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März 2024</a> </span> </li> <li class="post-comment-link meta-wrapper"> <span class="meta-icon"> <svg class="svg-icon" aria-hidden="true" role="img" focusable="false" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="19" height="19" viewBox="0 0 19 19"><path d="M9.43016863,13.2235931 C9.58624731,13.094699 9.7823475,13.0241935 9.98476849,13.0241935 L15.0564516,13.0241935 C15.8581553,13.0241935 16.5080645,12.3742843 16.5080645,11.5725806 L16.5080645,3.44354839 C16.5080645,2.64184472 15.8581553,1.99193548 15.0564516,1.99193548 L3.44354839,1.99193548 C2.64184472,1.99193548 1.99193548,2.64184472 1.99193548,3.44354839 L1.99193548,11.5725806 C1.99193548,12.3742843 2.64184472,13.0241935 3.44354839,13.0241935 L5.76612903,13.0241935 C6.24715123,13.0241935 6.63709677,13.4141391 6.63709677,13.8951613 L6.63709677,15.5301903 L9.43016863,13.2235931 Z M3.44354839,14.766129 C1.67980032,14.766129 0.25,13.3363287 0.25,11.5725806 L0.25,3.44354839 C0.25,1.67980032 1.67980032,0.25 3.44354839,0.25 L15.0564516,0.25 C16.8201997,0.25 18.25,1.67980032 18.25,3.44354839 L18.25,11.5725806 C18.25,13.3363287 16.8201997,14.766129 15.0564516,14.766129 L10.2979143,14.766129 L6.32072889,18.0506004 C5.75274472,18.5196577 4.89516129,18.1156602 4.89516129,17.3790323 L4.89516129,14.766129 L3.44354839,14.766129 Z" /></svg> </span> <span class="meta-text"> <a href="https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/5981#respond">Keine Kommentare<span class="screen-reader-text"> zu Walking into Spiderwebs VI: Raubgut ohne Provenienzmerkmale</span></a> </span> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </header> <figure class="featured-media"> <div class="featured-media-inner section-inner"> <img width="1200" height="675" src="https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/Jakob-Johann-v.-Sievers-2-1200x675.jpg" class="attachment-post-thumbnail size-post-thumbnail wp-post-image" alt="" decoding="async" srcset="https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/Jakob-Johann-v.-Sievers-2-1200x675.jpg 1200w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/Jakob-Johann-v.-Sievers-2-300x169.jpg 300w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/Jakob-Johann-v.-Sievers-2-500x281.jpg 500w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/Jakob-Johann-v.-Sievers-2-768x432.jpg 768w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/Jakob-Johann-v.-Sievers-2-1536x864.jpg 1536w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/Jakob-Johann-v.-Sievers-2-2048x1152.jpg 2048w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/Jakob-Johann-v.-Sievers-2-1980x1114.jpg 1980w" sizes="(max-width: 1200px) 100vw, 1200px" /> <figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Bild: IOS/Kordas</figcaption> </div> </figure> <div class="post-inner thin "> <div class="entry-content"> <p><em>Von Daniela Mathuber</em></p> <p><strong>In der Bibliothek unseres Instituts befindet sich Raubgut aus der NS-Zeit. Wie entdeckt man es Jahrzehnte später? Welche Geschichte erzählen betroffene Bücher, Zeitschriften und Karten? Unsere Autorin Daniela Mathuber sucht im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekts nach betroffenen Medien. In der Serie „Walking into Spiderwebs“ auf diesem Blog stellt sie besondere Fundstücke und ihre Arbeit daran vor.</strong> <strong>Diesmal: Spurlos geraubt – ein Buch ohne erkennbare Vergangenheit.</strong></p> <span id="more-5981"></span> <p>Mehr zum Projekt und zur Serie <a rel="noreferrer noopener" href="https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/serie-provenienzforschung-am-ios" target="_blank">hier</a>.</p> <p class="has-subtle-background-color has-text-color has-background has-normal-font-size" style="background-color:#233c65">W 01/R 57/2081 Blum, Karl Ludwig: Graf Jakob Johann von Sievers und Rußland zu dessen Zeit. Leipzig 1864.