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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Closures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Closures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualification_of_teachers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualification_of_teachers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Qualification of teachers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualification_of_teachers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Discussion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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searchaux" style="display:none">Education policy in England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the education policy in England. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Free_school_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Free school (disambiguation)">Free school (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michaela_Community_School_Buildings_January_2022.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Michaela_Community_School_Buildings_January_2022.jpeg/220px-Michaela_Community_School_Buildings_January_2022.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Michaela_Community_School_Buildings_January_2022.jpeg/330px-Michaela_Community_School_Buildings_January_2022.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Michaela_Community_School_Buildings_January_2022.jpeg/440px-Michaela_Community_School_Buildings_January_2022.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michaela_Community_School" title="Michaela Community School">Michaela Community School</a> is a free school with <a href="/wiki/Sixth_form" title="Sixth form">sixth form</a> in London.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>free school</b> in England is a type of <a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">academy</a> established since 2010 under the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Cameron–Clegg government's</a> free school policy initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From May 2015, usage of the term was formally extended to include new academies set up via a local authority competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeSchoolPresumption_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeSchoolPresumption-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other academies, free schools are non-profit-making, state-funded schools which are free to attend but which are mostly independent of the <a href="/wiki/Local_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authority">local authority</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Like all academies, free schools are governed by <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> <a href="/wiki/Charitable_trusts_in_English_law" title="Charitable trusts in English law">charitable trusts</a> that sign funding agreements with the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Education" title="Secretary of State for Education">Education Secretary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CharitableTrust_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CharitableTrust-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FundingAgreement_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FundingAgreement-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are different model funding agreements for single academy trusts and multi academy trusts.<sup id="cite_ref-ModFundAgreement_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ModFundAgreement-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FreeSchoolChains_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeSchoolChains-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible for a local authority to sponsor a free school in partnership with other organisations, provided they have no more than a 19.9 per cent representation on the board of trustees.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeSchoolGovernanceHandbook_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeSchoolGovernanceHandbook-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">university technical colleges</a> are both sub-types of free school.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeSchoolDefn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeSchoolDefn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_creation_and_implementation">Policy creation and implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Policy creation and implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Free schools were introduced by the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2010 United Kingdom general election">2010 general election</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Society" title="Big Society">Big Society</a> initiative to make it possible for parents, teachers, charities and businesses to set up their own schools.<sup id="cite_ref-GovUKSettingUpFreeSchool_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovUKSettingUpFreeSchool-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Free schools are an extension of the existing <a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">academies programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-qa_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-qa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Academies_Act_2010" title="Academies Act 2010">Academies Act 2010</a>, which allowed all existing state schools to become academies, also authorised the creation of free schools. The first 24 free schools opened in autumn 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-policy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-policy-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Education_Act_2011" title="Education Act 2011">Education Act 2011</a> gave rise to the <b>academy/free school presumption</b>; Government advice which clarified that any local authority in need of a new school must in most circumstances seek proposals for an academy or free school,<sup id="cite_ref-DfEAdviceNewSchools_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DfEAdviceNewSchools-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a traditional <a href="/wiki/Community_school_(England_and_Wales)" title="Community school (England and Wales)">community school</a> only being allowed if no suitable free school or academy is proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-EdAct2011Schedule11_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EdAct2011Schedule11-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2015 the advice was renamed the <b>free school presumption</b> reflecting the fact that the newly elected <a href="/wiki/Second_Cameron_ministry" title="Second Cameron ministry">Conservative Government</a> regarded <i>all</i> new academies established after May 2015 as free schools.