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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types (hardware and software )</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_(hardware_and_software_)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_controllers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_controllers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Performance controllers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_controllers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance controllers subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_controllers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Keyboards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keyboards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Keyboards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keyboards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wind_controllers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wind_controllers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wind controllers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wind_controllers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drum_and_percussion_controllers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drum_and_percussion_controllers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Drum and percussion controllers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drum_and_percussion_controllers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stringed_instrument_controllers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stringed_instrument_controllers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Stringed instrument controllers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stringed_instrument_controllers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialized_and_experimental_controllers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialized_and_experimental_controllers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Specialized and experimental controllers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialized_and_experimental_controllers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auxiliary_controllers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auxiliary_controllers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Auxiliary controllers</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Auxiliary_controllers-sublist" 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<li id="toc-Use_in_a_data_stream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_a_data_stream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Use in a data stream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_a_data_stream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Common products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Roland_AX-1_keytar_midi_controller.JPG/220px-Roland_AX-1_keytar_midi_controller.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Roland_AX-1_keytar_midi_controller.JPG/330px-Roland_AX-1_keytar_midi_controller.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Roland_AX-1_keytar_midi_controller.JPG/440px-Roland_AX-1_keytar_midi_controller.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Roland <a href="/wiki/Keytar" title="Keytar">keytar</a>, keyboard MIDI controller designed to be worn with a shoulder strap during performance. The keytar does not produce any musical sounds by itself. As a MIDI controller, it only sends data about which keys or buttons are pressed to a MIDI-compatible <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a> or <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a>, which then produces the sounds.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>MIDI controller</b> is any hardware or software that generates and transmits Musical Instrument Digital Interface (<a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a>) data to MIDI-enabled devices, typically to trigger sounds and control parameters of an electronic music performance. They most often use a <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">musical keyboard</a> to send data about the pitch of notes to play, although a MIDI controller may trigger lighting and other effects. A <a href="/wiki/Wind_controller" title="Wind controller">wind controller</a> has a sensor that converts breath pressure to volume information and lip pressure to control pitch. Controllers for percussion and stringed instruments exist, as well as specialized and experimental devices. Some MIDI controllers are used in association with specific <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">digital audio workstation</a> software. The original MIDI specification has been extended to include a greater range of control features. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>MIDI controllers usually do not create or produce musical sounds by themselves. MIDI controllers typically have some type of interface that the performer presses, strikes, blows or touches. This action generates MIDI data (e.g. notes played and their intensity), which can then be transmitted to a MIDI-compatible <a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">sound module</a> or <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a> using a MIDI cable. The sound module or synthesizer in turn produces a sound that is amplified through a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a>. </p><p>The most commonly used MIDI controller is the electronic <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">musical keyboard</a> MIDI controller. When the keys are played, the MIDI controller sends MIDI data about the pitch of the note, how hard the note was played and its duration. Other common MIDI controllers are <a href="/wiki/Wind_controller" title="Wind controller">wind controllers</a>, which a musician blows into and presses keys to transmit MIDI data, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">electronic drums</a>. </p><p>The MIDI controller can be populated with any number of sliders, knobs, buttons, pedals and other sensors, and may or may not include a piano keyboard. Many <a href="/wiki/Audio_control_surface" title="Audio control surface">audio control surfaces</a> are MIDI-based and so are essentially MIDI controllers. </p><p>While the most common use of MIDI controllers is to trigger musical sounds and play musical instruments, MIDI controllers are also used to control other MIDI-compatible devices, such as stage lights, digital <a href="/wiki/Audio_mixer" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio mixer">audio mixers</a> and complex guitar <a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">effects units</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_(hardware_and_software_)"><span id="Types_.28hardware_and_software_.29"></span>Types (hardware and software )</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types (hardware and software )"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/MIDI_controller" title="Special:EditPage/MIDI controller">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roland_Octapad_II_Pad-80.