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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">보이기</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko" class=""><span>기부</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다" class=""><span>계정 만들기</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>로그인</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="더 많은 옵션" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="개인 도구" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">개인 도구</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="사용자 메뉴" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=ko.wikipedia.org&uselang=ko"><span>기부</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EA%B3%84%EC%A0%95%EB%A7%8C%EB%93%A4%EA%B8%B0&returnto=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="계정을 만들고 로그인하는 것이 좋습니다. 하지만 필수는 아닙니다"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>계정 만들기</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%A1%9C%EA%B7%B8%EC%9D%B8&returnto=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="위키백과에 로그인하면 여러가지 편리한 기능을 사용할 수 있습니다. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>로그인</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 로그아웃한 편집자를 위한 문서 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8F%84%EC%9B%80%EB%A7%90:%EC%86%8C%EA%B0%9C" aria-label="편집에 관해 더 알아보기"><span>더 알아보기</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC" title="이 IP 주소의 편집 목록 [y]" accesskey="y"><span>기여</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%82%B4%EC%82%AC%EC%9A%A9%EC%9E%90%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0" title="현재 사용하는 IP 주소에 대한 토론 문서 [n]" accesskey="n"><span>토론</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="사이트"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="목차" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">목차</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">사이드바로 이동</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">숨기기</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">처음 위치</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-열역학의_역사" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열역학의_역사"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>열역학의 역사</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-열역학의_역사-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-열역학_변수" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열역학_변수"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>열역학 변수</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-열역학_변수-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-열역학_퍼텐셜" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열역학_퍼텐셜"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>열역학 퍼텐셜</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-열역학_퍼텐셜-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-열역학_계" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열역학_계"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>열역학 계</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-열역학_계-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-열역학_법칙" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열역학_법칙"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>열역학 법칙</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-열역학_법칙-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>열역학 법칙 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-열역학_법칙-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-열역학_제0법칙:_열적_평형의_추이성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열역학_제0법칙:_열적_평형의_추이성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>열역학 제0법칙: 열적 평형의 추이성</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-열역학_제0법칙:_열적_평형의_추이성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-열역학_제1법칙:_에너지_보존" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열역학_제1법칙:_에너지_보존"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>열역학 제1법칙: 에너지 보존</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-열역학_제1법칙:_에너지_보존-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-열역학_제2법칙:_엔트로피의_증가" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열역학_제2법칙:_엔트로피의_증가"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>열역학 제2법칙: 엔트로피의 증가</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-열역학_제2법칙:_엔트로피의_증가-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-열역학_제3법칙:_절대_0도의_불가능성" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열역학_제3법칙:_절대_0도의_불가능성"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>열역학 제3법칙: 절대 0도의 불가능성</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-열역학_제3법칙:_절대_0도의_불가능성-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-열역학_법칙과_역학" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#열역학_법칙과_역학"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>열역학 법칙과 역학</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-열역학_법칙과_역학-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-예제" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#예제"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>예제</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-예제-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>예제 하위섹션 토글하기</span> </button> <ul id="toc-예제-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-카르노_기관" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#카르노_기관"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>카르노 기관</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-카르노_기관-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-온도만으로_기술되는_계" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#온도만으로_기술되는_계"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>온도만으로 기술되는 계</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-온도만으로_기술되는_계-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-온도와_압력만으로_기술되는_계" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#온도와_압력만으로_기술되는_계"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>온도와 압력만으로 기술되는 계</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-온도와_압력만으로_기술되는_계-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-온도와_압력,_화학_퍼텐셜으로_기술되는_계" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#온도와_압력,_화학_퍼텐셜으로_기술되는_계"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>온도와 압력, 화학 퍼텐셜으로 기술되는 계</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-온도와_압력,_화학_퍼텐셜으로_기술되는_계-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-온도와_자기장으로_기술되는_계" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#온도와_자기장으로_기술되는_계"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>온도와 자기장으로 기술되는 계</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-온도와_자기장으로_기술되는_계-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-같이_보기" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#같이_보기"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>같이 보기</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-같이_보기-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-외부_링크" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#외부_링크"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>외부 링크</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-외부_링크-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="목차" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="목차" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="목차 토글" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">목차 토글</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">열역학</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="다른 언어로 문서를 방문합니다. 125개 언어로 읽을 수 있습니다" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125개 언어</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 아프리칸스어" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="아프리칸스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 독일어(스위스)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="독일어(스위스)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – 아라곤어" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="아라곤어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – 앙가어" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="앙가어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديناميكا حرارية – 아랍어" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديناميكا حرارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83" title="طيرموديناميك – 모로코 아랍어" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طيرموديناميك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="모로코 아랍어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাপগতি বিজ্ঞান – 아삼어" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তাপগতি বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="아삼어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 아스투리아어" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="아스투리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 아제르바이잔어" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="아제르바이잔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترمودینامیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 바슈키르어" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="바슈키르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termuodinam%C4%97ka" title="Termuodinamėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Termuodinamėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынаміка – 벨라루스어" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="벨라루스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынаміка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэрмадынаміка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 불가리아어" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="불가리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="তাপগতিবিজ্ঞান – 벵골어" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাপগতিবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="벵골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 보스니아어" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="보스니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – 카탈로니아어" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="카탈로니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="تێرمۆدینامیک – 소라니 쿠르드어" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تێرمۆدینامیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="소라니 쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 체코어" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="체코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 추바시어" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="추바시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynameg" title="Thermodynameg – 웨일스어" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thermodynameg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="웨일스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamik" title="Termodynamik – 덴마크어" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termodynamik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="덴마크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 독일어" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Θερμοδυναμική – 그리스어" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμοδυναμική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="그리스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – 영어" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="영어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamiko" title="Termodinamiko – 