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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calendar_and_zodiac"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Calendar and zodiac</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calendar_and_zodiac-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_counterparts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_counterparts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dual counterparts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_counterparts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Conception of the universe in the religion of Mandaeism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mandaeism" title="Category:Mandaeism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><b><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/100px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/150px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg/200px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="1615" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prophets</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Names for adherents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabians" title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Mandaean texts">Scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Left_Ginza" title="Left Ginza">Left Ginza</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Qulasta_prayers" title="List of Qulasta prayers">list</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Wedding of the Great Shishlam">The Wedding of the Great Shishlam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Hibil_Ziwa" title="The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa">The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Abatur" class="mw-redirect" title="Diwan Abatur">Diwan Abatur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions" title="The Thousand and Twelve Questions">The Thousand and Twelve Questions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Exalted_Kingship" title="Scroll of Exalted Kingship">Scroll of Exalted Kingship</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Coronation of the Great Shishlam">The Coronation of the Great Shishlam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Rba" title="Alma Rišaia Rba">Alma Rišaia Rba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Zu%E1%B9%ADa" title="Alma Rišaia Zuṭa">Alma Rišaia Zuṭa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihrun_Raza_Kasia" title="Zihrun Raza Kasia">Zihrun Raza Kasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Parwanaya" title="Scroll of the Parwanaya">Scroll of the Parwanaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac" title="Book of the Zodiac">Book of the Zodiac</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmut_Ku%C5%A1%E1%B9%ADa" title="Dmut Kušṭa">Dmut Kušṭa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers" title="Scroll of the Rivers">Scroll of the Rivers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Ancestors" title="Secrets of the Ancestors">Secrets of the Ancestors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Ancestors" title="Scroll of the Ancestors">Scroll of the Ancestors</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Priests</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmida" title="Tarmida">Tarmida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shganda" title="Shganda">Shganda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Individual leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miriai" title="Miriai">Miriai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra" title="Shlama beth Qidra">Shlama beth Qidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazai_of_Gawazta" title="Zazai of Gawazta">Zazai of Gawazta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_Bar_Danqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anush Bar Danqa">Anush Bar Danqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Bihram" title="Yahya Bihram">Yahya Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan" title="Dakhil Aidan">Dakhil Aidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili" title="Jabbar Choheili">Jabbar Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilow" title="Sattar Jabbar Hilow">Sattar Jabbar Hilow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najah_Choheili" title="Najah Choheili">Najah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Choheili" title="Salah Choheili">Salah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Brikha Nasoraia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Rituals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiqta" title="Masiqta">Masiqta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)" title="Tamasha (ablution)">Tamasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)" title="Rishama (ablution)">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushta" title="Kushta">Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Qabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)" title="Misha (Mandaeism)">Misha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ritual food and drink</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambuha" title="Mambuha">Mambuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalta" title="Halalta">Halalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamra_(Mandaeism)" title="Hamra (Mandaeism)">Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pihta" title="Pihta">Pihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatira" title="Fatira">Fatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa_brikha" title="Zidqa brikha">Zidqa brikha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofani" title="Lofani">Lofani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Mandaeism)" title="Sa (Mandaeism)">Sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukrana" title="Dukrana">Dukrana</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Belief in Oneness of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Daily prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauma" title="Sauma">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa" title="Zidqa">Almsgiving</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Objects and symbols</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)" title="Rasta (Mandaeism)">Rasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burzinqa" title="Burzinqa">Burzinqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandama" title="Pandama">Pandama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klila" title="Klila">Klila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)" title="Taga (Mandaeism)">Taga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riha_(Mandaeism)" title="Riha (Mandaeism)">Riha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandola" title="Skandola">Skandola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cosmology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Mandaeism)" title="Mana (Mandaeism)">Mana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Adathan">Adathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yadathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yadathan">Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Urfeil">Urfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marfeil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marfeil">Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriawis" title="Piriawis">Piriawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yura_(Mandaeism)" title="Yura (Mandaeism)">Yura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)#Mandaeism" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrat" title="Shahrat">Shahrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Malwasha">Malwasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimta" title="Nishimta">Nishimta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinanukht" title="Dinanukht">Dinanukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishlam" title="Shishlam">Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezlat" title="Ezlat">Ezlat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">škina</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">Dmuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_kasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam kasia">Adam kasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_pagria" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam pagria">Adam pagria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrin" title="Shatrin">Shatrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufa" title="Laufa">Laufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitfun" title="Hitfun">Hitfun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Suf" title="Sea of Suf">Sea of Suf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniawis" title="Siniawis">Siniawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaf_(Mandaeism)" title="Gaf (Mandaeism)">Gaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(Mandaeism)" title="Qin (Mandaeism)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahreil" title="Zahreil">Zahreil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathan" title="Anathan">Anathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giu_(Mandaeism)" title="Giu (Mandaeism)">Giu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shdum" title="Shdum">Shdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartai-Zartanai" title="Zartai-Zartanai">Zartai-Zartanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Mag</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals" title="Mandaean calendar">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Dehwa Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_d-Shishlam_Rabba" class="mw-redirect" title="Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba">Dehwa d-Shishlam Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Daimana" title="Dehwa Daimana">Dehwa Daimana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Hanina" title="Dehwa Hanina">Dehwa Hanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Haris" title="Abu al-Haris">Abu al-Haris</a> (Ashoriya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar#Festivals" title="Mandaean calendar">Ead Fel</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beth_Manda" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Manda">Beth Manda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andiruna" title="Andiruna">Andiruna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Prayers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidra_d-Nishmata" title="Sidra d-Nishmata">Sidra d-Nishmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asut_Malkia" title="Asut Malkia">Asut Malkia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rushuma" title="Rushuma">Rushuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)" title="Rahma (Mandaeism)">Rahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabahatan" title="Tabahatan">Tabahatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumhata" title="Shumhata">Shumhata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bshuma" title="Bshuma">Bshuma</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px lightblue solid; border-bottom:1px lightblue solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mandaeism" title="Template:Mandaeism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mandaeism" title="Template talk:Mandaeism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mandaeism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mandaean cosmology</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> conception of the universe in the religion of <a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mandaean cosmology is strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_near_eastern_cosmology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient near eastern cosmology">ancient near eastern cosmology</a> broadly and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian mythology">Babylonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaean</a> and other Near Eastern religions and philosophies particularly.<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emanations">Emanations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Emanations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The three major <a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanations</a> or "Lives" (<i>Hayyi</i>) in Mandaeism are: </p> <ol><li>The Second Life: <a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a>, the primal <a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">uthra</a></li> <li>The Third Life: <a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a>, the weigher of souls, and also the father of the <i><a href="/wiki/Uthri" class="mw-redirect" title="Uthri">uthri</a></i> (plural of <i>uthra</i>)</li> <li>The Fourth Life: <a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a>, the creator of the material world</li></ol> <p>The Second Life, Third Life, and Fourth Life are emanations of the First Life, <a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a> (the Supreme God). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Realms">Realms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Realms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mandaean cosmology divides the universe into three realms:<sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a> or Lightworld (<i>alma ḏ-nhūra</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a>, or Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> (<i>alma ḏ-hšuka</i>)</li></ol> <p>According to Book 3 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></i>, a "fruit (<i>pira</i>) within the fruit" and "ether (<i>ayar</i>) within the ether" had existed before the World of Light came into being. In a sort of "<a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>," the World of Light comes into being along with the <a href="/wiki/Piriawis" title="Piriawis">Great Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">uthras</a>. Tibil and the World of Darkness are then formed by Ptahil and others after the World of Light came into existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_of_Light">World of Light</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World of Light"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a> is the primeval, transcendent world from which <a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a> and the World of Darkness emerged. The Great Life (<i><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></i> or Supreme <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>/<a href="/wiki/Monad_(Gnosticism)" title="Monad (Gnosticism)">Monad</a>) and his <a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">uthras</a> dwell in the World of Light. The World of Light is also the source of <a href="/wiki/Piriawis" title="Piriawis">Piriawis</a>, the Great <i><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardena</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mandaic language">Classical Mandaic</a>: <span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡉࡀࡓࡃࡍࡀ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn">iardna</i></span>), or "<a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan</a>" of Life.