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeSchoolPresumption_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeSchoolPresumption-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_models_in_other_countries">Similar models in other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Similar models in other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The free school concept is based on similar schools found <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Sweden#Independent_schools" title="Education in Sweden">in Sweden</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SwedishFreeSchools_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SwedishFreeSchools-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chile,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Zealand (an overlap between <a href="/wiki/Designated_Special_Character_schools" title="Designated Special Character schools">designated special character schools</a> and partnership schools),<sup id="cite_ref-NZPartnershipSchools_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZPartnershipSchools-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Charter_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter schools">charter schools</a> in Canada and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Free schools are subject to the same School Admissions Code as all other state-funded schools, although they are subject to <a href="/wiki/The_50%25_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="The 50% Rule">the 50% Rule</a> whereby oversubscribed free schools with a <a href="/wiki/Faith_school" title="Faith school">faith designation</a> must allocate at least half of their places without regard to faith.<sup id="cite_ref-AdmissionsCode_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AdmissionsCode-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free schools are expected to offer a broad and balanced curriculum,<sup id="cite_ref-HoCNote_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoCNote-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are subject to the same <a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a> inspections as all other maintained schools and are expected to comply with standard performance measures.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-qa_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-qa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To set up a free school, founding groups submit applications to the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GovUKSettingUpFreeSchool_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovUKSettingUpFreeSchool-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Groups include those run by parents, education charities and religious groups. Start-up grants are provided to establish the schools and ongoing funding is on an equivalent basis with other locally controlled <a href="/wiki/State-funded_schools_(England)" title="State-funded schools (England)">state maintained schools</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Funding_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Funding-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_free_school">Types of free school</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types of free school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of free schools are similar in size and shape to other <a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)#Types" title="Academy (English school)">types of academy</a>. However, the following are distinctive sub-types of free school:<sup id="cite_ref-AcademyTypes_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AcademyTypes-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a> – A small free school, usually with around 300 pupils, using project-based learning<sup id="cite_ref-GovTypesOfSchool_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovTypesOfSchool-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University Technical College">University Technical College</a> – A free school for the 14–18 age group, specialising in practical, employment-focused subjects, sponsored by a university, employer or <a href="/wiki/Further_education_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Further education college">further education college</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GovTypesOfSchool_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GovTypesOfSchool-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UTCColleges_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UTCColleges-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a> – A selective sixth form free school for those with significant mathematical aptitude, specialising in mathematics. They are sponsored by a selective mathematics university.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Waves">Waves</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Department for Education publishes and maintains the list of established free schools and those that are due to be established.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeSchoolList_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeSchoolList-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Free schools approvals are processed and announced in batches, known as 'waves'.<sup id="cite_ref-FreeSchoolFoIWave1and2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FreeSchoolFoIWave1and2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Wave 1:</b> In the autumn of 2010, Education Secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> announced that 16 proposals for free schools had been given a green light by the Government and were expected to open in September 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This number eventually grew to 24.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of the original 16 schools were <a href="/wiki/Faith_school" title="Faith school">faith schools</a>: two Jewish, one Evangelical Anglican, one Hindu and one Sikh.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Wave 2:</b> In September 2012 the Department of Education announced 55 new free schools would open that month.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Wave 3:</b> The DfE received 234 applications for the third wave of free schools,<sup id="cite_ref-Wave3FoIRequest_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wave3FoIRequest-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of which 102 were approved to progress to the pre-opening stage.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wave3PreOpeningList_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wave3PreOpeningList-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The schools were due to open in September 2013. </p><p><b>Wave 4:</b> Free schools wishing to open in September 2014 submitted proposals to the DfE in January 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2013 it was announced that 102 schools had been approved.<sup id="cite_ref-2014approvals_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2014approvals-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Waves 5,6,7:</b> In March 2013, the Department for Education announced the application schedule for groups wishing to open free schools in 2015 and beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wave 5 pre-approvals were announced in January 2014, with 11 new schools being approved.<sup id="cite_ref-Wave5approvals_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wave5approvals-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five months later another 38 were pre-approved for Wave 6,<sup id="cite_ref-Wave6approvals_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wave6approvals-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in September of the same year, a further 35 schools were pre-approved for Wave 7.