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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Skrá inn</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Frekari valkostir" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persónuleg verkfæri" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persónuleg verkfæri</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Notandavalmynd" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_is.wikipedia.org&uselang=is"><span>Fjárframlög</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%BAa_til_a%C3%B0gang&returnto=Tjad" title="Þú ert hvattur/hvött til að búa til aðgang og skrá þig inn; en það er ekki skylda"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Búa til aðgang</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Innskr%C3%A1&returnto=Tjad" title="Þú ert hvattur/hvött til að innskrá þig, það er hinsvegar ekki skylda. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Skrá inn</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Síður fyrir útskráða notendur <a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lp:Introduction" aria-label="Læra meira um breytingar"><span>Læra meira</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Framl%C3%B6g_m%C3%ADn" title="Listi yfir breytingar frá þessu IP-staðfangi [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Framlög</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Spjallas%C3%AD%C3%B0a_m%C3%ADn" title="Spjall um breytingar frá þessu IP-staðfangi [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Spjall</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vefsíða"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Efni" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Efni</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">færa í hliðarstiku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">fela</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Byrjun</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Saga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Saga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landfræði" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landfræði"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Landfræði</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landfræði-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stjórnmál" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stjórnmál"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stjórnmál</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Stjórnmál-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sýna/fela Stjórnmál undirkafla</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Stjórnmál-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stjórnsýsluskipting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stjórnsýsluskipting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Stjórnsýsluskipting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stjórnsýsluskipting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efnahagslíf" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efnahagslíf"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Efnahagslíf</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efnahagslíf-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tilvísanir" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tilvísanir"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tilvísanir</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tilvísanir-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Efni" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Sýna/fela efnisyfirlit</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tjad</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Fara á grein á öðru tungumáli. Til staðar á 252 tungumálum" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-252" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">252 tungumál</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – abkasíska" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkasíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – akkíska" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="akkíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – adýge" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adýge" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – afríkanska" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afríkanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – svissnesk þýska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="svissnesk þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%8B%B5" title="ቻድ – amharíska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – aragonska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cead" title="Cead – fornenska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Cead" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A1" title="चैड – angíka" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चैड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angíka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – arabíska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AC%DC%AB%DC%90%DC%95" title="ܬܫܐܕ – arameíska" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܬܫܐܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تشاد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشاد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – assamska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – astúríska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astúríska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcada" title="Tcada – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Tcada" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – aserska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – baskír" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baskír" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – balíska" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cads" title="Čads – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čads" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – hvítrússneska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="hvítrússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – búlgarska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgarska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – bíslama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bíslama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – bengalska" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8C%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆཱ་ཌ། – tíbeska" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆཱ་ཌ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tíbeska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="চাদ – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="চাদ" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – bretónska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – bosníska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosníska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – katalónska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – tsjetsjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tsjetsjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%9Bad" title="Tśad – kebúanó" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tśad" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="kebúanó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%97" title="ᏣᏗ – Cherokee-mál" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee-mál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – miðkúrdíska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="miðkúrdíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – korsíska" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – krímtyrkneska" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krímtyrkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – tékkneska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tékkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – sjúvas" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="sjúvas" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiad" title="Tsiad – velska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tsiad" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – þýska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="þýska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – lágsorbneska" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="lágsorbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%9D%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ޝާދު – dívehí" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޝާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="dívehí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsyadi" title="Tsyadi – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Tsyadi" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τσαντ – gríska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gríska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – enska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="enska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ado" title="Ĉado – esperantó" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – spænska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spænska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – eistneska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="eistneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – baskneska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – persneska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caadi" title="Caadi – fúla" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Caadi" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fúla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – finnska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1aad" title="Tšaad – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tšaad" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjad" title="Kjad – færeyska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kjad" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="færeyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – norðurfrísneska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="norðurfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – vesturfrísneska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="vesturfrísneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sead" title="Sead – írska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sead" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="írska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – gagás" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagás" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Siad" title="An t-Siad – skosk gelíska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Siad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skosk gelíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – galisíska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A1de" title="Cháde – gvaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Cháde" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%A1" title="ચૅડ – gújaratí" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચૅડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gújaratí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shad" title="Shad – manska" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Shad" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi – hása" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hása" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%93" title="צ'אד – hebreska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'אד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – hindí" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – króatíska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="króatíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – hásorbneska" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="hásorbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – haítíska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haítíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cs%C3%A1d" title="Csád – ungverska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungverska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D5%A4" title="Չադ – armenska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չադ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – indónesíska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indónesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – ígbó" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="ígbó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – ílokó" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ílokó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – ídó" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ídó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – ítalska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ítalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%89" title="チャド – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tcad" title="tcad – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tcad" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – javanska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – georgíska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%8Dad" title="Ččad – kabíle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ččad" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabíle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad%C9%A9" title="Caadɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Caadɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caad" title="Caad – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Caad" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasadi" title="Tasadi – kongóska" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Tasadi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongóska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – kíkújú" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kíkújú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – kasakska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A" title="ឆាដ – kmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាដ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾಡ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%93%9C" title="차드 – kóreska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="차드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="kóreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – kúrdíska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kúrdíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – kornbreska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="kornbreska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – kirgiska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tzadia" title="Tzadia – latína" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tzadia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latína" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – ladínska" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladínska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – lúxemborgíska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lúxemborgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txad" title="Txad – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Txad" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – limbúrgíska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbúrgíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsadi" title="Tsadi – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tsadi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ປະເທດຊາດ – laó" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດຊາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cadas" title="Čadas – litháíska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Čadas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litháíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cada" title="Čada – lettneska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čada" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – madúrska" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madúrska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsady" title="Tsady – malagasíska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tsady" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ta" title="Kāta – maorí" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kāta" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maorí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – mínangkabá" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="mínangkabá" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – makedónska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9B%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ഛാഡ് – malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഛാഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – mongólska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongólska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97_(%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B)" title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ) – manípúrí" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯥꯗ (ꯂꯩꯄꯥꯛ)" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manípúrí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – maratí" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="maratí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – malaíska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Aad" title="Ċad – maltneska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ċad" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – mirandesíska" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – búrmneska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချဒ်သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="búrmneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – masanderaní" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="masanderaní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – lágþýska; lágsaxneska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lágþýska; lágsaxneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – lágsaxneska" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lágsaxneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – nepalska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – nevarí" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevarí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaad" title="Tsjaad – hollenska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tsjaad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – nýnorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nýnorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="Úrvalsgrein"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – norskt bókmál" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bókmál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – norðursótó" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="norðursótó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9%C3%ADb%C4%85%C4%85h_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah – navahó" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Séíbąąh Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navahó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – oksítaníska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksítaníska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaad" title="Chaad – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Chaad" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – ossetíska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A1" title="ਚਾਡ – púnjabí" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="púnjabí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jhad" title="Jhad – pangasínmál" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Jhad" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasínmál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – papíamentó" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papíamentó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – nígerískt pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="nígerískt pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – palí" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="palí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchaed" title="Tchaed – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Tchaed" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – pólska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="pólska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – pastú" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pastú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chade" title="Chade – portúgalska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portúgalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chat" title="Chat – kvesjúa" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chat" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kvesjúa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – rómanska" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="rómanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – rúmenska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rúmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – rússneska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rússneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cade" title="Cade – kínjarvanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Cade" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kínjarvanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1" title="चाड – sanskrít" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चाड" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrít" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – jakút" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakút" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%BD" title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ – santalí" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱫᱽ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C3%A0d" title="Ciàd – sardínska" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ciàd" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardínska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – sikileyska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sikileyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – skoska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skoska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%8A" title="چاڊ – sindí" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چاڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – norðursamíska" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="norðursamíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A2de" title="Sâde – sangó" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Sâde" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sangó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – serbókróatíska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbókróatíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcad" title="Tcad – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcad" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B6%E1%80%BB%E1%81%A2%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88" title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ – sjan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၶျၢတ်ႈ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="sjan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%91%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="චෑඩ් – singalíska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චෑඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – slóvakíska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slóvakíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – slóvenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slóvenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – samóska" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samóska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ad" title="Tšad – enaresamíska" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Tšad" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="enaresamíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chadhi" title="Chadhi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chadhi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jad" title="Jad – sómalska" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Jad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="sómalska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87adi" title="Çadi – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çadi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – serbneska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IShedi" title="IShedi – svatí" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IShedi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="svatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – suðursótó" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="suðursótó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tschad" title="Tschad – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Tschad" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – súndanska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="súndanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – sænska" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sænska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – svahílí" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahílí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czad" title="Czad – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Czad" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="சாட் – tamílska" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamílska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D" title="చాద్ – telúgú" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చాద్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telúgú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xade" title="Xade – tetúm" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Xade" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetúm" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – tadsjikska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadsjikska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%94" title="ประเทศชาด – taílenska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศชาด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taílenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – túrkmenska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="túrkmenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad" title="Cad – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Cad" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ad" title="Çad – tyrkneska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çad" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkneska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – tarókó" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="tarókó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – tatarska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="Gæðagrein"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – túmbúka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="túmbúka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – údmúrt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="údmúrt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="چاد – úígúr" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="چاد" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="úígúr" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Чад – úkraínska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чад" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="úkraínska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%DA%88" title="چاڈ – úrdú" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="úrdú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – úsbekska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="úsbekska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciad" title="Ciad – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ciad" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cad" title="Čad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Čad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchad" title="Tchad – víetnamska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tchad" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="víetnamska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjad" title="Tsjad – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Tsjad" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjad%C3%A4n" title="Tjadän – volapyk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Tjadän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchade" title="Tchade – vallónska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchade" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – varaí" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadd" title="Cadd – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Cadd" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – wu-kínverska" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu-kínverska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჩადი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩადი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%93_(%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93)" title="טשאד (לאנד) – jiddíska" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשאד (לאנד)" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddíska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsad" title="Tsad – jórúba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Tsad" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jórúba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – súang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="súang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsjaod" title="Tsjaod – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Tsjaod" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7" title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ – staðlað marokkóskt tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⴷ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="staðlað marokkóskt tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – kínverska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kínverska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad" title="Chad – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chad" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8D%E5%BE%97" title="乍得 – kantónska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="乍得" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantónska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITshedi" title="ITshedi – súlú" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ITshedi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="súlú" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q657#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Breyta tungumálatenglum" class="wbc-editpage">Breyta tenglum</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Nafnrými"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tjad" title="Sýna efnissíðuna [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Síða</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spjall:Tjad&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Spallsíða þessarar síðu (síða er ekki enn til) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Spjall</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Breyta tungumálaafbrigði" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">íslenska</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Sýn"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tjad"><span>Lesa</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&veaction=edit" title="Breyta þessari síðu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Breyta</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=edit" title="Breyta frumkóða síðunnar [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Breyta frumkóða</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=history" title="Eldri útgáfur af síðunni. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Breytingaskrá</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Síðuverkfæri"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verkfæri" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Verkfæri</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Verkfæri</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">færa í hliðarstiku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">fela</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Fleiri valkostir" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Aðgerðir </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Tjad"><span>Lesa</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&veaction=edit" title="Breyta þessari síðu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Breyta</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=edit" title="Breyta frumkóða síðunnar [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Breyta frumkóða</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=history"><span>Breytingaskrá</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Almennt </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:S%C3%AD%C3%B0ur_sem_tengjast_hinga%C3%B0/Tjad" title="Listi yfir síður sem tengjast í þessa [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Hvað tengist hingað</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:N%C3%BDlegar_breytingar_tengdar/Tjad" rel="nofollow" title="Nýlegar breytingar á ítengdum síðum [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Skyldar breytingar</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Hlaða_inn_skrá" title="Hlaða inn skrám [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Hlaða inn skrá</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0ur" title="Listi yfir kerfissíður [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Kerfissíður</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&oldid=1866771" title="Varanlegur tengill í þessa útgáfu síðunnar"><span>Varanlegur tengill</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=info" title="Frekari upplýsingar um þessa síðu"><span>Síðuupplýsingar</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:CiteThisPage&page=Tjad&id=1866771&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Upplýsingar um hvernig á að vitna í þessa síðu"><span>Vitna í þessa síðu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fis.