</p> <p>In der Einleitung zu dieser Serie von Blogbeiträgen habe ich bereits erwähnt, dass ich bei der Einstufung der untersuchten Medien auf der Provenienzampel (siehe Infokasten) auch die eigentlich nicht vertretene Farbe Weiß für „unbestimmt“ zulasse. Ein fehlender Hinweis auf frühere Besitzer*innen bedeutet ja nur, dass ein solcher Hinweis nicht vorhanden ist, und nicht, dass die Herkunft des Mediums unbedenklich ist. Wir haben ein Buch im Bestand, das belegt, dass meine Überlegung zutrifft: Es wurde geraubt, weist aber kein Merkmal auf, anhand dessen es seiner*m rechtmäßigen Eigentümer*in zugeordnet werden könnte.</p> <p>Das Buch, eine Biografie über den russländischen Diplomaten Jakob Johann von Sievers, trägt den Stempel des Offenbach Archival Depot. Was war dieses Depot? Bei ihrem Vormarsch und erst recht nach der deutschen Kapitulation entdeckten die Alliierten 1945 zahlreiche Verstecke, die zu ganz unterschiedlichen Zwecken und mit unterschiedlichem Aufwand angelegt worden waren und höchst diverse Objekte beherbergten. Zum Teil hätte der Inhalt vor den Alliierten versteckt werden sollen, zum Teil handelte es sich um Ausweichquartiere von Bibliotheken und Museen, zum Teil um Zwischenlager für geraubtes Kulturgut, und so weiter. Bekannte Beispiele sind ein Salzbergwerk bei Altaussee, in das für das nie realisierte „Führermuseum“ in Linz bestimmte Kunstwerke evakuiert wurden, Schloss Neuschwanstein als Gemäldedepot des Einsatzstabes Reichsleiter Rosenberg oder das Salzbergwerk Merkers in Südthüringen, in dem neben Goldbarren der Reichsbank geraubte Kunstschätze aus ganz Europa untergebracht waren.</p> <p class="has-subtle-background-color has-text-color has-background" style="background-color:#233c65"><strong>Die Provenienzampel</strong><br>Die vierteilige Provenienzampel ist ein weit verbreitetes Instrument zur Einstufung der untersuchten Medien, wobei allerdings die Bedeutung der einzelnen Farben unterschiedlich angegeben wird. Ich benutze die Version, bei der grün unbedenklich bedeutet, gelb einen leichten Verdacht, orange einen starken Verdacht und rot sicheres Raubgut.</p> <p>Alleine in der amerikanischen Besatzungszone in Deutschland wurden 736 Lager mit Kunstschätzen entdeckt,<sup><a href="#footnote_0_5981" id="identifier_0_5981" class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" title="Löhr, Hanns Christian: Kunst als Waffe. Der Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg. Ideologie und Kunstraub im &bdquo;Dritten Reich“. Berlin 2018, 145.">1</a></sup> gemeinsam mit reinen Bücherverstecken waren es mehr als 1000 Depots.<sup><a href="#footnote_1_5981" id="identifier_1_5981" class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" title="Hauschke-Wicklaus, Gabriele, Amborn-Morgenstein, Angelika und Jacobs, Erika: Fast vergessen: Das amerikanische Bücherdepot in Offenbach am Main von 1945 bis 1949. Offenbach am Main 2011, 56.">2</a></sup> Damit standen die Alliierten vor der Mammutaufgabe, sich darüber klarzuwerden, was sie da jeweils entdeckt hatten und, so es sich um Raubgut handelte, die rechtmäßigen Eigentümer*innen ausfindig zu machen und die Restitution in die Wege zu leiten. Um diese Arbeit möglichst effektiv zu gestalten, richteten die Amerikaner Collecting Points ein. Zunächst nahm ein Collecting Point sämtliche Objekte aus (relativer) geografischer Nähe auf, später kam es insofern zu einer Spezialisierung, als ein Collecting Point für eine bestimmte Art von Raubgut zuständig war. Kunstwerke wurden beispielsweise in Wiesbaden oder im Central Collecting Point in München bearbeitet.</p> <p>Der Offenbach Collecting Point wurde im Herbst 1945 eingerichtet, um die Bestände des „Instituts zur Erforschung der Judenfrage“ in Frankfurt am Main zu lagern, da der Evakuierungsort Schloss Hungen dafür nicht geeignet war und es auch in Frankfurt keine passenden Räumlichkeiten gab. Später nahm er alle Bücher auf, die Mitglieder des Einsatzstabes Reichsleiter Rosenberg geraubt hatten. Im März 1946 wurde der Collecting Point in Offenbach Archival Depot umbenannt und zugleich zur Sammelstelle für sämtlichen geraubten jüdischen Besitz erklärt. Fortan wurden auch jüdische Kultgegenstände und Thorarollen nach Offenbach gebracht. Daneben beherbergte das Depot Objekte aus Freimaurer-Logen.