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id="toc-Distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ecology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mass_flowering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_flowering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mass flowering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_flowering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invasive_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasive_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Invasive species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasive_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Animal diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cultivation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cultivation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Leaching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leaching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culinary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culinary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Culinary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culinary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Working</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Writing_surface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_surface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Writing surface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_surface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_pen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_pen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Writing pen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_pen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Textiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fabric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fabric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3.1</span> <span>Fabric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fabric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing_and_aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing_and_aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>Fishing and aquaculture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing_and_aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Firecrackers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Firecrackers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.6</span> <span>Firecrackers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Firecrackers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.7</span> <span>Weapons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desalination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desalination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.8</span> <span>Desalination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desalination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musical_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musical_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.9</span> <span>Musical instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musical_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indicator_of_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indicator_of_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.10</span> <span>Indicator of climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indicator_of_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kitchenware_and_other_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kitchenware_and_other_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.11</span> <span>Kitchenware and other usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kitchenware_and_other_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attributions_of_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributions_of_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Attributions of character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributions_of_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Vietnam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attributions_of_character_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributions_of_character_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.1</span> <span>Attributions of character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributions_of_character_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5.2</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tanzania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tanzania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.1</span> <span>Tanzania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tanzania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bozo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bozo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6.2</span> <span>Bozo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bozo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saint_Lucia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saint_Lucia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Saint Lucia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saint_Lucia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hawaiian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hawaiian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.8</span> <span>Hawaiian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hawaiian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.9</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bamboo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboes" title="Bamboes – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bamboes" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B8%E1%88%9D%E1%89%A0%E1%89%86" title="ሸምበቆ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሸምበቆ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خيزران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خيزران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%B9" title="বাঁহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বাঁহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusoideae" title="Bambusoideae – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bambusoideae" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambukkimil%C9%99r" title="Bambukkimilər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bambukkimilər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tek" title="Tek – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tek" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Бамбукавыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бамбукавыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8" title="बाँस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बाँस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawayan_(doot)" title="Kawayan (doot) – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kawayan (doot)" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Бамбукови – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бамбукови" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambus" title="Bambus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Bambus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambus" title="Bambus – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bambus" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambus%C3%B2idies" title="Bambusòidies – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bambusòidies" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambus" title="Bambus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bambus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambus" title="Bambus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bambus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusoideae" title="Bambusoideae – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bambusoideae" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambuzoideoj" title="Bambuzoideoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bambuzoideoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A8%D9%88" title="بامبو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بامبو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusoideae" title="Bambusoideae – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bambusoideae" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusoideae" title="Bambusoideae – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bambusoideae" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4" title="대나무 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대나무" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բամբուկազգիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բամբուկազգիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8" title="बाँस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बाँस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusovci" title="Bambusovci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bambusovci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talilo" title="Talilo – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Talilo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawayan" title="Kawayan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kawayan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambu" title="Bambu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bambu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uqalo" title="Uqalo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Uqalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambus" title="Bambus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bambus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusoideae" title="Bambusoideae – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bambusoideae" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="חזרן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חזרן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pring_(tuwuhan)" title="Pring (tuwuhan) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pring (tuwuhan)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ಬಿದಿರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬಿದಿರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ბამბუკისებრნი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბამბუკისებრნი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korsen_Eynda" title="Korsen Eynda – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korsen Eynda" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusu_apak%C5%A1dzimta" title="Bambusu apakšdzimta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bambusu apakšdzimta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambukai" title="Bambukai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bambukai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewu%C3%B6" title="Lewuö – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Lewuö" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambu" title="Bambu – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bambu" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambuszform%C3%A1k" title="Bambuszformák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bambuszformák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volotsangana" title="Volotsangana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volotsangana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3" title="മുള – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുള" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82" title="बांबू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बांबू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="خيزران – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خيزران" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusoideae" title="Bambusoideae – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bambusoideae" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%B8" title="ဝါး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝါး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%B8" title="बाँस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बाँस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%82%B1%E4%BA%9C%E7%A7%91" title="タケ亜科 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タケ亜科" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusplaanten" title="Bambusplaanten – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bambusplaanten" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambus" title="Bambus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bambus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambuk" title="Bambuk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bambuk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_%27aol" title="O 'aol – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="O 'aol" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="بانس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بانس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%AB%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B8" title="ឫស្សី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឫស្សី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/qau" title="qau – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="qau" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusowe" title="Bambusowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bambusowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambuso%C3%ADdeas" title="Bambusoídeas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bambusoídeas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Бамбуковые – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бамбуковые" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/auk" title="auk – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="auk" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱢᱟᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3" title="بانس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بانس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusovat%C3%A9" title="Bambusovaté – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bambusovaté" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambusoideae" title="Bambusoideae – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bambusoideae" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மூங்கில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூங்கில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9C%E0%B9%88" title="ไผ่ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ไผ่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%94u" title="Lɔu – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Lɔu" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bambu" title="Bambu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bambu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96" title="Бамбукові – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бамбукові" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%8D_Tre" title="Phân họ Tre – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân họ Tre" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subfamily of flowering plants in the grass family Poaceae</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bamboo (disambiguation)">Bamboo (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Bamboo<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">55–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:186.49230769231px; width:33.507692307692px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:201.38461538462px; width:18.615384615385px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:202.38461538462px; width:16.615384615385px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <a href="/wiki/Ypresian" title="Ypresian">Early Eocene</a> – <a href="/wiki/Present" title="Present">Present</a></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_forest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bamboo_forest.jpg/220px-Bamboo_forest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bamboo_forest.jpg/330px-Bamboo_forest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Bamboo_forest.jpg/440px-Bamboo_forest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Bamboo forest in <a href="/wiki/Hunan,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunan, China">Hunan, China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bambusoideae" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">Angiosperms</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">Monocots</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commelinids" title="Commelinids">Commelinids</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poales" title="Poales">Poales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bambusoideae</a><br /><small>Luerss.</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Tribes </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arundinarieae" title="Arundinarieae">Arundinarieae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambuseae" title="Bambuseae">Bambuseae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olyreae" title="Olyreae">Olyreae</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Diversity</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kelchner2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelchner2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">>1,462 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.inbar.int/download/showdownload.php?lang=cn&id=167759">known species</a>) species in 115 genera </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a><sup id="cite_ref-SorengPeterson2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SorengPeterson2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Olyroideae <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knud_Friedrich_Pilger" title="Robert Knud Friedrich Pilger">Pilg.</a> (1956)</li> <li>Parianoideae <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butzin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butzin (page does not exist)">Butzin</a> (1965)</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><b>Bamboos</b> are a diverse group of mostly <a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">evergreen</a> <a href="/wiki/Perennial_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial plant">perennial</a> flowering plants making up the <a href="/wiki/Subfamily_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfamily (biology)">subfamily</a> <b>Bambusoideae</b> of the grass family <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ayer_100027_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayer_100027-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Giant_bamboo" title="Giant bamboo">Giant bamboos</a> are the largest members of the grass family, in the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrocalamus_sinicus" title="Dendrocalamus sinicus">Dendrocalamus sinicus</a></i> having individual stalks (<a href="/wiki/Culm_(botany)" title="Culm (botany)">culms</a>) reaching a length of 46 meters (151 ft), up to 36 centimeters (14 in) in thickness and a weight of up to 450 kilograms (1,000 lb).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Internodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Internodes">internodes</a> of bamboos can also be of great length. <i><a href="/wiki/Kinabaluchloa" title="Kinabaluchloa">Kinabaluchloa wrayi</a></i> has internodes up to 2.5 meters (8 ft) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Arthrostylidium_schomburgkii" title="Arthrostylidium schomburgkii">Arthrostylidium schomburgkii</a></i> has internodes up to 5 meters (16 ft) in length,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exceeded in length only by <a href="/wiki/Cyperus_papyrus" title="Cyperus papyrus">papyrus</a>. By contrast, the stalks of the tiny bamboo <a href="/wiki/Raddiella" title="Raddiella"><i>Raddiella vanessiae</i></a> of the savannas of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> measure only 10–20 millimeters (0.4–0.8 in) in length by about 2 millimeters (0.08 in) in width.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The origin of the word "bamboo" is uncertain, but it probably comes from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> language, which originally borrowed it from <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ayer_100027_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayer_100027-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oed_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oed-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In bamboo, as in other grasses, the <a href="/wiki/Internode_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internode (botany)">internodal</a> regions of the stem are usually hollow and the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_bundle" title="Vascular bundle">vascular bundles</a> in the cross-section are scattered throughout the walls of the stalk instead of in a cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Cambium" title="Cambium">cambium</a> layer between the bark (<a href="/wiki/Phloem" title="Phloem">phloem</a>) and the wood (<a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a>) as in <a href="/wiki/Dicotyledon" title="Dicotyledon">dicots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a>. The dicotyledonous woody xylem is also absent. The absence of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_growth" title="Secondary growth">secondary growth</a> wood causes the stems of <a href="/wiki/Monocotyledon" title="Monocotyledon">monocots</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Arecaceae" title="Arecaceae">palms</a> and large bamboos, to be columnar rather than tapering.