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Roland_Octapad_II_Pad-80.jpg/220px-Roland_Octapad_II_Pad-80.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Roland_Octapad_II_Pad-80.jpg/330px-Roland_Octapad_II_Pad-80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Roland_Octapad_II_Pad-80.jpg/440px-Roland_Octapad_II_Pad-80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Roland Octapad</a> percussion/drum controller</figcaption></figure> <p>The following are classes of MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) controller: </p> <ul><li>The human interface component of a traditional instrument redesigned as a MIDI control device. The most common type of device in this class is the keyboard controller. Such a device provides a <a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">musical keyboard</a> and perhaps other actuators (pitch bend and modulation wheels, for example) but produces no sound on its own. It is intended only to drive other MIDI devices. Percussion controllers such as the <a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Roland Octapad</a> fall into this class, as do a variety of wind controllers and guitar-like controllers such as the <a href="/wiki/SynthAxe" title="SynthAxe">SynthAxe</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instruments</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">samplers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_drum" title="Electronic drum">electronic drums</a>, which are used to perform music in real time and are inherently able to transmit a MIDI data stream of the performance.</li> <li>Pitch-to-MIDI converters including <a href="/wiki/Guitar/synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Guitar/synthesizer">guitar/synthesizers</a> analyze a pitch and convert it into a MIDI signal. There are several devices that do this for the human voice and for monophonic instruments such as flutes, for example.</li> <li>Traditional instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drums</a>, acoustic <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">pianos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordions</a> which are outfitted with sensors and a computer processor which accepts input from the sensors and transmits real-time performance information as MIDI data. The performance information (e.g., on which notes or drums are struck, and how hard) is then sent to a module or computer which converts the data into sounds (e.g., samples or synthesized sounds).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencers</a>, which store and retrieve MIDI data and send the data to MIDI-enabled instruments in order to reproduce a performance.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_Machine_Control" title="MIDI Machine Control">MIDI Machine Control</a> (MMC) devices such as recording equipment, which transmit messages to aid in the synchronization of MIDI-enabled devices. For example, a recorder may have a feature to index a recording by measure and beat. The sequencer that it controls would stay synchronized with it as the recorder's transport controls are pushed and corresponding MIDI messages transmitted.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_Show_Control" title="MIDI Show Control">MIDI Show Control</a> (MSC) devices such as show controllers, which transmit messages to aid in the operation and cueing of live theatrical and themed entertainment productions. For example, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Show_control" title="Show control">show control</a> sub systems such as sound consoles, sound playback controllers, virtual audio matrices and switchers, video playback systems, rigging controllers, pyro and lighting control systems directly respond to MSC commands. However, most standalone generic MSC controllers are intended to actuate a generic computerized show control system that has been carefully programmed to produce the complex desired results that the show demands at each moment of the production.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_controllers">Performance controllers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Performance controllers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Remote_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A Novation Remote 25 two-octave MIDI controller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Remote_25.jpg/220px-Remote_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Remote_25.jpg/330px-Remote_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Remote_25.jpg/440px-Remote_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Two-octave MIDI controllers are popular for use with laptop computers, due to their portability. This unit provides a variety of real-time controllers, which can manipulate various sound design parameters of computer-based or standalone hardware instruments, effects, mixers and recording devices.</figcaption></figure> <p>MIDI was designed with keyboards in mind, and any controller that is not a keyboard is considered an "alternative" controller.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was seen as a limitation by composers who were not interested in keyboard-based music, but the standard proved flexible, and MIDI compatibility was introduced to other types of controllers, including guitars, wind instruments and drum machines.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Keyboards">Keyboards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Keyboards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/MIDI_keyboard" title="MIDI keyboard">MIDI keyboard</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Musical_keyboard" title="Musical keyboard">Keyboards</a> are by far the most common type of MIDI controller.<sup id="cite_ref-Cakewalk_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cakewalk-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are available in sizes that range from 25-key, 2-octave models, to full-sized 88-key instruments. Some are keyboard-only controllers, though many include other real-time controllers such as sliders, knobs, and wheels.