<sup><a href="#footnote_2_5981" id="identifier_2_5981" class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" title="Hauschke-Wicklaus, Amborn-Morgenstern und Jacobs: Fast vergessen, 66.">3</a></sup></p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><a href="https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/Stempel-Jakob-Johann-v.-Sievers.png"><img decoding="async" src="https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2024/03/Stempel-Jakob-Johann-v.-Sievers-496x500.png" alt="" class="wp-image-6201" width="610" height="615" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Bild: IOS/Kordas</figcaption></figure> <p>Im Offenbach Archival Depot entstand eine für die Provenienzforschung unschätzbar wertvolle Quelle: Alben, die Fotos sämtlicher Provenienzmerkmale (Stempel, Exlibris und andere Etiketten, handschriftliche Besitzvermerke) enthalten, welche die dort gelagerten Bücher aufwiesen. Sie sind über den Katalog der National Archives Washington zu großen Teilen online zugänglich. Wenn ich ein Merkmal in den Alben finde, das ich von einem Buch in unserem Bestand kenne, weiß ich, dass es sich um Raubgut handelt, auch wenn ich auf anderen Wegen (z. B. über eine Google-Recherche nach einem Namen oder einem Exlibris) nichts herausgefunden habe. Die Alben haben allerdings den Nachteil, dass die Farbe Rot auf der Provenienzampel in der Regel die einzige Information ist, die sie bieten. Monogramme sind nicht aufgelöst, bei einer Privatperson steht nicht, wo diese gelebt hat, Vermerke sind nicht übersetzt, und so weiter – diese Rechercheschritte wären so kurz nach dem Krieg und für eine derartige Masse an Merkmalen ja auch gar nicht zu leisten gewesen.</p> <p>Der Stempel des Offenbach Depot belegt, dass es sich bei dem vorliegenden Buch um Raubgut handelt. Zu demselben Befund führt ein Stempel des Einsatzstabes Reichsleiter Rosenberg auf der Rückseite des Titelblattes. Auf dessen Vorderseite gibt es außerdem einen schräg angebrachten, sehr blassen Stempel <em>Als Dublette ausgeschieden (H)</em>. Es ist unklar, ob er bedeutet, dass das Buch einmal im Besitz einer öffentlichen Bibliothek im deutschsprachigen Raum war oder ob der Stempel erst nach der Beschlagnahmung durch den Einsatzstab angebracht wurde.</p> <div class="wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile has-background" style="background-color:#e7dad1"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img decoding="async" width="500" height="320" src="https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2023/04/Werkzeug-scaled-e1680698857856-500x320.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-4476 size-full" srcset="https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2023/04/Werkzeug-scaled-e1680698857856-500x320.jpg 500w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2023/04/Werkzeug-scaled-e1680698857856-300x192.jpg 300w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2023/04/Werkzeug-scaled-e1680698857856-768x491.jpg 768w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2023/04/Werkzeug-scaled-e1680698857856-1536x982.jpg 1536w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2023/04/Werkzeug-scaled-e1680698857856-1200x767.jpg 1200w, https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2023/04/Werkzeug-scaled-e1680698857856.jpg 1760w" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" /></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content"> <p class="has-larger-font-size" style="font-style:normal;font-weight:700">Zur Serie: Provenienzforschung am IOS</p> <p>Die Bestände