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-Farrelly_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farrelly-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to a unique <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizome</a>-dependent system. Certain species of bamboo can grow 91 centimeters (36 inches) within a 24-hour period, at a rate of almost <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>40 millimeters (<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) an hour (equivalent to 1 mm (0.04 in) every 90 seconds).<sup id="cite_ref-Guinness_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guinness-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Growth up to 120 centimeters (47.2 in) in 24 hours has been observed in the instance of Japanese giant timber bamboo (<i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys_bambusoides" title="Phyllostachys bambusoides">Phyllostachys bambusoides</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rapid growth and tolerance for <a href="/wiki/Marginal_land" title="Marginal land">marginal land</a>, make bamboo a good candidate for <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Masisi_100009_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masisi_100009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bamboo is versatile and has notable economic and cultural significance in <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, being used for <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_construction" title="Bamboo construction">building materials</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">food source</a>, and as a raw product, and depicted often in arts, such as in <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_painting" title="Bamboo painting">bamboo paintings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bambooworking" title="Bambooworking">bambooworking</a>. Bamboo, like <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, is a natural <a href="/wiki/Composite_material" title="Composite material">composite material</a> with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakkad_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakkad-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bamboo's strength-to-weight ratio is similar to <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a>, and its strength is generally similar to a strong <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> timber.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminski1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminski1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaminski2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminski2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bamboo species have displayed remarkable strength under test conditions. <i>Bambusa tulda</i> of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> and adjoining <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> has tested as high as 60,000 psi (400 MPa) in <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other bamboo species make extraordinarily hard material. <i>Bambusa tabacaria</i> of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> contains so much <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> that it will make sparks when struck by an axe.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #ccc; vertical-align: middle; width: 248px; margin:0.2em 1em 0.2em 0; float:left; clear:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 5px"> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261294616">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto;display:table}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf p{padding-right:5px;padding-left:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse p{padding-left:5px;padding-right:2px}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade" style="font-size:85%;line-height:75%;width:450px;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><b>Bambusoideae</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1261294616" /> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bambuseae" title="Bambuseae">Bambuseae</a> (tropical woody bamboos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Olyreae" title="Olyreae">Olyreae</a> (herbaceous bamboos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Arundinarieae" title="Arundinarieae">Arundinarieae</a> (temperate woody bamboos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Oryzoideae" title="Oryzoideae">Oryzoideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left; font-size: 88%; border: 0; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</a> of the bamboo within the BOP <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of grasses, as suggested by analyses of the whole of Poaceae<sup id="cite_ref-GPWGII_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPWGII-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the bamboos in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelchner2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelchner2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bamboos have long been considered the most basal grass genera, mostly because of the presence of <a href="/wiki/Bract" title="Bract">bracteate</a>, indeterminate inflorescences, "pseudospikelets", and flowers with three <a href="/wiki/Lodicule" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodicule">lodicules</a>, six <a href="/wiki/Stamens" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamens">stamens</a>, and three <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigmata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Clark,_LG_1995_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark,_LG_1995-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following more recent <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogenetic">molecular phylogenetic</a> research, many <a href="/wiki/Tribe_(biology)" title="Tribe (biology)">tribes</a> and genera of grasses formerly included in the Bambusoideae are now classified in other subfamilies, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Anomochlooideae" title="Anomochlooideae">Anomochlooideae</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Puelioideae" title="Puelioideae">Puelioideae</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ehrhartoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ehrhartoideae">Ehrhartoideae</a>. The subfamily in its current sense belongs to the <a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> of grasses, where it is sister to the <a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a> (bluegrasses and relatives).<sup id="cite_ref-GPWGII_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPWGII-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bamboos comprise three clades classified as tribes, and these strongly correspond with geographic divisions representing the New World herbaceous species (<a href="/wiki/Olyreae" title="Olyreae">Olyreae</a>), tropical woody bamboos (<a href="/wiki/Bambuseae" title="Bambuseae">Bambuseae</a>), and temperate woody bamboos (<a href="/wiki/Arundinarieae" title="Arundinarieae">Arundinarieae</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ayer_100027_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ayer_100027-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The woody bamboos do not form a <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic group">monophyletic group</a>; instead, the tropical woody and herbaceous bamboos are sister to the temperate woody bamboos.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelchner2013_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelchner2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GPWGII_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GPWGII-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Altogether, more than 1,400 species are placed in 115 genera.<sup id="cite_ref-Kelchner2013_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelchner2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:rgb(144,238,144);width:60%;"><b>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Olyreae" title="Olyreae">Olyreae</a></b> (herbaceous bamboos)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>21 genera: </p> <ul><li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Buergersiochloinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Buergersiochloinae">Buergersiochloinae</a> <dl><dd>one genus: <i><a href="/wiki/Buergersiochloa" title="Buergersiochloa">Buergersiochloa</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olyrineae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olyrineae (page does not exist)">Olyrineae</a> <dl><dd>17 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Agnesia" title="Agnesia">Agnesia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arberella" title="Arberella">Arberella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptochloa" title="Cryptochloa">Cryptochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Diandrolyra" title="Diandrolyra">Diandrolyra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ekmanochloa" title="Ekmanochloa">Ekmanochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Froesiochloa" title="Froesiochloa">Froesiochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lithachne" title="Lithachne">Lithachne</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Maclurolyra" title="Maclurolyra">Maclurolyra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mniochloa" title="Mniochloa">Mniochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Olyra_(plant)" title="Olyra (plant)">Olyra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parodiolyra" title="Parodiolyra">Parodiolyra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Piresiella" title="Piresiella">Piresiella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Raddia" title="Raddia">Raddia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Raddiella" title="Raddiella">Raddiella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rehia" title="Rehia">Rehia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reitzia" title="Reitzia">Reitzia</a></i> (syn. <i><a href="/wiki/Piresia" title="Piresia">Piresia</a></i>), <i><a href="/wiki/Sucrea" title="Sucrea">Sucrea</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parianinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parianinae (page does not exist)">Parianinae</a> <dl><dd>three genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Eremitis" title="Eremitis">Eremitis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pariana" title="Pariana">Pariana</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parianella" title="Parianella">Parianella</a></i>.</dd></dl></li></ul> </div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:rgb(144,238,144);width:60%;"><b>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Bambuseae" title="Bambuseae">Bambuseae</a></b> (tropical woody bamboos)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>73 genera: </p> <ul><li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Arthrostylidiinae" title="Arthrostylidiinae">Arthrostylidiinae</a>: <dl><dd>15 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Actinocladum" title="Actinocladum">Actinocladum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alvimia" title="Alvimia">Alvimia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arthrostylidium" title="Arthrostylidium">Arthrostylidium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Athroostachys" title="Athroostachys">Athroostachys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Atractantha" title="Atractantha">Atractantha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Aulonemia" title="Aulonemia">Aulonemia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cambajuva" title="Cambajuva">Cambajuva</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Colanthelia" title="Colanthelia">Colanthelia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Didymogonyx" title="Didymogonyx">Didymogonyx</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Elytrostachys" title="Elytrostachys">Elytrostachys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Filgueirasia" title="Filgueirasia">Filgueirasia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Glaziophyton" title="Glaziophyton">Glaziophyton</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Merostachys" title="Merostachys">Merostachys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Myriocladus" title="Myriocladus">Myriocladus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rhipidocladum" title="Rhipidocladum">Rhipidocladum</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Bambusinae" title="Bambusinae">Bambusinae</a>: <dl><dd>17 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Bambusa" title="Bambusa">Bambusa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bonia" title="Bonia">Bonia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cochinchinochloa" title="Cochinchinochloa">Cochinchinochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrocalamus" title="Dendrocalamus">Dendrocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fimbribambusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Fimbribambusa">Fimbribambusa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gigantochloa" title="Gigantochloa">Gigantochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Maclurochloa" class="mw-redirect" title="Maclurochloa">Maclurochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Melocalamus" title="Melocalamus">Melocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neomicrocalamus" title="Neomicrocalamus">Neomicrocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oreobambos" title="Oreobambos">Oreobambos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oxytenanthera" title="Oxytenanthera">Oxytenanthera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phuphanochloa" title="Phuphanochloa">Phuphanochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudoxytenanthera" title="Pseudoxytenanthera">Pseudoxytenanthera</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Soejatmia" title="Soejatmia">Soejatmia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thyrsostachys" title="Thyrsostachys">Thyrsostachys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vietnamosasa" title="Vietnamosasa">Vietnamosasa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yersinochloa" title="Yersinochloa">Yersinochloa</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Chusqueinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chusqueinae">Chusqueinae</a>: <dl><dd>one genus: <i><a href="/wiki/Chusquea" title="Chusquea">Chusquea</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinochloinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinochloinae (page does not exist)">Dinochloinae</a>: <dl><dd>7 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtochloa" title="Cyrtochloa">Cyrtochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dinochloa" title="Dinochloa">Dinochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mullerochloa" title="Mullerochloa">Mullerochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neololeba" title="Neololeba">Neololeba</a></i>, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinga_(plant)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinga (plant) (page does not exist)">Pinga</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parabambusa" title="Parabambusa">Parabambusa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sphaerobambos" title="Sphaerobambos">Sphaerobambos</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Greslaniinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Greslaniinae">Greslaniinae</a>: <dl><dd>one genus: <i><a href="/wiki/Greslania" title="Greslania">Greslania</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Guaduinae" title="Guaduinae">Guaduinae</a>: <dl><dd>5 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Apoclada" title="Apoclada">Apoclada</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eremocaulon" title="Eremocaulon">Eremocaulon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Guadua" title="Guadua">Guadua</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Olmeca" title="Olmeca">Olmeca</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Otatea" title="Otatea">Otatea</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Hickeliinae" title="Hickeliinae">Hickeliinae</a>: <dl><dd>9 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Cathariostachys" title="Cathariostachys">Cathariostachys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Decaryochloa" title="Decaryochloa">Decaryochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hickelia" title="Hickelia">Hickelia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Hitchcockella" title="Hitchcockella">Hitchcockella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nastus" title="Nastus">Nastus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Perrierbambus" title="Perrierbambus">Perrierbambus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sirochloa" title="Sirochloa">Sirochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sokinochloa" title="Sokinochloa">Sokinochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Valiha_(plant)" title="Valiha (plant)">Valiha</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/w/index.php?title=Holttumochloinae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holttumochloinae (page does not exist)">Holttumochloinae</a>: <dl><dd>3 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Holttumochloa" title="Holttumochloa">Holttumochloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kinabaluchloa" title="Kinabaluchloa">Kinabaluchloa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Nianhochloa" title="Nianhochloa">Nianhochloa</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Melocanninae" title="Melocanninae">Melocanninae</a>: <dl><dd>9 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Annamocalamus" title="Annamocalamus">Annamocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cephalostachyum" title="Cephalostachyum">Cephalostachyum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Davidsea" title="Davidsea">Davidsea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Melocanna" title="Melocanna">Melocanna</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Neohouzeaua" title="Neohouzeaua">Neohouzeaua</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ochlandra" title="Ochlandra">Ochlandra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudostachyum" title="Pseudostachyum">Pseudostachyum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Schizostachyum" title="Schizostachyum">Schizostachyum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stapletonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Stapletonia">Stapletonia</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Racemobambosinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Racemobambosinae">Racemobambosinae</a>: <dl><dd>3 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Chloothamnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloothamnus">Chloothamnus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Racemobambos" title="Racemobambos">Racemobambos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Widjajachloa" title="Widjajachloa">Widjajachloa</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li>Subtribe <a href="/wiki/Temburongiinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Temburongiinae">Temburongiinae</a>: <dl><dd>one genus: <i><a href="/wiki/Temburongia" title="Temburongia">Temburongia</a></i>.</dd></dl></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i> <dl><dd>2 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Ruhooglandia" title="Ruhooglandia">Ruhooglandia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Temochloa" title="Temochloa">Temochloa</a></i>.