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background-color: rgb(250,250,190)"><a href="/wiki/Virus_classification" title="Virus classification">Virus classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Orthohepadnavirus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>(unranked): </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Realm</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riboviria" title="Riboviria"><i>Riboviria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revtraviricetes" title="Revtraviricetes"><i>Pararnavirae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revtraviricetes" title="Revtraviricetes"><i>Artverviricota</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Revtraviricetes" title="Revtraviricetes"><i>Revtraviricetes</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hepadnaviridae" title="Hepadnaviridae"><i>Blubervirales</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hepadnaviridae" title="Hepadnaviridae"><i>Hepadnaviridae</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Orthohepadnavirus" title="Orthohepadnavirus"><i>Orthohepadnavirus</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus</b></i></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_Woolly_Monkey_037.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brown_Woolly_Monkey_037.jpg/220px-Brown_Woolly_Monkey_037.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brown_Woolly_Monkey_037.jpg/330px-Brown_Woolly_Monkey_037.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Brown_Woolly_Monkey_037.jpg/440px-Brown_Woolly_Monkey_037.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="2204" /></a><figcaption>The woolly monkey, <i><a href="/wiki/Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">Lagothrix</a>,</i> is known as a New World primate, found across different regions of South America. Most species of <i><a href="/wiki/Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">Lagothrix</a></i> are endangered.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>woolly monkey hepatitis B virus</b></i> (<b>WMHBV</b>) is a viral species of the <i><a href="/wiki/Orthohepadnavirus" title="Orthohepadnavirus">Orthohepadnavirus</a></i> genus of the <i><a href="/wiki/Hepadnaviridae" title="Hepadnaviridae">Hepadnaviridae</a></i> family. Its natural host is the <a href="/wiki/Woolly_monkey" title="Woolly monkey">woolly monkey</a> (<i>Lagothrix)</i>, an inhabitant of South America categorized as a <a href="/wiki/New_World_primate" class="mw-redirect" title="New World primate">New World primate</a>. WMHBV, like other hepatitis viruses, infects the <a href="/wiki/Hepatocyte" title="Hepatocyte">hepatocytes</a>, or liver cells, of its host organism. It can cause <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a>, liver <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a> (liver cancer).<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because nearly all species of <i>Lagothrix</i> are threatened or endangered,<sup id="cite_ref-iucn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> researching and developing a <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccine</a> and/or treatment for WMHBV is important for the protection of the whole woolly monkey genus. </p><p>WMHBV is also of great interest to researchers because of its potential to teach us more about the human <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_B_virus" title="Hepatitis B virus">hepatitis B virus</a> (HBV). WMHBV is a distant <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> sister species to human HBV, although the evolutionary history of hepatitis B viruses is not well understood. Additionally, WMHBV was the first hepadnavirus other than human HBV that was known to infect non-human primates.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of WMHBV opened up the possibility of developing a primate model for HBV, since prior, most hepatitis B research was done with duck or woodchuck models.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the discovery of WMHBV, another primate-infecting hepadnavirus has been discovered: capuchin monkey hepatitis B virus (CMHBV).<sup id="cite_ref-animal_model_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-animal_model-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both CMHBV and WMHBV have potential to play an important role in the development of human hepatitis B treatments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Isolation">Isolation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Isolation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus</i> was isolated in 1998 from serum samples of a <a href="/wiki/Brown_woolly_monkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown woolly monkey">brown woolly monkey</a> (<i>Lagothrix lagotricha</i>) that was suffering from fulminant <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Louisville_Zoo" title="Louisville Zoo">Louisville Zoo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discovery of this pathogen was extremely concerning because the Louisville Zoo was home to a very successful woolly monkey breeding program. They immediately tested all sixteen members of their woolly monkey colony and found that nine were chronically infected with the virus, and another four showed signs of previously having the virus, which was identifiable via presence serum <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibodies</a> to HBV surface antigen (<a href="/wiki/HBsAg" title="HBsAg">HBsAg</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, thirteen out of the sixteen woolly monkeys appeared to have been exposed to the virus. Analysis of archived woolly monkey sera at the Louisville Zoo suggested that the WMHBV was present in the colony for at least nine years before its discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eighteen other woolly monkeys from four zoos across the country were tested for WMHBV, and the results came back negative.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genome">Genome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Genome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A member of the <i>Hepadnaviridae</i> family, WMHBV has a partially double-stranded, partially single-stranded circular DNA genome.<sup id="cite_ref-viralzone1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viralzone1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its genome is 3,179 nucleotides in length, and encodes 5 proteins: the capsid (core) protein, the large envelope protein (L glycoprotein), the external core antigen, protein P (<a href="/wiki/Polymerase" title="Polymerase">polymerase</a>), and protein x (multifunctional protein).<sup id="cite_ref-viralzone2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viralzone2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The polymerase <a href="/wiki/Open_reading_frame" title="Open reading frame">open reading frame</a> (ORF) is the largest ORF in the genome, and has significant overlap with each of the other genes, perhaps constraining its evolutionary properties.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although WMHBV is considerably divergent from the human hepatitis B virus (HBV), they share the same genetic organization. The core gene of WMHBV was the most similar to human HBV with 85.8-86.9% similarity at the amino acid level, while the WHMBV X gene was most divergent from human HBV with only 64.3-65.6% similarity at the amino acid level.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus</i> is similar in structure to other <i>Orthohepadnaviridae</i>. Mature virions are enveloped, and consist of an icosahedral capsid.<sup id="cite_ref-viralzone1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viralzone1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">virions</a> consist of 240 capsid proteins and display T=4 symmetry, however, a small amount of virions consist of 180 capsid proteins and display T=3 symmetry.