<sup id="cite_ref-Wave7approvals_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wave7approvals-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Wave 8:</b> In January 2014, the Department for Education confirmed that there would be an eighth free school wave, with applications being accepted in the Autumn of 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcome was announced in March 2015, when it was confirmed that 49 applications had been pre-approved.<sup id="cite_ref-Wave8approvals_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wave8approvals-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Wave 9:</b> In July 2014, a further funding round was announced for the period immediately following the <a href="/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2015 United Kingdom general election">2015 General Election</a>, with proposals being invited for submission from 8 May 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Wave9announcement_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wave9announcement-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative Party</a> manifesto for that election included a proposal for at least 500 further free schools.<sup id="cite_ref-YouGov_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouGov-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 2 September 2015, it was announced that 18 applications had been successful in reaching Wave 9's pre-approval stage.<sup id="cite_ref-wave9approvals_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wave9approvals-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Wave 10 and beyond:</b> In July 2015, the recently elected Conservative Government invited a tenth wave of free school applications to be submitted in October the same year. They also said that there would be further waves with closing dates in March and September each year for the rest of the Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Wave10guidance_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wave10guidance-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Parliament had been expected to end in May 2020, but in the event <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election#Date_and_cost_of_the_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">it was dissolved</a> on 3 May 2017. </p><p>Between 2010 and 2015 more than 400 free schools were approved for opening in England by the <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Coalition Government</a>, representing more than 230,000 school places across the country,<sup id="cite_ref-Wave8approvals_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wave8approvals-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and numbers have continued to grow since that time.<sup id="cite_ref-OpenAndPipelineFreeSchools_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OpenAndPipelineFreeSchools-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2024<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, more than 650 had opened, and a number were seeking sites in order to open.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian24_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian24-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Closures">Closures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Closures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sixty-six approved free schools had totally or partially closed, or failed to open entirely, by April 2018, at an estimated cost of almost £150m in startup costs and capital funding.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summer 2024 Parkfield School, an all-years school at <a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Airport" title="Bournemouth Airport">Bournemouth Airport</a>, announced its closure after failing to attract enough pupils to be viable.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian24_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian24-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualification_of_teachers">Qualification of teachers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Qualification of teachers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike local authority maintained schools in England, but in common with other types of <a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">academy</a> and with independent schools, free schools are allowed to employ teachers without <a href="/wiki/Qualified_Teacher_Status" class="mw-redirect" title="Qualified Teacher Status">Qualified Teacher Status</a> (QTS). The <a href="/wiki/Cameron%E2%80%93Clegg_coalition" title="Cameron–Clegg coalition">Coalition government</a> said this freedom enables "innovation, diversity and flexibility"<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "the dynamism that characterises the best independent schools".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> have expressed their opposition to this and said that if elected they would require teachers in academies and free schools be "properly qualified".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussion">Discussion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Discussion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the free school policy was first announced, some commentators offered advice to potential proposers,<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others expressed scepticism that the concept could be made to work at all.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of free schools, such as the Conservative Party, said that they would "create more local competition and drive-up standards".<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph2_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also felt they would allow parents to have more choice in the type of education their child receives, much like parents who send their children to independent schools do.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, critics argued that the policy would benefit only <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a> parents with the time to set up free schools and that they would divert money away from existing schools.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc-qa_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-qa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of free schools said that they would benefit children from all backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some people were concerned that free schools are not obliged to cap their headteachers' pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Indep_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Indep-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TES_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TES-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A review of available research on the Swedish model that partially inspired the policy was published in a paper by Rebecca Allen.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It concluded, "The econometric evidence on the effect of the reforms suggests that, so far, Swedish pupils do not appear to be harmed by the competition from private schools, but the new schools have not yet transformed educational attainment in Sweden."