</dd></dl></li></ul> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843" /><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:rgb(144,238,144);width:60%;"><b>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Arundinarieae" title="Arundinarieae">Arundinarieae</a></b> (temperate woody bamboos)</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <p>31 genera: <i><a href="/wiki/Acidosasa" title="Acidosasa">Acidosasa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ampelocalamus" title="Ampelocalamus">Ampelocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arundinaria" title="Arundinaria">Arundinaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bashania" title="Bashania">Bashania</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bergbambos" title="Bergbambos">Bergbambos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chimonobambusa" title="Chimonobambusa">Chimonobambusa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chimonocalamus" title="Chimonocalamus">Chimonocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Drepanostachyum" title="Drepanostachyum">Drepanostachyum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fargesia" title="Fargesia">Fargesia</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ferrocalamus" title="Ferrocalamus">Ferrocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaoligongshania" title="Gaoligongshania">Gaoligongshania</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Gelidocalamus" title="Gelidocalamus">Gelidocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Himalayacalamus" title="Himalayacalamus">Himalayacalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Indocalamus" title="Indocalamus">Indocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Indosasa" title="Indosasa">Indosasa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kuruna" title="Kuruna">Kuruna</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oldeania" title="Oldeania">Oldeania</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Oligostachyum" title="Oligostachyum">Oligostachyum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys" title="Phyllostachys">Phyllostachys</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pleioblastus" title="Pleioblastus">Pleioblastus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudosasa" title="Pseudosasa">Pseudosasa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sarocalamus" title="Sarocalamus">Sarocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sasa_(plant)" title="Sasa (plant)">Sasa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sasaella" title="Sasaella">Sasaella</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sasamorpha" title="Sasamorpha">Sasamorpha</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Semiarundinaria" title="Semiarundinaria">Semiarundinaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shibataea" title="Shibataea">Shibataea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sinobambusa" title="Sinobambusa">Sinobambusa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Thamnocalamus" title="Thamnocalamus">Thamnocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vietnamocalamus" title="Vietnamocalamus">Vietnamocalamus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Yushania" title="Yushania">Yushania</a></i>. </p> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bambusoideae_World_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bambusoideae_World_map.png/220px-Bambusoideae_World_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bambusoideae_World_map.png/330px-Bambusoideae_World_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Bambusoideae_World_map.png/440px-Bambusoideae_World_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1033" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption>Worldwide distribution of bamboos (Bambusoideae)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most bamboo species are native to warm and moist tropical and to warm temperate climates.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their range also extends to cool mountainous regions and highland <a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">cloud forests</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific region</a>, they occur across East Asia, from north to 50 °N latitude in <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to south to <a href="/wiki/Northern_Australia" title="Northern Australia">northern Australia</a>, and west to India and the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. China, Japan, Korea, India and Australia, all have several endemic populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Bystriakova_et_al_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bystriakova_et_al-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also occur in small numbers in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>, confined to tropical areas, from southern Senegal in the north to southern Mozambique and Madagascar in the south.<sup id="cite_ref-gorilla_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorilla-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Americas, bamboo has a native range from 47 °S in southern Argentina and the beech forests of central <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, through the South American tropical rainforests, to the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> in Ecuador near 4,300 m (14,000 ft), with a noticeable gap through the <a href="/wiki/Atacama_Desert" title="Atacama Desert">Atacama Desert</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Three species of bamboo, all in the genus <i>Arundinaria</i>, are also native through Central America and Mexico, northward into the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeastern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bamboo thickets called <a href="/wiki/Canebrake" title="Canebrake">canebrakes</a> once formed a dominant ecosystem in some parts of the Southeastern United States, but they are now considered critically endangered ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada and continental Europe are not known to have any native species of bamboo.<sup id="cite_ref-rhs_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rhs-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many species are also cultivated as garden plants outside of this range, including in Europe and areas of North America where no native wild bamboo exists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Recently, some attempts have been made to grow bamboo on a commercial basis in the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">Great Lakes region</a> of east-central Africa, especially in Rwanda.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, several companies are growing, harvesting, and distributing species such as <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys_nigra" title="Phyllostachys nigra">Phyllostachys nigra</a></i> (Henon) and <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys_edulis" title="Phyllostachys edulis">Phyllostachys edulis</a></i> (Moso).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 236px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 234px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2021_Sagano_Bamboo_forest_in_Arashiyama,_Kyoto,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamboo forest in Arashiyama, Kyoto, Japan"><img alt="Bamboo forest in Arashiyama, Kyoto, Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2021_Sagano_Bamboo_forest_in_Arashiyama%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan.jpg/351px-2021_Sagano_Bamboo_forest_in_Arashiyama%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2021_Sagano_Bamboo_forest_in_Arashiyama%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan.jpg/527px-2021_Sagano_Bamboo_forest_in_Arashiyama%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/2021_Sagano_Bamboo_forest_in_Arashiyama%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan.jpg/703px-2021_Sagano_Bamboo_forest_in_Arashiyama%2C_Kyoto%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3837" data-file-height="2622" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bamboo forest in <a href="/wiki/Arashiyama" title="Arashiyama">Arashiyama</a>, Kyoto, Japan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilha_do_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_dos_%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_Sede_Petr%C3%B3polis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Serra dos Órgãos National Park, Brazil"><img alt="Serra dos Órgãos National Park, Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trilha_do_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_dos_%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_Sede_Petr%C3%B3polis.jpg/159px-Trilha_do_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_dos_%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_Sede_Petr%C3%B3polis.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trilha_do_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_dos_%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_Sede_Petr%C3%B3polis.jpg/239px-Trilha_do_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_dos_%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_Sede_Petr%C3%B3polis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Trilha_do_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_dos_%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_Sede_Petr%C3%B3polis.jpg/319px-Trilha_do_Parque_Nacional_da_Serra_dos_%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_Sede_Petr%C3%B3polis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Serra_dos_%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_National_Park" title="Serra dos Órgãos National Park">Serra dos Órgãos National Park</a>, Brazil</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 242px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 240px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_forest_in_Guangde.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamboo forest in Guangde, China"><img alt="Bamboo forest in Guangde, China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bamboo_forest_in_Guangde.jpg/360px-Bamboo_forest_in_Guangde.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bamboo_forest_in_Guangde.jpg/540px-Bamboo_forest_in_Guangde.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bamboo_forest_in_Guangde.jpg/720px-Bamboo_forest_in_Guangde.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bamboo forest in <a href="/wiki/Guangde" title="Guangde">Guangde</a>, China</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_Forest,_Gochangupseong_Fortress,_South_Korea_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bamboo forest, Gochangupseong Fortress, South Korea"><img alt="Bamboo forest, Gochangupseong Fortress, South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bamboo_Forest%2C_Gochangupseong_Fortress%2C_South_Korea_%282%29.jpg/320px-Bamboo_Forest%2C_Gochangupseong_Fortress%2C_South_Korea_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bamboo_Forest%2C_Gochangupseong_Fortress%2C_South_Korea_%282%29.jpg/480px-Bamboo_Forest%2C_Gochangupseong_Fortress%2C_South_Korea_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bamboo_Forest%2C_Gochangupseong_Fortress%2C_South_Korea_%282%29.jpg/640px-Bamboo_Forest%2C_Gochangupseong_Fortress%2C_South_Korea_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bamboo forest, Gochangupseong Fortress, South Korea</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arundinaria gigantea, a North American bamboo, in Kentucky"><img alt="Arundinaria gigantea, a North American bamboo, in Kentucky" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg/180px-Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg/270px-Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg/360px-Canebrake_in_Kentucky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Arundinaria_gigantea" title="Arundinaria gigantea">Arundinaria gigantea</a></i>, a North American bamboo, in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 290.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 288.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_forest_along_Pipiwai_Trail_@_Kapahulu,_Hana,_Maui_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panoramic view of bamboo forest in Hawaii"><img alt="Panoramic view of bamboo forest in Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bamboo_forest_along_Pipiwai_Trail_%40_Kapahulu%2C_Hana%2C_Maui_-_panoramio.jpg/433px-Bamboo_forest_along_Pipiwai_Trail_%40_Kapahulu%2C_Hana%2C_Maui_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="289" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bamboo_forest_along_Pipiwai_Trail_%40_Kapahulu%2C_Hana%2C_Maui_-_panoramio.jpg/649px-Bamboo_forest_along_Pipiwai_Trail_%40_Kapahulu%2C_Hana%2C_Maui_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Bamboo_forest_along_Pipiwai_Trail_%40_Kapahulu%2C_Hana%2C_Maui_-_panoramio.jpg/865px-Bamboo_forest_along_Pipiwai_Trail_%40_Kapahulu%2C_Hana%2C_Maui_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5177" data-file-height="2873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Panoramic view of bamboo forest in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Bamboo" title="Special:EditPage/Bamboo">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bamboo%22">"Bamboo"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bamboo%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bamboo%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bamboo%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bamboo%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bamboo%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_Canopy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bamboo_Canopy.jpg/220px-Bamboo_Canopy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bamboo_Canopy.jpg/330px-Bamboo_Canopy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bamboo_Canopy.jpg/440px-Bamboo_Canopy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Bamboo canopy</figcaption></figure> <p>The two general patterns for the growth of bamboo are "clumping", and "running", with short and long underground rhizomes, respectively. Clumping bamboo species tend to spread slowly, as the growth pattern of the rhizomes is to simply expand the root mass gradually, similar to ornamental grasses. Running bamboos need to be controlled during cultivation because of their potential for aggressive behavior. They spread mainly through their <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, which can spread widely underground and send up new culms to break through the surface. Running bamboo species are highly variable in their tendency to spread; this is related to the species, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> conditions. Some send out runners of several meters a year, while others stay in the same general area for long periods. If neglected, over time, they can cause problems by moving into adjacent areas. </p><p>Bamboos include some of the fastest-growing plants on Earth, with reported growth rates up to 910 mm (36 in) in 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-Guinness_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guinness-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These depend on local soil and climatic conditions, as well as species, and a more typical growth rate for many commonly cultivated bamboos in temperate climates is in the range of 30–100 mm (1–4 in) per day during the growing period. Primarily growing in regions of warmer climates during the late <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous period">Cretaceous period</a>, vast fields existed in what is now Asia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of the largest timber bamboo grow over 30 m (100 ft) tall, and be as large as 250–300 mm (10–12 in) in diameter. The size range for mature bamboo is species-dependent, with the smallest bamboos reaching only several inches high at maturity. A typical height range covering many of the common bamboos grown in the United States is 4.5–12 m (15–39 ft), depending on species. <a href="/wiki/Anji_County" title="Anji County">Anji County</a> of China, known as the "Town of Bamboo", provides the optimal climate and soil conditions to grow, harvest, and process some of the most valued bamboo poles available worldwide. </p><p>Unlike all trees, individual bamboo <a href="/wiki/Culm_(botany)" title="Culm (botany)">culms</a> emerge from the ground at their full diameter and grow to their full height in a single <a href="/wiki/Growing_season" title="Growing season">growing season</a> of three to four months. During this time, each new <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoot</a> grows vertically into a culm with no branching out until the majority of the mature height is reached. Then, the branches extend from the nodes and leafing out occurs. In the next year, the pulpy wall of each culm slowly hardens. During the third year, the culm hardens further. The shoot is now a fully mature culm. Over the next 2–5 years (depending on species), fungus begins to form on the outside of the culm, which eventually penetrates and overcomes the culm.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Around 5–8 years later (species- and climate-dependent), the fungal growths cause the culm to collapse and decay. This brief life means culms are ready for harvest and suitable for use in construction within about three to seven years. Individual bamboo culms do not get any taller or larger in diameter in subsequent years than they do in their first year, and they do not replace any growth lost from pruning or natural breakage. Bamboo has a wide range of hardiness depending on species and locale. Small or young specimens of an individual species produce small culms initially. As the clump and its rhizome system mature, taller and larger culms are produced each year until the plant approaches its particular species limits of height and diameter. </p><p>Many tropical bamboo species die at or near freezing temperatures, while some of the hardier temperate bamboos survive temperatures as low as −29 °C (−20 °F). Some of the hardiest bamboo species are grown in <a href="/wiki/Hardiness_zone" title="Hardiness zone">USDA plant hardiness zone</a> 5,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> although they typically defoliate and may even lose all above-ground growth, yet the rhizomes survive and send up shoots again the next spring. In milder climates, such as USDA zone 7 and above, most bamboo remain fully leafed out and green year-round. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mass_flowering">Mass flowering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mass flowering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_blossom" title="Bamboo blossom">Bamboo blossom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PICT0079_bambus-i-blomst_13apr2007_1200-81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PICT0079_bambus-i-blomst_13apr2007_1200-81.jpg/170px-PICT0079_bambus-i-blomst_13apr2007_1200-81.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PICT0079_bambus-i-blomst_13apr2007_1200-81.jpg/255px-PICT0079_bambus-i-blomst_13apr2007_1200-81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/PICT0079_bambus-i-blomst_13apr2007_1200-81.jpg/340px-PICT0079_bambus-i-blomst_13apr2007_1200-81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Flowering bamboo</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:271px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phyllostachys_Glauca_%27Yunzhu%27_in_flower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Phyllostachys_Glauca_%27Yunzhu%27_in_flower.jpg/181px-Phyllostachys_Glauca_%27Yunzhu%27_in_flower.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Phyllostachys_Glauca_%27Yunzhu%27_in_flower.jpg/272px-Phyllostachys_Glauca_%27Yunzhu%27_in_flower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Phyllostachys_Glauca_%27Yunzhu%27_in_flower.jpg/362px-Phyllostachys_Glauca_%27Yunzhu%27_in_flower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys_glauca" title="Phyllostachys glauca">Phyllostachys glauca</a></i> 'Yunzhu' in flower</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:271px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_seeds_bunch_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bamboo_seeds_bunch_03.jpg/153px-Bamboo_seeds_bunch_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bamboo_seeds_bunch_03.jpg/230px-Bamboo_seeds_bunch_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bamboo_seeds_bunch_03.jpg/306px-Bamboo_seeds_bunch_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bunches of bamboo seeds</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Bamboos seldom and unpredictably flower and the frequency of flowering varies greatly from species to species. Once flowering takes place, a plant declines and often dies entirely. In fact, many species only flower at intervals as long as 65 or 120 years. These taxa exhibit <a href="/wiki/Mass_flowering" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass flowering">mass flowering</a> (or gregarious flowering), with all plants in a particular 'cohort' flowering over a several-year period. Any plant derived through clonal propagation from this cohort will also flower regardless of whether it has been planted in a different location. The longest mass flowering interval known is 120 years, and it is for the species <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys_bambusoides" title="Phyllostachys bambusoides">Phyllostachys bambusoides</a></i> (Sieb. & Zucc.).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this species, all plants of the same stock flower at the same time, regardless of differences in geographic locations or climatic conditions, and then the bamboo dies.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commercially important bamboo Guadua, or Cana brava (<i><a href="/wiki/Guadua_angustifolia" title="Guadua angustifolia">Guadua angustifolia</a></i>) bloomed for the first time in recorded history in 1971, suggesting a blooming interval well in excess of 130 years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Previous source was published in 1966 and could not have reported a 1971 event. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The lack of environmental impact on the time of flowering indicates the presence of some sort of "alarm clock" in each cell of the plant which signals the diversion of all energy to flower production and the cessation of vegetative growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Soderstrom,_TR_1979_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soderstrom,_TR_1979-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mechanism, as well as the evolutionary cause behind it, is still largely a mystery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Invasive species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some bamboo species are acknowledged as having high potential for becoming <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a>. A study commissioned by <a href="/wiki/International_Bamboo_and_Rattan_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation">International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation</a>, found that invasive species typically are varieties that spread via <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> rather than by clumping, as most commercially viable woody bamboos do.