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTjad"><span>Fá styttan tengil</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fis.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTjad"><span>Niðurhlaða QR-kóða</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Prenta/flytja út </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Tjad"><span>Búa til bók</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:DownloadAsPdf&page=Tjad&action=show-download-screen"><span>Sækja sem PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&printable=yes" title="Prentanleg útgáfa af þessari síðu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Prentvæn útgáfa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Í öðrum verkefnum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tchad" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1751635">.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1754226">.mw-parser-output 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.infobox-data{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox-title,.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-subheader,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-image,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-below{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .infobox .infobox-navbar{text-align:right}</style> <table class="infobox geography vcard" style="width:22em; font-size:88%;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mergedtoprow" style="padding:0.33em 0.33em 0.33em; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><b>Lýðveldið Tjad</b> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; font-size: 120%; text-align: center;" colspan="2"><i><b>Jumhuriyat Tashad<br />République du Tchad</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle;"><span style="display:inline-block; border:1px solid #BBBBBB;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Flag_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fáni Tjad"><img alt="Fáni Tjad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/100px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/150px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Flag_of_Chad.svg/200px-Flag_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> </td> <td width="50%" style="text-align:center; vertical-align: middle;max-width:50% !important;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skjaldarmerki Tjad"><img alt="Skjaldarmerki Tjad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="599" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td style="text-align:center"><small><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1ni_Tjad" title="Fáni Tjad">Fáni</a> </small> </td> <td style="text-align:center" width="50%"><small><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skjaldarmerki_Tjad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skjaldarmerki Tjad (síða er ekki enn til)">Skjaldarmerki</a> </small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/Kj%C3%B6ror%C3%B0" title="Kjörorð">Kjörorð</a>:</b><br />Unité - Travail - Progrès <small>(<a href="/wiki/Franska" title="Franska">franska</a>)</small><br /><small>Eining - vinna - framfarir</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0s%C3%B6ngur" title="Þjóðsöngur">Þjóðsöngur</a>:</b><br /><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Tchadienne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Tchadienne (síða er ekki enn til)">La Tchadienne</a></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background: #fff; padding: 0em 0 0em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Chad_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kort sem sýnir staðsetningu Tjad"><img alt="Staðsetning Tjad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Chad_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6fu%C3%B0borg" title="Höfuðborg">Höfuðborg</a></b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top"><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Opinbert_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Opinbert tungumál">Opinbert tungumál</a></b> </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Arab%C3%ADska" title="Arabíska">arabíska</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franska" title="Franska">franska</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><b><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6nd_eftir_stj%C3%B3rnarfari" title="Lönd eftir stjórnarfari">Stjórnarfar</a></b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="/wiki/Herforingjastj%C3%B3rn" title="Herforingjastjórn">Herforingjastjórn</a> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forseti_Tjad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forseti Tjad (síða er ekki enn til)">Starfandi forseti</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahamat_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahamat Déby (síða er ekki enn til)">Mahamat Déby</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fors%C3%A6tisr%C3%A1%C3%B0herra_Tjad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forsætisráðherra Tjad (síða er ekki enn til)">Forsætisráðherra</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Succ%C3%A8s_Masra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Succès Masra (síða er ekki enn til)">Succès Masra</a> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A1lfst%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Sjálfstæði">Sjálfstæði</a></b> </td> <td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedbottomrow"> <td> • frá <a href="/wiki/Frakkland" title="Frakkland">Frakklandi</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/11._%C3%A1g%C3%BAst" title="11. ágúst">11. ágúst</a> <a href="/wiki/1960" title="1960">1960</a>  </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Flatarm%C3%A1l" title="Flatarmál">Flatarmál</a></b><br /> • Samtals<br /> • Vatn (%) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_l%C3%B6nd_og_%C3%BAtliggjandi_yfirr%C3%A1%C3%B0asv%C3%A6%C3%B0i_eftir_st%C3%A6r%C3%B0" title="Listi yfir lönd og útliggjandi yfirráðasvæði eftir stærð">20. sæti</a><br />1.284.000 km²<br />1,9 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mannfj%C3%B6ldi" title="Mannfjöldi">Mannfjöldi</a></b><br /> • Samtals (2023)<br /> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%A9ttleiki_bygg%C3%B0ar" title="Þéttleiki byggðar">Þéttleiki byggðar</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_l%C3%B6nd_eftir_mannfj%C3%B6lda" title="Listi yfir lönd eftir mannfjölda">66. sæti</a><br />18.523.165<br />8,6/km² </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td class="infobox-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Verg_landsframlei%C3%B0sla" title="Verg landsframleiðsla">VLF</a></b> (<b><a href="/wiki/Kaupm%C3%A1ttarj%C3%B6fnu%C3%B0ur" title="Kaupmáttarjöfnuður">KMJ</a></b>) </td> <td class="infobox-data">áætl. <a href="/wiki/2023" title="2023">2023</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • Samtals</td> <td>32,375 millj. <a href="/wiki/Bandar%C3%ADkjadalur" title="Bandaríkjadalur">dala</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6nd_eftir_landsframlei%C3%B0slu_(KMJ)" title="Lönd eftir landsframleiðslu (KMJ)">147. sæti</a>) </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td> • Á mann</td> <td>1.806 dalir (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6nd_eftir_landsframlei%C3%B0slu_%C3%A1_mann_(KMJ)" title="Lönd eftir landsframleiðslu á mann (KMJ)">179. sæti</a>) </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsitala_um_%C3%BEr%C3%B3un_l%C3%ADfsg%C3%A6%C3%B0a" title="Vísitala um þróun lífsgæða">VÞL</a></b> (2021) </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Decrease2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> 0.394 (<a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_l%C3%B6nd_eftir_v%C3%ADsit%C3%B6lu_um_%C3%BEr%C3%B3un_l%C3%ADfsg%C3%A6%C3%B0a" title="Listi yfir lönd eftir vísitölu um þróun lífsgæða">190. sæti</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Gjaldmi%C3%B0ill" title="Gjaldmiðill">Gjaldmiðill</a></b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/CFA-franki" title="CFA-franki">CFA-franki</a> (XAF) </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%ADmabelti" title="Tímabelti">Tímabelti</a></b> </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/UTC" title="UTC">UTC</a>+1 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%B3%C3%B0arl%C3%A9n" title="Þjóðarlén">Þjóðarlén</a></b> </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/.td" title=".td">.td</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Landsn%C3%BAmer" title="Landsnúmer">Landsnúmer</a></b> </td> <td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Listi_yfir_landsn%C3%BAmer" title="Listi yfir landsnúmer">+235</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Tjad</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arab%C3%ADska" title="Arabíska">arabíska</a> تشاد , <i>Tašād</i>; <a href="/wiki/Franska" title="Franska">franska</a> <i>Tchad</i>) er landlukt ríki í <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Mið-Afríka">Mið-Afríku</a>. Það á landamæri að <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADb%C3%ADa" title="Líbía">Líbíu</a> í norðri, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAdan" title="Súdan">Súdan</a> í austri, <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Afr%C3%ADkul%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0" title="Mið-Afríkulýðveldið">Mið-Afríkulýðveldinu</a> í suðri, <a href="/wiki/Kamer%C3%BAn" title="Kamerún">Kamerún</a> og <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADger%C3%ADa" title="Nígería">Nígeríu</a> í suðvestri og <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADger" title="Níger">Níger</a> í vestri. Landið er að stærstum hluta í <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharaeyðimörkinni</a>. Í norðurhluta þess er <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%ADbest%C3%ADfjallgar%C3%B0urinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tíbestífjallgarðurinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Tíbestífjallgarðurinn</a>, mesti fjallgarður Sahara. Hæsti fjallstindur Tjad er eldfjallið <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emi_Koussi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emi Koussi (síða er ekki enn til)">Emi Koussi</a> í Tíbestífjallgarðinum sem nær 3.415 metra hæð yfir sjávarmáli. Nafn landsins er dregið af nafni <a href="/wiki/Tjadvatn" title="Tjadvatn">Tjadvatns</a> sem er stærsta votlendissvæðið í Tjad og það næststærsta í Afríku. Landið skiptist í þrjú belti: Nyrst er <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%B0im%C3%B6rk" title="Eyðimörk">eyðimörk</a> og syðst <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAdan_(heimshluti)" title="Súdan (heimshluti)">súdönsk</a> <a href="/wiki/Grassl%C3%A9tta" title="Grasslétta">grasslétta</a> en milli þeirra er <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">sahel</a> eða eyðimerkurjaðar. </p><p>Menn fluttust fyrst inn á þetta svæði í stórum stíl fyrir um 7000 árum. Þegar kom að lokum fyrsta árþúsundsins e.o.t. höfðu mörg ríki og stórveldi risið og fallið á Sahelsvæðinu, vegna <a href="/wiki/Saharaverslunin" title="Saharaverslunin">Saharaverslunarinnar</a>, þar sem ein helsta verslunarleiðin lá um Tjaddældina. Um 1920 höfðu Frakkar lagt