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commonly, there are also connections for <a href="/wiki/Sustain_pedal" title="Sustain pedal">sustain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">expression pedals</a>. Most keyboard controllers offer the ability to split the playing area into <i>zones</i>, which can be of any desired size and can overlap with each other. Each zone can be assigned to a different MIDI channel and can be set to play any desired range of notes. This allows a single playing surface to control a number of different devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79–80">: 79–80 </span></sup> MIDI capabilities can also be built into traditional keyboard instruments, such as <a href="/wiki/Grand_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand piano">grand pianos</a><sup id="cite_ref-Huber_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82">: 82 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Rhodes_piano" title="Rhodes piano">Rhodes pianos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pedal_keyboard" title="Pedal keyboard">Pedal keyboards</a> can operate the pedal tones of a MIDI organ, or can drive a <a href="/wiki/Bass_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass synthesizer">bass synthesizer</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Onyx_The_Digital_Pied_Piper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A performer playing a MIDI wind controller" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Onyx_The_Digital_Pied_Piper.jpg/220px-Onyx_The_Digital_Pied_Piper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Onyx_The_Digital_Pied_Piper.jpg/330px-Onyx_The_Digital_Pied_Piper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Onyx_The_Digital_Pied_Piper.jpg/440px-Onyx_The_Digital_Pied_Piper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>MIDI wind controllers can produce expressive, natural-sounding performances in a way that is difficult to achieve with keyboard controllers.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wind_controllers">Wind controllers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wind controllers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wind_controller" title="Wind controller">Wind controller</a></div> <p>Wind controllers allow MIDI parts to be played with the same kind of expression and articulation that is available to players of wind and brass instruments. They allow breath and pitch glide control that provide a more versatile kind of phrasing, particularly when playing sampled or <a href="/wiki/Physical_modelling_synthesis" title="Physical modelling synthesis">physically modeled</a> wind instrument parts.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95">: 95 </span></sup> A typical wind controller has a sensor that converts breath pressure to volume information and may allow pitch control through a lip pressure sensor and a pitch-bend wheel. Some models include a configurable key layout that can emulate different instruments' fingering systems.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of such controllers include <a href="/wiki/Akai" title="Akai">Akai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/EWI_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="EWI (musical instrument)">Electronic Wind Instrument</a> (EWI) and Electronic Valve Instrument (EVI). The EWI uses a system of keypads and rollers modeled after a traditional <a href="/wiki/Woodwind_instrument" title="Woodwind instrument">woodwind instrument</a>, while the EVI is based on an acoustic <a href="/wiki/Brass_instrument" title="Brass instrument">brass instrument</a>, and has three switches that emulate a <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a>'s valves.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 320–321">: 320–321 </span></sup> </p><p>Simpler breath controllers are also available. Unlike wind controllers, they do not trigger notes and are intended for use in conjunction with a keyboard or synthesizer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drum_and_percussion_controllers">Drum and percussion controllers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Drum and percussion controllers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:V-drums-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A MIDI drum kit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/V-drums-2.jpg/220px-V-drums-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/V-drums-2.jpg/330px-V-drums-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/V-drums-2.jpg/440px-V-drums-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Drum controllers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Roland_V-Drums" title="Roland V-Drums">Roland V-Drums</a>, are often built in the form of an actual drum kit. The unit's sound module is mounted to the left.</figcaption></figure> <p>Keyboards can be used to trigger drum sounds, but are impractical for playing repeated patterns such as rolls, due to the length of key travel. After keyboards, drum pads are the next most significant MIDI performance controllers.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 319–320">: 319–320 </span></sup> Drum controllers may be built into drum machines, may be standalone control surfaces, or may emulate the look and feel of acoustic percussion instruments. MIDI triggers can also be installed into acoustic drum and percussion instruments. The pads built into drum machines are typically too small and fragile to be played with sticks, and are played with fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88">: 88 </span></sup> Dedicated drum pads such as the <a href="/wiki/Roland_Octapad" title="Roland Octapad">Roland Octapad</a> or the <a href="/wiki/DrumKAT" title="DrumKAT">DrumKAT</a> are playable with the hands or with sticks. There are also percussion controllers such as the <a href="/wiki/Vibraphone" title="Vibraphone">vibraphone</a>-style <a href="/wiki/MalletKAT" title="MalletKAT">MalletKAT</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Huber_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88–91">: 88–91 </span></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Marimba_Lumina" title="Marimba Lumina">Marimba Lumina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pads that can trigger a MIDI device can be homemade from a <a href="/wiki/Piezoelectric_sensor" title="Piezoelectric sensor">piezoelectric sensor</a> and a practice pad or other piece of foam rubber.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stringed_instrument_controllers">Stringed instrument controllers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stringed instrument controllers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A guitar can be fitted with special <a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">pickups</a> that digitize the instrument's output and allow it to play a synthesizer's sounds. These assign a separate MIDI channel for each string, and may give the player the choice of triggering the same sound from all six strings or playing a different sound from each.