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the National Invasive Species Information Center agency of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a> has Golden Bamboo (<i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys_aurea" title="Phyllostachys aurea">Phyllostachys aurea</a></i>) listed as an invasive species.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_diet">Animal diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Animal diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giant_panda_eating_bamboo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giant_panda_eating_bamboo.jpg/220px-Giant_panda_eating_bamboo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giant_panda_eating_bamboo.jpg/330px-Giant_panda_eating_bamboo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Giant_panda_eating_bamboo.jpg/440px-Giant_panda_eating_bamboo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Bamboo is the main food of the <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a>, making up about 99% of its diet.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Bamboo contains large amounts of protein and very low amounts of carbohydrates allowing this plant to be the source of food for many animals.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soft <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoot" title="Bamboo shoot">bamboo shoots</a>, stems and leaves are the major food source of the <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of China, the <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red panda</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_lemur" title="Bamboo lemur">bamboo lemurs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Suresh-2023_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suresh-2023-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The red panda can eat up to 9 pounds (4.1 kg) a day which is also about the full body weight of the animal.<sup id="cite_ref-Suresh-2023_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suresh-2023-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With raw bamboo containing trace amounts of harmful cyanide with higher concentrations in bamboo shoots, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_bamboo_lemur" title="Golden bamboo lemur">golden bamboo lemur</a> ingests many times the quantity of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/taxiphyllin" class="extiw" title="wikt:taxiphyllin">taxiphyllin</a>-containing bamboo that would be lethal to a human.<sup id="cite_ref-Suresh-2023_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suresh-2023-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mountain_gorilla" title="Mountain gorilla">Mountain gorillas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> also feed on bamboo, and have been documented consuming bamboo <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a> which was fermented and alcoholic;<sup id="cite_ref-gorilla_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorilla-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a> of the region also eat the stalks. The larvae of the <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_borer" title="Bamboo borer">bamboo borer</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moth</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Omphisa_fuscidentalis" title="Omphisa fuscidentalis">Omphisa fuscidentalis</a></i>) of <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yunnan,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan, China">Yunnan, China</a> feed off the pulp of live bamboo. In turn, these <a href="/wiki/Caterpillar" title="Caterpillar">caterpillars</a> are considered a <a href="/wiki/Entomophagy" title="Entomophagy">local delicacy</a>. Bamboo is also used for livestock feed with research showing some bamboo varieties have higher protein content over other varieties of bamboo.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cultivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo-yellow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Bamboo-yellow.jpg/135px-Bamboo-yellow.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Bamboo-yellow.jpg/203px-Bamboo-yellow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fc/Bamboo-yellow.jpg/270px-Bamboo-yellow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="772" data-file-height="1046" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bamboo foliage with yellow stems (probably <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys_aurea" title="Phyllostachys aurea">Phyllostachys aurea</a></i>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Phyllostachys_nigra_folium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Phyllostachys_nigra_folium.jpg/124px-Phyllostachys_nigra_folium.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Phyllostachys_nigra_folium.jpg/186px-Phyllostachys_nigra_folium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Phyllostachys_nigra_folium.jpg/248px-Phyllostachys_nigra_folium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="991" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Bamboo foliage with black stems (probably <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys_nigra" title="Phyllostachys nigra">Phyllostachys nigra</a></i>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:175px;max-width:175px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_shoot-phyllostachys_parvifolia-jx1241c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bamboo_shoot-phyllostachys_parvifolia-jx1241c.jpg/173px-Bamboo_shoot-phyllostachys_parvifolia-jx1241c.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bamboo_shoot-phyllostachys_parvifolia-jx1241c.jpg/260px-Bamboo_shoot-phyllostachys_parvifolia-jx1241c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Bamboo_shoot-phyllostachys_parvifolia-jx1241c.jpg/346px-Bamboo_shoot-phyllostachys_parvifolia-jx1241c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1598" data-file-height="1692" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A young bamboo shoot (<i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys_parvifolia" title="Phyllostachys parvifolia">Phyllostachys parvifolia</a></i>)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:246px;max-width:246px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:183px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20200704_Bamboo_barrier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/20200704_Bamboo_barrier.jpg/244px-20200704_Bamboo_barrier.jpg" decoding="async" width="244" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/20200704_Bamboo_barrier.jpg/366px-20200704_Bamboo_barrier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/20200704_Bamboo_barrier.jpg/488px-20200704_Bamboo_barrier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1050" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A bamboo hedge contained by an in-ground barrier, shown during and after construction</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo cultivation</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamboo_cultivation&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Bamboo_Product_Innovation_Lab_(12319080523).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/African_Bamboo_Product_Innovation_Lab_%2812319080523%29.jpg/220px-African_Bamboo_Product_Innovation_Lab_%2812319080523%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/African_Bamboo_Product_Innovation_Lab_%2812319080523%29.jpg/330px-African_Bamboo_Product_Innovation_Lab_%2812319080523%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/African_Bamboo_Product_Innovation_Lab_%2812319080523%29.jpg/440px-African_Bamboo_Product_Innovation_Lab_%2812319080523%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>African Bamboo Product Innovation Lab where bamboo farming techniques and industrial uses are tested inside the company's facility in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a> (also known as bamboo farming, cultivation, agriculture or agroforestry) is a cultivation and raw material industry that provides the raw materials for the broader bamboo industry, worth over 72 billion dollars globally in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-Bamboo_cultivation_:0_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamboo_cultivation_:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically a dominant raw material in South and South East Asia, the global bamboo industry has significantly grown in recent decades in part because of the high sustainability of bamboo as compared to other biomass cultivation strategies, such as traditional timber <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>. For example, as of 2016, the U.S. Fiber corporation Resource Fiber is contracting farmers in the United States for bamboo cultivation.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bamboo_cultivation_:0_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamboo_cultivation_:0-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Or in 2009, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Industrial_Development_Organization" title="United Nations Industrial Development Organization">United Nations Industrial Development Organization</a> published guidelines for cultivation of bamboo in semi-arid climates in Ethiopia and Kenya.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because bamboo can grow on otherwise <a href="/wiki/Marginal_land" title="Marginal land">marginal land</a>, bamboo can be profitably cultivated in many degraded lands.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, because of the rapid growth, bamboo is an effective <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> crop, absorbing between 100 and 400 tonnes of carbon per hectare (40–160 tonnes per acre).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, an international intergovernmental organization was established to promote the development of bamboo cultivation, the <a href="/wiki/International_Bamboo_and_Rattan_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation">International Bamboo and Rattan Organisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bamboo is harvested from both cultivated and wild stands, and some of the larger bamboos, particularly species in the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllostachys" title="Phyllostachys">Phyllostachys</a></i>, are known as "timber bamboos". Bamboo is typically harvested as a source material for construction, food, crafts and other manufactured goods.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Bamboo cultivation in South, South East Asia and East Asia stretches back thousands of years. One practice, in South Korea, has been designated as a <a href="/wiki/Globally_Important_Agricultural_Heritage_Systems" title="Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems">Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></div></div> <p>In Brazil, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cebis.org.br">Brazilian Center for Innovation and Sustainability - CEBIS</a>, a non-profit organization, promotes the development of Brazil's bamboo production chain. Last year<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (December 2023)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup>, it helped with the approval of law n~21,162 in the state of <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a>, which encourages Bamboo Culture aiming at the dissemination of its agricultural cultivation and the valorization of bamboo as an instrument for promoting the sustainable socioeconomic development of the State through its multiple functionalities. Bamboo cultivation neutralizes carbon emissions. Bamboo cultivation is cheap and in addition to adding value to its production chain, it is a sustainable crop that brings environmental, economic and social benefits. Its production can be used from construction to food. Recently, it was qualified and classified for the National Commission for Sustainable Development Objectives - CNDOS of the Presidency of the Republic of the federal government of Brazil.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Harvesting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_Harvesting_-_Mahimapur_-_Murshidabad_2017-03-28_6129.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bamboo_Harvesting_-_Mahimapur_-_Murshidabad_2017-03-28_6129.JPG/220px-Bamboo_Harvesting_-_Mahimapur_-_Murshidabad_2017-03-28_6129.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bamboo_Harvesting_-_Mahimapur_-_Murshidabad_2017-03-28_6129.JPG/330px-Bamboo_Harvesting_-_Mahimapur_-_Murshidabad_2017-03-28_6129.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Bamboo_Harvesting_-_Mahimapur_-_Murshidabad_2017-03-28_6129.JPG/440px-Bamboo_Harvesting_-_Mahimapur_-_Murshidabad_2017-03-28_6129.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Bamboo harvested at <a href="/wiki/Murshidabad" title="Murshidabad">Murshidabad</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Local_farmer_nearby_the_park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Local_farmer_nearby_the_park.jpg/220px-Local_farmer_nearby_the_park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Local_farmer_nearby_the_park.jpg/330px-Local_farmer_nearby_the_park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Local_farmer_nearby_the_park.jpg/440px-Local_farmer_nearby_the_park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Harvested bamboo transported by river near Ramsai, <a href="/wiki/Jalpaiguri" title="Jalpaiguri">Jalpaiguri</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bamboo used for construction purposes must be harvested when the culms reach their greatest strength and when sugar levels in the <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a> are at their lowest, as high sugar content increases the ease and rate of <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pest</a> infestation. As compared to forest trees, bamboo species grow fast. Bamboo plantations can be readily harvested for a shorter period than tree plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harvesting of bamboo is typically undertaken according to these cycles: </p> <ul><li><b>Lifecycle of the culm</b>: As each individual <a href="/wiki/Culm_(botany)" title="Culm (botany)">culm</a> goes through a five to seven-year lifecycle, they are ideally allowed to reach this level of maturity prior to full capacity harvesting. The clearing out or thinning of culms, particularly older decaying culms, helps to ensure adequate light and resources for new growth. Well-maintained clumps may have a productivity three to four times that of an unharvested wild clump. Consistent with the lifecycle described above, bamboo is harvested from two to three years through to five to seven years, depending on the species.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Annual cycle</b>: Most all growth of new bamboo occurs during the <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> and disturbing the clump during this phase will potentially damage the upcoming crop, while harvesting immediately prior to the wet/growth season may also damage new shoots, therefore harvesting is best a few months prior to the start of the wet season.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also during this high-rainfall period, sap levels are at their highest, and then diminish towards the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Daily cycle</b>: During the height of the day, <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> is at its peak, producing the highest levels of sugar in sap, making this the least ideal time of day to harvest and many traditional practitioners believe the best time to harvest is at dawn or dusk on a waning moon.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leaching">Leaching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Leaching"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Leaching is the removal of sap after harvest. In many areas of the world, the sap levels in harvested bamboo are reduced either through leaching or post-harvest photosynthesis. For example:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Cut bamboo is raised clear of the ground and leaned against the rest of the clump for one to two weeks until leaves turn yellow to allow full consumption of sugars by the plant.</li> <li>A similar method is undertaken, but with the base of the culm standing in fresh water, either in a large drum or stream to leach out sap.</li> <li>Cut culms are immersed in a running stream and weighted down for three to four weeks.</li> <li>Water is pumped through the freshly cut culms, forcing out the sap (this method is often used in conjunction with the injection of some form of treatment).</li></ul> <p>In the process of water leaching, the bamboo is dried slowly and evenly in the shade to avoid cracking in the outer skin of the bamboo, thereby reducing opportunities for pest infestation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Durability of bamboo in construction is directly related to how well it is handled from the moment of planting through harvesting, transportation, storage, design, construction, and maintenance. Bamboo harvested at the correct time of year and then exposed to ground contact or rain will break down just as quickly as incorrectly harvested material.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gardeners working with bamboo plants have occasionally reported <a href="/wiki/Allergic_response" title="Allergic response">allergic reactions</a> varying from no effects during previous exposures, to immediate itchiness and rash developing into red welts after several hours where the skin had been in contact with the plant (<a href="/wiki/Contact_dermatitis" title="Contact dermatitis">contact allergy</a>), and in some cases into swollen eyelids and breathing difficulties (dyspnoea). A <a href="/wiki/Skin_allergy_test" title="Skin allergy test">skin prick test</a> using bamboo extract was positive for the <a href="/wiki/Immunoglobulin_E" title="Immunoglobulin E">immunoglobulin E (IgE)</a> in an available case study.<sup id="cite_ref-Kitajima1986_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kitajima1986-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hipler2005_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hipler2005-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Garneners2012_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garneners2012-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shoots (newly emerged culms) of bamboo contain the toxin taxiphyllin (a <a href="/wiki/Cyanogenic_glycoside" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanogenic glycoside">cyanogenic glycoside</a>), which produces <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanide</a> in the gut.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culinary">Culinary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Culinary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg/220px-TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg/330px-TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg/440px-TakenokoBambooSprouts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Unprocessed bamboo shoots in a Japanese market</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_tea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bamboo_tea.jpg/220px-Bamboo_tea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bamboo_tea.jpg/330px-Bamboo_tea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Bamboo_tea.jpg/440px-Bamboo_tea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Korean bamboo tea</figcaption></figure> <p>The shoots of most species are edible either raw or cooked, with the tough sheath removed. Cooking removes the slight bitterness.<sup id="cite_ref-Skyhorse_Publishing-2009_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skyhorse_Publishing-2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shoots are used in numerous Asian dishes and broths, and are available in supermarkets in various sliced forms, in both fresh and canned versions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The bamboo shoot in its fermented state forms an important ingredient in cuisines across the Himalayas. In <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, India, for example, it is called <i>khorisa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, a delicacy popular across ethnic boundaries consists of bamboo shoots fermented with <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> and oil, and cooked with potatoes into a dish that usually accompanies rice (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">alu tama</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language text"><span lang="ne">आलु तामा</span></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>). </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, they are sliced thin and then boiled with <i>santan</i> (thick coconut milk) and spices to make a dish called <i>gulai rebung</i>. Other recipes using bamboo shoots are <i><a href="/wiki/Sayur_lodeh" title="Sayur lodeh">sayur lodeh</a></i> (mixed vegetables in coconut milk) and <i>lun pia</i> (sometimes written <i><a href="/wiki/Lumpia" title="Lumpia">lumpia</a></i>: fried wrapped bamboo shoots with vegetables). The shoots of some species contain toxins that need to be leached or boiled out before they can be eaten safely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Pickled bamboo, used as a condiment, may also be made from the <a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">pith</a> of the young shoots.