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Wilby, writing in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, predicted that free schools would be run by private companies rather than parents, teachers or voluntary groups.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_Schools_Network" title="New Schools Network">New Schools Network</a> was subsequently set up to help groups develop the skills needed to set up free schools.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Carter, a Conservative <a href="/wiki/Councillor" title="Councillor">councillor</a>, pointed out that under the funding arrangements in place at the time, "the more academies and Free Schools you operate, under the current academy funding arrangements, the less [money] maintained schools would get."<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, the Department for Education changed the funding arrangements for all maintained schools so that "schools in similar circumstances and with similar intakes receive similar levels of funding", whatever type of school they are.<sup id="cite_ref-SchoolFundingReform_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SchoolFundingReform-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A warning by the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Teachers" title="National Union of Teachers">National Union of Teachers</a> (NUT) that the policy would "fuel social segregation and undermine local democracy" was reported in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-telegraph2_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-telegraph2-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NUT also said that free schools were neither wanted nor needed, based on a survey of a thousand parents.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Education Secretary accused free school opponents of subjecting supporters to personal attacks and even death threats.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department for Education said that free schools were popular with parents. Figures released in 2013 showed that 90% of free schools were over-subscribed with an average of three pupils competing for each place.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics pointed out that more than half of free schools opening in 2012 opened with 60% or less of the student numbers predicted by the impact assessment documents of each institution, leaving more than 10% spare places.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis by the <a href="/wiki/British_Humanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Humanist Association">British Humanist Association</a> in 2013 found that the majority of free school applications were from religious groups.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic Education Service said that it would not open free schools because their <a href="/wiki/The_50%25_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="The 50% Rule">admissions rules</a> would only let them reserve 50% of places for children from Catholic families, unlike <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_aided_school" title="Voluntary aided school">Voluntary Aided</a> schools which can select up to 100% of places using faith criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-freeButFettered_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeButFettered-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Education Secretary <a href="/wiki/Michael_Gove" title="Michael Gove">Michael Gove</a> said in 2011 he had ruled out religious fundamentalist groups being able to set up free schools.<sup id="cite_ref-TESGoveCreationistFreeSchools_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TESGoveCreationistFreeSchools-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2014, following publication of a leaked document 'Future Academy System' prepared for schools minister <a href="/wiki/John_Nash,_Baron_Nash" title="John Nash, Baron Nash">Lord Nash</a>, critics claimed that failing free schools were being given special fast-track attention by the government to limit potential embarrassment to Michael Gove, the Education Secretary at the time. The leaked document stated that the "political ramifications of any more free schools being judged inadequate are very high and speedy intervention is essential."<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_Gove's_bid_to_limit_fallout_from_failing_free_schools_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_Gove's_bid_to_limit_fallout_from_failing_free_schools-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polling in April 2015 put public support for Conservative proposals to increase the number of free schools by at least 500 at 26%.<sup id="cite_ref-YouGov_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YouGov-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2015 Labour Party election manifesto proposed banning the creation of free schools in areas where there was a surplus of places.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The free school concept has been described as a government obsession which should be abandoned as a failed experiment; the joint general secretary of the <a href="/wiki/National_Education_Union" title="National Education Union">National Education Union</a> (NEU) said in 2018: "The government should hang its head in shame at this monumental waste of taxpayers' money at a time when schools are severely underfunded".<sup id="cite_ref-failed_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-failed-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The centre-right think tank <a href="/wiki/Policy_Exchange" title="Policy Exchange">Policy Exchange</a> said in 2015 that free schools affected the performance of the pupils in surrounding schools. Their assessment was that the results in low-performing schools located in the vicinity of a free school out-performed similar schools that do not have a free school nearby, and also that free schools were eight times more likely to be in England's most deprived areas than the least deprived.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The schools have proven to be unexpectedly expensive, with the government being taken to task for failure to do due diligence on sites and to publish an accounting of costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian24_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian24-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_schools_in_England_which_are_formally_designated_as_faith_schools" title="List of free schools in England which are formally designated as faith schools">List of free schools in England which are formally designated as faith schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free_schools_in_England_with_a_local_authority_sponsor" title="List of free schools in England with a local authority sponsor">List of free schools in England with a local authority sponsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_England" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools in England">List of schools in England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Schools_Network" title="New Schools Network">New Schools Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-funded_schools_(England)" title="State-funded schools (England)">State-funded schools (England)</a></li></ul> <p>Types of free school in addition to those designated "free school": </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy (English school)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University Technical College">University Technical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Free school is not a generic term for any school that does not charge fees.