에스페란토어" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="에스페란토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 스페인어" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="스페인어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamika" title="Termodünaamika – 에스토니아어" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termodünaamika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="에스토니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 바스크어" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="바스크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترمودینامیک – 페르시아어" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترمودینامیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="페르시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamiikka" title="Termodynamiikka – 핀란드어" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termodynamiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="핀란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4mm%C3%A4oppus" title="Lämmäoppus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lämmäoppus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamique" title="Thermodynamique – 프랑스어" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thermodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="프랑스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamik" title="Termodünaamik – 북부 프리지아어" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Termodünaamik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="북부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 서부 프리지아어" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="서부 프리지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teirmidinimic" title="Teirmidinimic – 아일랜드어" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teirmidinimic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="아일랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 갈리시아어" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="갈리시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica" title="Termodinámica – 과라니어" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Termodinámica" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="과라니어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="תרמודינמיקה – 히브리어" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תרמודינמיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="히브리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="उष्मागतिकी – 힌디어" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – 피지 힌디어" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="피지 힌디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 크로아티아어" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A8modinamik" title="Tèmodinamik – 아이티어" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tèmodinamik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="아이티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 헝가리어" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="헝가리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ջերմադինամիկա – 아르메니아어" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմադինամիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="아르메니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – 인터링구아" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="인터링구아" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 인도네시아어" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="인도네시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 이로코어" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="이로코어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamiko" title="Termodinamiko – 이도어" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Termodinamiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="이도어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varmafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Varmafræði – 아이슬란드어" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Varmafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="아이슬란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – 이탈리아어" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="이탈리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="熱力学 – 일본어" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="일본어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toermodainamix" title="Toermodainamix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Toermodainamix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="თერმოდინამიკა – 조지아어" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თერმოდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="조지아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C5%8Bga%C9%A3_n%C9%9B_%C9%96o%C5%8B_kp%C9%9Bl%C9%9Bk%CA%8B%CA%8B_t%C9%9B" title="Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Soŋgaɣ nɛ ɖoŋ kpɛlɛkʋʋ tɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 카자흐어" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="카자흐어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%AEnam%C3%AEk" title="Termodînamîk – 쿠르드어" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Termodînamîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="쿠르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 키르기스어" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="키르기스어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – 라틴어" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="라틴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 룩셈부르크어" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="룩셈부르크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termudinamica" title="Termudinamica – 롬바르드어" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Termudinamica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="롬바르드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 리투아니아어" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="리투아니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 라트비아어" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="라트비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 마케도니아어" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="마케도니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="താപഗതികം – 말라얄람어" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="താപഗതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="말라얄람어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Термодинамик – 몽골어" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Термодинамик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="몽골어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="ऊष्मागतिकी – 마라티어" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऊष्मागतिकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="마라티어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – 말레이어" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="말레이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%92%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%99%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ် – 버마어" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="버마어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamik" title="Thermodynamik – 저지 독일어" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thermodynamik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="저지 독일어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="थर्मोडायनामिक्स – 네팔어" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="थर्मोडायनामिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="네팔어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamica" title="Thermodynamica – 네덜란드어" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thermodynamica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="네덜란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikk" title="Termodynamikk – 노르웨이어(니노르스크)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Termodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(니노르스크)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamikk" title="Termodynamikk – 노르웨이어(보크말)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termodynamikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="노르웨이어(보크말)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamica" title="Termodinamica – 오크어" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Termodinamica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="오크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daayinaamiksii_Ho%E2%80%99aa" title="Daayinaamiksii Ho’aa – 오로모어" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Daayinaamiksii Ho’aa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="오로모어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AA_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਤਾਪ ਗਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 펀잡어" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਪ ਗਤੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="펀잡어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 폴란드어" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="폴란드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%A9%D8%B3" title="تھرموڈائینامکس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تھرموڈائینامکس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ترموډینامیک – 파슈토어" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترموډینامیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="파슈토어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A2mica" title="Termodinâmica – 포르투갈어" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Termodinâmica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="포르투갈어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică – 루마니아어" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Termodinamică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="루마니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 러시아어" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="러시아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодінаміка – 루신어" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Термодінаміка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="루신어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 야쿠트어" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="야쿠트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Termodinàmica – 사르디니아어" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Termodinàmica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="사르디니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termudin%C3%A0mica" title="Termudinàmica – 시칠리아어" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Termudinàmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="시칠리아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – 스코틀랜드어" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="스코틀랜드어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BF%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="ٿرموڊائنامڪس – 신디어" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٿرموڊائنامڪس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="신디어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 세르비아-크로아티아어" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="세르비아-크로아티아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%E1%BA%93%C9%A3lasmussut" title="Taẓɣlasmussut – 타셸히트어" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Taẓɣlasmussut" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="타셸히트어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාව – 싱할라어" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තාප ගති විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="싱할라어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics" title="Thermodynamics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermodynamics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamika" title="Termodynamika – 슬로바키아어" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Termodynamika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="슬로바키아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 슬로베니아어" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="슬로베니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 알바니아어" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="알바니아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 세르비아어" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="세르비아어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="알찬 글"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamik" title="Termodynamik – 스웨덴어" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termodynamik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="스웨덴어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwendojoto" title="Mwendojoto – 스와힐리어" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mwendojoto" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="스와힐리어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் – 타밀어" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="타밀어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="ఉష్ణగతికశాస్త్రం – 텔루구어" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉష్ణగతికశాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="텔루구어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 타지크어" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="타지크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="อุณหพลศาสตร์ – 태국어" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="태국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 타갈로그어" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="타갈로그어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – 튀르키예어" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="튀르키예어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинамика – 타타르어" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Термодинамика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="타타르어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Термодинаміка – 우크라이나어" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Термодинаміка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="우크라이나어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%AD%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="حر حرکیات – 우르두어" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حر حرکیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="우르두어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 우즈베크어" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="우즈베크어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik" title="Termodinamik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nhi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_l%E1%BB%B1c_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Nhiệt động lực học – 베트남어" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhiệt động lực học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="베트남어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika – 와라이어" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Termodinamika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="와라이어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学 – 우어" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="热力学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="우어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="თერმოდინამიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="თერმოდინამიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A7" title="טערמאדינאמיק – 이디시어" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טערמאדינאמיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="이디시어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="热力学 – 중국어" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="热力学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="중국어" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="熱力學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="熱力學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt-le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k – 민난어" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" 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href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC:Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif/300px-Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학 계">열역학 계</a>의 예. 열전달에 의해 피스톤 운동을 하는 기관.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36480591">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">열역학</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="카르노 기관"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/440px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="padding:0.5em 0.2em 0.6em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; display:block;margin-bottom:0.1em;">고전적 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="카르노 기관">카르노 기관</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">분과</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">고전열역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="통계역학">통계역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="화학열역학">화학열역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="평형열역학">평형열역학</a>/<a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="비평형열역학">비평형열역학</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">법칙</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C0%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제0법칙">열역학 제0법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C1%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제1법칙">열역학 제1법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C2%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제2법칙">열역학 제2법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C3%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제3법칙">열역학 제3법칙</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학 계">계</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="열역학적 상태">상태</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="상태방정식">상태방정식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="이상기체">이상기체</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%A0%9C_%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4" title="실제 기체">실제 기체</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="물질의 상태">물질의 상태</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95" title="열역학적 평형">열역학적 평형</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%9C%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="공제부피 (없는 문서)">공제부피</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="열역학 과정">과정</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%95%95%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등압과정">등압과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%A0%81%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등적과정">등적과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%98%A8%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등온과정">등온과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%97%B4%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="단열과정">단열과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등엔트로피 과정">등엔트로피 과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%93%B1%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="등엔탈피 과정">등엔탈피 과정</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%80%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%81%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="준정적과정 (없는 문서)">준정적과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="다방과정">다방과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="자유팽창">자유팽창</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="가역과정">가역과정</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" title="비가역과정">비가역과정</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%82%B4%EC%A0%81%EA%B0%80%EC%97%AD_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="내적가역 열역학 (없는 문서)">내적가역성</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%81%B4" title="열역학 사이클">순환</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="열기관">열기관</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%83%89%EB%82%9C%EB%B0%A9_%EC%88%9C%ED%99%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="냉난방 순환 (없는 문서)">냉난방 순환</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%ED%9A%A8%EC%9C%A8" title="열효율">열효율</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88" title="열역학적 성질">계의 성질</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div style="font-size:90%;padding-bottom:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">비고: <i>기울임꼴</i>로 된 것들은 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%B5%EC%95%A1%EB%B3%80%EC%88%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="공액변수 (없는 문서)">공액변수</a>이다.</div> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.4em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EB%8F%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학도 (없는 문서)">열역학도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EA%B3%BC_%ED%81%AC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88" title="세기 성질과 크기 성질">세기 성질과 크기 성질</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="상태함수">상태함수</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학적 온도">온도</a>  / <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="엔트로피">엔트로피</a></i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_%EA%B0%9C%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피 개론 (없는 문서)">개론</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="압력">압력</a> / <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC_(%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="부피 (열역학) (없는 문서)">부피</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%94%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="화학적 퍼텐셜 (없는 문서)">화학적 퍼텐셜</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90%EC%88%98" class="mw-redirect" title="입자수">입자수</a></i></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%EB%9F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="증기량 (없는 문서)">증기량</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8C%80%EB%B9%84%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="대비성질 (없는 문서)">대비성질</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%BD%EB%A1%9C_%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98" title="경로 함수">과정함수</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.7em;;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="일 (물리학)">일</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4" title="열">열</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%84%B1_(%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="물성 (열역학) (없는 문서)">물성</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%88%9C%EC%88%98_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="순수 물질의 열역학적 데이터베이스 (없는 문서)">순수 물질의 열역학적 