þetta landsvæði undir sig og það varð hluti af <a href="/wiki/Franska_Mi%C3%B0baugs-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Franska Miðbaugs-Afríka">Frönsku Miðbaugs-Afríku</a>. Árið 1960 fékk Tjad sjálfstæði og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Tombalbaye (síða er ekki enn til)">François Tombalbaye</a> varð fyrsti forseti landsins. Óánægja með stjórn hans meðal múslima í norðurhlutanum leiddi til <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borgarastyrj%C3%B6ldin_%C3%AD_Tjad_1965-1979&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borgarastyrjöldin í Tjad 1965-1979 (síða er ekki enn til)">langvinnrar borgarastyrjaldar</a> þar sem uppreisnarmenn höfðu sigur að lokum. Eftir nokkur innbyrðis átök náði <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hissène Habré (síða er ekki enn til)">Hissène Habré</a> völdum. <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81t%C3%B6k_L%C3%ADb%C3%ADu_og_Tjad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Átök Líbíu og Tjad (síða er ekki enn til)">Átök Líbíu og Tjad</a> hófust 1978 og lauk ekki fyrr en Tjad gerði varnarsamning við Frakka 1986. Árið 1990 steypti herforinginn <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idriss Déby (síða er ekki enn til)">Idriss Déby</a> Habré af stóli. Hann endurskipulagði <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjadher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tjadher (síða er ekki enn til)">Tjadher</a> með fjármagni frá Frökkum. Þegar <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%81t%C3%B6kin_%C3%AD_Darf%C3%BAr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Átökin í Darfúr (síða er ekki enn til)">átökin í Darfúr</a> hófust 2003 breiddust þau út til Tjad og hrundu af stað <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borgarastr%C3%AD%C3%B0i%C3%B0_%C3%AD_Tjad_2005-2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borgarastríðið í Tjad 2005-2010 (síða er ekki enn til)">nýrri borgarastyrjöld</a>. Landið átti í erfiðleikum með að taka á móti hundruðum þúsunda súdanskra flóttamanna sem settust að í flóttamannabúðum í austurhluta landsins. </p><p>Íbúar Tjad eru rúmlega tíu milljónir og tilheyra yfir 200 ólíkum þjóðarbrotum. Tæplega milljón býr í höfuðborginni, <a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a>, sunnan við Tjadvatn við vesturlandamæri landsins. Um 120 tungumál af þremur málaættum eru töluð í Tjad en opinber tungumál landsins eru <a href="/wiki/Franska" title="Franska">franska</a> og <a href="/wiki/Arab%C3%ADska" title="Arabíska">arabíska</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad%C3%ADsk_arab%C3%ADska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tjadísk arabíska (síða er ekki enn til)">Tjadísk arabíska</a> er almennt samskiptamál. Rétt rúmur helmingur íbúa aðhyllist <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dslam" title="Íslam">íslam</a> og um 40% eru <a href="/wiki/Kristni" title="Kristni">kristnir</a>. </p><p>Tjad var í öðru neðsta sæti <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsitala_um_%C3%BEr%C3%B3un_l%C3%ADfsg%C3%A6%C3%B0a" title="Vísitala um þróun lífsgæða">vísitölu um þróun lífsgæða</a> árið 2021, með 0.394 og telst því eitt af <a href="/wiki/Van%C3%BEr%C3%B3u%C3%B0ustu_l%C3%B6ndin" title="Vanþróuðustu löndin">vanþróuðustu löndum</a> heims. Þetta leiðir af því að Tjad er með fátækustu og mest spilltu löndum heims. Flestir íbúar lifa af sjálfsþurftarbúskap og búa við fátækt. Eftir 2003 varð <a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A1ol%C3%ADa" title="Hráolía">hráolía</a> helsta tekjulind landsins, en áður var bómull aðalútflutningsafurðin. Orðspor Tjad í mannréttindamálum er slæmt, þar sem fangelsanir og aftökur án dóms og laga eru algengar, og bæði her og vopnaðir hópar takmarka borgaraleg réttindi íbúa. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saga">Saga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Breyti hluta: Saga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Saga"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menn tóku að setjast að í dældinni við Tjadvatn á sjöunda árþúsundi fyrir okkar tímatal. Nokkur ríki komu þar upp í tengslum við <a href="/wiki/Saharaverslunin" title="Saharaverslunin">Saharaverslunina</a>. Á miðöldum varð hluti landsins hluti af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanem-Born%C3%BAveldi%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanem-Bornúveldið (síða er ekki enn til)">Kanem-Bornúveldinu</a> en á nýöld náðu ríkin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouaddai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouaddai (síða er ekki enn til)">Ouaddai</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banguirmi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banguirmi (síða er ekki enn til)">Banguirmi</a> hlutum landsins undir sig. Frakkar hófu herferðir gegn múslimskum soldánsdæmum í Tjad undir lok 19. aldar og lögðu það undir sig eftir sigur á súdanska stríðsherranum <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rabih_az-Zubayr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rabih az-Zubayr (síða er ekki enn til)">Rabih az-Zubayr</a> í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Kouss%C3%A9ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orrustan við Kousséri (síða er ekki enn til)">orrustunni við Kousséri</a> árið 1900. Árið 1905 varð Tjad hluti af <a href="/wiki/Franska_Mi%C3%B0baugs-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Franska Miðbaugs-Afríka">Frönsku Miðbaugs-Afríku</a>. Eftir ósigur Frakka fyrir Þjóðverjum í <a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD%C3%B0ari_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Síðari heimsstyrjöld">síðari heimsstyrjöld</a> gekk Tjad til liðs við <a href="/wiki/Bandamenn_(seinni_heimsstyrj%C3%B6ldin)" title="Bandamenn (seinni heimsstyrjöldin)">Bandamenn</a>, fyrst franskra nýlendna. Eftir þjóðaratkvæðagreiðslu árið 1958 var Franska Miðbaugs-Afríka leyst upp og ríkin <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestur-Kong%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestur-Kongó">Vestur-Kongó</a>, Mið-Afríkulýðveldið og Tjad urðu sjálfstæðar nýlendur. Tveimur árum síðar varð Tjad sjálfstætt og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Tombalbaye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Tombalbaye (síða er ekki enn til)">François Tombalbaye</a> fyrsti forseti landsins. </p><p>Tombalbaye kom á <a href="/wiki/Flokksr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Flokksræði">flokksræði</a> og fljótlega hófst uppreisn gegn stjórn hans í norðurhluta landsins. Eftir langvinna borgarastyrjöld var Tombalbaye drepinn í herforingjauppreisn árið 1975 og við tók <a href="/wiki/Herforingjastj%C3%B3rn" title="Herforingjastjórn">herforingjastjórn</a>. Aftur braust út borgarastyrjöld árið 1979 sem stóð til 1982. Einn af leiðtogum herforingjastjórnarinnar, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiss%C3%A8ne_Habr%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hissène Habré (síða er ekki enn til)">Hissène Habré</a>, náði þá völdum. Hann barðist gegn uppreisnarflokkum í norðri sem höfðu stuðning <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADb%C3%BDa" class="mw-redirect" title="Líbýa">Líbýustjórnar</a> <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammars Gaddafi</a> og barði niður alla mótspyrnu innanlands af mikilli hörku. Árið 1987 sömdu Tjad og Líbýa um vopnahlé og í kjölfar alþjóðlegrar ráðstefnu 1994 fékk Tjad aftur yfirráð yfir löndum í norðurhlutanum sem Líbýumenn höfðu hernumið. Einn af herforingjum Habrés, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idriss Déby (síða er ekki enn til)">Idriss Déby</a>, hóf uppreisn gegn honum 1989 og náði völdum 1991. Hann sigraði í fyrstu fjölflokkakosningunum sem haldnar voru 1997. Déby náði að kveða niður óróann í landinu að mestu en eftir sigur hans í forsetakosningum 2001 var hann sakaður um kosningasvindl og spillingu. Þegar átökin hófust í <a href="/wiki/Darf%C3%BAr" title="Darfúr">Darfúr</a> í Súdan komu þúsundir flóttamanna þaðan til Tjad sem sagði Súdan stríð á hendur árið 2005. Í kjölfarið hófst aftur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Borgarastyrj%C3%B6ldin_%C3%AD_Tjad_(2005-2010)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borgarastyrjöldin í Tjad (2005-2010) (síða er ekki enn til)">borgarastyrjöld í Tjad</a> sem stóð til 2010 og náði hámarki með árás andstæðinga Débys á höfuðborgina N'Djamena í apríl 2006 og aftur í febrúar 2008. Stjórn Débys náði að verjast og hélt völdum. Árið 2010 var undirritað friðarsamkomulag við Súdan sem fól í sér að flóttamenn frá Darfúr fengu að snúa aftur heim. </p><p>Idriss Déby forseti féll í valinn í bardaga gegn uppreisnarmönnum í norðurhluta Tjad þann 20. apríl 2021. Sonur hans, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahamat_Idriss_D%C3%A9by&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahamat Idriss Déby (síða er ekki enn til)">Mahamat Idriss Déby</a>, tók við stjórn landsins sem formaður herráðs sem á að leiða landið fram að næstu kosningum.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landfræði"><span id="Landfr.C3.A6.C3.B0i"></span>Landfræði</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Breyti hluta: Landfræði" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Landfræði"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Chad_sat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/170px-Chad_sat.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/255px-Chad_sat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Chad_sat.jpg/340px-Chad_sat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1922" /></a><figcaption>Tjad skiptist í þrjú landfræðileg svæði sem eru <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAdan_(heimshluti)" title="Súdan (heimshluti)">súdanska</a> gresjan í suðri, <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharaeyðimörkin</a> í norðri og <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">sahelbeltið</a> í miðið.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tjad er stórt landlukt land í norðurhluta <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Mið-Afríka">Mið-Afríku</a>. Landið er 1.284.000 km² að stærð<sup id="cite_ref-area_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-area-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og liggur á milli 7. og 24. breiddargráðu norður, og 13. og 24. lengdargráðu austur.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tjad er 20. stærsta land heims, örlítið minna en Perú og örlítið stærra en Suður-Afríka.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Í norðri á Tjad landamæri að <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADb%C3%ADa" title="Líbía">Líbíu</a>, í austri að <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAdan" title="Súdan">Súdan</a>, í vestri að <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADger" title="Níger">Níger</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADger%C3%ADa" title="Nígería">Nígeríu</a> og <a href="/wiki/Kamer%C3%BAn" title="Kamerún">Kamerún</a>, og í suðri að <a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Afr%C3%ADkul%C3%BD%C3%B0veldi%C3%B0" title="Mið-Afríkulýðveldið">Mið-Afríkulýðveldinu</a>. Höfuðborgin er 1060 km frá næstu höfn, <a href="/wiki/Douala" class="mw-redirect" title="Douala">Douala</a> í Kamerún.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegna þessarar fjarlægðar frá sjó er <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ey%C3%B0imerkurloftslag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eyðimerkurloftslag (síða er ekki enn til)">eyðimerkurloftslag</a> ríkjandi í Tjad og landið er stundum kallað „eyðimerkurhjarta Afríku“.