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The sap of young stalks tapped during the rainy season may be <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(wine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (wine)">fermented</a> to make <i>ulanzi</i> (a sweet wine)<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or simply made into a soft drink.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bamboo leaves are also used as wrappers for steamed <a href="/wiki/Zongzi" title="Zongzi">dumplings</a> which usually contains glutinous rice and other ingredients, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zongzi" title="Zongzi">zongzi</a> from China.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Khao_lam87.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khao_lam87.jpg/170px-Khao_lam87.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khao_lam87.jpg/255px-Khao_lam87.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Khao_lam87.jpg/340px-Khao_lam87.jpg 2x" data-file-width="924" data-file-height="1149" /></a><figcaption><i>Khao lam</i> (<a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a>: <span lang="th">ข้าวหลาม</span>) is <a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">glutinous rice</a> with sugar and coconut cream cooked in specially prepared bamboo sections of different diameters and lengths</figcaption></figure> <p>Pickled bamboo shoots (Nepali: <span lang="ne">तामा</span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">tama</i></span>) are cooked with black-eyed beans as a delicacy in Nepal. Many Nepalese restaurants around the world serve this dish as <i>aloo bodi tama</i>. Fresh bamboo shoots are sliced and pickled with mustard seeds and turmeric and kept in glass jar in direct sunlight for the best taste. It is used alongside many dried beans in cooking during winters. Baby shoots (<a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a>: <i>tusa</i>) of a very different variety of bamboo (Nepali: <span lang="ne">निगालो</span> <span title="Nepali (macrolanguage)-language romanization"><i lang="ne-Latn">Nigalo</i></span>) native to Nepal is cooked as a curry in hilly regions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sambalpur" title="Sambalpur">Sambalpur</a>, India, the tender shoots are grated into <a href="/wiki/Julienning" title="Julienning">juliennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fermentation_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermentation (food)">fermented</a> to prepare <i>kardi</i>. The name is derived from the Sanskrit word for bamboo shoot, <i>karira</i>. This fermented bamboo shoot is used in various culinary preparations, notably <i>amil</i>, a sour vegetable soup. It is also made into pancakes using <a href="/wiki/Rice_flour" title="Rice flour">rice flour</a> as a binding agent.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shoots that have turned a little fibrous are fermented, dried, and ground to sand-sized particles to prepare a garnish known as <i>hendua</i>. It is also cooked with tender pumpkin leaves to make sag green leaves. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Konkani_people" title="Konkani people">Konkani</a> cuisine, the tender shoots (<i>kirlu</i>) are grated and cooked with crushed jackfruit seeds to prepare <i>kirla sukke</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tukir_(a_way_of_cooking_using_bamboo_as_recipient_to_cook_in_the_fire).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tukir_%28a_way_of_cooking_using_bamboo_as_recipient_to_cook_in_the_fire%29.jpg/220px-Tukir_%28a_way_of_cooking_using_bamboo_as_recipient_to_cook_in_the_fire%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tukir_%28a_way_of_cooking_using_bamboo_as_recipient_to_cook_in_the_fire%29.jpg/330px-Tukir_%28a_way_of_cooking_using_bamboo_as_recipient_to_cook_in_the_fire%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Tukir_%28a_way_of_cooking_using_bamboo_as_recipient_to_cook_in_the_fire%29.jpg/440px-Tukir_%28a_way_of_cooking_using_bamboo_as_recipient_to_cook_in_the_fire%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>In <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, cooking food in bamboo is called <i>tukir</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In southern India and some regions of southwest China, the seeds of the dying bamboo plant are consumed as a grain known as "bamboo rice". The taste of cooked bamboo seeds is reported to be similar to wheat and the appearance similar to rice, but bamboo seeds have been found to have lower nutrient levels than both.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seeds can be pulverized into a flour with which to make cakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Skyhorse_Publishing-2009_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skyhorse_Publishing-2009-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> has promoted bamboo water bottles to keep the state free from plastic bottles<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The empty hollow in the stalks of larger bamboo is often used to cook food in many Asian cultures. Soups are boiled and rice is cooked in the hollows of fresh stalks of bamboo directly over a flame. Similarly, steamed tea is sometimes rammed into bamboo hollows to produce <a href="/wiki/Compressed_tea" title="Compressed tea">compressed forms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pu%27er_tea" title="Pu'er tea">pu'er tea</a>. Cooking food in bamboo is said to give the food a subtle but distinctive taste.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel">Fuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_charcoal" title="Bamboo charcoal">Bamboo charcoal</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamboo_charcoal&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_charcoal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bamboo_charcoal.jpg/220px-Bamboo_charcoal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bamboo_charcoal.jpg/330px-Bamboo_charcoal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Bamboo_charcoal.jpg/440px-Bamboo_charcoal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2263" /></a><figcaption>Bamboo charcoal</figcaption></figure> <p>Bamboo <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> is charcoal made from species of bamboo. It is typically made from the <a href="/wiki/Culm_(botany)" title="Culm (botany)">culms</a> or refuse of mature bamboo plants and burned in ovens at temperatures ranging from 600 to 1,200 °C (1,100 to 2,200 °F). It is an especially porous charcoal, making it useful in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Bamboo charcoal has a long history of use in China, with documents dating as early as 1486 during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chuzhou" title="Chuzhou">Chuzhou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also mention of it during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, during the reigns of emperors <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guangxu_Emperor" title="Guangxu Emperor">Guangxu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working">Working</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Working"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Bambooworking" title="Bambooworking">Bambooworking</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bambooworking&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_Feb09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bamboo_Feb09.jpg/200px-Bamboo_Feb09.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bamboo_Feb09.jpg/300px-Bamboo_Feb09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Bamboo_Feb09.jpg/400px-Bamboo_Feb09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption> Bamboo </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bambooworking" title="Bambooworking">Bambooworking</a> is the activity or skill of making items from bamboo, and includes <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpentry" title="Carpentry">carpentry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">cabinetry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joinery_(woodworking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Joinery (woodworking)">joinery</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>. Its historical roots in Asia span cultures, civilizations, and millennia, and is found across <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writing_surface">Writing surface</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Writing surface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_and_wooden_slips" title="Bamboo and wooden slips">Bamboo and wooden slips</a></div> <p>Bamboo was in widespread use in early China as a medium for written documents. The earliest surviving examples of such documents, written in ink on string-bound bundles of bamboo strips (or "slips"), date from the fifth century BC during the <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. References in earlier texts surviving on other media indicate some precursor of these Warring States period bamboo slips was used as early as the late <a href="/wiki/Shang" class="mw-redirect" title="Shang">Shang</a> period (from about 1250 BC).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bamboo or wooden strips were used as the standard writing material during the early <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, and excavated examples have been found in abundance.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">paper</a> began to displace bamboo and wooden strips from mainstream uses, and by the fourth century AD, bamboo slips had been largely abandoned as a medium for writing in China. </p><p>Bamboo fiber has been used to make paper in China since early times. A high-quality, handmade bamboo paper is still produced in small quantities. Coarse bamboo paper is still used to make <a href="/wiki/Joss_paper" title="Joss paper">spirit money</a> in many Chinese communities.<sup id="cite_ref-spiritpaper_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiritpaper-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bamboo <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulps</a> are mainly produced in China, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, Thailand, and India, and are used in <a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">printing and writing papers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Market_pulp_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Market_pulp-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several paper industries are surviving on <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo forests">bamboo forests</a>. Ballarpur (Chandrapur, Maharstra) paper mills use bamboo for paper production. The most common bamboo species used for paper are <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrocalamus_asper" title="Dendrocalamus asper">Dendrocalamus asper</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bambusa_blumeana" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusa blumeana">Bambusa blumeana</a></i>. It is also possible to make <a href="/wiki/Dissolving_pulp" title="Dissolving pulp">dissolving pulp</a> from bamboo. The average fiber length is similar to <a href="/wiki/Hardwoods" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardwoods">hardwoods</a>, but the properties of bamboo pulp are closer to <a href="/wiki/Softwood" title="Softwood">softwood</a> pulps due to it having a very broad fiber length distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-Market_pulp_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Market_pulp-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the help of molecular tools, it is now possible to distinguish the superior fiber-yielding species/varieties even at juvenile stages of their growth, which can help in unadulterated merchandise production.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Central India, there are regular bamboo working circles in forest areas of Maharashtra, Madhyapradesh, Odisha and Chhattisgarh. Most of the bamboo is harvested for <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">papermaking</a>. Bamboo is cut after three years of its germination. No cutting is done during the rainy season (July–September); broken and malformed culms are harvested first.<sup id="cite_ref-Working_Plan_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Working_Plan-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Writing_pen">Writing pen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Writing pen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reed_pen" title="Reed pen">Reed pen</a></div> <p>In olden times, people in India used hand-made pens (known as Kalam or boru (बोरू)) made from thin bamboo sticks (with diameters of 5–10 mm and lengths of 100–150 mm) by simply peeling them on one side and making a nib-like pattern at the end. The pen would then be dipped in ink for writing.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Textiles">Textiles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Textiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the fibers of bamboo are very short (less than <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />3 mm or <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">8</span></span> in), they are not usually transformed into yarn by a natural process. The usual process by which textiles labeled as being made of bamboo are produced uses only <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a> made from the fibers with heavy employment of chemicals. To accomplish this, the fibers are broken down with chemicals and extruded through mechanical spinnerets; the chemicals include <a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">lye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_disulfide" title="Carbon disulfide">carbon disulfide</a>, and strong acids.<sup id="cite_ref-Scientific_American_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scientific_American-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Retailers have sold both end products as "bamboo fabric" to cash in on bamboo's current ecofriendly cachet. The Canadian <a href="/wiki/Competition_Bureau" title="Competition Bureau">Competition Bureau</a><sup id="cite_ref-ccb_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ccb-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the US <a href="/wiki/Federal_Trade_Commission" title="Federal Trade Commission">Federal Trade Commission</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FTC_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of mid-2009, are cracking down on the practice of labeling bamboo rayon as natural bamboo fabric. Under the guidelines of both agencies, these products must be labeled as rayon with the optional qualifier "from bamboo".<sup id="cite_ref-FTC_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FTC-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Fabric">Fabric</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Fabric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo textile</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamboo_textile&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seascarf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Seascarf.jpg/170px-Seascarf.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Seascarf.jpg/255px-Seascarf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Seascarf.jpg/340px-Seascarf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1732" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption>A scarf made of bamboo yarn and synthetic ribbon</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo textile</a> is any cloth, yarn or clothing made from bamboo fibres. While bamboo was historically used only for structural elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Bustle" title="Bustle">bustles</a> and the ribs of <a href="/wiki/Corsets" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsets">corsets</a>, in recent years various technologies have been developed that allow bamboo fibre to be used for a wide range of textile and fashion applications. </p><p>Examples include clothing such as shirt tops, pants, and socks for adults and children,<sup id="cite_ref-Bamboo_textile_IM_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamboo_textile_IM-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as bedding such as sheets and pillow covers. Bamboo yarn can also be blended with other textile fibres, such as <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">spandex</a>. Bamboo is an alternative to plastic that is renewable and can be replenished at a fast rate. </p> Modern clothing labeled as being made from bamboo is usually viscose <a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a>, a fiber made by dissolving the cellulose in the bamboo, and then extruding it to form fibres. This process removes the natural characteristics of bamboo fibre, rendering it identical to rayon from other cellulose sources.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction">Construction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_construction" title="Bamboo construction">Bamboo construction</a></div> <p>Bamboo, like true <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, is a natural <a href="/wiki/Building_material" title="Building material">building material</a> with a high strength-to-weight ratio useful for structures.<sup id="cite_ref-Lakkad_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lakkad-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its natural form, bamboo as a construction material is traditionally associated with the cultures of South Asia, East Asia, and the South Pacific, to some extent in Central and South America, and by extension in the aesthetic of <a href="/wiki/Tiki_culture" title="Tiki culture">Tiki culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In China and India, bamboo was used to hold up <a href="/wiki/Simple_suspension_bridge" title="Simple suspension bridge">simple suspension bridges</a>, either by making cables of split bamboo or twisting whole culms of sufficiently pliable bamboo together. One such bridge in the area of Qian-Xian is referenced in writings dating back to 960 AD and may have stood since as far back as the third century BC, due largely to continuous maintenance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Usage_of_Bamboo.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Usage_of_Bamboo.JPG/220px-Usage_of_Bamboo.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Usage_of_Bamboo.JPG/330px-Usage_of_Bamboo.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Usage_of_Bamboo.JPG/440px-Usage_of_Bamboo.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1480" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Bamboo has long been used as an assembly material in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> because of its versatility</figcaption></figure> <p>Bamboo has also long been used as scaffolding; the practice has been banned in China for buildings over six stories, but is still in continuous use for skyscrapers in Hong Kong.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangat_Resort_in_Busuanga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sangat_Resort_in_Busuanga.jpg/220px-Sangat_Resort_in_Busuanga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sangat_Resort_in_Busuanga.jpg/330px-Sangat_Resort_in_Busuanga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sangat_Resort_in_Busuanga.jpg/440px-Sangat_Resort_in_Busuanga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A modern resort guesthouse in <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, Philippines, with traditional woven bamboo walls (<a href="/wiki/Sawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawali">sawali</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Philippines, the <a href="/wiki/Nipa_hut" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa hut">nipa hut</a> is a fairly typical example of the most basic sort of <a href="/wiki/House" title="House">housing</a> where bamboo is used; the walls are split and woven bamboo, and bamboo slats and poles may be used as its support. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese architecture</a>, bamboo is used primarily as a supplemental or decorative element in buildings such as fencing, fountains, grates, and gutters, largely due to the ready abundance of quality timber.<sup id="cite_ref-BambooJapan_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BambooJapan-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many ethnic groups in remote areas that have water access in Asia use bamboo that is 3–5 years old to make rafts. They use 8 to 12 poles, 6–7 m (20–23 ft) long, laid together side by side to a width of about 1 m (3 ft). Once the poles are lined up together, they cut a hole crosswise through the poles at each end and use a small bamboo pole pushed through that hole like a screw to hold all the long bamboo poles together. Floating houses use whole bamboo stalks tied together in a big bunch to support the house floating in the water. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fishing_and_aquaculture">Fishing and aquaculture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fishing and aquaculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abucay,Bataanjf3721_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG/220px-Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG/330px-Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG/440px-Abucay%2CBataanjf3721_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bamboo trays used in <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussel</a> farming (<a href="/wiki/Abucay,_Bataan" class="mw-redirect" title="Abucay, Bataan">Abucay, Bataan</a>, Philippines)</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to its flexibility, bamboo is also used to make <a href="/wiki/Fishing_rod" title="Fishing rod">fishing rods</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Split_cane_rod" class="mw-redirect" title="Split cane rod">split cane rod</a> is especially prized for <a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">fly fishing</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Firecrackers">Firecrackers</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Firecrackers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bamboo has been traditionally used in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> as a firecracker called a <i>meriam buluh</i> or <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cannon" title="Bamboo cannon">bamboo cannon</a>. Four-foot-long sections of bamboo are cut, and a mixture of water and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbide" title="Calcium carbide">calcium carbide</a> are introduced. The resulting acetylene gas is ignited with a stick, producing a loud bang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Weapons">Weapons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Weapons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bamboo has often been used to construct weapons and is still incorporated in several Asian martial arts. </p> <ul><li>A bamboo staff, sometimes with one end sharpened, is used in the <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> martial art of <i><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">silambam</a></i>, a word derived from a term meaning "hill bamboo".</li> <li>Staves used in the Indian martial art of <i><a href="/wiki/Gatka" title="Gatka">gatka</a></i> are commonly made from bamboo, a material favoured for its light weight.</li> <li>A bamboo sword called a <i><a href="/wiki/Shinai" title="Shinai">shinai</a></i> is used in the Japanese martial art of <i><a href="/wiki/Kendo" title="Kendo">kendo</a></i>.</li> <li>Bamboo is used for crafting the bows, called <i><a href="/wiki/Yumi" title="Yumi">yumi</a></i>, and arrows used in the Japanese martial art <i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABd%C5%8D" title="Kyūdō">kyūdō</a></i>.</li> <li>The first <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>-based weapons, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fire_lance" title="Fire lance">fire lance</a>, were made of bamboo.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lang_xian" title="Lang xian">Chinese Langxian</a>, or "Wolf Brush Spear". Some variants of this weapon were just long bamboo poles with a spearhead that still had layers of leaves attached. The Langxian was mainly used as a defensive weapon in Qi Jiguang's Mandarin Duck Formation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Sharpened bamboo <a href="/wiki/Javelin" title="Javelin">javelins</a> weighted with sand known as <i><a href="/wiki/Bagakay" title="Bagakay">bagakay</a></i> were used as disposable missile weapons in both <a href="/wiki/Mangayaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangayaw">land and naval warfare</a> in the Philippines. They were thrown in groups at a time at enemy ships or massed enemy formations. Non-disposable finely-crafted throwing spears made from bamboo weighted with sand known as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sugob&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sugob (page does not exist)">sugob</a></i> were also used. <i>Sugob</i> were mainly used for close-quarters combat and were only thrown when they could be retrieved.<sup id="cite_ref-scott_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scott-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiley_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiley-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Metal-tipped <a href="/wiki/Blowgun" title="Blowgun">blowgun</a>-spear called <a href="/wiki/Sumpit" title="Sumpit">sumpit</a> (or sumpitan), used by various ethnic groups in the islands of the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, were generally made from hollowed bamboo. They used thick short darts dipped in the concentrated sap of <i><a href="/wiki/Antiaris_toxicaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiaris toxicaria">Antiaris toxicaria</a></i> which could cause lethal <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marinas_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marinas-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darmadi_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darmadi-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The simple sharpened bamboo <a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">spear</a>, known as <i><b>bambu runcing</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">literally</a> 'sharp bamboo' or 'pointed bamboo'), is a legendary symbol of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Revolutionary War">Indonesian revolutionary</a> <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">spirit</a>, embodying the will of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesian people</a>, who were often ill-equipped, to fight for independence against the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch occupation</a> who held <a href="/wiki/Air_supremacy" title="Air supremacy">air-</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naval_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval supremacy">naval supremacy</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth</a> aid.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punji_stick" title="Punji stick">Punji sticks</a> are stakes of sharpened bamboo typically used in area denial and <a href="/wiki/Booby_traps" class="mw-redirect" title="Booby traps">booby traps</a>. Punji sticks were widely used in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Desalination">Desalination</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Desalination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bamboo can be used in <a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">water desalination</a>. A bamboo filter is used to remove the salt from seawater.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2014)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Bamboo#Talk:Bamboo#Desalination" title="Talk:Bamboo">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Musical_instruments">Musical instruments</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Musical instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">Bamboo musical instruments</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bamboo_musical_instruments&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_wind_instruments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bamboo_wind_instruments.jpg/250px-Bamboo_wind_instruments.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bamboo_wind_instruments.jpg/375px-Bamboo_wind_instruments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bamboo_wind_instruments.jpg/500px-Bamboo_wind_instruments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>Wind instruments made of bamboo played by students in Talaud, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kagul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kagul.jpg/150px-Kagul.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kagul.jpg/225px-Kagul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kagul.jpg/300px-Kagul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An example of a slit drum or <a href="/wiki/Scraper_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scraper (instrument)">scraper</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Kagul" title="Kagul">kagul</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Maguindanaon" class="mw-redirect" title="Maguindanaon">Maguindanaon</a> people<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> Bamboo<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s natural hollow form makes it an obvious choice for many <a href="/wiki/Musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instruments">musical instruments</a>. In South and South East Asia, traditional uses of bamboo the instrument include various types of woodwind instruments, such as flutes, and devices like xylophones and organs, which require resonating sections. In some traditional instruments bamboo is the primary material, while others combine bamboo with other materials such as wood and leather.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indicator_of_climate_change">Indicator of climate change</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indicator of climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279 AD) Chinese scientist and <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095) used the evidence of underground <a href="/wiki/Petrified" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrified">petrified</a> bamboo found in the dry northern climate of <a href="/wiki/Yan%27an" title="Yan'an">Yan'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanbei" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanbei">Shanbei</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Shaanxi" title="Shaanxi">Shaanxi</a> province to support his geological theory of gradual <a href="/wiki/Climate_variability_and_change" title="Climate variability and change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chan_15_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chan_15-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_3_614_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_3_614-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kitchenware_and_other_usage">Kitchenware and other usage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Kitchenware and other usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_steamer-side_stacked-fs_PNr%C2%B00729.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bamboo_steamer-side_stacked-fs_PNr%C2%B00729.jpg/220px-Bamboo_steamer-side_stacked-fs_PNr%C2%B00729.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bamboo_steamer-side_stacked-fs_PNr%C2%B00729.jpg/330px-Bamboo_steamer-side_stacked-fs_PNr%C2%B00729.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bamboo_steamer-side_stacked-fs_PNr%C2%B00729.jpg/440px-Bamboo_steamer-side_stacked-fs_PNr%C2%B00729.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3062" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_steamer" title="Bamboo steamer">bamboo steamer</a>, used to cook foods like <a href="/wiki/Dim_sum" title="Dim sum">dim sum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bamboo is frequently used for cooking utensils within many cultures, and is used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_steamer" title="Bamboo steamer">bamboo steamers</a>. In modern times, some see bamboo tools as an eco-friendly alternative to other manufactured utensils. Bamboo is also used to make eating utensils such as chopsticks, trays, and tea scoops. Several manufacturers offer <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_bicycle" title="Bamboo bicycle">bamboo bicycles</a>, surfboards, snowboards, and skateboards.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bamboo has traditionally been used to make a wide range of everyday utensils and <a href="/wiki/Cutting_board#Bamboo" title="Cutting board">cutting boards</a>, particularly in Japan,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where archaeological excavations have uncovered bamboo baskets dating to the Late Jōmon period (2000–1000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bamboo also has a long history of use in <a href="/wiki/Asian_furniture" title="Asian furniture">Asian furniture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_furniture" title="Chinese furniture">Chinese bamboo furniture</a> is a distinct style based on a millennia-long tradition, and bamboo is also used for <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_floor" title="Bamboo floor">floors</a> due to its high <a href="/wiki/Janka_hardness_test" title="Janka hardness test">hardness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, bamboo is used to create bracelets, earrings, necklaces, and other jewelry. <sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: In culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Bamboo</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboo_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bamboo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/60px-Bamboo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bamboo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/90px-Bamboo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Bamboo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/120px-Bamboo_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="562" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Bamboo" in ancient <a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">seal script</a> (top) and <a href="/wiki/Regular_script" title="Regular script">regular script</a> (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">竹</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">zhú</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">chu<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂǔ]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">tzoq</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">jūk</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">zuk1</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tsʊk̚˥]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">tik</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Vietnamese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_alphabet" title="Vietnamese alphabet">Vietnamese alphabet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><i lang="vi">tre</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Vietnamese-language text"><span lang="vi-Hani">椥</span></span></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Korean name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko" style="font-size: 1rem;">대나무</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Korean-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ko-Latn">daenamu</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Japanese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竹</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Japanese" title="Romanization of Japanese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="ja-Latn">take</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Several Asian cultures, including that of the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Islands" title="Andaman Islands">Andaman Islands</a>, believe humanity emerged from a bamboo stem.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hs%C3%BC_Wei_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hs%C3%BC_Wei_001.jpg/220px-Hs%C3%BC_Wei_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hs%C3%BC_Wei_001.jpg/330px-Hs%C3%BC_Wei_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Hs%C3%BC_Wei_001.jpg/440px-Hs%C3%BC_Wei_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1557" /></a><figcaption><i>Bamboo</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Xu_Wei" title="Xu Wei">Xu Wei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming Dynasty</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bamboo's long life makes it a Chinese symbol of uprightness and an Indian symbol of friendship. The rarity of its <a href="/wiki/Bamboo_blossom" title="Bamboo blossom">blossoming</a> has led to the flowers' being regarded as a sign of impending famine. This may be due to rats feeding upon the profusion of flowers, then multiplying and destroying a large part of the local food supply. The most recent flowering began in May 2006 (see <a href="/wiki/Mautam" title="Mautam">Mautam</a>). Various bamboo species bloom in this manner about every 28–60 years.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Chinese culture</a>, the bamboo, <a href="/wiki/Prunus_mume" title="Prunus mume">plum</a> blossom, <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chrysanthemum" title="Chrysanthemum">chrysanthemum</a> (often known as <i>méi lán zhú jú</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">梅蘭竹菊</span></span> in Chinese) are collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a>. These four plants also represent the four seasons and, in <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> ideology, four aspects of the <i><a href="/wiki/Junzi" title="Junzi">junzi</a></i> ("prince" or "noble one"). The <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> (<i>sōng</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">松</span></span>), the bamboo (<i>zhú</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">竹</span></span>), and the plum blossom (<i>méi</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">梅</span></span>) are also admired for their perseverance under harsh conditions, and are together known as the "<a href="/wiki/Three_Friends_of_Winter" title="Three Friends of Winter">Three Friends of Winter</a>" (<span lang="zh">歲寒三友</span>; <i><span lang="zh-Latn">suìhán sānyǒu</span></i>) in Chinese culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attributions_of_character">Attributions of character</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Attributions of character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freer_022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Freer_022.jpg/220px-Freer_022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Freer_022.jpg/330px-Freer_022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Freer_022.jpg/440px-Freer_022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="1215" /></a><figcaption>A cylindrical bamboo brush holder or holder of poems on scrolls, created by Zhang Xihuang in the 17th century, late Ming or early Qing Dynasty – in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">calligraphy</a> of Zhang's style, the poem <i>Returning to My Farm in the Field</i> by the fourth-century poet <a href="/wiki/Tao_Yuanming" title="Tao Yuanming">Tao Yuanming</a> is incised on the holder.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S03_03_02_016_image_63.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/S03_03_02_016_image_63.jpg/170px-S03_03_02_016_image_63.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/S03_03_02_016_image_63.jpg/255px-S03_03_02_016_image_63.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/S03_03_02_016_image_63.jpg/340px-S03_03_02_016_image_63.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Photo of carved Chinese bamboo wall vase. 1918. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection.</figcaption></figure> <p>Bamboo, one of the "<a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a>" (bamboo, orchid, plum blossom and chrysanthemum), plays such an important role in traditional Chinese culture that it is even regarded as a behavior model of the gentleman. As bamboo has features such as uprightness, tenacity, and modesty, people endow bamboo with integrity, elegance, and plainness, though it is not physically strong. Countless poems praising bamboo written by ancient Chinese poets are actually metaphorically about people who exhibited these characteristics. An ancient poet, <a href="/wiki/Bai_Juyi" title="Bai Juyi">Bai Juyi</a> (772–846), thought that to be a gentleman, a man does not need to be physically strong, but he must be mentally strong, upright, and perseverant. Just as a bamboo is hollow-hearted, he should open his heart to accept anything of benefit and never have arrogance or prejudice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bamboo is not only a symbol of a gentleman, but also plays an important role in Buddhism, which was introduced into China in the first century. As canons of Buddhism forbids cruelty to animals, flesh and egg were not allowed in the diet. The tender bamboo shoot (<i>sǔn</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">筍</span></span> in Chinese) thus became a nutritious alternative. Preparation methods developed over thousands of years have come to be incorporated into Asian cuisines, especially for monks. A Buddhist monk, Zan Ning, wrote a manual of the bamboo shoot called <i>Sǔn Pǔ</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">筍譜</span></span>) offering descriptions and recipes for many kinds of bamboo shoots.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bamboo shoot has always been a traditional dish on the Chinese dinner table, especially in southern China. In ancient times, those who could afford a big house with a yard would plant bamboo in their garden.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mythology">Mythology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a Chinese legend, the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yao" title="Emperor Yao">Emperor Yao</a> gave two of his daughters to the future <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shun" title="Emperor Shun">Emperor Shun</a> as a test for his potential to rule. Shun passed the test of being able to run his household with the two emperor's daughters as wives, and thus Yao made Shun his successor, bypassing his unworthy son. After Shun's death, the tears of his two bereaved wives fell upon the bamboos growing there explains the origin of <a href="/wiki/Spotted_bamboo" title="Spotted bamboo">spotted bamboo</a>. The two women later became goddesses <a href="/wiki/Xiangshuishen" title="Xiangshuishen">Xiangshuishen</a> after drowning themselves in the <a href="/wiki/Xiang_River" title="Xiang River">Xiang River</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SANY0032_(3158073374).