데이터베이스</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"><table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%9A%A9%EB%9F%89" title="열용량">비열용량</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%95%EC%B6%95%EB%A5%A0" title="압축률">압축률</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%ED%8C%BD%EC%B0%BD" title="열팽창">열팽창</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학 방정식 (없는 문서)">방정식</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC_(%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="카르노 정리 (열역학) (없는 문서)">카르노 정리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="클라우지우스 정리 (없는 문서)">클라우지우스 정리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B8%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학 기본관계 (없는 문서)">열역학 기본관계</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="이상기체 법칙">이상기체 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0_%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%9D" title="맥스웰 관계식">맥스웰 관계식</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%A8%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4_%EC%83%81%ED%98%B8%EA%B4%80%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="온사게르 상호관계식 (없는 문서)">온사게르 상호관계식</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%A7%80%EB%A8%BC_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="브리지먼 열역학 방정식 (없는 문서)">브리지먼 열역학 방정식</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D_%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학 방정식 표 (없는 문서)">열역학 방정식 표</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학적 퍼텐셜">퍼텐셜</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="열역학적 자유 에너지">자유 에너지</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="자유 엔트로피 (없는 문서)">자유 엔트로피</a></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%B6%80_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="내부 에너지">내부 에너지</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span><br /></li><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC" title="엔탈피">엔탈피</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span><br /></li><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%ED%99%80%EC%B8%A0_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="헬름홀츠 자유 에너지">헬름홀츠 자유 에너지</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span><br /></li><li style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B9%81%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="깁스 자유 에너지">깁스 자유 에너지</a><br /><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">역사</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 열역학사</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학사 (없는 문서)">개괄</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4_%EA%B0%9C%EB%85%90%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열 개념의 역사 (없는 문서)">열 개념의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피의 역사 (없는 문서)">엔트로피의 역사</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="기체 법칙">기체 법칙</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="영구기관의 역사 (없는 문서)">영구기관의 역사</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="통계열역학철학 (없는 문서)">과학철학</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_(%EC%8B%9C%EA%B0%84%EC%9D%98_%ED%99%94%EC%82%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피 (시간의 화살) (없는 문서)">엔트로피와 시간</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC%EC%99%80_%EC%83%9D%EB%AA%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피와 생명 (없는 문서)">엔트로피와 생명</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B4_%EB%9E%98%EC%B9%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="브라운 래칫 (없는 문서)">브라운 래칫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%84%EA%B9%A8%EB%B9%84" title="맥스웰의 도깨비">맥스웰의 도깨비</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%A3%BD%EC%9D%8C_%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열죽음 역설 (없는 문서)">열죽음 역설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A1%9C%EC%8A%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%84%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="로슈미트의 역설 (없는 문서)">로슈미트의 역설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%98%91%EB%8F%99%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="협동학 (없는 문서)">협동학</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 이론</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%86%8C%EC%84%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="열소설">열소설</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열이론 (없는 문서)">열이론</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%99%9C%EB%A0%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="활력 (없는 문서)">활력</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%82%AC%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B9%EB%9F%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열의 사사당량 (없는 문서)">열의 사사당량</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EB%8F%99%EB%A0%A5" title="원동력">원동력</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 주요 저서</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%88%EC%B0%B0_%EB%95%8C_%EB%B0%9C%EC%83%9D%ED%95%98%EB%8A%94_%EC%97%B4%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EC%9D%B8%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98%EC%A0%81_%EC%A1%B0%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="마찰 때 발생하는 열의 원인에 관한 실험적 조사 (없는 문서)">마찰 때 발생하는 열의 원인에<br />관한 실험적 조사</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%88%EA%B7%A0%EC%9D%BC_%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95%EC%97%90_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%98%EC%97%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="불균일 물질의 평형에 대하여 (없는 문서)">불균일 물질의<br />평형에 대하여</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B6%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%9B%90%EB%8F%99%EB%A0%A5%EC%97%90_%EA%B4%80%ED%95%9C_%EA%B3%A0%EC%B0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="불의 원동력에 관한 고찰 (없는 문서)">불의 원동력에 <br /> 관한 고찰</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 연표</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC_%EC%97%B0%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학사 연표 (없는 문서)">열역학사 연표</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80_%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C%EC%82%AC_%EC%97%B0%ED%91%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열기관 개발사 연표 (없는 문서)">열기관 개발사 연표</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eaeaff;font-style:italic;"> 교육</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%91%9C%EB%A9%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="맥스웰의 열역학적 표면 (없는 문서)">맥스웰의 열역학적 표면</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC_(%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%B6%84%EC%82%B0)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="엔트로피 (에너지 분산) (없는 문서)">에너지 분산으로서의 엔트로피</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">과학자</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EB%8B%88%EC%97%98_%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%88%84%EC%9D%B4" title="다니엘 베르누이">베르누이</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4_%EC%82%AC%EB%94%94_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8" title="니콜라 레오나르 사디 카르노">카르노</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%B2%A0%EB%88%84%EC%95%84_%ED%8F%B4_%EC%97%90%EB%B0%80_%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%8E%98%EB%A1%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="베누아 폴 에밀 클라페롱 (없는 문서)">클라페롱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9A%B0%EC%A7%80%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="루돌프 클라우지우스">클라우지우스</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%BD%98%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%84%ED%8B%B4_%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%ED%85%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EB%A6%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="콘스탄틴 카라테오도리 (없는 문서)">카라테오도리</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%94%BC%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B4_%EB%92%A4%EC%97%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="피에르 뒤엠 (없는 문서)">뒤엠</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B0%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84_%EC%9C%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%93%9C_%EA%B9%81%EC%8A%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="조시아 윌러드 깁스 (없는 문서)">깁스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%A4%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%8C_%ED%8F%B0_%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%ED%99%80%EC%B8%A0" title="헤르만 폰 헬름홀츠">헬름홀츠</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%94%84%EB%A0%88%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%A7_%EC%A4%84" title="제임스 프레스콧 줄">줄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%ED%81%B4%EB%9F%AC%ED%81%AC_%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0" title="제임스 클러크 맥스웰">맥스웰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A8%EB%A6%AC%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%ED%8F%B0_%EB%A7%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="율리우스 폰 마이어">폰 마이어</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%98%A8%EC%82%AC%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4" title="라르스 온사게르">온사게르</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%A1%B4_%EB%A7%A5%EC%BF%BC%EB%A5%B8_%EB%9E%AD%ED%82%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="윌리엄 존 맥쿼른 랭킨 (없는 문서)">랭킨</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B4_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="존 스미튼 (없는 문서)">스미튼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%98%A4%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EC%97%90%EB%A5%B8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%8A%88%ED%83%88" title="게오르크 에른스트 슈탈">슈탈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%A4%EC%A0%80%EB%AF%BC_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="벤저민 톰슨">톰슨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EC%BC%88%EB%B9%88_%EB%82%A8%EC%9E%91_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" title="제1대 켈빈 남작 윌리엄 톰슨">켈빈 남작</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A1%B4_%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9B%8C%ED%84%B0%EC%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="존 제임스 워터슨 (없는 문서)">워터슨</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="display:block;margin-top:0.4em; line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="분류"><img alt="분류" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%A5%98:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="분류:열역학">분류: 열역학</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38585741">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="틀:열역학"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:열역학 (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="특수:문서편집/틀:열역학"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>열역학</b>(熱力學, <span lang="en">thermodynamics</span>)은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지">에너지</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4" title="열">열</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="일 (물리)">일</a>, <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="엔트로피">엔트로피</a>와 과정의 자발성을 다루는 물리학의 분야다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84_%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="통계 역학">통계 역학</a>과 밀접한 관계를 가지며, 그로부터 수많은 열역학 관계식을 유도할 수 있다. </p><p>물질이나 에너지를 서로 교환하는 여러 물리계 사이의 열역학적 과정을 다룰 때, 고전 열역학은 그 과정이 완료되는 시간이나 그 과정이 얼마나 빨리 일어나는지에 대해서는 관심을 갖지 않는다. "열역학"이라는 용어 대신 <i>평형 열역학</i>이란 용어를 사용하며, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%A4%80%EC%A0%95%EC%A0%81_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="준정적 과정 (없는 문서)">준정적 과정</a>(quasi-static process)이라는 개념이 매우 중요하다. 