<sup id="cite_ref-Huber_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huber-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92–93">: 92–93 </span></sup> Some models, such as Yamaha's G10, dispense with the traditional guitar body and replace it with electronics.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 320">: 320 </span></sup> Other systems, such as Roland's MIDI pickups, are included with or can be retrofitted to a standard instrument. Max Mathews designed a MIDI violin for <a href="/wiki/Laurie_Anderson" title="Laurie Anderson">Laurie Anderson</a> in the mid-1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and MIDI-equipped violas, cellos, contrabasses, and mandolins also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other string controllers such as the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_Labs_Ztar_Z6_series_(drvinay%27s_studio).jpg" class="extiw" title="c:File:Starr Labs Ztar Z6 series (drvinay's studio).jpg">Starr Labs Ztar</a> use a combination of fretboard keys and strings to trigger notes without needing a MIDI pickup. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akai_SynthStation_25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A MIDI controller for use with a smartphone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Akai_SynthStation_25.jpg/220px-Akai_SynthStation_25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Akai_SynthStation_25.jpg/330px-Akai_SynthStation_25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Akai_SynthStation_25.jpg/440px-Akai_SynthStation_25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A MIDI controller designed for use with a <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>. The phone docks in the center.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_and_experimental_controllers">Specialized and experimental controllers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Specialized and experimental controllers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DJ_digital_controller" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ digital controller">DJ digital controllers</a> may be standalone units or may be integrated with a specific piece of software. These typically respond to MIDI clock sync and provide control over mixing, looping, effects, and sample playback.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MIDI triggers attached to shoes or clothing are sometimes used by stage performers. The Kroonde Gamma wireless sensor can capture physical motion as MIDI signals.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sensors built into a dance floor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a> convert dancers' movements into MIDI messages,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/David_Rokeby" title="David Rokeby">David Rokeby</a>'s <i>Very Nervous System</i> <a href="/wiki/Art_installation" class="mw-redirect" title="Art installation">art installation</a> created music from the movements of passers-through.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software applications exist which enable the use of <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> devices as gesture controllers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous experimental controllers exist which abandon traditional musical interfaces entirely. These include the gesture-controlled <a href="/wiki/Buchla_Thunder" title="Buchla Thunder">Buchla Thunder</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sonomes such as the C-Thru Music Axis,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which rearrange the scale tones into an isometric layout,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Haken Audio's keyless, touch-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Continuum_(instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuum (instrument)">Continuum</a> playing surface.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Experimental MIDI controllers may be created from unusual objects, such as an ironing board with heat sensors installed,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a sofa equipped with pressure sensors.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=GRIDI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GRIDI (page does not exist)">GRIDI</a> is a large scale physical MIDI sequencer with embedded LEDs developed by Yuvi Gerstein in 2015, which uses balls as inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Eigenharp" title="Eigenharp">Eigenharp</a> controller is a combination of a breath controller, a configurable series of multi-dimensional control keys, and ribbon controllers designed to control its own virtual instrument software.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Auxiliary_controllers">Auxiliary controllers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Auxiliary controllers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Software synthesizers offer great power and versatility, but some players feel that division of attention between a MIDI keyboard and a computer keyboard and mouse robs some of the immediacy from the playing experience.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Devices dedicated to real-time MIDI control provide an ergonomic benefit and can provide a greater sense of connection with the instrument than can an interface that is accessed through a mouse and computer keyboard. </p><p>Controllers may be general-purpose devices that are designed to work with a variety of equipment, or they may be designed to work with a specific piece of software. Examples of the latter include Akai's APC40 controller or Nakedboards MC-8 for <a href="/wiki/Ableton_Live" title="Ableton Live">Ableton Live</a>, and Korg's MS-20ic controller which is a reproduction of their <a href="/wiki/MS-20" class="mw-redirect" title="MS-20">MS-20</a> analog synthesizer. The MS-20ic controller includes <a href="/wiki/Patch_cables" class="mw-redirect" title="Patch cables">patch cables</a> that can be used to control signal routing in their virtual reproduction of the MS-20 synthesizer and can also control third-party devices.