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Mandaean cosmology, <a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">ether</a> (Mandaic: <i>aiar</i> or <i>ayar</i>) permeates outer space and the World of Light. Uthras travel by moving through ether. The <a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Father</a> is also sometimes mentioned as <i>Ayar Rba</i> ('Great Ether') or <i>Ayar Ziwa</i> ('Radiant Ether'). In Mandaeism, the "outer ether" (<i>aiar baraia</i>), mentioned in texts such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions" title="The Thousand and Twelve Questions">The Thousand and Twelve Questions</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-DC36_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DC36-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup> refers to the ether that permeates the cosmos, while the "inner ether" (<i>aiar gawaia</i>) refers to the "breath or pure air of Life within the soul".<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_Adam_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret_Adam-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14–15">: 14–15 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a> is a section of the World of Light where spiritual counterparts or images called <i><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">dmuta</a></i> are found.<sup id="cite_ref-Secret_Adam_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Secret_Adam-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaean</a> person dies, priests perform elaborate death rituals or death masses called <i><a href="/wiki/Masiqta" title="Masiqta">masiqta</a></i> in order to help guide the soul (<i><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1imta" class="mw-redirect" title="Nišimta">nišimta</a></i>) towards the World of Light. In order to pass from <a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a> (Earth) to the World of Light, the soul must go through multiple <i><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%ADarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Maṭarta">maṭarta</a></i> (watch-stations, toll-stations, or <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatories</a>; see also <a href="/wiki/Arcs_of_Descent_and_Ascent" title="Arcs of Descent and Ascent">Arcs of Descent and Ascent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Araf_(Islam)" title="Araf (Islam)">araf (Islam)</a>) before finally being reunited with the <i><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">dmuta</a></i>, the soul's heavenly counterpart.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Abatur" title="Scroll of Abatur">Scroll of Abatur</a></i> mentions a heavenly tree called <i><a href="/wiki/Shatrin" title="Shatrin">Shatrin</a></i> (<i>Šatrin</i>) where the souls of unbaptized Mandaean children are temporarily nourished for 30 days. On the 30th day, <a href="/wiki/Hibil_Ziwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hibil Ziwa">Hibil Ziwa</a> baptizes the souls of the children, who then continue on to the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a>. The tree has a length of 360,000 <a href="/wiki/Parasang" title="Parasang">parasangs</a> according to the <i>Scroll of Abatur</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasoraia_2021_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasoraia_2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The idea has some parallels with the <a href="/wiki/Gnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Gnostic">Gnostic</a> concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Pleroma" title="Pleroma">pleroma</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tibil">Tibil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tibil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a>, or Earth, is the middle, earthly realm in Mandaean cosmology. It is separated form the World of Light above and the World of Darkness below by <i>ayar</i> (<a href="/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" title="Aether (classical element)">aether</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Buckley_2002_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buckley_2002-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rituals mediated by priests allow for a <i><a href="/wiki/Laufa" title="Laufa">laufa</a></i> (or <i>laupa</i>, meaning 'connection' or 'union') to be made from Tibil to the World of Light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_of_Darkness">World of Darkness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World of Darkness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness (Mandaeism)</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a> is ruled by its king <a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a>) and its queen <a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a>, mother of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven planets">seven planets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">twelve constellations</a>. The great dark <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Suf" title="Sea of Suf">Sea of Suf</a> lies in the World of Darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great dividing river of <a href="/wiki/Hitpun" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitpun">Hiṭfon</a>, analogous to the river <a href="/wiki/Styx" title="Styx">Styx</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, separates the World of Darkness from the World of Light.<sup id="cite_ref-GR_Saadi_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GR_Saadi-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Directions">Directions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Directions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mandaeism considers <a href="/wiki/North" title="North">North</a>, and hence also the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pole_star#In_religion_and_mythology" title="Pole star">Polaris</a>, to be auspicious and associated with the World of Light. Mandaeans face north when praying, and <a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">temples</a> are also oriented towards the north. On the contrary, <a href="/wiki/South" title="South">South</a> is associated with the World of Darkness.