준정적 과정은 "매우 천천히 변하여" 각 순간마다 "평형상태"로 간주할 수 있는 이상적인 과정을 말한다. <a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="비평형열역학">비평형 열역학</a>(non-equilibrium thermodynamics)에서 시간에 따라 변화하는 열역학적 과정을 연구한다. </p><p>열역학 법칙은 매우 일반적인 법칙으로, 관찰하는 대상이나 물질 사이의 상호작용에 상관없이 항상 성립하는 법칙이다. 즉, 관찰하고자 하는 계와 이를 둘러싼 환경 사이에 에너지와 물질 교환이 평형을 이룬다는 사실만 확인되면 항상 적용할 수 있다. 이것에 대한 예로 20세기 초 <a href="/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="알베르트 아인슈타인">알베르트 아인슈타인</a>이 예측한 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%90%EB%B0%9C_%EB%B0%A9%EC%B6%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="자발 방출 (없는 문서)">자발 방출</a>(spontaneous emission)과 현재 연구 중인 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B8%94%EB%9E%99%ED%99%80_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="블랙홀 열역학">블랙홀 열역학</a>이 있다. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="열역학의_역사"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99.EC.9D.98_.EC.97.AD.EC.82.AC"></span>열역학의 역사</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=1" title="부분 편집: 열역학의 역사"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>열역학의 역사는 열과 에너지에 관한 정의라 해도 무관하다. 1789년, 벤자민 럼포드에 의해 열을 물질의 일종이라 간주했던 열소이론이 깨지면서 열역학의 역사가 시작되었다. 1801년 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EB%8F%8C%ED%84%B4" title="존 돌턴">존 돌턴</a>은 모든 기체는 온도의 증가에 따라 그 부피가 균일하게 증가한다는 사실을 발견했다. 1808년 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4%EB%A4%BC%EC%82%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="게이뤼삭">게이뤼삭</a>은 모든 기체의 부피가 0으로되는 온도를 외삽에 의해 예측할 수 있게 하였고, -273°C를 <a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%88%EB%8C%80%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" class="mw-redirect" title="절대온도">절대온도</a> 0이라고 하였다. 1824년 <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EC%BD%9C%EB%9D%BC_%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%EB%82%98%EB%A5%B4_%EC%82%AC%EB%94%94_%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8" title="니콜라 레오나르 사디 카르노">니콜라 레오나르 사디 카르노</a>가 카르노 사이클을 만들었고, 1849년 <a href="/wiki/%EC%BC%88%EB%B9%88_%EA%B2%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="켈빈 경">켈빈 경</a>에 의해 타당성이 입증되었다. 1850년 루돌프 클라우지우스는 열역학 제 2법칙을 정의했다. 또한 몇 달 뒤에 열역학 제 1법칙도 정의했다. 1873년 반데르발스가 상태방정식을 고안했다. 1878년 조시아 깁스는 깁스에너지와 상률의 개념을 도입했다. 1886년 라울은 프랑코 라울의 법칙을 발표하였고, 1901년 길버트 루이스는 퓨개시티와 활동도의 개념을 도입했다. 1949년 레들리히와 쾅은 상태방정식을 실제기체에 맞게 수정하였고, 1955년 케네스 피쳐는 비중심 인자의 개념을 도입하였다. 흔히 여기까지의 역사를 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="고전열역학 (없는 문서)">고전열역학</a>의 범주로 불린다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="열역학_변수"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99_.EB.B3.80.EC.88.98"></span>열역학 변수</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=2" title="부분 편집: 열역학 변수"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>일반적인 계의 형태나 계가 만족해야 하는 조건에 따라 계의 상태를 기술하기 위한 변수를 다르게 사용한다. 일반적으로 많이 사용하는 변수는 다음과 같다. </p> <dl><dd>역학적 변수: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%95%EB%A0%A5" title="압력">압력</a> : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC" title="비부피">비부피</a> : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e07b00e7fc0847fbd16391c778d65bc25c452597" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.128ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v}"></span> (또는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%ED%94%BC" title="부피">부피</a> : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span>)</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd>통계적 변수: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" title="온도">온도</a> : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="엔트로피">엔트로피</a> : <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4611d85173cd3b508e67077d4a1252c9c05abca2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.499ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle S}"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd>계를 구성하는 입자의 수가 일정하지 않은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EB%A6%B0_%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열린 계">열린 계</a>(open system)에서는 다음과 같은 두 가지 변수를 더 생각한다. <ul><li>계의 입자 수 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="화학 퍼텐셜">화학 퍼텐셜</a>(chemical potential) <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9fd47b2a39f7a7856952afec1f1db72c67af6161" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.402ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu }"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>위에 열거된 역학적 변수들은 근본적인 고전 물리학 혹은 양자 물리학으로 기술할 수 있지만, 통계적인 변수는 오로지 <a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84_%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="통계 역학">통계 역학</a>으로만 이해할 수 있다. 열역학이 적용되는 대부분의 경우에, 하나 이상의 열역학 변수는 변하지 않는 상수로 간주되고, 나머지 변수들만 변하게 된다. 수학적으로, 이것은 계의 상태를 <i>n</i>-차원 공간의 한 점으로 대응시켜 기술할 수 있다. 여기서 n은 상수가 아닌 변수의 개수이다. <a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84_%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="통계 역학">통계 역학</a>을 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="고전 물리학">고전 물리학</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="양자 물리학">양자 물리학</a>과 결합하여, 이들 변수들 사이의 관계식을 나타내는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="상태 방정식">상태 방정식</a>을 유도할 수 있다. 가장 간단하고 가장 중요한 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="상태 방정식">상태 방정식</a>은 바로 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%83%81%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4_%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="이상기체 상태 방정식">이상 기체의 상태 방정식</a>이다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pV=nRT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>n</mi> <mi>R</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pV=nRT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/57c364f7f0b47178cfd35c3bbaf6dcb22a98cf44" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:10.94ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pV=nRT}"></span></dd></dl> <p>여기서 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>R</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}"></span>은 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%B4_%EC%83%81%EC%88%98" title="기체 상수">기체 상수</a>다. 혹은 다음과 같이 기술하기도 한다. </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pV=NkT}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mi>k</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pV=NkT}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8a3da361ed1d92bf6756007a3e2226744eb5798d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:11.056ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pV=NkT}"></span></dd></dl> <p>여기서 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c3c9a2c7b599b37105512c5d570edc034056dd40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.211ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k}"></span>는 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%BC%EC%B8%A0%EB%A7%8C_%EC%83%81%EC%88%98" title="볼츠만 상수">볼츠만 상수</a>로, 온도와 에너지 사이의 관계를 나타내는 기본 물리 상수다. 기체상수는 볼츠만 상수를 <a href="/wiki/%EB%AA%B0_(%EB%8B%A8%EC%9C%84)" title="몰 (단위)">몰</a>로 나타낸 것이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="열역학_퍼텐셜"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99_.ED.8D.BC.ED.85.90.EC.85.9C"></span>열역학 퍼텐셜</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=3" title="부분 편집: 열역학 퍼텐셜"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r34311305">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="열역학 퍼텐셜">열역학 퍼텐셜</a>입니다.</div> <p>물리계의 열역학 변수는 다음과 같이 정의된 4가지 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%ED%8D%BC%ED%85%90%EC%85%9C" title="열역학 퍼텐셜">열역학 퍼텐셜</a>로 정의할 수 있다. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%82%B4%EB%B6%80_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="내부 에너지">내부 에너지</a>(internal energy) <i>E</i>: d<i>E</i>=<i>T</i>d<i>S</i> - <i>p</i>d<i>V</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%ED%99%80%EC%B8%A0_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="헬름홀츠 자유 에너지">헬름홀츠 자유 에너지</a> <i>A</i>: d<i>A</i> = −<i>S</i>d<i>T</i> - <i>p</i>d<i>V</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="기브스 자유 에너지">기브스 자유 에너지</a> <i>G</i>: d<i>G</i> = −<i>S</i>d<i>T</i> + <i>V</i>d<i>p</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC" title="엔탈피">엔탈피</a> <i>H</i>: d<i>H</i> = <i>T</i>d<i>S</i> + <i>V</i>d<i>p</i></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>위에 열거된 열역학 퍼텐셜들은 서로 무관한 양이 아니고 적절한 관계를 가지고 있다. 위의 열역학 퍼텐셜의 미분형을 합성함수의 미분을 사용하여 아래와 같은 관계식을 찾을 수 있다. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=H-PV=A+TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=H-PV=A+TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f3b672c0dd6be9247524b800a7c9e58d70f8ef97" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:24.128ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=H-PV=A+TS}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A=E-TS=G-PV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A=E-TS=G-PV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e5865e7ab0153e279a8f7a436d4afaa5bae9b205" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:23.891ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A=E-TS=G-PV}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G=A+PV=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G=A+PV=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/164c8e60e35befe710c327e5e69becd9d3434775" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:24.179ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G=A+PV=H-TS}"></span></li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H=G+TS=E+PV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>G</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>E</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H=G+TS=E+PV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f181b081a20bb60154f988ffeab1815c5745583e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:24.212ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H=G+TS=E+PV}"></span></li></ul></dd></dl> <p>위에 열거한 열역학 퍼텐셜과 열역학 변수 사이 관계식은 계에 상관없이 성립한다; 이 관계식은 계의 구성요소간 상호작용에 무관하게 <a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84_%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="통계 역학">통계 역학</a>으로부터 자연스럽게 얻을 수 있는 일반적인 관계식이다. 하지만 계의 구성요소 사이의 상호작용이나, 양자역학적인 에너지 준위와 에너지 준위의 <a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B6%95%ED%87%B4%EB%8F%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="축퇴도 (없는 문서)">축퇴도</a>(degeneracy), 혹은 계의 <a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EB%B0%B0%ED%95%A8%EC%88%98" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="분배함수">분배함수</a>를 모른다면, 위 네 가지 열역학 퍼텐셜은 계의 열역학 변수로만으로 완전히 표현할 수는 없다. 하지만 일단 열역학 퍼텐셜 중 하나가 열역학 변수로 완전히 결정된다면, 나머지 세 열역학 퍼텐셜은 위 관계식을 사용하여 쉽게 얻을 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="열역학_계"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99_.EA.B3.84"></span>열역학 계</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=4" title="부분 편집: 열역학 계"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학 계">열역학 계</a>입니다.