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-academies-and-free-schools/2010-to-2015-government-policy-academies-and-free-schools">"2010 to 2015 government policy: academies 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charity-commission.gov.uk/Charity_requirements_guidance/Specialist_guidance/Education/introduction_for_school_governors.aspx">the original</a> on 21 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Educational+Supplement&rft.atitle=Gove+banishes+creationist+groups+from+free+schools&rft.date=2011-05-27&rft.aulast=Marley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tes.co.uk%2Farticle.aspx%3Fstorycode%3D6086004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+school+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_Gove's_bid_to_limit_fallout_from_failing_free_schools-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Michael_Gove's_bid_to_limit_fallout_from_failing_free_schools_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoffeyMansell2014" class="citation news cs1">Boffey, Daniel; Mansell, Warwick (5 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/apr/06/michael-gove-failing-free-schools">"Michael Gove's bid to limit fallout from failing free schools – revealed"</a>. <i>The Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Michael+Gove%27s+bid+to+limit+fallout+from+failing+free+schools+%E2%80%93+revealed&rft.date=2014-04-05&rft.aulast=Boffey&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Mansell%2C+Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2014%2Fapr%2F06%2Fmichael-gove-failing-free-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+school+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolehouse2015" class="citation news cs1">Holehouse, Matthew (13 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413122712/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/11532277/Labour-manifesto-2015-general-election-manifesto-and-policies.html">"Labour manifesto 2015: the key policies and what they mean for you"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/11532277/Labour-manifesto-2015-general-election-manifesto-and-policies.html">the original</a> on 13 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Labour+manifesto+2015%3A+the+key+policies+and+what+they+mean+for+you&rft.date=2015-04-13&rft.aulast=Holehouse&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fgeneral-election-2015%2F11532277%2FLabour-manifesto-2015-general-election-manifesto-and-policies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+school+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-failed-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-failed_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeale2018" class="citation web cs1">Weale, Sally (25 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/apr/25/free-schools-policy-under-fire-as-yet-another-closure-announced-plymouth">"Free schools policy under fire as yet another closure announced"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Free+schools+policy+under+fire+as+yet+another+closure+announced&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft.aulast=Weale&rft.aufirst=Sally&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fpolitics%2F2018%2Fapr%2F25%2Ffree-schools-policy-under-fire-as-yet-another-closure-announced-plymouth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+school+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2015" class="citation web cs1">Young, Toby (9 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/secondaryeducation/11459227/Why-500-new-free-schools-are-good-news-for-England.html">"Why 500 new free schools are good news for England"</a> – via www.telegraph.co.uk.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+500+new+free+schools+are+good+news+for+England&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Fsecondaryeducation%2F11459227%2FWhy-500-new-free-schools-are-good-news-for-England.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree+school+%28England%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_school_(England)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.education.gov.uk/freeschools">Free Schools</a> at the website of the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7103636.stm">Swedish model of 'free schools'</a>, BBC News, 20 November 2007</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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and <a href="/wiki/Partnerships_for_Schools" title="Partnerships for Schools">Partnerships for Schools</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legislation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Learning_and_Skills_Act_2000" title="Learning and Skills Act 2000">Learning and Skills Act 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Act_2002" title="Education Act 2002">Education Act 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academies_Act_2010" title="Academies Act 2010">Academies Act 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_Act_2011" title="Education Act 2011">Education Act 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_and_Adoption_Act_2016" title="Education and Adoption Act 2016">Education and Adoption Act 2016</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sponsored_academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponsored academy">Sponsored academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converter_academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Converter academy">Converter academy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Technical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="University Technical College">University Technical Colleges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academy_trusts" title="Category:Academy trusts">Academy chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academies_in_England" title="Category:Academies in England">List of academies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support networks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Dearing_Educational_Trust" title="Baker Dearing Educational Trust">Baker Dearing Educational Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Schools_Network" title="New Schools Network">New Schools Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSAT_(The_Schools_Network)" title="SSAT (The Schools Network)">SSAT (The Schools Network)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="School_types" 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types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational stage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global influence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:School_types" title="Category:School types">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Schools_by_type" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Schools by type">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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