<sup id="cite_ref-Drower_1962_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drower_1962-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planets">Planets</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Planets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astrology" title="Babylonian astrology">Babylonian astrology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archon_(Gnosticism)#Naming_and_associations" title="Archon (Gnosticism)">Archon (Gnosticism) § Naming and associations</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">List of Mesopotamian deities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology" title="Planets in astrology">Planets in astrology</a></div> <p>Overall, the seven <a href="/wiki/Classical_planet" title="Classical planet">classical planets</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mandaic language">Classical Mandaic</a>: <span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡔࡅࡁࡀ</span> <span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn">šuba</i></span>, "The Seven"; <a href="/wiki/Classical_Mandaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Mandaic language">Classical Mandaic</a>: <span lang="myz" dir="rtl">ࡔࡉࡁࡉࡀࡄࡉࡀ</span> <span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn">šibiahia</i></span>, "planets"; or, combined, <span title="Classical Mandaic-language romanization"><i lang="myz-Latn">šuba šibiahia</i></span> "Seven Planets"<sup id="cite_ref-Nasoraia_2021_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasoraia_2021-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) are generally not viewed favorably in Mandaeism, since they constitute part of the entourage of <a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a>, the Queen of the World of Darkness who is also their mother. However, individually, some of the planets can be associated with positive qualities. The names of the seven planets in Mandaic are borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are also reflected in the same sequence in Jewish sources<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other earliest reference and being in Mandaic is the sequence occurring on a lead amulet in Mandaic.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The planets are listed according to the traditional Mandaean order of the planets as given by Masco (2012).<sup id="cite_ref-Masco_2012_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masco_2012-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Planet </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic script</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> </th> <th>Other names </th> <th>Associations </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shamish" title="Shamish">Šamiš</a> </td> <td>ࡔࡀࡌࡉࡔ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Šamaš</a> </td> <td><i>Adunai</i> < Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Adonai" class="mw-redirect" title="Adonai">Adonai</a> </td> <td>light and life-powers <i><a href="/wiki/Yawar-Ziwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Yawar-Ziwa">Yawar-Ziwa</a></i> (Dazzling Light) and <i><a href="/wiki/Simat-Hiia" class="mw-redirect" title="Simat-Hiia">Simat-Hiia</a></i> (Treasure of Life); <a href="/wiki/Yazuqaeans" title="Yazuqaeans">Yazuqaeans</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shapira_2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shapira_2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Libat" title="Libat">Libat</a> </td> <td>ࡋࡉࡁࡀࡕ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Delebat</a> </td> <td><i>Amamit</i> (the underworld goddess), <i>Argiuat</i>, <i>Daitia</i>, <i>Kukbat</i> (the diminutive of 'star'), <i>Spindar</i>, <i>ʿstira</i> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></i> or <i>Ruha ḏ-qudša</i> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>) </td> <td>success in love and reproduction </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nbu" title="Nbu">Nbu</a> (ʿNbu) </td> <td>ࡍࡁࡅ<br />ࡏࡍࡁࡅ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabû</a> </td> <td><i>Maqurpiil</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/M%C5%A1iha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mšiha">Mšiha</a></i> < <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>; <i>ʿaṭarid</i> < Arabic </td> <td>learning, scribes; <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Christ</a> and Christianity </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sin_(Mandaeism)" title="Sin (Mandaeism)">Sin</a> </td> <td>ࡎࡉࡍ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sīnu</a> </td> <td><i>Agzʿil</i>, <i>Ṭaṭmʿil</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Ṣaurʿil</a></i>, and <i>Sira</i> </td> <td>miscarriages and abnormal births </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiwan" title="Kiwan">Kiwan</a> </td> <td>ࡊࡉࡅࡀࡍ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kajam%C4%81nu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kajamānu">Kajamānu</a> </td> <td><i>Br Šamiš</i> ('Son of the Sun') </td> <td>Jews; Saturday; <a href="/wiki/Kentaeans" title="Kentaeans">Kentaeans</a><sup id="cite_ref-VanBladel2017_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanBladel2017-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bil_(Mandaeism)" title="Bil (Mandaeism)">Bil</a> </td> <td>ࡁࡉࡋ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēlu</a> </td> <td><i>Angʿil</i> </td> <td>male; "hot and moist" </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nirig" title="Nirig">Nirig</a> </td> <td>ࡍࡉࡓࡉࡂ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergallu</a> </td> <td><i>Marik</i> </td> <td>violence; Islam </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Each planet is said to be carried in a ship. Drawings of these ships are found in various <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandaean scriptures">Mandaean scrolls</a>, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Abatur" title="Scroll of Abatur">Scroll of Abatur</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Calendar_and_zodiac">Calendar and zodiac</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Calendar and zodiac"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean calendar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dual_counterparts">Dual counterparts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dual counterparts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">Dmuta</a></div> <p>In Mandaeism, people, spirits, and places are often considered to have both earthly and heavenly counterparts (<i><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">dmuta</a></i>), which dwell in the <a href="/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a> ("Realm of Truth"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient Mesopotamian religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astrology" title="Babylonian astrology">Babylonian astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Jewish mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seder_hishtalshelus" title="Seder hishtalshelus">Seder hishtalshelus</a> (emanations) in Jewish mysticism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a> (divine attributes) in Jewish mysticism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Religion and mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">Religious cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_cosmology" title="Zoroastrian cosmology">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mandaean_cosmology&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Aldihisi_2008-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aldihisi_2008_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAldihisi2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Aldihisi, Sabah (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1444088/"><i>The story of creation in the Mandaean holy book in the Ginza Rba</i></a> (PhD). University College London.