</div> <p><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열역학 계">열역학 계</a>란 우주 전체 중에서 우리가 관심있는 일부를 말한다. 우주 전체 중에서 우리가 관심갖는 계를 제외한 나머지 우주를 흔히 <b>환경</b> 또는 <b><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%9B%90" title="열원">열원</a></b>라고 부른다. 환경과 계 사이에 실제 경계 혹은 가상적인 경계가 존재하여 이 둘을 분리할 수 있다. 이 경계의 특성에 따라 환경과 계 사이에 에너지만 이동할 수도 있고, 물질이나 엔트로피도 이동할 수 있다. 따라서 이 경계의 특성에 따라 열역학 계를 분류한다. </p><p>계와 환경 사이의 에너지, 물질, 엔트로피 교환형태에 따라 다음과 같이 열역학 계를 3가지로 분류한다. </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%A6%BD%EA%B3%84" title="고립계">고립계</a></b>: 환경과 열, 물질, 일 모두 교환하지 않는 계이다. 이 말은 수학적으로 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle TdS=0,dN=0,pdV=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle TdS=0,dN=0,pdV=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2a44e45d54e01c6ddf09c3edc9de1fcee9ccb850" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:26.654ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle TdS=0,dN=0,pdV=0}"></span>를 의미하며, 따라서 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dE=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dE=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/95f21bae1dc09161bad38f5f89e65cab90f5b8dd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.252ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dE=0}"></span>를 의미한다. 고립계의 예로, 외부와 완전히 격리된 기체 실린더를 예를 들 수 있다.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%AB%ED%9E%8C%EA%B3%84" title="닫힌계">닫힌계</a></b>(closed system): 환경과 에너지(열과 일)는 교환하지만 물질은 교환하지 않는 계를 말한다. 일반적으로 닫힌계에서는 오직 <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dN=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>N</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dN=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/22399cdb59c0993f66fafe33301ce64a13e9677b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.54ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dN=0}"></span>이다. 예를 들어, 온실은 온실 외부(환경)과 열을 교환하지만 물질을 교환하지 않으므로 닫힌계로 간주할 수 있다. 계가 열을 교환하든지 혹은 일을 교환하든지 혹은 둘 다 교환하든지, 이런 특성은 경계의 성질로 이해하여 다음과 같은 경계를 정의한다. <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8B%A8%EC%97%B4_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="단열 경계 (없는 문서)">단열 경계</a></b>(adiabatic boundary): 열교환이 일어나지 않는다, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle TdS=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>S</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle TdS=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4c72aaed5b2277eff2c2b0489b696b8af8c89f49" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.612ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle TdS=0}"></span></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%8B%A8%EB%8B%A8%ED%95%9C_%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="단단한 경계 (없는 문서)">단단한 경계</a></b>(rigid boundary): 일 교환이 일어나지 않는다, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle pdV=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mi>d</mi> <mi>V</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle pdV=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fa054364bbaf40f51bb74ecc8b474e85fde677d1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:8.523ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle pdV=0}"></span></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EB%A6%B0_%EA%B3%84" class="mw-redirect" title="열린 계">열린 계</a>(open system)</i> : 에너지(열과 일), 물질 모두 환경과 교환하는 계이다. 이런 경계는 <b>투과성 있는</b>(permeable) 경계라 한다. 바다는 열린 계로 간주할 수 있다.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>현실적으로 환경으로부터 완전히 분리된 엄밀한 고립계는 존재할 수 없다. 왜냐하면 아무리 환경과 계 사이의 결합을 제거하더라도 중력은 제거할 수 없기 때문이다. 정상상태의 계에서 빠져나가는 에너지와 들어오는 에너지는 같다. <sub><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tpub.com/content/doe/h1012v1/css/h1012v1_94.htm">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050604030859/http://www.tpub.com/content/doe/h1012v1/css/h1012v1_94.htm">Archived</a> 2005년 6월 4일 - <a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%B1_%EB%A8%B8%EC%8B%A0" title="웨이백 머신">웨이백 머신</a></small></sub> </p><p>주어진 일련의 조건 하에서 평형상태의 계는 <b>정의된 상태</b>(definite state)라고 한다. 계의 상태는 여러 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EA%B3%BC_%ED%81%AC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88" title="세기 성질과 크기 성질">세기 변수</a>(intensive variables)와 <a href="/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88%EA%B3%BC_%ED%81%AC%EA%B8%B0_%EC%84%B1%EC%A7%88" title="세기 성질과 크기 성질">크기 변수</a>(extensive variables)로 기술된다. 계의 특성은 이 변수들 사이의 관계를 정해주는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D" title="상태 방정식">상태 방정식</a>(equation of state)로 기술된다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="열역학_법칙"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99_.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99"></span>열역학 법칙</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=5" title="부분 편집: 열역학 법칙"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 법칙">열역학 법칙</a>입니다.</div> <p>열역학에는 네 가지의 근본적인 법칙이 있다. 이 사법칙은 여러 가지의 서로 동등한 방법으로 기술할 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="열역학_제0법칙:_열적_평형의_추이성"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99_.EC.A0.9C0.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99:_.EC.97.B4.EC.A0.81_.ED.8F.89.ED.98.95.EC.9D.98_.EC.B6.94.EC.9D.B4.EC.84.B1"></span><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C0%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제0법칙">열역학 제0법칙</a>: 열적 평형의 추이성</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=6" title="부분 편집: 열역학 제0법칙: 열적 평형의 추이성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>열역학 제 0 법칙에 따르면, 만약 계 A와 계 B가 접촉하여 열역학적 평형상태를 이루고 있고 계 B와 계 C가 접촉하여 열역학적 평형상태를 이루고 있다면, 계 A와 계 C가 접촉하여도 열역학적 평형을 이룬다. 두 계가 접촉하였을 때 열역학적 평형을 이루지 못한다면, 두 계 사이에 에너지나 물질의 알짜이동이 있다. 서로 열역학적 평형을 이루고 있는 두 계는 나중에 다시 접촉하였을 때도 평형을 이룬다. </p><p>열역학 제0법칙은 열역학의 근본적인 개념이지만, 이것을 법칙으로 진술하게 된 것은 놀랍게도 열역학의 많은 부분이 완성된 후인 1930년대이다. 이미 열역학 1, 2, 3법칙이 확립되었기 때문에, 열역학의 가장 근본적인 이 개념은 자연스럽게 0법칙의 지위를 얻게 되었다. 여전히 열역학 제0법칙의 지위에 대한 논의가 이루어지고 있다.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r36482206">.mw-parser-output .fix{background-color:#fff9f9;color:DarkSlateGray;border:1px solid #ffdcdc}</style><sup class="정리_필요 noprint">[<a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%B0%B1%EA%B3%BC:%EC%B6%9C%EC%B2%98_%ED%95%84%EC%9A%94" title="위키백과:출처 필요">출처 필요</a>]</sup> </p><p>열역학적 평형은 <i>열적 평형</i>(열교환과 온도와 관계)과 <i>역학적 평형</i>(일교환과 압력 같은 일반화된 힘과 관계)과 <i>화학적 평형</i>(물질교환과 화학퍼텐셜과 관계)을 포함한다. </p><p>요약: A와 B가 열평형을 이루고 있고, B와 C가 열평형을 이루고 있다면, A와 C도 서로 열평형을 이룬다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="열역학_제1법칙:_에너지_보존"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99_.EC.A0.9C1.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99:_.EC.97.90.EB.84.88.EC.A7.80_.EB.B3.B4.EC.A1.B4"></span><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C1%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제1법칙">열역학 제1법칙</a>: 에너지 보존</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=7" title="부분 편집: 열역학 제1법칙: 에너지 보존"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>열역학 제 1 법칙에 따르면, <a href="/wiki/%EB%8B%A8%EC%97%B4_%EA%B3%BC%EC%A0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="단열 과정">단열 과정</a>에서 일교환은 과정(process)의 구체적인 형태에 상관없이 초기 상태와 최종 상태에만 관계한다. 단열과정에서는 열이동이 없기 때문에, 이것은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80_%EB%B3%B4%EC%A1%B4_%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="에너지 보존 법칙">에너지 보존 법칙</a>과 동등한 진술이다. 이 법칙은 단열과정하에서 계의 에너지 이동은 계가 한 일 혹은 계에 한 일밖에 없음을 의미한다. 이는 수학적으로 다음과 같이 표현된다. </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle dU=dq+dw}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> <mi>U</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>q</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>w</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle dU=dq+dw}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e73bad4942c4d3ee62138e5df132812c8a813b6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.103ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle dU=dq+dw}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>여기서 U는 계의 내부 에너지, q는 계로 흘러들어간 열에너지, w는 계가 한 일이다. </p> <ul><li>열전도율(P)</li></ul> <p>고온의 열저장고와 저온의 열저장고를 물체로 연결해놓으면 고온의 열저장고에서 열에너지가 저온의 열저장고로 전도된다. 이러한 전달되는 열에너지를 단위시간당 전달되는 비율을 전도율이라고 한다. 연결된 물체의 면적을 A, 길이를 L이라고 하면 전도율 P = kA(Th-Tc)/L로 나타낼 수 있다(k=열전도도, Th=고온의 열저장고의 온도, Tc=저온의 열저장고의 온도). 열전도도 k는 물체의 고유한 특징으로 상수값을 지닌다. 열에너지를 빨리 전달하는 물질일수록 좋은 열전도체로서 k값이 크다. </p><p>요약: 고립계의 에너지총합은 일정하다 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="열역학_제2법칙:_엔트로피의_증가"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99_.EC.A0.9C2.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99:_.EC.97.94.ED.8A.B8.EB.A1.9C.ED.94.BC.EC.9D.98_.EC.A6.9D.EA.B0.80"></span><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C2%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제2법칙">열역학 제2법칙</a>: 엔트로피의 증가</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=8" title="부분 편집: 열역학 제2법칙: 엔트로피의 증가"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>열역학 제2법칙에 따르면, "열원(reservoir)으로부터 양의 열에너지를 뽑아서 모두 일로 전환하되, 다른 추가적인 효과를 동반하지 않는 순환과정(cycle)은 존재하지 않는다."(<a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin (없는 문서)">Kelvin</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Planck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Planck (없는 문서)">Planck</a> 진술) 다시 말해, 열적으로 고립된 거시계의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%ED%94%BC" title="엔트로피">엔트로피</a>는 절대 감소하지 않는다(<a href="/wiki/%EB%A7%A5%EC%8A%A4%EC%9B%B0%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%84%EA%B9%A8%EB%B9%84" title="맥스웰의 도깨비">맥스웰의 도깨비</a> 참고). 하지만 미시계에서는 제2법칙이 진술하는 것과 반대로 행동하는 엔트로피의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%8F%99" class="mw-redirect" title="요동">요동</a>(fluctuation)이 있다(<a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%8F%99_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="요동 정리">요동 정리</a>(Fluctuation Theorem)). 사실, 가역 동역학(time-reversible dynamics)와 인과율의 공리(Axiom of Causality)로부터 요동 정리를 수학적으로 증명할 수 있고, 이것이 제2법칙의 증명이 되겠다. 논리적으로 제2법칙은 물리학의 "법칙"이라기 보다, 매우 큰 계 혹은 오랜 시간에 대한 정리일 뿐이다. </p><p>요약: 고립계에서의 엔트로피는 절대 감소하지 않는다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="열역학_제3법칙:_절대_0도의_불가능성"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99_.EC.A0.9C3.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99:_.EC.A0.88.EB.8C.80_0.EB.8F.84.EC.9D.98_.EB.B6.88.EA.B0.80.EB.8A.A5.EC.84.B1"></span><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EC%A0%9C3%EB%B2%95%EC%B9%99" title="열역학 제3법칙">열역학 제3법칙</a>: 절대 0도의 불가능성</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=9" title="부분 편집: 열역학 제3법칙: 절대 0도의 불가능성"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>열역학 제3법칙은 통계학상으로 나타나는 자연적인 법칙이며, 절대영도에 다다르는 것의 불가능에 대하여 다룬다. 이 법칙은 엔트로피의 값의 결정에 기준점(절대영도)을 제공해 주는데, 이처럼 절대영도를 기준으로 하여 상대적으로 결정된 엔트로피를 절대 엔트로피라고 한다. </p><p>엔트로피는 절대영도에 가까워질수록 변화량이 0에 수렴하며, 절대영도에서 완전한 결정상태의 엔트로피는 0이다. 다만 자연계에서 절대영도는 존재할 수 없고 단지 0으로 수렴할 뿐이다. </p><p>'어떠한 계, 혹은 계의 어떠한 상태에서든지, 엔트로피는 절대영도에서 최소이다'라고 표현할 수도 있으며, '유한번의 과정을 통해 절대영도에 도달하는 것은 불가능하다'라는 표현도 사용할 수 있다. </p><p>요약: 자연계에서 절대영도는 존재하지 않는다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="열역학_법칙과_역학"><span id=".EC.97.B4.