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landslag í Tjad einkennist af stórri dæld, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjadd%C3%A6ldin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tjaddældin (síða er ekki enn til)">Tjaddældinni</a>, sem í norðri og austri markast af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ennedi-sl%C3%A9ttan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ennedi-sléttan (síða er ekki enn til)">Ennedi-sléttunni</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%ADbets%C3%ADfj%C3%B6ll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tíbetsífjöll (síða er ekki enn til)">Tíbetsífjöllum</a>, þar sem óvirka eldfjallið <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emi_Koussi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emi Koussi (síða er ekki enn til)">Emi Koussi</a> er staðsett. Það nær 3.414 metra hæð yfir sjávarmáli. <a href="/wiki/Tjadvatn" title="Tjadvatn">Tjadvatn</a>, sem landið dregur nafn sitt af (og sem aftur dregur nafn sitt af <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kan%C3%BAr%C3%ADska&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanúríska (síða er ekki enn til)">kanúríska</a> orðinu yfir stöðuvatn<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) er leifar af risastóru stöðuvatni sem fyrir 7000 árum náði yfir 330.000 km².<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nú, á 21. öld, nær það aðeins yfir 17.806 km². Stærð þess er auk þess mjög árstíðabundin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tjadvatn er samt sem áður annað stærsta votlendissvæði Afríku.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Á hverju ári ganga <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hitabeltisve%C3%B0raskilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitabeltisveðraskilin (síða er ekki enn til)">hitabeltisveðraskilin</a> yfir Tjad frá suðri til norðurs og bera með sér <a href="/w/index.php?title=Regnt%C3%ADmabil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regntímabil (síða er ekki enn til)">regntímabil</a> sem stendur frá maí og fram í október í suðri, og frá júní til september á Sahelsvæðinu.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Breytileiki úrkomu skapar þrjú helstu landfræðilegu héruð landsins. Í norðri er <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Saharaeyðimörkin</a> sem nær yfir nyrsta þriðjung landsins. Þar er ársúrkoma innan við 50 mm og einungis stakir pálmalundir lifa af, allir sunnan við <a href="/wiki/Krabbabaugur" class="mw-redirect" title="Krabbabaugur">Krabbabaug</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sunnan við Sahara er <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelsvæðið</a> í miðju Tjad. Þar er úrkoma frá 300 til 600 mm á ári og steppa með þyrnirunnum breytist smám saman í gresju á <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BAdan_(heimshluti)" title="Súdan (heimshluti)">Súdansvæðinu</a>. Þar er ársúrkoma yfir 900 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNHCHR-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stjórnmál"><span id="Stj.C3.B3rnm.C3.A1l"></span>Stjórnmál</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Breyti hluta: Stjórnmál" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Stjórnmál"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stjórnsýsluskipting"><span id="Stj.C3.B3rns.C3.BDsluskipting"></span>Stjórnsýsluskipting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Breyti hluta: Stjórnsýsluskipting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Stjórnsýsluskipting"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Frá febrúar 2008 hefur Tjad skipst í 22 héruð sem tóku við af 14 umdæmum. Innan héraðanna eru 61 lögsagnarumdæmi sem skiptast í 200 undirumdæmi sem aftur ná yfir 446 sveitarfélög. Hver stjórnsýslueining á að hafa eigin þing en kosningar til sveitarstjórna hafa ekki verið haldnar. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1863668">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break" style="width: 33.33%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Héruð Tsjad"><img alt="Héruð Tsjad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg/250px-Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg/375px-Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg/500px-Chad_regions_map-numbered_2008-02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="899" data-file-height="1349" /></a><figcaption>Héruð Tsjad</figcaption></figure> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 33.33%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ol><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Batha-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batha-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Batha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chari-Baguirmi-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chari-Baguirmi-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Chari-Baguirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hadjer-Lamis-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hadjer-Lamis-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Hadjer-Lamis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Fira-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Fira-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Wadi Fira</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahr_el_Gazel-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahr el Gazel-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Bahr el Gazel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Borkou-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Borkou-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Borkou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ennedi-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ennedi-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Ennedi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu%C3%A9ra-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guéra-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Guéra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanem-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanem-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Kanem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lac-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lac-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logone_Occidental_Region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logone Occidental Region (síða er ekki enn til)">Logone Occidental</a></li></ol> </td> <td class="col-break" style="width: 33.33%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li value="12"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Logone_Oriental-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Logone Oriental-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Logone Oriental</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandoul-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mandoul-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Mandoul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo-Kebbi_Est-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayo-Kebbi Est-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Mayo-Kebbi Est</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo-Kebbi_Ouest-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mayo-Kebbi Ouest-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Mayo-Kebbi Ouest</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moyen-Chari-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moyen-Chari-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Moyen-Chari</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ouadda%C3%AF-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ouaddaï-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Ouaddaï</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salamat-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salamat-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Salamat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sila-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sila-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Sila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tandjil%C3%A9-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tandjilé-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Tandjilé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tibesti-h%C3%A9ra%C3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tibesti-hérað (síða er ekki enn til)">Tibesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Djamena" title="N'Djamena">N'Djamena</a></li></ol> <p>  </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efnahagslíf"><span id="Efnahagsl.C3.ADf"></span>Efnahagslíf</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Breyti hluta: Efnahagslíf" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Efnahagslíf"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Chad_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/220px-Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/330px-Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/440px-Chad_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>Hlutfallsleg skipting útflutningsafurða frá Tjad.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Chad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Þróun landsframleiðslu á mann.</figcaption></figure> <p>Samkvæmt <a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADsitala_um_%C3%BEr%C3%B3un_l%C3%ADfsg%C3%A6%C3%B0a" title="Vísitala um þróun lífsgæða">lífsgæðavísitölu</a> Sameinuðu þjóðanna er Tjad sjöunda fátækasta land heims, þar sem 80% íbúa eru undir alþjóðlegum fátæktarmörkum. <a href="/wiki/Verg_landsframlei%C3%B0sla" title="Verg landsframleiðsla">Verg landsframleiðsla</a> á mann var áætluð 1.651 bandaríkjadalir árið 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tjad á aðild að <a href="/w/index.php?title=Banki_Mi%C3%B0-Afr%C3%ADkur%C3%ADkja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banki Mið-Afríkuríkja (síða er ekki enn til)">Banka Mið-Afríkuríkja</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tollabandalag_Mi%C3%B0-Afr%C3%ADku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tollabandalag Mið-Afríku (síða er ekki enn til)">Tollabandalagi Mið-Afríku</a> (UDEAC) og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samt%C3%B6k_um_samr%C3%A6mingu_vi%C3%B0skiptal%C3%B6ggjafar_%C3%AD_Afr%C3%ADku&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samtök um samræmingu viðskiptalöggjafar í Afríku (síða er ekki enn til)">Samtökum um samræmingu viðskiptalöggjafar í Afríku</a> (OHADA).<sup id="cite_ref-ohada.com_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ohada.com-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mi%C3%B0-Afr%C3%ADku-CFA-franki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mið-Afríku-CFA-franki (síða er ekki enn til)">Mið-Afríku-CFA-franki</a> er gjaldmiðill í Tjad. Á 7. áratugnum framleiddu námur í Tjad <a href="/wiki/Natron" class="mw-redirect" title="Natron">natron</a> og í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biltine-umd%C3%A6mi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biltine-umdæmi (síða er ekki enn til)">Biltine-umdæmi</a> hefur fundist kvars með <a href="/wiki/Gull" title="Gull">gulli</a>. Áralangt borgarastríð fældi hins vegar erlenda fjárfesta frá landinu frá 1979 til 1982, og traustið tók ekki að vaxa fyrr en allra síðustu ár. Árið 2000 jókst erlend fjárfesting í olíuiðnaðinum verulega sem bætti efnahagshorfur í landinu.