Binukaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackberry" title="Blackberry">Blackberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueberry" title="Blueberry">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">Breadfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">Coconut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garcinia_gummi-gutta" title="Garcinia gummi-gutta">Gambooge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huckleberry" title="Huckleberry">Huckleberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Jackfruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_berry" title="Juniper berry">Juniper berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_vitis-idaea" title="Vaccinium vitis-idaea">Lingonberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">Raspberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawberry" title="Strawberry">Strawberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamarind" title="Tamarind">Tamarind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fragaria_vesca" title="Fragaria vesca">Woodland strawberry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">Edible plants</a> / <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">Betel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddlehead" title="Fiddlehead">Fiddlehead ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_palm" title="Heart of palm">Heart of palm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Mahuwa_flowers" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahuwa flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metroxylon_sagu" title="Metroxylon sagu">Sago palm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycas_circinalis" title="Cycas circinalis">queen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sassafras" title="Sassafras">Sassafras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fil%C3%A9_powder" title="Filé powder">filé powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_beer" title="Root beer">root beer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenoa" title="Serenoa">Saw palmetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng#Wild_ginseng" title="Ginseng">Wild ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_onion" title="Wild onion">Wild onions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allium_ursinum" title="Allium ursinum">Bear garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_canadense" title="Allium canadense">Canada onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_vineale" title="Allium vineale">Crow garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_bisceptrum" title="Allium bisceptrum">Twincrest onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_validum" title="Allium validum">Pacific mountain onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Ramps</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edible_mushroom" title="Edible mushroom">Mushrooms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russula_vesca" title="Russula vesca">Bare-toothed russula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imleria_badia" title="Imleria badia">Bay bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_scabrum" title="Leccinum scabrum">Birch bolete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boletus_edulis" title="Boletus edulis">Cep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Chanterelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armillaria_mellea" title="Armillaria mellea">Honey mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_(mushroom)" title="Lingzhi (mushroom)">Lingzhi</a> (reishi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsutake" title="Matsutake">Matsutake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_campestris" title="Agaricus campestris">Meadow mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella" title="Morchella">Morel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleurotus_ostreatus" title="Pleurotus ostreatus">Oyster mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrolepiota_procera" title="Macrolepiota procera">Parasol mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leccinum_aurantiacum" title="Leccinum aurantiacum">Red cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactarius_deliciosus" title="Lactarius deliciosus">Saffron milk cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suillus_luteus" title="Suillus luteus">Slippery jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricholoma_equestre" title="Tricholoma equestre">Yellow knight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">Allspice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">Areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_leaf" title="Bay leaf">Bay leaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_nut" title="Brazil nut">Brazil nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">Clove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scaphium_affine" title="Scaphium affine">Malva nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">Nutmeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_nut" title="Pine nut">Pine nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">waxes</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allanblackia_oil" title="Allanblackia oil">Allanblackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonia" title="Platonia">Bacuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candlenut_oil" title="Candlenut oil">Candlenut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobroma_grandiflorum" title="Theobroma grandiflorum">Capuacu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnauba_wax" title="Carnauba wax">Carnauba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydnocarpus_wightiana_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydnocarpus wightiana seed oil">Chaulmoogra <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Hydnocarpus wightiana</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_butter" title="Cocoa butter">Cocoa butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptol" title="Eucalyptol">Eucalyptol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucalyptus_oil" title="Eucalyptus oil">Eucalyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illipe" title="Illipe">Illipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_wax" title="Japan wax">Japan wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokum_butter" title="Kokum butter">Kokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycnanthus_angolensis" title="Pycnanthus angolensis">Kombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentadesma_butyracea" title="Pentadesma butyracea">Kpangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusum_oil" title="Kusum oil">Kusum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichilia_emetica" title="Trichilia emetica">Mafura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhuca_longifolia#Oil" title="Madhuca longifolia">Mahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mango_oil" title="Mango oil">Mango butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_murumuru" title="Astrocaryum murumuru">Murumuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagkesar_seed_oil" title="Nagkesar seed oil">Nagkesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">Palm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel_oil" title="Palm kernel oil">kernel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phulwara_oil" title="Phulwara oil">Phulwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilu_oil" title="Pilu oil">Pilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongamia_oil" title="Pongamia oil">Pongamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorea_robusta_seed_oil" title="Shorea robusta seed oil">Sal-seed <span style="font-size:85%;">(<i>Shorea robusta</i>)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shea_butter" title="Shea butter">Shea butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamanu_oil" title="Tamanu oil">Tamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_seed_oil" title="Tea seed oil">Tea-seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea-tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrocaryum_aculeatum" title="Astrocaryum aculeatum">Tucuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ucuhuba_seed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucuhuba seed oil">Ucuuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vateria_indica_oil" title="Vateria indica oil"><i>Vateria indica</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">Resins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch tar">Birch tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">Camphor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creosote#Wood-tar_creosote" title="Creosote">Creosote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamboge" title="Gamboge">Gamboge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">Kauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">Lacquer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">Myrrh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosin" title="Rosin">Rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">Turpentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varnish" title="Varnish">Varnish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a> / <a href="/wiki/Natural_gum" title="Natural gum">gum</a> / etc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch_syrup" title="Birch syrup">Birch syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicle" title="Chicle">Chicle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">chewing gum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_sugar" title="Coconut sugar">Coconut sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_sugar" title="Date sugar">Date sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_syrup" title="Fruit syrup">Fruit syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kino_(botany)" title="Kino (botany)">Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_sugar" title="Maple sugar">Maple sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">Palm wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akpeteshie" title="Akpeteshie">akpeteshie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogogoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogogoro">ogogoro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">Rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce_gum" title="Spruce gum">Spruce gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amadou" title="Amadou">Amadou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">Bamboo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">edible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">Birch bark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birch_beer" title="Birch beer">Birch beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(material)" title="Cork (material)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Ferns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage" title="Forage">Forage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaria" title="Uncaria">Gambier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss#Commercial" title="Moss">Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_dye" title="Natural dye">Natural dyes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">henna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinine" title="Quinine">Quinine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diospyros_melanoxylon" title="Diospyros melanoxylon">Tendu leaves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_ivory" title="Vegetable ivory">Vegetable ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willow#Medicinal" title="Willow">Willow bark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa"><i>Dehesa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Iberian agroforestry)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honey_hunting" title="Honey hunting">Honey hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_produce_(India)" title="Forest produce (India)">Indian forest produce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Mushroom hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores" title="Naval stores">Naval stores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildcrafting" title="Wildcrafting">Wildcrafting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" title="Category:Non-timber forest products">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Non-timber_forest_products" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Non-timber forest products">Commons</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Botany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;;background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Botany" title="Template:Botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Botany" title="Template talk:Botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #C3EEC3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_botany" title="Outline of botany">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_botany" title="Branches of botany">Subdisciplines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeobotany" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeobotany">Archaeobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobotany" title="Astrobotany">Astrobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geobotanical_prospecting" title="Geobotanical prospecting">Geobotany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">Bryophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">Non-vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Vascular plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">Fern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycophyte" title="Lycophyte">Lycophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermatophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Spermatophyte">Spermatophytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">Gymnosperm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a><br /><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_plant_morphology" title="Glossary of plant morphology">glossary</a>)</span></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_cell" title="Plant cell">Plant cells</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phragmoplast" title="Phragmoplast">Phragmoplast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastid" title="Plastid">Plastid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmodesma" title="Plasmodesma">Plasmodesma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">Vacuole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">Tissues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cork_cambium" title="Cork cambium">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_tissue" title="Ground tissue">Ground tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leaf#Mesophyll" title="Leaf">Mesophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">Meristem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_organ" title="Storage organ">Storage organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_tissue" title="Vascular tissue">Vascular tissue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">Vascular bundle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Vegetative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulb" title="Bulb">Bulb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizoid" title="Rhizoid">Rhizoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">Rhizome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">Shoot</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">Bud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">Leaf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cataphyll" title="Cataphyll">Cataphyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">Petiole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessility_(botany)" title="Sessility (botany)">Sessility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">Stem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproductive_morphology" title="Plant reproductive morphology">Reproductive</a><br />(incl. Flower)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archegonium" title="Archegonium">Archegonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antheridium" title="Antheridium">Antheridium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Androecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">Pollen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">Stamen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">Anther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamen#Morphology_and_terminology" title="Stamen">Filament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staminode" title="Staminode">Staminode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapetum_(botany)" title="Tapetum (botany)">Tapetum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">Flower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestivation_(botany)" title="Aestivation (botany)">Aestivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABC_model_of_flower_development" title="ABC model of flower development">Flower development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_diagram" title="Floral diagram">Floral diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_formula" title="Floral formula">Floral formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_symmetry" title="Floral symmetry">Floral symmetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whorl_(botany)" title="Whorl (botany)">Whorl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit" title="Fruit">Fruit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit anatomy">Anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_(botany)" title="Berry (botany)">Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(fruit)" title="Capsule (fruit)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrena" title="Pyrena">Pyrena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed" title="Seed">Seed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seed_dispersal" title="Seed dispersal">Dispersal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gametophyte" title="Gametophyte">Gametophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_(botany)" title="Column (botany)">Gynandrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynoecium" title="Gynoecium">Gynoecium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carpel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpel">Carpel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovary_(botany)" title="Ovary (botany)">Ovary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Locule" title="Locule">Locule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">Ovule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">Stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(botany)" title="Style (botany)">Style</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanthium" title="Hypanthium">Hypanthium (Floral cup)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">Inflorescence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">Bract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedicel_(botany)" title="Pedicel (botany)">Pedicellate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceme" title="Raceme">Raceme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbel" title="Umbel">Umbel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perianth" title="Perianth">Perianth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tepal" title="Tepal">Tepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petal" title="Petal">Petal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sepal" title="Sepal">Sepal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embryo#Plant_embryos" title="Embryo">Plant embryo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptacle_(botany)" title="Receptacle (botany)">Receptacle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyll" title="Sporophyll">Sporophyll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporophyte" title="Sporophyte">Sporophyte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D4EED4;;width:1%">Surface structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_cuticle" title="Plant cuticle">Cuticle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicuticular_wax" title="Epicuticular wax">Epicuticular wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidermis_(botany)" title="Epidermis (botany)">Epidermis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">Nectar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoma" title="Stoma">Stoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorns,_spines,_and_prickles" title="Thorns, spines, and prickles">Thorns, spines, and prickles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichome" title="Trichome">Trichome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a><br />Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleurone" title="Aleurone">Aleurone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">Apical dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_movement" title="Bulk movement">Bulk flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">Chlorophyll</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytomelanin" title="Phytomelanin">Phytomelanin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_hormone" title="Plant hormone">Plant hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system#Plants" title="Respiratory system">Respiration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_exchange#Plants" title="Gas exchange">Gas Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_respiration" title="Cellular respiration">Cellular respiration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Sap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">Starch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar" title="Sugar">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transpiration" title="Transpiration">Transpiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgor_pressure" title="Turgor pressure">Turgor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%">Plant growth<br />and habit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Habit_(biology)#Structure" title="Habit (biology)">Habit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushion_plant" title="Cushion plant">Cushion plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosette_(botany)" title="Rosette (botany)">Rosettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub" title="Shrub">Shrubs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prostrate_shrub" title="Prostrate shrub">Prostrate shrubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">Subshrubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succulent_plant" title="Succulent plant">Succulent plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine" title="Vine">Vines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liana" title="Liana">Lianas</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">Herbaceous plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">Secondary growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_plant" title="Woody plant">Woody plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_reproduction" title="Plant reproduction">Reproduction</a> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolution" title="Plant evolution">Evolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Ecology</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fertilization" title="Double fertilization">Double fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_evolutionary_developmental_biology" title="Plant evolutionary developmental biology">Evolutionary development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Evolutionary history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_plant_evolution" title="Timeline of plant evolution">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germination" title="Germination">Germination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollination" title="Pollination">Pollination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_pollination" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial pollination">Artificial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator" title="Pollinator">Pollinators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">Pollen tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-pollination" title="Self-pollination">Self</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsporangia" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsporangia">Microsporangia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microspore" title="Microspore">Microspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Megasporangium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megaspore" title="Megaspore">Megaspore</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">Spore</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C3EEC3;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Biological classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">Botanical name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correct_name" title="Correct name">Correct name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_algae,_fungi,_and_plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants">International Code of Nomenclature (ICN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Nomenclature_for_Cultivated_Plants" title="International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants">ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultivated_plant_taxonomy" title="Cultivated plant taxonomy">Cultivated plant taxonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_taxonomy" title="Citrus taxonomy">Citrus taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">Cultigen</a> <ul><li><a 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