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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biology of tendrils</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biology_of_tendrils-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biology of tendrils subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biology_of_tendrils-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution_and_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_and_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Evolution and species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coiling_mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coiling_mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Coiling mechanism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Coiling_mechanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Coiling mechanism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Coiling_mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Circumnutation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circumnutation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Circumnutation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circumnutation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact_coiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_coiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Contact coiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_coiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-discrimination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-discrimination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Self-discrimination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-discrimination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82" title="محلاق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محلاق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filo_(botanica)" title="Filo (botanica) – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Filo (botanica)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circell" title="Circell – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Circell" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aponek" title="Úponek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úponek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranke" title="Ranke – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ranke" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6itraag" title="Köitraag – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Köitraag" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarcillo" title="Zarcillo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Zarcillo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88iro" title="Ĉiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86%DA%A9" title="ساقه‌پیچک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساقه‌پیچک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vrille_(botanique)" title="Vrille (botanique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vrille (botanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teann%C3%B3g" title="Teannóg – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teannóg" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabi%C3%A1n_(bot%C3%A1nica)" title="Gabián (botánica) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gabián (botánica)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulur" title="Sulur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sulur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viticcio" title="Viticcio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Viticcio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacs" title="Kacs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kacs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Витица (ботаника) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витица (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangolika" title="Tangolika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tangolika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulur_paut" title="Sulur paut – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sulur paut" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank" title="Rank – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rank" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slyngtr%C3%A5d" title="Slyngtråd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slyngtråd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%86" title="ਤੰਦੂਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤੰਦੂਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%84" title="ٹینڈرل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹینڈرل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%85s_czepny" title="Wąs czepny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wąs czepny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavinha" title="Gavinha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gavinha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_(%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Усики (ботаника) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Усики (ботаника)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4rhi" title="Kärhi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kärhi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A4nge" title="Klänge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Klänge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankion_(botanike)" title="Crankion (botanike) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Crankion (botanike)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%97rk%C5%A1t%C4%97" title="Vėrkštė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Specialisation of plant parts used to climb or bind</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tendrils" redirects here. For the band, see <a href="/wiki/Tendrils_(band)" title="Tendrils (band)">Tendrils (band)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vine.jpg/170px-Vine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vine.jpg/255px-Vine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Vine.jpg/340px-Vine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>A curling tendril</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botany</a>, a <b>tendril</b> is a specialized <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">stem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petiole</a> with a thread-like shape used by <a href="/wiki/Climbing_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Climbing plant">climbing plants</a> for support and attachment, as well as cellular invasion by parasitic plants such as <i><a href="/wiki/Cuscuta" title="Cuscuta">Cuscuta</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are many plants that have tendrils; including sweet peas, passionflower, grapes and the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_glory-flower" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilean glory-flower">Chilean glory-flower</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tendrils respond to touch and to chemical factors by curling, twining, or adhering to suitable structures or hosts. Tendrils vary greatly in size from a few centimeters up to 27 inches (69 centimeters) for <i><a href="/wiki/Nepenthes_harryana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepenthes harryana">Nepenthes harryana</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chestnut vine (<i><a href="/wiki/Tetrastigma_voinierianum" title="Tetrastigma voinierianum">Tetrastigma voinierianum</a></i>) can have tendrils up to 20.5 inches (52 centimeters) in length. Normally there is only one simple or branched tendril at each node (see <a href="/wiki/Plant_stem" title="Plant stem">plant stem</a>), but the aardvark cucumber (<i><a href="/wiki/Cucumis_humifructus" title="Cucumis humifructus">Cucumis humifructus</a></i>) can have as many as eight.