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BGN_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Mynd:Mao_Women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/220px-Mao_Women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/330px-Mao_Women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mao_Women.jpg/440px-Mao_Women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Konur í <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mao_(Tjad)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mao (Tjad) (síða er ekki enn til)">Mao</a>, sækja vatn úr vatnsgeymi. Aðgangur að hreinu vatni er víða vandamál í Tjad.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ástæður þess að meirihluti íbúa Tjad lifir við lítið matvælaöryggi og hungur<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> er staða landsins sem hrávöruframleiðandi á heimsmarkaði (aðallega með bómull og hráolíu) sem ekkert leggur til þróunar iðnaðar í landinu<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og styður ekki við staðbundna landbúnaðarframleiðslu.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yfir 80% af íbúum Tjad reiða sig á sjálfsþurftarbúskap og kvikfjárrækt.<sup id="cite_ref-cia_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Staðbundið loftslag ræður því hvar ræktarlönd og beitilönd eru. Frjósömustu ræktarlönd Tjad eru í suðrinu, þar sem landið gefur af sér góða uppskeru af <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArra" title="Dúrra">dúrru</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirsi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirsi (síða er ekki enn til)">hirsi</a>. Á Sahelsvæðinu vaxa aðeins harðger afbrigði af hirsi og gefa miklu minna af sér en í suðrinu. Sahelsvæðið er aftur hentugt beitiland fyrir stórar nautgripahjarðir, auk geita, asna og hesta. Norðan við það er aðeins hægt að rækta lítið af belgjurtum og döðlum.<sup id="cite_ref-Collelo_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collelo-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Borgir í Tjad standa frammi fyrir miklum innviðaáskorunum. Aðeins 48% af íbúum í þéttbýli hafa aðgang að drykkjarhæfu vatni og aðeins 2% eru með aðgang að hreinlætisaðstöðu.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WB1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WB1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Áður en olíuvinnsla hófst var bómullarræktun helsti iðnaður landsins og stóð undir um 80% af útflutningstekjum.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bómull er ennþá mikilvæg útflutningsafurð, þótt ekki sé hægt að finna nákvæmar tölur yfir magn. Frakkland, Holland, Evrópusambandið og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0legi_endurreisnar-_og_%C3%BEr%C3%B3unarbankinn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alþjóðlegi endurreisnar- og þróunarbankinn (síða er ekki enn til)">Alþjóðlegi endurreisnar- og þróunarbankinn</a> stóðu fyrir endurskipulagningu helsta bómullarfyrirtækisins, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cotontchad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cotontchad (síða er ekki enn til)">Cotontchad</a>, sem lenti í erfiðleikum vegna lækkandi heimsmarkaðsverðs. Fyrirtækið er að stórum hluta í ríkiseigu, en nú stendur til að einkavæða það.<sup id="cite_ref-BGN_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGN-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aðrar mikilvægar útflutningsvörur eru <a href="/wiki/Nautgripur" title="Nautgripur">nautgripir</a> og <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab%C3%ADskt_g%C3%BAmm%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabískt gúmmí (síða er ekki enn til)">arabískt gúmmí</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Samkvæmt Sameinuðu þjóðunum hefur Tjad staðið frammi fyrir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mann%C3%BA%C3%B0arkreppa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mannúðarkreppa (síða er ekki enn til)">mannúðarkreppu</a> að minnsta kosti frá 2001. Árið 2008 voru yfir 280.000 flóttamenn frá <a href="/wiki/Darf%C3%BAr" title="Darfúr">Darfúrhéraði</a> í Súdan og yfir 55.000 frá Mið-Afríkulýðveldinu í Tjad, auk yfir 170.000 vegalausra Tjadbúa.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allt að hálf milljón treysti að meira eða minna leyti á mannúðaraðstoð til framfærslu.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talsmaður Sþ, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maurizio_Giuliano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maurizio Giuliano (síða er ekki enn til)">Maurizio Giuliano</a>, sagði við <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i> árið 2008 að ef ekki tækist að veita nægilega mannúðaraðstoð gæti það endað með hörmungum.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auk þess hættu alþjóðleg hjálparsamtök eins og <a href="/wiki/Save_the_Children" class="mw-redirect" title="Save the Children">Save the Children</a> starfsemi í landinu vegna morða á hjálparstarfsfólki.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tjad hefur náð árangri í að draga úr fátækt. Á milli 2003 og 2011 fór hlutfall íbúa undir fátæktarmörkum landsins úr 55% í 47%. Á sama tíma fjölgaði hins vegar fátækum úr 4,7 milljónum í 6,5 milljónir (árið 2019). Árið 2018 voru 4,2 af hverjum 10 íbúum enn undir fátæktarmörkum.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tilvísanir"><span id="Tilv.C3.ADsanir"></span>Tilvísanir</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Breyti hluta: Tilvísanir" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>breyta</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tjad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Tilvísanir"><span>breyta frumkóða</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1744314">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1870430">.mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:black}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:white}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .citation a.new{color:white}}.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1873994">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbl.is/frettir/erlent/2021/04/20/forseti_tsjad_drepinn_a_vigvelli/">„Forseti Tsjad drepinn á vígvelli“</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mbl.is" title="Mbl.is">mbl.is</a>. 20. apríl 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 4. október 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forseti+Tsjad+drepinn+%C3%A1+v%C3%ADgvelli&rft.pub=mbl.is&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbl.is%2Ffrettir%2Ferlent%2F2021%2F04%2F20%2Fforseti_tsjad_drepinn_a_vigvelli%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-area-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-area_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081746/http://www.inseedtchad.com/?Le-TCHAD-en-bref">„Le TCHAD en bref“</a> (franska). INSEED. 22. júlí 2013. Afrit af <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inseedtchad.com/?Le-TCHAD-en-bref">upprunalegu</a> geymt þann 22. desember 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 18. desember 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+TCHAD+en+bref&rft.pub=INSEED&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inseedtchad.com%2F%3FLe-TCHAD-en-bref&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-0">3,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-1">3,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-2">3,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-EB_3-3">3,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chad". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. (2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_4-1">4,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-cia_4-2">4,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">CIA, "Chad", 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Rank Order – Area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">Geymt</a> 9 febrúar 2014 í <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>The World Factbook</i>. United States Central Intelligence Agency.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHCHR-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-1">6,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-UNHCHR_6-2">6,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/48f4be12f6c55e5a802565cd005d4e0e?Opendocument">Chad</a>". Human Rights Instruments. UNCHR. 12 December 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBotha,_D.J.J." class="citation journal cs1">Botha, D.J.J. (desember 1992). „S.H. Frankel: Reminiscences of an Economist (Review Article)“. <i>South African Journal of Economics</i>. <b>60</b> (4): 246–255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1813-6982.1992.tb01049.x">10.1111/j.1813-6982.1992.tb01049.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+African+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=S.H.+Frankel%3A+Reminiscences+of+an+Economist+%28Review+Article%29&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=246-255&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1813-6982.1992.tb01049.x&rft.au=Botha%2C+D.J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kperogi, F.A. (2015) <i>Glocal English: The Changing Face and Forms of Nigerian English in a Global World.</i> Peter Lang, <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/978-1-4331-2926-1" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/978-1-4331-2926-1">ISBN 978-1-4331-2926-1</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chad, Lake". <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. (2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dinar, Ariel (1995); <i>Restoring and Protecting the World's Lakes and Reservoirs</i>. World Bank Publications. <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/0-8213-3321-6" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/0-8213-3321-6">ISBN 0-8213-3321-6</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Decalo">Decalo</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.TD-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.TD_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/October/weo-report?c=628,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2020&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">„World Economic Outlook Database, October 2023 Edition. (Chad)“</a>. <i>IMF.org</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Monetary_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Monetary Fund (síða er ekki enn til)">International Monetary Fund</a>. 10. október 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 18. október 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2023+Edition.+%28Chad%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D628%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ohada.com-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ohada.com_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ohada.com/index.php">„OHADA.com: The business law portal in Africa“</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 22. mars 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OHADA.com%3A+The+business+law+portal+in+Africa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohada.com%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BGN-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BGN_14-0">14,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-BGN_14-1">14,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/chad/74122.htm">Background Note: Chad</a> ". September 2006. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Department_of_State&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Department of State (síða er ekki enn til)">United States Department of State</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFAmin1990" class="citation book cs1">Amin, Samir (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_5HjgjpmmUC"><i>Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations University Press (síða er ekki enn til)">United Nations University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9780862329310" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9780862329310"><bdi>9780862329310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maldevelopment%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Global+Failure&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780862329310&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_5HjgjpmmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBond2006" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBXF3IIcBwYC"><i>Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zed_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zed Books (síða er ekki enn til)">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9781842778111" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9781842778111"><bdi>9781842778111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looting+Africa%3A+The+Economics+of+Exploitation&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.isbn=9781842778111&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBXF3IIcBwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBush2007" class="citation book cs1">Bush, Ray (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=347BAAAAIAAJ"><i>Poverty and neoliberalism: persistence and reproduction in the global south</i></a>. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9780745319605" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9780745319605"><bdi>9780745319605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poverty+and+neoliberalism%3A+persistence+and+reproduction+in+the+global+south&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.isbn=9780745319605&rft.aulast=Bush&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D347BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFAmin1990" class="citation book cs1">Amin, Samir (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_5HjgjpmmUC"><i>Maldevelopment: Anatomy of a Global Failure</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations University Press (síða er ekki enn til)">United Nations University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9780862329310" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9780862329310"><bdi>9780862329310</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maldevelopment%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Global+Failure&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780862329310&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_5HjgjpmmUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite id="CITEREFBond2006" class="citation book cs1">Bond, Patrick (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tBXF3IIcBwYC"><i>Looting Africa: The Economics of Exploitation</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zed_Books&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zed Books (síða er ekki enn til)">Zed Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerfiss%C3%AD%C3%B0a:B%C3%B3kaheimildir/9781842778111" title="Kerfissíða:Bókaheimildir/9781842778111"><bdi>9781842778111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Looting+Africa%3A+The+Economics+of+Exploitation&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.isbn=9781842778111&rft.aulast=Bond&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtBXF3IIcBwYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collelo-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Collelo_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">S. Collelo, <i>Chad</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WB1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-WB1_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/08/18/000112742_20040818161300/Rendered/PDF/298290Chad0IEM1ject0Brief10Final004.pdf">Chad – Community Based Integrated Ecosystem Management Project</a>" (PDF). 24 September 2002. <a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Bank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Bank (síða er ekki enn til)">World Bank</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Decalo">Decalo</a>, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/economies/Africa/Chad-AGRICULTURE.html">„Chad economic products“</a>. <i>NationsEncyclopedia.com</i>. 28. október 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 28. október 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NationsEncyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Chad+economic+products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationsencyclopedia.com%2Feconomies%2FAfrica%2FChad-AGRICULTURE.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080313030132/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/YSAR-7CGP7Z?OpenDocument"><i>Humanitarian Action in Chad: Facts and Figures – Snapshot Report</i></a>, UN, 6 March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20080214062840/http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900sid/SHES-7BLMXD?OpenDocument"><i>Eastern Chad: Concerns over vital humanitarian needs</i></a> (press release), <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Nations (síða er ekki enn til)">UN</a>, 7 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Timberg, Craig (6 February 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/05/AR2008020500461.html"><i>Chadian Rebels Urge Cease-Fire As Push Falters</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/crisis-in-chad">Crisis in Chad | Save the Children UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140422131848/http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/crisis-in-chad">Geymt</a> 22 apríl 2014 í <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Savethechildren.org.uk. Retrieved on 28 September 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1870430"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1873994"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/chad/overview#1">„The World Bank in Chad“</a>. <i>The World Bank</i>. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Sótt 25. maí 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank+in+Chad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fchad%2Foverview%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fis.wikipedia.org%3ATjad" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1744436">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1750840">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Gambía">Gambía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a> · <a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADnea" title="Gínea">Gínea</a> · <a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADnea-Biss%C3%A1" title="Gínea-Bissá">Gínea-Bissá</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A6nh%C3%B6f%C3%B0aeyjar" title="Grænhöfðaeyjar">Grænhöfðaeyjar</a> · <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADber%C3%ADa" title="Líbería">Líbería</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%AD" title="Malí">Malí</a> · <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ritan%C3%ADa" title="Máritanía">Máritanía</a> · <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADger" title="Níger">Níger</a> · <a href="/wiki/N%C3%ADger%C3%ADa" title="Nígería">Nígería</a> · <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> · <a href="/wiki/S%C3%ADerra_Le%C3%B3ne" title="Síerra Leóne">Síerra Leóne</a> · <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3g%C3%B3" title="Tógó">Tógó</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mi%C3%B0-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Mið-Afríka">Mið-Afríka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" 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title="Austur-Afríka">Austur-Afríka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAr%C3%BAnd%C3%AD" title="Búrúndí">Búrúndí</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dj%C3%ADb%C3%BAt%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Djíbútí">Djíbútí</a> · <a href="/wiki/Er%C3%ADtrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Erítrea">Erítrea</a> · <a href="/wiki/E%C3%BE%C3%AD%C3%B3p%C3%ADa" title="Eþíópía">Eþíópía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ken%C3%ADa" title="Kenía">Kenía</a> · <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B3morur" title="Kómorur">Kómorur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Madagaskar" title="Madagaskar">Madagaskar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Malav%C3%AD" title="Malaví">Malaví</a> · <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rit%C3%ADus" title="Máritíus">Máritíus</a> · <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3samb%C3%ADk" title="Mósambík">Mósambík</a> · <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAanda" title="Rúanda">Rúanda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Samb%C3%ADa" title="Sambía">Sambía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Seychelleseyjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Seychelleseyjar">Seychelleseyjar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Simbabve" title="Simbabve">Simbabve</a> · <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3mal%C3%ADa" title="Sómalía">Sómalía</a> · <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3mal%C3%ADland" title="Sómalíland">Sómalíland</a></i> · <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAntland" title="Púntland">Púntland</a></i> · <a href="/wiki/Tansan%C3%ADa" title="Tansanía">Tansanía</a> · <a href="/wiki/%C3%9Aganda" title="Úganda">Úganda</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunnanver%C3%B0_Afr%C3%ADka" title="Sunnanverð Afríka">Sunnanverð Afríka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Botsvana" title="Botsvana">Botsvana</a> · <a href="/wiki/Esvat%C3%ADn%C3%AD" title="Esvatíní">Esvatíní</a> · <a href="/wiki/Les%C3%B3t%C3%B3" title="Lesótó">Lesótó</a> · <a href="/wiki/Namib%C3%ADa" title="Namibía">Namibía</a> · <a href="/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-Afr%C3%ADka" title="Suður-Afríka">Suður-Afríka</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Undir yfirráðum annarra ríkja</b>: <a href="/wiki/Kanar%C3%ADeyjar" title="Kanaríeyjar">Kanaríeyjar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> og <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> · <a href="/wiki/Madeiraeyjar" title="Madeiraeyjar">Madeiraeyjar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a> · <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sankti_Helena_og_yfirr%C3%A1%C3%B0asv%C3%A6%C3%B0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankti Helena og yfirráðasvæði">Sankti Helena og yfirráðasvæði</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1870435">.mw-parser-output .t-stub{clear:both;background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:5px;padding-left:10px;text-align:left;font-size:90%;margin-top:1em;color:black}@media screen and 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