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99_.EB.B2.95.EC.B9.99.EA.B3.BC_.EC.97.AD.ED.95.99"></span>열역학 법칙과 역학</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=10" title="부분 편집: 열역학 법칙과 역학"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>열역학 제1법칙은 고전역학 혹은 양자역학의 법칙만으로 엄밀하게 얻어진다. <a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%8F%99_%EC%A0%95%EB%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="요동 정리">요동 정리</a>(fluctuation theorem)로부터 열역학 제2법칙을 역학법칙으로부터 유도할 수 있으나. 거시계나 시간을 무한대로 보내는 극한에서만 성립한다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="예제"><span id=".EC.98.88.EC.A0.9C"></span>예제</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=11" title="부분 편집: 예제"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="카르노_기관"><span id=".EC.B9.B4.EB.A5.B4.EB.85.B8_.EA.B8.B0.EA.B4.80"></span>카르노 기관</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=12" title="부분 편집: 카르노 기관"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r34311305"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/18px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/27px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Icons8_flat_search.svg/36px-Icons8_flat_search.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> 이 부분의 본문은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="카르노 기관">카르노 기관</a>입니다.</div> <p>기관이란 열저장고에서 열을 뽑아 일을 수행하는 장치다. 기관의 효율은 <a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%ED%9A%A8%EC%9C%A8" title="열효율">열효율</a>로 나타낸다. 열효율은 공급된 열에너지에 대한 일의 비율 (즉 사용한 에너지/얻은 에너지)로 정의한다 열효율이 마찰이나 막흐름 등에 의한 에너지 손실이 하나도 없이 최대가 되는 기관을 <b><a href="/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8_%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" title="카르노 기관">카르노 기관</a></b>이라고 한다. 일반적으로 </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>열효율 = W(일)/얻은 열에너지(Qh) = 1 - Ql(방출한 열에너지)/Qh</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>인데, 카르노 기관에서는 </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>열효율 = 1 - Tl(저온의 열저장고의 온도)/Th(고온의 열저장고의 온도)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>이다. Tl<Th이므로, 카르노 기관의 효율은 100%보다는 낮음을 알 수 있다. 즉, 효율이 100%인 가상의 <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%B0%EA%B4%80" class="mw-redirect" title="영구기관">영구기관</a>은 열역학 제2법칙을 위배하여 실재할 수 없다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="온도만으로_기술되는_계"><span id=".EC.98.A8.EB.8F.84.EB.A7.8C.EC.9C.BC.EB.A1.9C_.EA.B8.B0.EC.88.A0.EB.90.98.EB.8A.94_.EA.B3.84"></span>온도만으로 기술되는 계</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=13" title="부분 편집: 온도만으로 기술되는 계"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EC%B2%B4_%EB%B3%B5%EC%82%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="흑체 복사">흑체 복사</a> 문제는 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%9E%90" title="광자">광자</a>의 개수가 보존되지 않기 때문에 대표적인 예제가 될 수 있다. 이렇게 입자수가 보존되지 않는 계는 <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EC%A0%84%EC%9D%B4" title="상전이">상전이</a>나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B0%9C%EB%8C%80%EC%B9%AD%ED%8C%8C%EA%B4%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="자발대칭파괴">자발대칭파괴</a>가 일어나지 않는다면, <a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84" title="온도">온도</a>만으로 완전히 결정된다. 상전이나 자발대칭파괴가 일어난다면, <a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC)" class="mw-redirect" title="상 (물리)">상</a>을 구별하기 위해 다른 물리량이 필요하다. (다행히도 흑체 복사 문제에서는 이런 일은 이러나지 않는다.) 내부 에너지가 온도만의 함수이므로, <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%ED%99%80%EC%B8%A0_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="헬름홀츠 자유 에너지">헬름홀츠 자유 에너지</a> <i>F = U - TS</i>를 정의해서 사용할 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="온도와_압력만으로_기술되는_계"><span id=".EC.98.A8.EB.8F.84.EC.99.80_.EC.95.95.EB.A0.A5.EB.A7.8C.EC.9C.BC.EB.A1.9C_.EA.B8.B0.EC.88.A0.EB.90.98.EB.8A.94_.EA.B3.84"></span>온도와 압력만으로 기술되는 계</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=14" title="부분 편집: 온도와 압력만으로 기술되는 계"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>대부분의 "순수한" 비자성물질은 이 범주에 속한다. 이러한 계의 상태는 정렬된 상(ordered phase)에서 상전이나 자발적인 대칭성 파괴가 없다면 온도와 압력만으로 완전히 기술할 수 있다. <i>U</i>와 <i>V</i>(혹은 밀도 ρ)가 <i>T</i>와 <i>P</i>의 함수로 주어진다면, 우리는 <a href="/wiki/%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84%ED%99%80%EC%B8%A0_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="헬름홀츠 자유 에너지">헬름홀츠 자유 에너지</a> <i>F = U - TS</i>와 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%B8%8C%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9E%90%EC%9C%A0_%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="기브스 자유 에너지">기브스 자유 에너지</a> <i>G = U - TS + PV</i>와 엔탈피 <i>H = U + PV</i>를 정의할 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="온도와_압력,_화학_퍼텐셜으로_기술되는_계"><span id=".EC.98.A8.EB.8F.84.EC.99.80_.EC.95.95.EB.A0.A5.2C_.ED.99.94.ED.95.99_.ED.8D.BC.ED.85.90.EC.85.9C.EC.9C.BC.EB.A1.9C_.EA.B8.B0.EC.88.A0.EB.90.98.EB.8A.94_.EA.B3.84"></span>온도와 압력, 화학 퍼텐셜으로 기술되는 계</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=15" title="부분 편집: 온도와 압력, 화학 퍼텐셜으로 기술되는 계"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>원자/분자가 한 종류 이상 있다면, 이 범주에 속한다. 이러한 계의 상태는 <b>온도</b>와 압력, 화학 퍼텐셜로 기술할 수 있다. 여기서도 정렬된 상의 상전이나 자발적인 대칭 파괴가 없을 때만 3가지 양으로 기술할 수 있다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="온도와_자기장으로_기술되는_계"><span id=".EC.98.A8.EB.8F.84.EC.99.80_.EC.9E.90.EA.B8.B0.EC.9E.A5.EC.9C.BC.EB.A1.9C_.EA.B8.B0.EC.88.A0.EB.90.98.EB.8A.94_.EA.B3.84"></span>온도와 자기장으로 기술되는 계</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=16" title="부분 편집: 온도와 자기장으로 기술되는 계"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>다루고자 하는 물질이 <a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%95%EC%9E%90%EC%84%B1" title="강자성">강자성</a>이나 <a href="/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%A0%84%EB%8F%84%EC%B2%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="초전도체">초전도성</a>을 띠면, 이 범주에 속한다. 이러한 계는 온도와 자기장만으로 완전히 기술된다. 이 경우도 상전이나 자발적인 대칭 파괴가 없을 때이다. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="같이_보기"><span id=".EA.B0.99.EC.9D.B4_.EB.B3.B4.EA.B8.B0"></span>같이 보기</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=17" title="부분 편집: 같이 보기"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8A%B9%EC%84%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="물질의 열역학적 특성 (없는 문서)">물질의 열역학적 특성</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학 방정식 (없는 문서)">열역학 방정식</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84_%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="통계 역학">통계 역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A5%B4%EC%9E%A5%EB%93%9C%EB%A5%B4_%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98" title="르장드르 변환">르장드르 변환</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%9D%98_%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="열역학의 역사 (없는 문서)">열역학의 역사</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="외부_링크"><span id=".EC.99.B8.EB.B6.80_.EB.A7.81.ED.81.AC"></span>외부 링크</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99&action=edit&section=18" title="부분 편집: 외부 링크"><span>편집</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38501082">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%EC%9C%84%ED%82%A4%EB%AF%B8%EB%94%94%EC%96%B4_%EA%B3%B5%EC%9A%A9" title="위키미디어 공용">위키미디어 공용</a></b>에 관련된<br />미디어 분류가 있습니다.<div style="padding-left:1em;"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Thermodynamics?uselang=ko">열역학</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://farside.ph.utexas.edu/teaching/sm1/statmech.pdf">열역학과 통계역학</a> - Richard Fitzpatrick</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r38501015">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38585741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EB%B6%84%EC%95%BC" title="틀:물리학 분야"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EB%B6%84%EC%95%BC" title="틀토론:물리학 분야"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99_%EB%B6%84%EC%95%BC" title="특수:문서편집/틀:물리학 분야"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="물리학의_주요_분야" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="물리학">물리학</a>의 주요 분야</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">분류</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%91%EC%9A%A9%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="응용물리학">응용물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%ED%97%98%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="실험물리학">실험물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="이론물리학">이론물리학</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%84%88%EC%A7%80" title="에너지">에너지</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EB%8F%99_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="운동 (물리학)">운동</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">열역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="역학 (물리학)">역학</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%A0%84%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="고전역학">고전역학</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%91%EC%A3%BC_%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="라그랑주 역학">라그랑주 역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B4%EB%B0%80%ED%84%B4_%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="해밀턴 역학">해밀턴 역학</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%86%8D%EC%B2%B4_%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="연속체 역학">연속체 역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="천체역학">천체역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="통계역학">통계역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="유체역학">유체역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="양자역학">양자역학</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EB%8F%99" title="파동">파동</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A5_(%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99)" title="장 (물리학)">장</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EB%A0%A5" title="중력">중력</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%99" title="전자기학">전자기학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EC%9E%A5%EB%A1%A0" title="양자장론">양자장론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="상대성이론">상대성이론</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="특수 상대성이론">특수 상대성이론</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%BC%EB%B0%98_%EC%83%81%EB%8C%80%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%A0" title="일반 상대성이론">일반 상대성이론</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">전문 분야</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%86%8D%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="가속물리학">가속물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%ED%96%A5%ED%95%99" title="음향학">음향학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="천체물리학">천체물리학</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5_%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="핵 천체물리학">핵 천체물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="항성물리학 (없는 문서)">항성물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%AC%EC%98%A4_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="헬리오 물리학 (없는 문서)">헬리오 물리학</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="태양물리학 (없는 