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SANY0032_%283158073374%29.jpg/170px-SANY0032_%283158073374%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SANY0032_%283158073374%29.jpg/255px-SANY0032_%283158073374%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/SANY0032_%283158073374%29.jpg/340px-SANY0032_%283158073374%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><i>Bamboo <a href="/wiki/Kadomatsu" title="Kadomatsu">kadomatsu</a></i> made for <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">Japanese New Year</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bamboo is a symbol of prosperity in Japan, and are used to make <a href="/wiki/Japanese_New_Year" title="Japanese New Year">New Year's</a> decorations called <i><a href="/wiki/Kadomatsu" title="Kadomatsu">kadomatsu</a></i>. Bamboo forests sometimes surround <a href="/wiki/Jinja_(Shinto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jinja (Shinto)">Shinto shrines</a> and Buddhist temples as part of a sacred barrier against <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_folktales" title="Japanese folktales">folktale</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_the_Bamboo_Cutter" class="mw-redirect" title="Tale of the Bamboo Cutter">Tale of the Bamboo Cutter</a></i> (<i>Taketori Monogatari</i>), princess Kaguya emerges from a shining bamboo section.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, the Chinese "Three Friends of Winter" (<i>kansai sanyū</i>) concept is traditionally used as a ranking system, where pine (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">松</span></span> <i>matsu</i>) is the first rank, bamboo (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">竹</span></span> <i>take</i>) is the second rank, and plum (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">梅</span></span> <i>ume</i>) is the third rank. This system is used in many traditional arts like with <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> sets, embroidering kimono or tiers of accommodations at traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Ryokan_(inn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryokan (inn)">ryōkan</a></i> taverns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bamboo is known to be a strong material and able to withstand extreme heat. It is the only plant known to have survived the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, a similar story includes a man who dreams of a beautiful woman while sleeping under a bamboo plant; he wakes up and breaks the bamboo stem, discovering the woman inside.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Philippine mythology</a>, one of the more famous <a href="/wiki/Creation_account" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation account">creation accounts</a> tells of the first man <i>Malakás</i> ("Strong") and the first woman <i>Maganda</i> ("Beautiful") each emerging from one half of a split bamboo stem on an island formed after the battle between Sky and Ocean.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Vietnam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:C%C3%A2y_n%C3%AAu_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/C%C3%A2y_n%C3%AAu_2.jpg/220px-C%C3%A2y_n%C3%AAu_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/C%C3%A2y_n%C3%AAu_2.jpg/330px-C%C3%A2y_n%C3%AAu_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/C%C3%A2y_n%C3%AAu_2.jpg/440px-C%C3%A2y_n%C3%AAu_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1503" data-file-height="2058" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2y_n%C3%AAu" title="Cây nêu">Cây nêu</a> - A Vietnamese New Year tree made from bamboo</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attributions_of_character_2">Attributions of character</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Attributions of character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bamboo plays an important part of the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">culture of Vietnam</a>. Bamboo symbolizes the spirit of <a href="/wiki/Vovinam" title="Vovinam">Vovinam</a> (a Vietnamese martial arts): <i>cương nhu phối triển</i> (coordination between <a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_(martial_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft (martial arts)">hard and soft (martial arts)</a>). Bamboo also symbolizes the Vietnamese hometown and Vietnamese soul: the gentlemanlike, straightforwardness, hard working, optimism, unity, and adaptability. A Vietnamese proverb says, "Tre già, măng mọc" (When the bamboo is old, the bamboo sprouts appear), the meaning being Vietnam will never be annihilated; if the previous generation dies, the children take their place. Therefore, the Vietnamese nation and Vietnamese values will be maintained and developed eternally. Traditional Vietnamese villages are surrounded by thick bamboo hedges (<i>lũy tre</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Ng%C3%B4_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Di%E1%BB%87m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngô Đình Diệm">Ngô Đình Diệm</a>'s presidency, bamboo was the national symbol of <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>, it was featured on the national coat of arms, presidential standard, and South Vietnamese đồng coins at the time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mythology_2">Mythology</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bamboo cane is also the weapon of <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> legendary hero, <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A1nh_Gi%C3%B3ng" title="Thánh Gióng">Thánh Gióng</a>, who had grown up immediately and magically since the age of three because of his wish to liberate his land from <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Ân</a> invaders. The ancient Vietnamese legend <i>Cây tre trăm đốt</i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Hundred-knot_Bamboo_Tree" title="The Hundred-knot Bamboo Tree">The Hundred-knot Bamboo Tree</a>) tells of a poor, young farmer who fell in love with his landlord's beautiful daughter. The farmer asked the landlord for his daughter's hand in marriage, but the proud landlord would not allow her to be bound in marriage to a poor farmer. The landlord decided to foil the marriage with an impossible deal; the farmer must bring him a "bamboo tree of 100 <a href="/wiki/Plant_stems" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant stems">nodes</a>". But <a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a> (<i>Bụt</i>) appeared to the farmer and told him that such a tree could be made from 100 nodes from several different trees. <i>Bụt</i> gave to him four magic words to attach the many nodes of bamboo: <i>Khắc nhập, khắc xuất</i>, which means "joined together immediately, fell apart immediately". The triumphant farmer returned to the landlord and demanded his daughter. Curious to see such a long bamboo, the landlord was magically joined to the bamboo when he touched it, as the young farmer said the first two magic words. The story ends with the happy marriage of the farmer and the landlord's daughter after the landlord agreed to the marriage and asked to be separated from the bamboo.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tanzania">Tanzania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Tanzania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tanzania possesses a large diversity of bamboo species.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Masisi_100009_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masisi_100009-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bozo">Bozo</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bozo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bozo_people" title="Bozo people">Bozo</a> ethnic group of <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> take their name from the <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a> phrase <i>bo-so</i>, which means "bamboo house". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saint_Lucia">Saint Lucia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Saint Lucia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bamboo is also the national plant of <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hawaiian">Hawaiian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Hawaiian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian</a> bamboo <i>('ohe)</i> is a <i>kinolau</i> or body form of the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> creator god <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81ne" title="Kāne">Kāne</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Arundinaria" title="Arundinaria">Arundinaria</a> bamboos, known as giant cane or river cane, are a central part of the material cultures of Southeastern Native American nations, so much so that they have been called "the plastic of the Southeastern Indians."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a>, river cane has been used to make waterproof baskets, mats, fishing poles, flutes, blowguns, arrows, and to build houses, among other uses; the seed and young shoots are also edible.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Cherokee double-woven baskets, crafted from river cane that has been split and dyed in various colors, are sometimes considered among the finest in the world. Since the North American bamboos are now rare, with 98% of their original extent eliminated, the Cherokee have initiated an effort to restore it.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bamboo_species" title="List of bamboo species">List of bamboo species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bambuseae" title="Bambuseae">Bambuseae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_blossom" title="Bamboo blossom">Bamboo blossom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Network_for_Bamboo_and_Rattan" class="mw-redirect" title="International Network for Bamboo and Rattan">International Network for Bamboo and Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_construction" title="Bamboo construction">Bamboo construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_processing_machine" title="Bamboo processing machine">Bamboo processing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pole" title="Ceremonial pole">Ceremonial pole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mautam" title="Mautam">Mautam</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kelchner2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelchner2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelchner2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelchner2013_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelchner2013_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKelchner_SBamboo_Phylogeny_Working_Group2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kelchner S; Bamboo Phylogeny Working Group (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150605041641/http://www.isu.edu/~kelchner/Kelchner_Lab/Publications_files/Kelchner%26BPG_MPE2013.pdf">"Higher level phylogenetic relationships within the bamboos (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) based on five plastid markers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution</i>. <b>67</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">404–</span>413. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013MolPE..67..404K">2013MolPE..67..404K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2013.02.005">10.1016/j.ympev.2013.02.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1055-7903">1055-7903</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23454093">23454093</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isu.edu/~kelchner/Kelchner_Lab/Publications_files/Kelchner%26BPG_MPE2013.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Phylogenetics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=Higher+level+phylogenetic+relationships+within+the+bamboos+%28Poaceae%3A+Bambusoideae%29+based+on+five+plastid+markers&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E404-%3C%2Fspan%3E413&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2013.02.005&rft.issn=1055-7903&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23454093&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013MolPE..67..404K&rft.au=Kelchner+S&rft.au=Bamboo+Phylogeny+Working+Group&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isu.edu%2F~kelchner%2FKelchner_Lab%2FPublications_files%2FKelchner%2526BPG_MPE2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABamboo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SorengPeterson2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SorengPeterson2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSorengPetersonRomaschenkoDavidse2015" class="citation journal cs1">Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Zuloaga, Fernando O.; Judziewicz, Emmet J.; Filgueiras, Tarciso S.; Davis, Jerrold I.; Morrone, Osvaldo (2015). 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Revitalization of Traditional Cherokee Artisan Resources.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=conservationgateway.org&rft.atitle=RIVER+CANE+Cultural+Workhorse+and+Ecological+Powerhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationgateway.org%2FConservationPractices%2FFireLandscapes%2FFireLearningNetwork%2FNetworkProducts%2FDocuments%2FSBR-RivercaneWebinar-Slides-Cozzo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABamboo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conservationgateway.org/ConservationPractices/FireLandscapes/FireLearningNetwork/NetworkProducts/Documents/SBR-RivercaneWebinar-Slides-Cozzo.pdf">"River Cane – Cultural Workhorse and Ecological Powerhouse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>conservationgateway.org</i>. Revitalization of Traditional Cherokee Artisan Resources.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=conservationgateway.org&rft.atitle=River+Cane+%E2%80%93+Cultural+Workhorse+and+Ecological+Powerhouse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservationgateway.org%2FConservationPractices%2FFireLandscapes%2FFireLearningNetwork%2FNetworkProducts%2FDocuments%2FSBR-RivercaneWebinar-Slides-Cozzo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABamboo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cherokee.org/media/jkwow40z/rivercane.pdf">"River Cane"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>cherokee.org</i>. Cherokee Nation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cherokee.org&rft.atitle=River+Cane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cherokee.org%2Fmedia%2Fjkwow40z%2Frivercane.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABamboo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_L._Rogers2023" class="citation book cs1">Andrea L. Rogers (2023). "28". In <a href="/wiki/Serra_Hoagland" title="Serra Hoagland">Hoagland, Serra J.</a>; Albert, Steven (eds.). <i>Wildlife Stewardship on Tribal Lands</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">309–</span>311.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=28&rft.btitle=Wildlife+Stewardship+on+Tribal+Lands&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E309-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.au=Andrea+L.+Rogers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABamboo" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Bamboo – The Plant and its Uses</i>. Part of the Tropical Forestry book series (TROPICAL, volume 10), 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bamboo&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="extiw" title="commons:Bambusoideae"><span style="font-style:italic; 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(1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bamboo"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bamboo">"Bamboo" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bamboo&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABamboo" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/28818/inbar.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Bamboo for Climate Change</a> by INBAR.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/73831.html">Bamboo Structural Design ISO Standards</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grasses_(Poaceae_or_Gramineae)164" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:rgb(180,250,180);"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Poaceae-navbox" title="Template:Poaceae-navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Poaceae-navbox" title="Template talk:Poaceae-navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Poaceae-navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Poaceae-navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grasses_(Poaceae_or_Gramineae)164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Grasses (<a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> or Gramineae)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180);">Morphology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awn_(botany)" title="Awn (botany)">Awn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">Caryopsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culm_(botany)" title="Culm (botany)">Culm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligule" title="Ligule">Ligule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">Spikelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiller_(botany)" title="Tiller (botany)">Tiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tussock_grass" title="Tussock grass">Tussock</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg/100px-Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg/150px-Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg/200px-Starr_010324-9001_Ehrharta_erecta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1135" data-file-height="1601" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180);">Ecology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C<sub>4</sub> carbon fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graminivore" title="Graminivore">Graminivore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">Grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">Steppe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180);">Subfamilies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);">Early-diverging</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);"><a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);"><a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anomochlooideae" title="Anomochlooideae">Anomochlooideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharoideae" title="Pharoideae">Pharoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puelioideae" title="Puelioideae">Puelioideae</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:30%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a> (bamboos)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryzoideae" title="Oryzoideae">Oryzoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:40%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristidoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristidoideae">Aristidoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arundinoideae" title="Arundinoideae">Arundinoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloridoideae" title="Chloridoideae">Chloridoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danthonioideae" title="Danthonioideae">Danthonioideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micrairoideae" title="Micrairoideae">Micrairoideae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicoideae" title="Panicoideae">Panicoideae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:rgb(180,250,180);">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);">Food</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);">Construction</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);">Landscaping</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background:rgba(180,250,180,0.6);">Other</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereals">Cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_shoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo shoots">Bamboo shoots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemongrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemongrass">Lemongrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">Sugarcane</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_scaffolding" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo scaffolding">Bamboo scaffolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sod_roof" title="Sod roof">Sod roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">Thatching</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawn" title="Lawn">Lawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornamental_grass" title="Ornamental grass">Ornamental grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasture" title="Pasture">Pasture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sod" title="Sod">Turf</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:25%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments" title="Bamboo musical instruments">Bamboo musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bamboo textiles">Bamboo textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switchgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Switchgrass">Switchgrass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:rgb(180,250,180);"><div><a href="/wiki/Agrostology" title="Agrostology">Agrostology</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_Poaceae_genera" title="List of Poaceae genera">List of Poaceae genera</a> · <i>see also</i>: <a href="/wiki/Graminoid" title="Graminoid">Graminoid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Graminid_clade" title="Graminid clade">Graminid clade</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fibers284" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fibers" title="Template:Fibers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fibers" title="Template talk:Fibers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fibers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fibers284" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fiber" title="Fiber">Fibers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_fiber" title="Natural fiber">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Plant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abac%C3%A1" title="Abacá">Abacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_textile" title="Bamboo textile">Bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_basjoo" title="Musa basjoo">Bashō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coir" title="Coir">Coir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fique" title="Fique">Fique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">Linen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jute" title="Jute">Jute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">Kapok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenaf" title="Kenaf">Kenaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotus_silk" title="Lotus silk">Lotus silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1a" title="Piña">Piña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_flannel" title="Vegetable flannel">Pine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raffia_palm" title="Raffia palm">Raffia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramie" title="Ramie">Ramie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisal" title="Sisal">Sisal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animal_fiber" title="Animal fiber">Animal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpaca_fiber" title="Alpaca fiber">Alpaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_wool" title="Angora wool">Angora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byssus" title="Byssus">Byssus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_hair" title="Camel hair">Camel hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">Cashmere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catgut" title="Catgut">Catgut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiengora" title="Chiengora">Chiengora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanaco#Guanaco_fiber" title="Guanaco">Guanaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair" title="Hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llama#Fiber" title="Llama">Llama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohair" title="Mohair">Mohair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashmina_(material)" title="Pashmina (material)">Pashmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiviut" title="Qiviut">Qiviut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_hair" title="Rabbit hair">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">Silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">Tendon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider_silk" title="Spider silk">Spider silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicu%C3%B1a_wool" title="Vicuña wool">Vicuña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak_fiber" title="Yak fiber">Yak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">Asbestos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#e7dac1;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Chemical" title="Fiber">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regenerated_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Regenerated fiber">Regenerated</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_silk" title="Artificial silk">Artificial silk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_fiber" title="Milk fiber">Milk fiber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Semi-synthetic_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-synthetic fiber">Semi-synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_acetate" title="Cellulose acetate">Acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_diacetate" title="Cellulose diacetate">Diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyocell" title="Lyocell">Lyocell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modal (textile)">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%B1atex" title="Piñatex">Piñatex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_triacetate" title="Cellulose triacetate">Triacetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Mineral fiber">Mineral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_fiber" title="Boron fiber">Boron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basalt_fiber" title="Basalt fiber">Basalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallic_fiber" title="Metallic fiber">Metallic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#ecdfc8;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fiber#Polymer_fibers" title="Fiber">Polymer</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylic_fiber" title="Acrylic fiber">Acrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramid" title="Aramid">Aramid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twaron" title="Twaron">Twaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">Kevlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technora" title="Technora">Technora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomex" title="Nomex">Nomex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfiber" title="Microfiber">Microfiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modacrylic" title="Modacrylic">Modacrylic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">Nylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olefin_fiber" title="Olefin fiber">Olefin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">UHMWPE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">Spandex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectran" title="Vectran">Vectran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinylon" title="Vinylon">Vinylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyon" title="Vinyon">Vinyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zylon" title="Zylon">Zylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#e7dac1"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fibers" title="Category:Fibers">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fibers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fibers">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Forestry1738" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Forestry" title="Template:Forestry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Forestry" title="Template talk:Forestry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Forestry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Forestry1738" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_forestry_articles" title="Index of forestry articles">Index</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">Forest areas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_ministries" title="List of forestry ministries">Ministries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forest_research_institutes" title="List of forest research institutes">Research institutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_universities_and_colleges" title="List of forestry universities and colleges">Colleges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_forestry_journals" title="List of forestry journals">Journals</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Day" title="Arbor Day">Arbor Day</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">Agroforestry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dehesa" title="Dehesa">dehesa</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog forestry">Analog forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_to_nature_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Close to nature forestry">Close to nature forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_forestry" title="Community forestry">Community forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoforestry" title="Ecoforestry">Ecoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoforestry" title="Mycoforestry">Mycoforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permaforestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Permaforestry">Permaforestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_plantation" title="Tree plantation">Plantation forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_forestry_in_India" title="Social forestry in India">Social forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">Sustainable forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">Urban forestry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecology</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_burn" title="Controlled burn">Controlled burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">Debris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coarse_woody_debris" title="Coarse woody debris">coarse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_woody_debris" title="Large woody debris">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash_(logging)" title="Slash (logging)">slash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendrology" title="Dendrology">Dendrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_thinning" title="Ecological thinning">Ecological thinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Even_aged_timber_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Even aged timber management">Even-aged management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ecology" title="Fire ecology">Fire ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dynamics" title="Forest dynamics">dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_informatics" title="Forest informatics">informatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_integrated_pest_management" title="Forest integrated pest management">IPM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest governance">governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_law" title="Forestry law">law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Forest_Information_Service" title="Global Forest Information Service">Global Forest Information Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old-growth_forest" title="Old-growth forest">old-growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_pathology" title="Forest pathology">pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_protection" title="Forest protection">protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_restoration" title="Forest restoration">restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_forest" title="Secondary forest">secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_stand" title="Forest stand">stand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_transition" title="Forest transition">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trillion_Tree_Campaign" title="Trillion Tree Campaign">Trillion Tree Campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Forest certification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm#American_Tree_Farm_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">ATFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CarbonFix_Standard" title="CarbonFix Standard">CFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Stewardship_Council#Standards,_certification_and_accreditation" title="Forest Stewardship Council">FSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programme_for_the_Endorsement_of_Forest_Certification" title="Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification">PEFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Forestry_Initiative" title="Sustainable Forestry Initiative">SFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainforest_Alliance#Sustainable_forestry_certification" title="Rainforest Alliance">SmartWood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodland_Carbon_Code" title="Woodland Carbon Code">Woodland Carbon Code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestation">Forestation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_formally_designated_forests" title="List of types of formally designated forests">Formally designated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glade_(geography)" title="Glade (geography)">Glade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_and_yield_modelling" title="Growth and yield modelling">Growth and yield modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">GM trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-Tree" title="I-Tree">i-Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree" title="Tree">Tree</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_allometry" title="Tree allometry">allometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_breeding" title="Tree breeding">breeding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_measurement" title="Tree measurement">Tree measurement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tree_crown_measurement" title="Tree crown measurement">crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_girth_measurement" title="Tree girth measurement">girth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_height_measurement" title="Tree height measurement">height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_volume_measurement" title="Tree volume measurement">volume</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_rain#Forests_and_other_vegetation" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">Carbon sequestration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcutting" title="Clearcutting">Clearcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_degradation" title="Forest degradation">Forest degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_dieback" title="Forest dieback">Forest dieback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest fragmentation">Forest fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_forest" title="Ghost forest">Ghost forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(Africa)" title="Great Green Wall (Africa)">Great Green Wall (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Green_Wall_(China)" title="Great Green Wall (China)">Great Green Wall (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_grading" title="High grading">High grading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">Illegal logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timber_mafia" title="Timber mafia">timber mafia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species#Forestry" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilding_conifer" title="Wilding conifer">wilding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Million_Tree_Initiative" title="Million Tree Initiative">Million Tree Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducing_emissions_from_deforestation_and_forest_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation">REDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_cultivation" title="Shifting cultivation">Shifting cultivation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chitemene" title="Chitemene">chitemene</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slash-and-char" title="Slash-and-char">slash-and-char</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svedjebruk" class="mw-redirect" title="Svedjebruk">svedjebruk</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chipko_movement" title="Chipko movement">Tree hugging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forest_inequity" title="Urban forest inequity">Urban forest inequity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Industries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">Coppicing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest farming">Forest farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">pulp and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmilling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_product" title="Forest product">Products</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">non-timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">rayon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">tanbark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_railway" title="Forest railway">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Tree farm">Tree farm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_tree_cultivation" title="Christmas tree cultivation">Christmas trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahogany" title="Mahogany">mahogany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spruce-pine-fir" title="Spruce-pine-fir">spruce-pine-fir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teak" title="Teak">teak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_woodworking" title="Green woodworking">green woodworking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forester" title="Forester">Forester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborist" title="Arborist">Arborist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_bucking" title="Log bucking">Bucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choker_setter" title="Choker setter">Choker setter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_ecology" title="Forest ecology">Ecologist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felling" title="Felling">Feller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildland_firefighter" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildland firefighter">Firefighter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Handcrew" title="Handcrew">handcrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interagency_hotshot_crew" class="mw-redirect" title="Interagency hotshot crew">hotshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_lookout" title="Fire lookout">lookout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokejumper" title="Smokejumper">smokejumper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_driving" title="Log driving">River driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging_truck" title="Logging truck">Truck driver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_scaler" title="Log scaler">Log scaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumberjack" title="Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_ranger" title="Park ranger">Ranger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_extraction" title="Resin extraction">Resin tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_tapping" title="Rubber tapping">Rubber tapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_weaver" title="Shingle weaver">Shingle weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_inventory" title="Forest inventory">Timber cruiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_planting" title="Tree planting">Tree planter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood process engineer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2461" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Bambusoideae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q670887" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q670887">Q670887</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">APNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/158556">158556</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id62951">62951</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bench.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=122377">122377</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/56959354">56959354</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_North_America" title="Flora of North America">FNA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=317032">317032</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/113642445">113642445</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Germplasm_Resources_Information_Network" title="Germplasm Resources Information Network">GRIN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomyfamily.aspx?type=subfamily&id=1465">1465</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/201656">201656</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">IPNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/n/321656-2">321656-2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=147366">147366</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=641468">641468</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/50063066">50063066</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">VASCAN: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.canadensys.net/vascan/taxon/29976">29976</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div 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