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendril&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest and most comprehensive study of tendrils was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>'s monograph <i>On the Movements and Habits of Climbing Plants</i>, which was originally published in 1865. This work also coined the term <a href="/wiki/Circumnutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumnutation">circumnutation</a> to describe the motion of growing stems and tendrils seeking supports. Darwin also observed the phenomenon now known as <a href="/wiki/Tendril_perversion" title="Tendril perversion">tendril perversion</a>, in which tendrils adopt the shape of two sections of counter-twisted helices with a transition in the middle.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology_of_tendrils">Biology of tendrils</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendril&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biology of tendrils"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Garden_pea" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden pea">garden pea</a>, it is only the terminal leaflets that are modified to become tendrils. In other plants such as the yellow vetch (<i><a href="/wiki/Lathyrus_aphaca" title="Lathyrus aphaca">Lathyrus aphaca</a></i>), the whole leaf is modified to become tendrils while the <a href="/wiki/Stipule" title="Stipule">stipules</a> become enlarged and carry out <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. Still others use the <a href="/wiki/Rachis" title="Rachis">rachis</a> of a compound leaf as a tendril, such as members of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Clematis" title="Clematis">Clematis</a></i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tendril_of_climbing_plant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tendril_of_climbing_plant.jpg/220px-Tendril_of_climbing_plant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tendril_of_climbing_plant.jpg/330px-Tendril_of_climbing_plant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Tendril_of_climbing_plant.jpg/440px-Tendril_of_climbing_plant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2972" data-file-height="3321" /></a><figcaption>Tendril of a common climbing plant</figcaption></figure> <p>The specialised pitcher traps of <i><a href="/wiki/Nepenthes" title="Nepenthes">Nepenthes</a></i> plants form on the end of tendrils. The tendrils of aerial pitchers are usually coiled in the middle. If the tendril comes into contact with an object for long enough it will usually curl around it, forming a strong anchor point for the pitcher. In this way, the tendrils help to support the growing stem of the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tendrils of <i><a href="/wiki/Cuscuta" title="Cuscuta">Cuscuta</a></i>, a parasitic plant, are guided by airborne chemicals, and only twine around suitable hosts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_and_species">Evolution and species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendril&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Evolution and species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Climbing habits in plants support themselves to reach the <a href="/wiki/Canopy_(biology)" title="Canopy (biology)">canopy</a> in order to receive more sunlight resources and increase the diversification in flowering plants.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tendril is a plant organ that is derived from various morphological structures such as stems, leaves and inflorescences. Even though climbing habits are involved in the <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">angiosperms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">fern</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tendrils are often shown in angiosperms and little in fern. Based on their molecular basis of tendril development, studies showed that tendrils helical growth performance is not correlated with ontogenetic origin,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instead, there are multiple ontogenetic origins. 17 types of tendrils have been identified by their ontogenetic origins and growth pattern, and each type of tendril can be involved more than once within angiosperms. Common fruits and vegetables that have tendrils includes <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a> (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>)'s derived from modified stem, <a href="/wiki/Pea" title="Pea">pea</a> (<i>Pisum sativum</i>)'s derived from modified terminal leaflets and <a href="/wiki/Vitis_vinifera" title="Vitis vinifera">common grape vine</a> (<i>Vitis vinifera</i>)'s is modified from whole inflorescence.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coiling_mechanism">Coiling mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendril&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coiling mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Circumnutation">Circumnutation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendril&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Circumnutation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mechanism of tendril coiling begins with circumnutation of the tendril in which it is moving and growing in a circular oscillatory pattern around its axis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circumnutation is often defined as the first main movement of the tendril, and it serves the purpose of increasing the chance that the plant will come in contact with a support system (physical structure for the tendril to coil around).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2019 study done by Guerra et al., it was shown that without a support stimulus, in this case a stake in the ground, the tendrils will circumnutate towards a light stimulus. After many attempts to reach a support structure, the tendril will eventually fall to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was found that when a support stimulus is present, the tendril’s circumnutation oscillation occurs in the direction of the support stimulus. Therefore, it was concluded that tendrils are able to change the direction of their circumnutation based on the presence of a support stimulus.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of circumnutation in plants is not unique to tendril plants, as almost all plant species show circumnutation behaviors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact_coiling">Contact coiling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendril&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Contact coiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thigmotropism" title="Thigmotropism">Thigmotropism</a> is the basis of the input signal in the tendril coiling mechanism. For example, pea tendrils have highly sensitive cells in the surfaces of cell walls that are exposed. These sensitized cells are the ones that initiate the thigmotropic signal, typically as a calcium wave.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary touch signal induces a signaling cascade of other phytohormones, most notably <a href="/wiki/Gamma-Aminobutyric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-Aminobutyric acid">gamma-Aminobutyric acid</a> (GABA) and <a href="/wiki/Jasmonate" title="Jasmonate">Jasmonate</a> (JA). In grapevine tendrils, it recently has been shown that GABA can independently promote tendril coiling. It has also been shown that jasmonate phytohormones serve as a hormonal signal to initiate tendril coiling.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cascade can activate <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane_H%2B-ATPase" title="Plasma membrane H+-ATPase">plasma membrane H+-ATPase</a>, which also plays a role in the contact coiling mechanism as a proton pump. This pump activity establishes an electrochemical of H+ ions from inside the cell to the <a href="/wiki/Apoplast" title="Apoplast">apoplast</a>, which in turn creates an osmotic gradient. This leads to loss of turgor pressure; the differences in cell size due to the loss of turgor pressure in some cells creates the coiling response.