문서)">태양물리학</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%A3%BC%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="우주물리학">우주물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%B2%9C%EC%B2%B4%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="천체입자물리학 (없는 문서)">천체입자물리학</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9B%90%EC%9E%90_%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90_%EA%B4%91_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="원자 분자 광 물리학">원자 분자 광 물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%84%EC%82%B0%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="계산물리학">계산물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%91%EC%A7%91%EB%AC%BC%EC%A7%88%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="응집물질물리학">응집물질물리학</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%B2%B4%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="고체물리학">고체물리학</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%94%94%EC%A7%80%ED%84%B8_%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="디지털 물리학">디지털 물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%B4%88%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="기초공학">기초공학</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%9E%AC%EB%A3%8C%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="재료물리학 (없는 문서)">재료물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%A6%AC%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="수리물리학">수리물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%95%B5%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="핵물리학">핵물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="광학">광학</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%ED%95%98%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="기하광학">기하광학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="물리광학">물리광학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%84%A0%ED%98%95_%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="비선형 광학">비선형 광학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%9E%90%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="양자광학">양자광학</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%85%EC%9E%90%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="입자물리학">입자물리학</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%ED%98%84%EC%83%81%ED%95%99" title="현상학">현상학</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%EB%A7%88" title="플라스마">플라스마</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="고분자물리학">고분자물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EA%B3%84%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="통계물리학">통계물리학</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">물리학과 다른 과학</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="생물리학">생물리학</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%AC%EC%9E%A5%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="심장물리학 (없는 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href="/wiki/%EC%A7%80%EA%B5%AC%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="지구물리학">지구물리학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%8B%A0%EB%AC%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="정신물리학">정신물리학</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38501015"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="난방,_환기,_공기_조화" style="vertical-align: middle;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38585741"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-보기"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8B%80:HVAC" title="틀:HVAC"><abbr title="이 틀을 보기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-토론"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%ED%8B%80%ED%86%A0%EB%A1%A0:HVAC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="틀토론:HVAC (없는 문서)"><abbr title="이 틀에 관해 토론하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-편집"><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B9%EC%88%98:%EB%AC%B8%EC%84%9C%ED%8E%B8%EC%A7%91/%ED%8B%80:HVAC" title="특수:문서편집/틀:HVAC"><abbr title="이 틀을 편집하기" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="난방,_환기,_공기_조화" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0%EC%A1%B0%ED%99%94%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0" title="공기조화기술">난방, 환기, 공기 조화</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기본 개념</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A5%98" title="대류">대류</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%94%ED%83%88%ED%94%BC" title="엔탈피">엔탈피</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%B2%B4%EB%8F%99%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="유체동역학">유체동역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%97%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="전열">전열</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8A%B5%EB%8F%84" title="습도">습도</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9E%A0%EC%97%B4" title="잠열">잠열</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EC%84%B8%EB%A8%BC%EC%A7%80" title="미세먼지">미세먼지</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B5%B4%EB%9A%9D_%ED%9A%A8%EA%B3%BC" title="굴뚝 효과">굴뚝 효과</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">열역학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%AC%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0%EC%95%95" title="물의 증기압">물의 증기압</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">기술</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0%EC%A1%B0%ED%99%94" title="공기조화">공기조화</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%8F%99%EC%95%A1" title="부동액">부동액</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A4%91%EC%95%99_%EB%82%9C%EB%B0%A9" title="중앙 난방">중앙 난방</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%83%89%EA%B0%81%EC%A0%9C" title="냉각제">냉각제</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EA%B8%B0%EB%82%9C%EB%A1%9C" title="전기난로">전기난로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0%EC%A1%B0%ED%99%94%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%A0" title="공기조화기술">공기조화기술</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%EC%8B%9C%EB%B8%8C_%ED%95%98%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4" title="패시브 하우스">패시브 하우스</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%83%89%EC%9E%A5" title="냉장">냉장</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%98%EA%B8%B0" title="환기">환기</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">구성 요소</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EB%B2%84%ED%84%B0" title="인버터">인버터</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%96%B4%EC%BB%A4%ED%8A%BC" title="에어커튼">에어커튼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%AC%EA%B3%BC%EA%B8%B0" title="공기여과기">공기여과기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EA%B8%B0%EC%B2%AD%EC%A0%95%EA%B8%B0" title="공기청정기">공기청정기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%9D%BC%EB%9F%AC" title="보일러">보일러</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%86%A1%ED%92%8D%EA%B8%B0" title="송풍기">송풍기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B3%B5%EC%88%98%EA%B8%B0" title="복수기">콘덴서</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%83%89%EA%B0%81%ED%83%91" title="냉각탑">냉각탑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%8A%B5%EA%B8%B0" title="제습기">제습기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B2%BD%EB%82%9C%EB%A1%9C" title="벽난로">벽난로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%93%B8_%ED%9B%84%EB%93%9C" title="퓸 후드">퓸 후드</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9A%94%EB%A1%9C" title="요로">요로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EA%B5%90%ED%99%98%EA%B8%B0" title="열교환기">열교환기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%88%ED%8A%B8%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%94%84" title="히트파이프">히트파이프</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%97%B4%ED%8E%8C%ED%94%84" title="열펌프">열펌프</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HEPA" title="HEPA">HEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%B5%EA%B8%B0" title="가습기">가습기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%A0%ED%92%8D%EA%B8%B0" title="선풍기">선풍기</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84%EC%8B%A4" title="기계실">기계실</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%84%9D%EC%9C%A0%EB%82%9C%EB%A1%9C" title="석유난로">석유난로</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%83%89%EB%A7%A4" title="냉매">냉매</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%9E%88%ED%84%B0" title="히터">히터</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%AC%EB%B8%8C_%EB%B2%BD" title="트롬브 벽">트롬브 벽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B8%EC%A7%80_%ED%9B%84%EB%93%9C" title="레인지 후드">레인지 후드</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">측정<br />및 제어</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%85%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%A0%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B9%8C%EB%94%A9" title="인텔리전트 빌딩">인텔리전트 빌딩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%B0%ED%99%94_%ED%83%84%EC%86%8C_%EC%84%BC%EC%84%9C" title="이산화 탄소 센서">이산화 탄소 센서</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%ED%85%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%A0%84%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B9%8C%EB%94%A9" title="인텔리전트 빌딩">인텔리전트 빌딩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%8B%A4%EC%98%A8" title="실온">실온</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%98%A8%EB%8F%84%EC%A1%B0%EC%A0%88%EA%B8%B0" title="온도조절기">온도조절기</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">직업, 무역,<br />서비스</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B1%B4%EC%B6%95%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="건축공학">건축공학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%EB%94%A9_%EC%A0%95%EB%B3%B4_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8%EB%A7%81" title="빌딩 정보 모델링">빌딩 정보 모델링</a> (BIM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%ED%99%98%EA%B2%BD%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="환경공학">환경공학</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EA%B3%84%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%99" title="기계공학">기계공학</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">산업 단체</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASHRAE" class="mw-redirect" title="ASHRAE">ASHRAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASTM_%EC%9D%B8%ED%84%B0%EB%82%B4%EC%85%94%EB%84%90" title="ASTM 인터내셔널">ASTM 인터내셔널</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BSRIA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BSRIA (없는 문서)">BSRIA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">건강 및 안전</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EC%8B%A4%EB%82%B4_%EB%8C%80%EA%B8%B0%EC%A7%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="실내 대기질 (없는 문서)">실내 대기질</a> (IAQ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%A0%91_%ED%9D%A1%EC%97%B0" title="간접 흡연">간접 흡연</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%94%88_%EA%B1%B4%EB%AC%BC_%EC%A6%9D%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%B0" title="아픈 건물 증후군">아픈 건물 증후군</a> (SBS)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r36480591"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r38501015"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock 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