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title="由此 IP 位址編輯的清單[y]" accesskey="y"><span>績</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E5%90%BE%E6%9B%B8%E6%88%BF" title="此IP所修之議[n]" accesskey="n"><span>議</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站台"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目次" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc 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</a> <ul id="toc-基本定律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目次" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="切換目次" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">切換目次</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">熱力學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往別種語言的條目。有一二五種語言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">一二五種語言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 南非荷蘭文" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 德文（瑞士）" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="德文（瑞士）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – 阿拉貢文" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉貢文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – 昂加文" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديناميكا حرارية – 阿拉伯文" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديناميكا حرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83" title="طيرموديناميك – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طيرموديناميك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাপগতি বিজ্ঞান – 阿薩姆文" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাপগতি বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿薩姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 阿斯圖里亞文" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯圖里亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 亞塞拜然文" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="亞塞拜然文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترمودینامیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 巴什喀爾文" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什喀爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termuodinam%C4%97ka" title="Termuodinamėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Termuodinamėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынаміка – 白俄羅斯文" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄羅斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынаміка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэрмадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 保加利亞文" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাপগতিবিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉文" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপগতিবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 波士尼亞文" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波士尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – 加泰蘭文" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="تێرمۆدینامیک – 中庫德文" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێرمۆدینامیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中庫德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 捷克文" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 楚瓦什文" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynameg" title="Thermodynameg – 威爾斯文" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thermodynameg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威爾斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamik" title="Termodynamik – 丹麥文" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termodynamik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麥文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 德文" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Θερμοδυναμική – 希臘文" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμοδυναμική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希臘文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – 英文" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamiko" title="Termodinamiko – 世界文" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 西班牙文" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamika" title="Termodünaamika – 愛沙尼亞文" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termodünaamika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="愛沙尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 巴斯克文" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترمودینامیک – 波斯文" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamiikka" title="Termodynamiikka – 芬蘭文" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termodynamiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mm%C3%A4oppus" title="Lämmäoppus – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lämmäoppus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamique" title="Thermodynamique – 法文" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thermodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamik" title="Termodünaamik – 北弗里西亞文" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Termodünaamik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 西弗里西亞文" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teirmidinimic" title="Teirmidinimic – 愛爾蘭文" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teirmidinimic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="愛爾蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 加利西亞文" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 瓜拉尼文" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="תרמודינמיקה – 希伯來文" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרמודינמיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – 印地文" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 克羅埃西亞文" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8modinamik" title="Tèmodinamik – 海地文" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tèmodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 匈牙利文" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ջերմադինամիկա – 亞美尼亞文" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմադինամիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亞美尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – 國際文" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="國際文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 印尼文" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 伊洛闊文" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛闊文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamiko" title="Termodinamiko – 伊多文" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Varmafræði – 冰島文" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Varmafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰島文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – 義大利文" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="義大利文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="熱力学 – 日文" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toermodainamix" title="Toermodainamix – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toermodainamix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="თერმოდინამიკა – 喬治亞文" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თერმოდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="喬治亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C5%8Bga%C9%A3_n%C9%9B_%C9%96o%C5%8B_kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8B%CA%8B_t%C9%9B" title="Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 哈薩克文" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈薩克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="열역학 – 韓文" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열역학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%AEnam%C3%AEk" title="Termodînamîk – 庫德文" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Termodînamîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="庫德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 吉爾吉斯文" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="吉爾吉斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – 拉丁文" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 盧森堡文" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="盧森堡文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termudinamica" title="Termudinamica – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Termudinamica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 立陶宛文" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 拉脫維亞文" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脫維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 馬其頓文" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="馬其頓文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="താപഗതികം – 馬來亞拉姆文" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താപഗതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="馬來亞拉姆文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Термодинамик – 蒙古文" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Термодинамик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="ऊष्मागतिकी – 馬拉地文" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऊष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="馬拉地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – 馬來文" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="馬來文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ် – 緬甸文" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="緬甸文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 低地德文" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – 尼泊爾文" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – 荷蘭文" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikk" title="Termodynamikk – 耐諾斯克挪威文" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Termodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="耐諾斯克挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikk" title="Termodynamikk – 巴克摩挪威文" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="巴克摩挪威文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – 奧克西坦文" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奧克西坦文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daayinaamiksii_Ho%E2%80%99aa" title="Daayinaamiksii Ho’aa – 奧羅莫文" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Daayinaamiksii Ho’aa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奧羅莫文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਾਪ ਗਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普文" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਪ ਗਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 波蘭文" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="تھرموڈائینامکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھرموڈائینامکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترموډینامیک – 普什圖文" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترموډینامیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什圖文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Termodinâmica – 葡萄牙文" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Termodinâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică – 羅馬尼亞文" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Termodinamică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="羅馬尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 俄文" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодінаміка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Термодінаміка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 雅庫特文" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="雅庫特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – 撒丁文" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="撒丁文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termudin%C3%A0mica" title="Termudinàmica – 西西里文" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Termudinàmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – 蘇格蘭文" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="蘇格蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="ٿرموڊائنامڪس – 信德文" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿرموڊائنامڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞克羅埃西亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93%C9%A3lasmussut" title="Taẓɣlasmussut – 希爾哈文" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taẓɣlasmussut" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希爾哈文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාව – 僧伽羅文" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 斯洛伐克文" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 斯洛維尼亞文" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛維尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 阿爾巴尼亞文" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿爾巴尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 塞爾維亞文" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞爾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="卓著"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamik" title="Termodynamik – 瑞典文" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termodynamik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwendojoto" title="Mwendojoto – 史瓦希里文" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwendojoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="史瓦希里文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் – 坦米爾文" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="坦米爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఉష్ణగతికశాస్త్రం – 泰盧固文" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉష్ణగతికశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰盧固文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 塔吉克文" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อุณหพลศาสตร์ – 泰文" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 塔加路族文" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="塔加路族文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – 土耳其文" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 韃靼文" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="韃靼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинаміка – 烏克蘭文" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Термодинаміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="烏克蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حر حرکیات – 烏都文" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حر حرکیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="烏都文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 烏茲別克文" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="烏茲別克文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – 維普森文" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="維普森文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_l%E1%BB%B1c_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhiệt động lực học – 越南文" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt động lực học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 瓦瑞文" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学 – 吳語" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热力学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吳語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="თერმოდინამიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თერმოდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7" title="טערמאדינאמיק – 意第緒文" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טערמאדינאמיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第緒文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热力学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt-le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k – 閩南語" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="閩南語" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學 – 粵語" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱力學" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-indicator-fr-review-status" class="mw-indicator"><indicator name="fr-review-status" class="mw-fr-review-status-indicator" id="mw-fr-revision-toggle"><span class="cdx-fr-css-icon-review--status--stable"></span><b>已檢查</b></indicator></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">文出維基大典</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div id="mw-fr-revision-details" class="mw-fr-revision-details-dialog" style="display:none;"><div tabindex="0"></div><div class="cdx-dialog cdx-dialog--horizontal-actions"><header class="cdx-dialog__header cdx-dialog__header--default"><div class="cdx-dialog__header__title-group"><h2 class="cdx-dialog__header__title">頁面版本狀態</h2><p class="cdx-dialog__header__subtitle">初定本</p></div><button class="cdx-button cdx-button--action-default cdx-button--weight-quiet
							cdx-button--size-medium cdx-button--icon-only cdx-dialog__header__close-button" aria-label="關閉" onclick="document.getElementById("mw-fr-revision-details").style.display = "none";" type="submit"><span class="cdx-icon cdx-icon--medium
							cdx-fr-css-icon--close"></span></button></header><div class="cdx-dialog__body">此頁面為<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%AA%E6%98%8E:%E6%A0%A1%E5%B0%8D" title="說明:校對">穩定版本</a>，<a class="external text" href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:%E8%AA%8C&type=review&page=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:Badtitle/Message">已複核</a>於 <i>二〇一八年八月二〇日（週一）</i>。有<a class="external text" href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A:Badtitle/Message&action=nfo#mw-flaggedrevs-action-info-pages-waiting-for-review">模板/檔案變更</a>等侯複核。<p><table id="mw-fr-revisionratings-box" class="flaggedrevs-color-1" style="margin: auto;" cellpadding="0"><tr><td class="fr-text" style="vertical-align: middle;">質素</td><td class="fr-value40" style="vertical-align: middle;">尚可</td></tr></table></p></div></div><div tabindex="0"></div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lzh" dir="ltr"><p><b>熱力學</b>者，論<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E8%83%BD" title="熱能">熱</a>之理也。熱者，塵粒運動所生之<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>也。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="基本定律"><span id=".E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E5.AE.9A.E5.BE.8B"></span>基本定律</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="所纂章名：基本定律"><span>纂</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>律有四：其零論熱平衡、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="溫度">溫度</a>兩者之干；其一述能量守恆之律；其二曰熱量之不可逆性，其三論<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E9%9B%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絕對零度（查無此頁）">絕對零度</a>之不可達也。 </p><p>第零定律曰：設有甲、乙兩物，各與丙物致熱平衡，則甲、乙、丙三者皆在平衡態矣。 </p><p>第一定律曰：系統之內，夫能量之態可易，而不自生，不自泯矣。其得失有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功</a>、熱二類也，式曰： </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \qquad \mathrm {\Delta } E_{\rm {int}}=Q+W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="2em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mrow> <msub> <mi>E</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">n</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>Q</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \qquad \mathrm {\Delta } E_{\rm {int}}=Q+W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/becb6692afe11bda272b29a863434b2a54549195" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:20.752ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \qquad \mathrm {\Delta } E_{\rm {int}}=Q+W}"></span></dd></dl> <p>第二定律曰：熱不可自發而由低溫方至高溫方也，凡不受熱者皆漸冷也。蓋宇宙之<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵</a>者有增無減矣。 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \qquad \mathrm {\Delta } S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mspace width="2em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> </mrow> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \qquad \mathrm {\Delta } S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dca530e125b3e2234918f25087b56f16231b05c2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.08ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \qquad \mathrm {\Delta } S}"></span>≥<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2aae8864a3c1fec9585261791a809ddec1489950" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0}"></span></dd></dl> <p>第三定律曰：夫完整晶體，於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E9%9B%B6%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絕對零度（查無此頁）">絕對零度</a>之下熵值為零也。絕對零度者，可趨而不可達也。 </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lim _{T\to 0}\Delta S=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <munder> <mo movablelimits="true" form="prefix">lim</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> <mo stretchy="false">→</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </munder> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lim _{T\to 0}\Delta S=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/551d87bfb809c18f0235bf57eefffba4077a2942" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.705ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lim _{T\to 0}\Delta S=0}"></span></dd></dl> <p><br clear="all" /> </p> <table align="center" id="toc" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr bgcolor="#DE2B46"> <th align="center" width="100%"><big><a class="mw-selflink selflink">熱力學</a></big> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"> <table> <tbody><tr> <td align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;background-color:#FFC2C8;"><b><span style="font-size:120 %;"><big>分支</big></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td align="left" style="font-size: 90%;background-color:#FFC2C8;" width="85%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">經典</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="統計熱力學（查無此頁）">統計</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化學熱力學（查無此頁）">化學</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子熱力學（查無此頁）">量子</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1%E6%85%8B%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非平衡態熱力學（查無此頁）">非平衡態</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑洞熱力學（查無此頁）">黑洞</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><b><span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學定律（查無此頁）">基本法則</a></span></b> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="left" style="font-size: 90%;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E9%9B%B6%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學第零定律（查無此頁）">〇</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學第一定律（查無此頁）">一</a> • <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="熱力學第二定律">二</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學第三定律（查無此頁）">三</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;background-color:#FFC2C8;"><b><span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學函數（查無此頁）">參量</a></span></b> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="left" style="font-size: 90%;background-color:#ffc2c8;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%BC%B7" title="壓強">壓強<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span> </a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AB%94%E7%A9%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="體積（查無此頁）">體積<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學溫度（查無此頁）">熱力學溫度</a><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span> • <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B5" title="熵">熵<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span></a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學能（查無此頁）">熱力學能<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/458a728f53b9a0274f059cd695e067c430956025" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.783ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U}"></span></a> • <a href="/wiki/%E7%84%93" title="焓">焓<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/75a9edddcca2f782014371f75dca39d7e13a9c1b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H}"></span></a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉布斯自由能（查無此頁）">吉布斯自由能<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5f3c8921a3b352de45446a6789b104458c9f90b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.827ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G}"></span></a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E8%8C%B2%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%83%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亥姆霍茲自由能（查無此頁）">亥姆霍茲自由能<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7daff47fa58cdfd29dc333def748ff5fa4c923e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A}"></span></a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%8B%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化學勢（查無此頁）">化學勢<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }"></span> </a> • <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F" title="功">功<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle W}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>W</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle W}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/54a9c4c547f4d6111f81946cad242b18298d70b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.435ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle W}"></span></a> • <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1" title="熱">熱<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Q</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}"></span></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><b><span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="系統（查無此頁）">系統</a></span></b> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="left" style="font-size: 90%;background-color:#FFFFFF;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="開放系統（查無此頁）">開放</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%81%E9%96%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="封閉系統（查無此頁）">封閉</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%A4%E7%AB%8B%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孤立系統（查無此頁）">孤立</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" style="font-size: 90%; vertical-align: center;background-color:#FFC2C8;"><b><span style="font-size:120%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學過程（查無此頁）">過程</a></span></b> </td> <td>  </td> <td align="left" style="font-size: 90%;background-color:#ffc2c8;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B5%95%E7%86%B1%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="絕熱過程（查無此頁）">絕熱</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E6%BA%AB%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等溫過程（查無此頁）">定溫</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E5%A3%93%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等壓過程（查無此頁）">定壓</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E5%AE%B9%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等容過程（查無此頁）">定容</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E7%84%93%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等焓過程（查無此頁）">定焓</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AD%89%E7%86%B5%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="等熵過程（查無此頁）">定熵</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%86%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可逆過程（查無此頁）">可逆</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%86%E9%9D%9C%E6%85%8B%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="准靜態過程（查無此頁）">准靜態</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E8%86%A8%E8%84%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由膨脹（查無此頁）">自由膨脹</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right" style="font-size: 90%; 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