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contractile movement is also influenced by gelatinous fibers, which contract and <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignify</a> in response to the thigmotropic signal cascade.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-discrimination">Self-discrimination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendril&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Self-discrimination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although tendrils twine around hosts based on <a href="/wiki/Thigmotropism" title="Thigmotropism">touch perception</a>, plants have a form of self-discrimination<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and avoid twining around themselves or neighboring plants of the same species – demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Chemotropism" title="Chemotropism">chemotropism</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Chemoreception" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoreception">chemoreception</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once a tendril comes in contact with a neighboring <a href="/wiki/Conspecific" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspecific">conspecific plant</a> (of the same species) signaling molecules released by the host plant bind to chemoreceptors on the climbing plant’s tendrils. This generates a signal that prevents the thigmotropic pathway and therefore prevents the tendril from coiling around that host.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies confirming this pathway have been performed on the climbing plant <i><a href="/wiki/Cayratia_japonica" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayratia japonica">Cayratia japonica</a></i>. Research demonstrated that when two <i>C. japonica</i> plants were placed in physical contact, the tendrils would not coil around the conspecific plant. Researchers tested this interaction by isolating <a href="/wiki/Oxalate" title="Oxalate">oxalate</a> crystals from the leaves of a <i>C. japonica</i> plant and coating a stick with the oxalate crystals. The tendrils of <i>C. japonica</i> plants that came in physical contact with the oxalate-coated stick would not coil, confirming that climbing plants use chemoreception for self-discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Self-discrimination may confer an evolutionary advantage for climbing plants to avoid coiling around conspecific plants. This is because neighboring climbing plants do not provide as stable of structures to coil around when compared to more rigid nearby plants. Furthermore, by being able to recognize and avoid coiling around conspecific plants, the plants reduce their proximity to competition, allowing them to have access to more resources and therefore better growth.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendril&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 892px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nep_raf211.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nepenthes rafflesiana upper pitcher with coiled tendril."><img alt="Nepenthes rafflesiana upper pitcher with coiled tendril." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nep_raf211.jpg/135px-Nep_raf211.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nep_raf211.jpg/202px-Nep_raf211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Nep_raf211.jpg/270px-Nep_raf211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Nepenthes_rafflesiana" title="Nepenthes rafflesiana">Nepenthes rafflesiana</a></i> upper pitcher with coiled tendril.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virginiacreepertendril.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Virginia creeper vine beginning tendril"><img alt="Virginia creeper vine beginning tendril" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Virginiacreepertendril.jpg/180px-Virginiacreepertendril.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Virginiacreepertendril.jpg/270px-Virginiacreepertendril.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Virginiacreepertendril.jpg/360px-Virginiacreepertendril.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_creeper" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia creeper">Virginia creeper</a> vine beginning tendril</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurgiv%C3%A4%C3%A4t.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cucumber tendril"><img alt="Cucumber tendril" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kurgiv%C3%A4%C3%A4t.jpg/180px-Kurgiv%C3%A4%C3%A4t.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kurgiv%C3%A4%C3%A4t.jpg/270px-Kurgiv%C3%A4%C3%A4t.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Kurgiv%C3%A4%C3%A4t.jpg/360px-Kurgiv%C3%A4%C3%A4t.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">Cucumber</a> tendril</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NRCSHI07025_-_Hawaii_(716084)(NRCS_Photo_Gallery).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Squash vine coiled tendril"><img alt="Squash vine coiled tendril" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NRCSHI07025_-_Hawaii_%28716084%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/180px-NRCSHI07025_-_Hawaii_%28716084%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NRCSHI07025_-_Hawaii_%28716084%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/270px-NRCSHI07025_-_Hawaii_%28716084%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/NRCSHI07025_-_Hawaii_%28716084%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg/360px-NRCSHI07025_-_Hawaii_%28716084%29%28NRCS_Photo_Gallery%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Squash vine coiled tendril</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tendril&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26311669">26311669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Self-discrimination+in+the+tendrils+of+the+vine+is+mediated+by+physiological+connection&rft.volume=282&rft.issue=1814&rft.pages=20151379&rft.date=2015-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4571702%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26311669&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2015.1379&rft.aulast=Fukano&rft.aufirst=Yuya&rft.au=Yamawo%2C+Akira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4571702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATendril" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukano2017" class="citation journal cs1">Fukano, Yuya (15 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5360923">"Vine tendrils use contact chemoreception to avoid conspecific leaves"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>284</b> (1850): 20162650. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2016.2650">10.1098/rspb.2016.2650</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5360923">5360923</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-d8647bfd6-s29c4","wgBackendResponseTime":156,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.349","walltime":"0.446","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1538,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":49532,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":908,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":3,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":80348,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 403.209 1 -total"," 44.40% 179.011 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.81% 87.959 1 Template:Authority_control"," 20.23% 81.559 2 Template:Cite_web"," 16.80% 67.739 1 Template:Short_description"," 15.34% 61.848 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.90% 35.894 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.43% 25.923 1 Template:Redirect"," 5.09% 20.521 4 Template:Main_other"," 4.78% 19.274 1 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-10-22T07:21:00Z","dateModified":"2025-02-02T03:22:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/17\/Vine.jpg","headline":"specialisation of plant parts used to climb or bind"}</script> </body> </html>