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_surfaces">Control surfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Control surfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Control surfaces are hardware devices that provide a variety of controls that transmit real-time controller messages. These enable software instruments to be programmed without the discomfort of excessive mouse movements,<sup id="cite_ref-WalkerControl_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalkerControl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or adjustment of hardware devices without the need to step through layered menus. Buttons, sliders, and knobs are the most common controllers provided, but <a href="/wiki/Rotary_encoder" title="Rotary encoder">rotary encoders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_controls" class="mw-redirect" title="Transport controls">transport controls</a>, joysticks, <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_controller" title="Ribbon controller">ribbon controllers</a>, vector touchpads in the style of Korg's <a href="/wiki/Kaoss_pad" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaoss pad">Kaoss pad</a>, and optical controllers such as Roland's <a href="/wiki/D-Beam" title="D-Beam">D-Beam</a> may also be present. Control surfaces may be used for mixing, sequencer automation, turntablism, and lighting control.<sup id="cite_ref-WalkerControl_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalkerControl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialized_real-time_controllers">Specialized real-time controllers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Specialized real-time controllers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Audio_control_surface" title="Audio control surface">Audio control surfaces</a> often resemble <a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">mixing consoles</a> in appearance, and enable a level of hands-on control for changing parameters such as sound levels and effects applied to individual tracks of a <a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">multitrack recording</a> or channels supporting a live performance. </p><p>MIDI footswitches are commonly used to send MIDI program change commands to effects devices but may be combined with a pedalboard for more detailed adjustment of effects units. Pedals are available in the form of on/off switches, either momentary or latching or as <a href="/wiki/Expression_pedal" title="Expression pedal">expression pedals</a> whose position determines the value of a MIDI continuous controller. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Drawbars" class="mw-redirect" title="Drawbars">Drawbar</a> controllers are for use with MIDI and virtual organs. Along with a set of drawbars for timbre control, they may provide controls for standard organ effects such as <a href="/wiki/Leslie_speaker" title="Leslie speaker">Leslie speaker</a> speed, vibrato and chorus.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_a_data_stream">Use in a data stream</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Use in a data stream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/General_MIDI#Controller_events" title="General MIDI">General MIDI § Controller events</a></div> <p>Modifiers such as modulation wheels, pitch bend wheels, sustain pedals, pitch sliders, buttons, knobs, faders, switches, ribbon controllers, etc., alter an instrument's state of operation, and thus can be used to modify sounds or other parameters of music performance in real time via MIDI connections. </p><p>Some controllers, such as pitch bend, are special. Whereas the data range of most continuous controllers (such as volume, for example) consists of 128 steps ranging in value from 0 to 127, pitch bend data may be encoded with over 16,000 data steps. This produces the illusion of a continuously sliding pitch, as in a violin's portamento, rather than a series of zippered steps such as a guitarist sliding their finger up the frets of their guitar's neck. </p><p>The original MIDI specification included 128 virtual controller numbers for real-time modifications to live instruments or their audio. MIDI Show Control (MSC) and MIDI Machine Control (MMC) are two separate extensions of the original MIDI spec, expanding MIDI protocol to accept far more than its original intentions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_products">Common products</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Common products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common MIDI controllers encountered are various sizes of MIDI keyboards. A modern controller lacks internal sound generation, instead acting as a primary or secondary input for a <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital sampler">digital sampler</a> or a computer running a <a href="/wiki/VST_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="VST instrument">VST instrument</a> or other software sound generator. Many have several user-definable knobs and slide controls that can control aspects of a synthesizer's sound in real time. Such controllers are much cheaper than a full synthesizer and are increasingly equipped with <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a>, which allows connection to a computer without a MIDI interface. Despite not using MIDI directly, software applications recognize such controllers as a <i>MIDI device</i>. In most cases, a USB-equipped controller can draw necessary power from USB connection, and does not require an <a href="/wiki/AC_adapter" title="AC adapter">AC adapter</a> when connected to a computer. Keyboards range in size from 88 weighted-action keys to portable 25-key models. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MIDI_controller&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823030324/http://www.midi.org/aboutmidi/products.php">"MIDI Products"</a>. <i>midi.org</i>. MIDI Manufacturers Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midi.org/aboutmidi/products.php">the original</a> on 2012-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=midi.org&rft.atitle=MIDI+Products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.midi.org%2Faboutmidi%2Fproducts.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI+controller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2002" class="citation book cs1">Holmes, Thom (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ILkquoGXEq0C"><i>Electronic and Experimental Music: Pioneers in Technology and Composition</i></a>. Media and Popular Culture Series. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415936446" title="Special:BookSources/9780415936446"><bdi>9780415936446</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/84026715">84026715</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electronic+and+Experimental+Music%3A+Pioneers+in+Technology+and+Composition&rft.series=Media+and+Popular+Culture+Series&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F84026715&rft.isbn=9780415936446&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DILkquoGXEq0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMIDI+controller" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cakewalk-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cakewalk_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120814222211/http://www.cakewalk.com/Support/kb/reader.aspx/2007013074">"Desktop Music Handbook – MIDI"</a>. <i>cakewalk.com</i>. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_music" title="Template:Computer music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_music" title="Template talk:Computer music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Battier" title="Marc Battier">Marc Battier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Boulanger" title="Richard Boulanger">Richard Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cope" title="David Cope">David Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chowning" title="John Chowning">John Chowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_di_Giugno" title="Giuseppe di Giugno">Giuseppe di Giugno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodge_(composer)" title="Charles Dodge (composer)">Charles Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Michael_Koenig" title="Gottfried Michael Koenig">Gottfried Michael Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Lansky" title="Paul Lansky">Paul Lansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Pape" title="Gérard Pape">Gérard Pape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Puckette" title="Miller Puckette">Miller Puckette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Reynolds" title="Roger Reynolds">Roger Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Risset" title="Jean-Claude Risset">Jean-Claude Risset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Roads" title="Curtis Roads">Curtis Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub_(band)" title="The Hub (band)">The Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimpin" title="Trimpin">Trimpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Vercoe" title="Barry Vercoe">Barry Vercoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannis_Xenakis" title="Iannis Xenakis">Iannis Xenakis</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/CSIRAC" title="CSIRAC"><img alt="CSIRAC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/80px-CSIRAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/120px-CSIRAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/CSIRAC.jpg/160px-CSIRAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/80px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/120px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg/160px-CCRMA_%284%29%2C_June_13%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs and<br />instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ChucK" title="ChucK">ChucK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composers_Desktop_Project" title="Composers Desktop Project">Composers Desktop Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Csound" title="Csound">Csound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAUST_(programming_language)" title="FAUST (programming language)">FAUST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_Music_Specification_Language" title="Hierarchical Music Specification Language">HMSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyma_(sound_design_language)" title="Kyma (sound design language)">Kyma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptop_orchestra" title="Laptop orchestra">Laptop orchestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_(software)" title="Max (software)">Max/MSP</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_Mouse" title="Music Mouse">Music Mouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Data" title="Pure Data">Pure Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MUSIC-N" title="MUSIC-N">MUSIC-N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodrum" title="Radiodrum">Radiodrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffusion" title="Riffusion">Riffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonic_Pi" title="Sonic Pi">Sonic Pi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperCollider" title="SuperCollider">SuperCollider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TidalCycles" title="TidalCycles">TidalCycles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPIC" title="UPIC">UPIC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_centers_and_institutes#Center_for_Computer_Research_in_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Stanford University centers and institutes">CCRMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CCMIX" title="CCMIX">CEMAMu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Center" title="Computer Music Center">Computer Music Center at Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Music_Studios" title="Experimental Music Studios">Experimental Music Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Electroacoustic_Music" title="International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music">ICEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Association" title="International Computer Music Association">ICMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_New_Music_and_Audio_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Center for New Music and Audio Technologies">Center for New Music and Audio Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Sound_Lab" title="Princeton Sound Lab">Princeton Sound Lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIMARA" title="TIMARA">Oberlin TIMARA Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electronic_Music_and_Acoustics" title="Institute of Electronic Music and Acoustics">IEM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_composition" title="Algorithmic composition">Algorithmic composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_artificial_intelligence" title="Music and artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Sound synthesis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_synthesizer" title="Digital synthesizer">Digital synthesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compositions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Illiac_Suite" title="Illiac Suite">Illiac Suite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mortuos_Plango,_Vivos_Voco" title="Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco">Mortuos Plango, Vivos Voco</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/16px-45_record.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/24px-45_record.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/45_record.png/32px-45_record.png 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Record_production" title="Portal:Record production">Record production portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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