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+story+of+creation+in+the+Mandaean+holy+book+in+the+Ginza+Rba&rft.inst=University+College+London&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Aldihisi&rft.aufirst=Sabah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F1444088%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaean+cosmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buckley_2002-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buckley_2002_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2002" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, Jorunn Jacobsen (2002). <i>The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-515385-5"><bdi>0-19-515385-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65198443">65198443</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+ancient+texts+and+modern+people&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65198443&rft.isbn=0-19-515385-5&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Jorunn+Jacobsen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaean+cosmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DC36-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DC36_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1960" class="citation book cs1">Drower, Ethel S. (1960). <i>The Thousand and Twelve Questions: A Mandaean Text (Alf Trisar Šuialia)</i>. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thousand+and+Twelve+Questions%3A+A+Mandaean+Text+%28Alf+Trisar+%C5%A0uialia%29&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Akademie+Verlag&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Ethel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaean+cosmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Secret_Adam-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Secret_Adam_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Secret_Adam_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1960" class="citation book cs1">Drower, E.S. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://khazarzar.skeptik.net/books/mandaean/adam.pdf"><i>The Secret Adam - The Study of Nasoraean Gnosis</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. London: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Adam+-+The+Study+of+Nasoraean+Gnosis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkhazarzar.skeptik.net%2Fbooks%2Fmandaean%2Fadam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaean+cosmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasoraia_2021-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nasoraia_2021_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nasoraia_2021_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasoraia2021" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Nasoraia, Brikha H.S.</a> (2021). <i>The Mandaean gnostic religion: worship practice and deep thought</i>. New Delhi: Sterling. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-950824-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-950824-1-4"><bdi>978-81-950824-1-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1272858968">1272858968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaean+gnostic+religion%3A+worship+practice+and+deep+thought&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Sterling&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1272858968&rft.isbn=978-81-950824-1-4&rft.aulast=Nasoraia&rft.aufirst=Brikha+H.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaean+cosmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GR_Saadi-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GR_Saadi_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-SaadiAl-Saadi2012" class="citation book cs1">Al-Saadi, Qais Mughashghash; Al-Saadi, Hamed Mughashghash (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.de/Ginza-Rabba-English-Translation-Drabsha/dp/B00A3GO458"><i>Ginza Rabba: The Great Treasure. An equivalent translation of the Mandaean Holy Book</i></a>. Drabsha.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ginza+Rabba%3A+The+Great+Treasure.+An+equivalent+translation+of+the+Mandaean+Holy+Book&rft.pub=Drabsha&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Al-Saadi&rft.aufirst=Qais+Mughashghash&rft.au=Al-Saadi%2C+Hamed+Mughashghash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.de%2FGinza-Rabba-English-Translation-Drabsha%2Fdp%2FB00A3GO458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaean+cosmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drower_1962-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Drower_1962_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrower1962" class="citation book cs1">Drower, Ethel Stefanie (1962). <i>The Mandaeans of Iraq and Iran</i>. Leiden: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans+of+Iraq+and+Iran&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Drower&rft.aufirst=Ethel+Stefanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaean+cosmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heinrich Zimmern, "Babylonische Vorstufen der vorderasiatischen Mysterienreligionen?", in 'Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft' 76 (1922,76), pp. 36-54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.B. Segal, Catalogue of Aramaic and Mandaic Incantation Bowls, London, 2000, no. 39 as the earliest list found in an incantation bowl: 'šmyš wsyn wnbw wdlybt wbyl wnryg wkywn' (BM 91771:5).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark Lidzbarski, "Ein mandäisches Amulett", in 'Florilegium ou recueil de travaux d’érudition dédiés à monsieur de Marquis Melchior de Vogüé', Paris 1909, pp. 368-371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masco_2012-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masco_2012_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasco2012" class="citation book cs1">Masco, Maire (2012). <i>The Mandaeans: Gnostic astrology as an artifact of cultural transmission</i>. Tacoma, WA: Fluke Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-938476-00-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-938476-00-6"><bdi>978-1-938476-00-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864905792">864905792</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mandaeans%3A+Gnostic+astrology+as+an+artifact+of+cultural+transmission&rft.place=Tacoma%2C+WA&rft.pub=Fluke+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864905792&rft.isbn=978-1-938476-00-6&rft.aulast=Masco&rft.aufirst=Maire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaean+cosmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shapira_2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shapira_2004_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapira2004" class="citation journal cs1">Shapira, Dan D.Y. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/secure/POJ/downloadpdf.php?ticket_id=60d8fdd28336c">"Manichaeans (<i>Marmanaiia</i>), Zoroastrians (<i>Iazuqaiia</i>), Jews, Christians and Other Heretics: A Study in the Redaction of Mandaic Texts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Mus%C3%A9on" title="Le Muséon">Le Muséon</a></i>. <b>117</b> (3–4): 243-280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2143%2FMUS.117.3.516929">10.2143/MUS.117.3.516929</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Mus%C3%A9on&rft.atitle=Manichaeans+%28Marmanaiia%29%2C+Zoroastrians+%28Iazuqaiia%29%2C+Jews%2C+Christians+and+Other+Heretics%3A+A+Study+in+the+Redaction+of+Mandaic+Texts&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=243-280&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2143%2FMUS.117.3.516929&rft.aulast=Shapira&rft.aufirst=Dan+D.Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoj.peeters-leuven.be%2Fsecure%2FPOJ%2Fdownloadpdf.php%3Fticket_id%3D60d8fdd28336c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaean+cosmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanBladel2017-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanBladel2017_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Bladel2017" class="citation book cs1">van Bladel, Kevin (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/34389"><i>From Sasanian Mandaeans to Ṣābians of the Marshes</i></a>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004339460">10.1163/9789004339460</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33943-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33943-9"><bdi>978-90-04-33943-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Sasanian+Mandaeans+to+%E1%B9%A2%C4%81bians+of+the+Marshes&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004339460&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33943-9&rft.aulast=van+Bladel&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F34389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMandaean+cosmology" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Sabians">Sabians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)#Nasoraean_Mandaeans" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nasoraeans</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png/70px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png/105px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png/140px-Darfash_-_Mandaean_cross.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical identities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnostics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kentaeans" title="Kentaeans">Kentaeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_priest" title="Mandaean priest">Priesthood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rishama" title="Rishama">Rishama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra" title="Ganzibra">Ganzibra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarmida" title="Tarmida">Tarmida</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Shganda" title="Shganda">Shganda</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaean_priests" title="List of Mandaean priests">List of Mandaean priests</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shlama_beth_Qidra" title="Shlama beth Qidra">Shlama beth Qidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazai_of_Gawazta" title="Zazai of Gawazta">Zazai of Gawazta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_bar_Danqa" title="Anush bar Danqa">Anush bar Danqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Bihram" title="Yahya Bihram">Yahya Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Zihrun" title="Ram Zihrun">Ram Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibia_Mudalal" title="Bibia Mudalal">Bibia Mudalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Khaffagi" title="Abdullah Khaffagi">Abdullah Khaffagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negm_bar_Zahroon" title="Negm bar Zahroon">Negm bar Zahroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bar_Negm" title="Abdullah bar Negm">Abdullah bar Negm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_bar_Sam" title="Abdullah bar Sam">Abdullah bar Sam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhil_Aidan" title="Dakhil Aidan">Dakhil Aidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabbar_Choheili" title="Jabbar Choheili">Jabbar Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah_Choheili" title="Salah Choheili">Salah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najah_Choheili" title="Najah Choheili">Najah Choheili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taleb_Doraji" title="Taleb Doraji">Taleb Doraji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaldoon_Majid_Abdullah" title="Khaldoon Majid Abdullah">Khaldoon Majid Abdullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahi_Bashikh" title="Sahi Bashikh">Sahi Bashikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattar_Jabbar_Hilow" title="Sattar Jabbar Hilow">Sattar Jabbar Hilow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuhana_Nashmi" title="Yuhana Nashmi">Yuhana Nashmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brikha_Nasoraia" title="Brikha Nasoraia">Brikha Nasoraia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafid_al-Sabti" title="Rafid al-Sabti">Rafid al-Sabti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salwan_Alkhamas" title="Salwan Alkhamas">Salwan Alkhamas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Council_of_Ahvaz" title="Mandaean Council of Ahvaz">Mandaean Council of Ahvaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabian_Mandaean_Association_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabian Mandaean Association in Australia">Sabian Mandaean Association in Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mandaic_manuscripts" title="List of Mandaic manuscripts">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ginza_Rabba" title="Ginza Rabba">Ginza Rabba</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Right_Ginza" title="Right Ginza">Right Ginza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Left_Ginza" title="Left Ginza">Left Ginza</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_Book_of_John" title="Mandaean Book of John">Mandaean Book of John</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Qulasta_(list)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Qulasta" title="Qulasta">Qulasta</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Qulasta_prayers" title="List of Qulasta prayers">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sidra_d-Nishmata" title="Sidra d-Nishmata">Sidra d-Nishmata</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rushuma" title="Rushuma">Rushuma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asut_Malkia" title="Asut Malkia">Asut Malkia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eniana" title="Eniana">Eniana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahma_(Mandaeism)" title="Rahma (Mandaeism)">Rahma</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabahatan" title="Tabahatan">Tabahatan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shumhata" title="Shumhata">Shumhata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Priestly texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thousand_and_Twelve_Questions" title="The Thousand and Twelve Questions">The Thousand and Twelve Questions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Exalted_Kingship" title="Scroll of Exalted Kingship">Scroll of Exalted Kingship</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Coronation_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Coronation of the Great Shishlam">The Coronation of the Great Shishlam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="The Wedding of the Great Shishlam">The Wedding of the Great Shishlam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Rba" title="Alma Rišaia Rba">Alma Rišaia Rba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Ri%C5%A1aia_Zu%E1%B9%ADa" title="Alma Rišaia Zuṭa">Alma Rišaia Zuṭa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zihrun_Raza_Kasia" title="Zihrun Raza Kasia">Zihrun Raza Kasia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Parwanaya" title="Scroll of the Parwanaya">Scroll of the Parwanaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Great_Baptism" title="Scroll of the Great Baptism">Scroll of the Great Baptism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Ancestors" title="Scroll of the Ancestors">Scroll of the Ancestors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baptism_of_Hibil_Ziwa" title="The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa">The Baptism of Hibil Ziwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_Abatur" title="Scroll of Abatur">Scroll of Abatur</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dmut_Ku%C5%A1%E1%B9%ADa" title="Dmut Kušṭa">Dmut