<sup id="cite_ref-viralzone2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viralzone2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The envelope surrounding the capsid is derived from the host membrane. L glycoproteins line the surface of the envelope and play a role in viral attachment to <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">cell receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-viralzone2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viralzone2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The virions are small, approximately 42 nm in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-viralzone1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viralzone1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Replication_cycle">Replication cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Replication cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entry_into_cell">Entry into cell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Entry into cell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been found that <a href="/wiki/Sodium/bile_acid_cotransporter" title="Sodium/bile acid cotransporter">sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP)</a>, a sodium/bile acid symporter found in the cellular membrane of hepatocytes, acts as a cellular receptor for WMHBV, as well as many other hepadnaviruses.<sup id="cite_ref-zhong_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zhong-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following attachment to the NTCP, WMHBV enters into the cell <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> via <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a>, and the large envelope protein ensures fusion between the endosomal membrane and the viral membrane.<sup id="cite_ref-viralzone2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-viralzone2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replication_and_transcription">Replication and transcription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Replication and transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Replication and transcription of the WMHBV has not been extensively studied, but is believed to occur very similarly to all other HBV including human HBV.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford2003_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once inside the cell, nuclear localization signals on the capsid protein allow the capsid to bind to importin α-importin β complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-venkata2016_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venkata2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genome is released from the capsid at the nuclear pore complex, and enters into the nucleus. Inside, the viral polymerase protein is released and ligates the DNA so that it becomes covalently closed circular DNA, or <a href="/wiki/CccDNA" title="CccDNA">cccDNA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-venkata2016_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venkata2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cccDNA then binds <a href="/wiki/Nucleosome" title="Nucleosome">nucleosomes</a> and acts as the host DNA.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cccDNA is then transcribed to RNA via host cell RNA polymerase.<sup id="cite_ref-venkata2016_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venkata2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many RNAs are shipped to the cytoplasm where the proteins are assembled, including a large number of empty capsids. <a href="/wiki/Reverse_transcriptase" title="Reverse transcriptase">Reverse transcription</a> by the viral polymerase protein re-creates the relaxed, partially double-stranded circular DNA genome.<sup id="cite_ref-venkata2016_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venkata2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assembly_and_release">Assembly and release</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Assembly and release"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relaxed, partially double-stranded circular DNA genome is able to diffuse into an empty capsid through large pores in the capsid.<sup id="cite_ref-venkata2016_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venkata2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capsid is then enveloped and exported from the cell through a process that is not yet well understood.<sup id="cite_ref-venkata2016_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-venkata2016-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chronic infections of WMHBV can go long periods of time before symptoms arise, especially when the woolly monkey is infected at birth.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronic infections usually progress to liver issues which are often deadly. Woolly monkey autopsy reports from 1974 to 1998 noted <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">hepatitis</a> (liver inflammation), and <a href="/wiki/Necrosis" title="Necrosis">liver necrosis</a> (sudden liver failure) as two pathologies likely to be linked to WMHBV.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other probable complications of chronic WMHBV infection include <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a> (scarring damage of the liver), and <a href="/wiki/Hepatocellular_carcinoma" title="Hepatocellular carcinoma">hepatocellular carcinoma</a> (liver cancer), among other liver diseases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chronic infections not only lead to health issues, but also allow for viral transmission. Chronically infected woolly monkeys have the virus actively replicating in their body, causing the virus to be transmissible in the monkey's bodily fluids.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transmission">Transmission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Woolly monkey hepatitis B virus</i>, like other hepatitis B viruses, is transmitted through bodily fluids, and from a mother to her fetus. The vertical transmission of WMHBV from mother to fetus is often the most detrimental, because similar to human HBV, age of infection is highly correlated to the risk of developing a chronic infection.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woolly monkeys infected with WMHBV at birth have around a 90% chance of developing a chronic infection, while those infected in adulthood have only a 5-10% chance of developing a chronic infection.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_advances">Research advances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Research advances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_a_HBV_animal_model">Developing a HBV animal model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Developing a HBV animal model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since woolly monkeys are endangered, they cannot be used as an HBV animal model for research.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford2003_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, they are seeking out other primates that may be able to be infected by WMHBV. The woolly monkey's close relative, the <a href="/wiki/Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey" title="Geoffroy's spider monkey">black-handed spider monkey</a> (<i>Ateles geoffroyi</i>) is susceptible to infection by WMHBV, but does not display levels of viral replication as high as woolly monkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford1998_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford1998-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers were able to create an infectious clone of WMHBV, coined WMHBV-2, that infects and replicates in black-handed spider monkeys to the same degree that WMHBV replicates in woolly monkeys.<sup id="cite_ref-lanford2003_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lanford2003-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This infectious clone will allow for greater research of hepatitis B virus treatments on a primate model.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woolly_monkey_hepatitis_B_virus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iucn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iucn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iucnredlist.org/en">"The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"</a>. <i>IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5646271">5646271</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27482896">27482896</a>.</cite><span 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