Kušṭa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Secrets_of_the_Ancestors" title="Secrets of the Ancestors">Secrets of the Ancestors</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers" title="Scroll of the Rivers">Scroll of the Rivers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Zodiac" title="Book of the Zodiac">Book of the Zodiac</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haran_Gawaita" title="Haran Gawaita">Haran Gawaita</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic</a> texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incantation_bowl" title="Incantation bowl">Incantation bowls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_lead_rolls" title="Mandaic lead rolls">Lead rolls</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%A1ra_d-Ainia" title="Pišra d-Ainia">Pišra d-Ainia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibil" title="Tibil">Tibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardna" title="Yardna">Yardna</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_of_Light" title="World of Light">World of Light</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piriawis" title="Piriawis">Piriawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasana" title="Yasana">Yasana</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Uthras" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uthra" title="Uthra">Uthras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yushamin" title="Yushamin">Yushamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abatur" title="Abatur">Abatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptahil" title="Ptahil">Ptahil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibil" title="Hibil">Hibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitil" title="Shitil">Shitil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anush_(Mandaeism)" title="Anush (Mandaeism)">Anush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ziwa" title="Sam Ziwa">Sam Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_d-Hayyi" title="Manda d-Hayyi">Manda d-Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilmai" title="Shilmai">Shilmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nidbai" title="Nidbai">Nidbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adathan_and_Yadathan" title="Adathan and Yadathan">Adathan and Yadathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yufin-Yufafin" title="Yufin-Yufafin">Yufin-Yufafin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfeil_and_Marfeil" title="Urfeil and Marfeil">Urfeil and Marfeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarwan" title="Tarwan">Tar and Tarwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihram" title="Bihram">Bihram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zihrun" title="Zihrun">Zihrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etinsib_Ziwa" title="Etinsib Ziwa">Etinsib Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbat" title="Nbat">Nbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsab" title="Nsab">Nsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gubran" title="Gubran">Gubran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihlun" title="Shihlun">Shihlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yura_(Mandaeism)" title="Yura (Mandaeism)">Yura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yurba" title="Yurba">Yurba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukabar" title="Yukabar">Yukabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukashar" title="Yukashar">Yukashar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawar_Ziwa" title="Yawar Ziwa">Yawar Ziwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simat_Hayyi" title="Simat Hayyi">Simat Hayyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saureil" title="Saureil">Saureil</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Concepts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anana_(Mandaeism)" title="Anana (Mandaeism)">Anana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gufna" title="Gufna">Gufna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwa_(Aramaic)" title="Ziwa (Aramaic)">Ziwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intermediary realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matarta" title="Matarta">Matarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitfun" title="Hitfun">Hitfun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrat" title="Shahrat">Shahrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatrin" title="Shatrin">Shatrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_of_Darkness_(Mandaeism)" title="World of Darkness (Mandaeism)">World of Darkness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Suf" title="Sea of Suf">Sea of Suf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniawis" title="Siniawis">Siniawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Mandaeism" title="Jesus in Mandaeism">Mšiha</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demons_in_Mandaeism" title="Demons in Mandaeism">Demons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruha" title="Ruha">Ruha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur_(Mandaeism)" title="Ur (Mandaeism)">Ur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krun" title="Krun">Krun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaf_(Mandaeism)" title="Gaf (Mandaeism)">Gaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_(Mandaeism)" title="Qin (Mandaeism)">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anathan" title="Anathan">Anathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shdum" title="Shdum">Shdum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giu_(Mandaeism)" title="Giu (Mandaeism)">Giu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag_and_Mag" title="Hag and Mag">Hag and Mag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zartai-Zartanai" title="Zartai-Zartanai">Zartai-Zartanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahreil" title="Zahreil">Zahreil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Planets">Planets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shamish" title="Shamish">Shamish</a> (Sun)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libat" title="Libat">Libat</a> (Venus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nbu" title="Nbu">Nbu</a> (Mercury)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(Mandaeism)" title="Sin (Mandaeism)">Sin</a> (Moon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwan" title="Kiwan">Kiwan</a> (Saturn)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bil_(Mandaeism)" title="Bil (Mandaeism)">Bil</a> (Jupiter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirig" title="Nirig">Nirig</a> (Mars)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Important figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel" title="Abel">Abel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enos_(biblical_figure)" title="Enos (biblical figure)">Enosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriai" title="Miriai">Miriai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legendary figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinanukht" title="Dinanukht">Dinanukht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shishlam" title="Shishlam">Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezlat" title="Ezlat">Ezlat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kushta" title="Kushta">Kushta</a> (truth)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manda_(Mandaeism)" title="Manda (Mandaeism)">Manda</a> (gnosis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufa" title="Laufa">Laufa</a> (communion)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmuta" title="Dmuta">Dmuta</a> (image)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishimta" title="Nishimta">Nishimta</a> (soul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruha#As_the_spirit" title="Ruha">Ruha</a> (spirit)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mana_(Mandaeism)" title="Mana (Mandaeism)">Mana</a> (mind)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kasia" title="Adam Kasia">Adam Kasia</a> (hidden Adam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Pagria" title="Adam Pagria">Adam Pagria</a> (bodily Adam)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects and symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drabsha" title="Drabsha">Drabsha</a> (banner)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misha_(Mandaeism)" title="Misha (Mandaeism)">Misha</a> (oil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riha_(Mandaeism)" title="Riha (Mandaeism)">Riha</a> (incense)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandola" title="Skandola">Skandola</a> (talisman seal)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ritual food and drink</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mambuha" title="Mambuha">Mambuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalta" title="Halalta">Halalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamra_(Mandaeism)" title="Hamra (Mandaeism)">Hamra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pihta" title="Pihta">Pihta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatira" title="Fatira">Fatira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_(Mandaeism)" title="Sa (Mandaeism)">Sa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Meals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukrana" title="Dukrana">Dukrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofani" title="Lofani">Lofani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa_brikha" title="Zidqa brikha">Zidqa brikha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clothing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rasta_(Mandaeism)" title="Rasta (Mandaeism)">Rasta</a> (robe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burzinqa" title="Burzinqa">Burzinqa</a> (turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandama" title="Pandama">Pandama</a> (mouth-veil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himiana" title="Himiana">Himiana</a> (girdle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margna" title="Margna">Margna</a> (staff)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klila" title="Klila">Klila</a> (wreath)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taga_(Mandaeism)" title="Taga (Mandaeism)">Taga</a> (crown)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rituals and practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Masbuta" title="Masbuta">Masbuta</a> (baptism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamasha_(ablution)" title="Tamasha (ablution)">Tamasha</a> (triple ablution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishama_(ablution)" title="Rishama (ablution)">Rishama</a> (minor ablution)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masiqta" title="Masiqta">Masiqta</a> (death mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qabin" title="Qabin">Qabin</a> (wedding)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brakha" title="Brakha">Brakha</a> (prayer)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bshuma" title="Bshuma">Bshuma</a> (name of God)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sauma" title="Sauma">Sauma</a> (fasting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zidqa" title="Zidqa">Zidqa</a> (almsgiving)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_name" title="Mandaean name">Naming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Buildings and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_(Mandaeism)" title="Mandi (Mandaeism)">Mandi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabian%E2%80%93Mandaean_Mandi_of_Baghdad" title="Sabian–Mandaean Mandi of Baghdad">Baghdad Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganzibra_Dakhil_Mandi" title="Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi">Ganzibra Dakhil Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_Yuhana_Mandi" title="Yahya Yuhana Mandi">Yahya Yuhana Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallacia_Mandi" title="Wallacia Mandi">Wallacia Mandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shkinta" title="Shkinta">Shkinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andiruna" title="Andiruna">Andiruna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Calendar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Feasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Rabba" title="Dehwa Rabba">Dehwa Rabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Great_Shishlam" title="Feast of the Great Shishlam">Feast of the Great Shishlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Hanina" title="Dehwa Hanina">Dehwa Hanina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Haris" title="Abu al-Haris">Abu al-Haris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parwanaya" title="Parwanaya">Parwanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwa_Daimana" title="Dehwa Daimana">Dehwa Daimana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Months</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daula_(month)" title="Daula (month)">Daula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuna_(month)" title="Nuna (month)">Nuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embra_(month)" title="Embra (month)">ʿmbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taura_(month)" title="Taura (month)">Taura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silmia" title="Silmia">Ṣilmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartana_(month)" title="Sartana (month)">Sarṭana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_(month)" title="Aria (month)">Aria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumbulta" title="Shumbulta">Šumbulta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaina" title="Qaina">Qaina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqba" title="Arqba">Arqba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitia" title="Hitia">Hiṭia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadia_(month)" title="Gadia (month)">Gadia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Epochs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_and_Rud" title="Ram and Rud">Ram and Rud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shurbai_and_Sharhabeil" title="Shurbai and Sharhabeil">Shurbai and Sharhabeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noah%27s_wife#In_Mandaeism" title="Noah's wife">Nuraita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_language" title="Mandaic language">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Mandaic" title="Neo-Mandaic">Neo-Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_(Unicode_block)" title="Mandaic (Unicode block)">Unicode block</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholarly disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_studies" title="Mandaean studies">Mandaean studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mandaeism" title="Category:Mandaeism">Category</a></b>  <b>·</b>  <b><a 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