der Bibliothek des Leibniz-Instituts für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung (IOS) enthalten auch NS-Raubgut. Wie entdeckt man es? Welche Geschichten stehen hinter betroffenen Büchern? Unsere Blogserie gibt Einblicke in die Provenienzforschung am IOS. </p> <div class="wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-1 wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-button"><a class="wp-block-button__link wp-element-button" href="https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/serie-provenienzforschung-am-ios" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Alle Beiträge</a></div> </div> </div></div> <p>So oder so fehlt ein Hinweis, der es ermöglichen würde, das Buch einer*m konkreten Vorbesitzer*in zuzuordnen. Dementsprechend konnte es nicht restituiert werden. Bei der Schließung des Offenbach Archival Depot 1949 betraf das rund eine Viertelmillion Objekte. Sie wurden an jüdische Gemeinden, Organisationen und Einrichtungen verteilt; 20 % davon waren für Westeuropa vorgesehen.<sup><a href="#footnote_3_5981" id="identifier_3_5981" class="footnote-link footnote-identifier-link" title="Hauschke-Wicklaus, Amborn-Morgenstern und Jacobs: Fast vergessen, 109.">4</a></sup> Wahrscheinlich durchlief die Sievers-Biografie mehrere Stationen, ehe sie in den antiquarischen Handel gelangte. Das Osteuropa-Institut, eine unserer Vorgängereinrichtungen, erwarb sie 1957 vom Antiquariat Haller in Berlin-Dahlem.</p> <p>Wir haben nun die Aufgabe, eine angemessene Kennzeichnung für dieses Buch und andere Medien in unserem Bestand zu finden, die auf der Provenienzampel rot markiert sind, aber aufgrund fehlender Informationen nicht restituiert werden können. Wir werden auch eine Fundmeldung für die Datenbank LostArt erstellen, aber die Aussichten, damit etwas zu erreichen, sind gering.</p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <div class="wp-block-media-text alignwide is-stacked-on-mobile"><figure class="wp-block-media-text__media"><img decoding="async" src="https://ostblog.hypotheses.org/files/2023/03/3Daniela-Mathuber-Profilfoto-5-500x346.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-4210 size-full" /></figure><div class="wp-block-media-text__content"> <p class="has-background-color has-text-color has-background" style="background-color:#233c65"><strong>Zur Autorin </strong><br>Dr. Daniela Mathuber (Bild: IOS/Neverflash.com) ist Historikerin und war bis April 2024 wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Leibniz-Institut für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung. Hier bearbeitete sie das Projekt „<a href="https://leibniz-ios.de/forschung/drittmittelprojekte/provenienzforschung">‚Wenn sich da u. U. etwas machen ließe‘. Potenzielles Raubgut im Bibliotheksbestand des Leibniz-Instituts für Ost- und Südosteuropaforschung</a>“, das 2022 bis 2024 läuft und vom Deutschen Zentrum Kulturgutverluste finanziert wird. </p> </div></div> <ol class="footnotes"><li id="footnote_0_5981" class="footnote">Löhr, Hanns Christian: Kunst als Waffe. Der Einsatzstab Reichsleiter Rosenberg. Ideologie und Kunstraub im „Dritten Reich“. Berlin 2018, 145.<span class="footnote-back-link-wrapper"> [<a href="#identifier_0_5981" class="footnote-link footnote-back-link">↩</a>]</span></li><li id="footnote_1_5981" class="footnote">Hauschke-Wicklaus, Gabriele, Amborn-Morgenstein, Angelika und Jacobs, Erika: Fast vergessen: Das amerikanische Bücherdepot in Offenbach am Main von 1945 bis 1949. Offenbach am Main 2011, 56.<span class="footnote-back-link-wrapper"> [<a href="#identifier_1_5981" class="footnote-link footnote-back-link">↩</a>]</span></li><li id="footnote_2_5981" class="footnote">Hauschke-Wicklaus, Amborn-Morgenstern und Jacobs: Fast vergessen, 66.<span class="footnote-back-link-wrapper"> [<a href="#identifier_2_5981" class="footnote-link footnote-back-link">↩</a>]</span></li><li id="footnote_3_5981" class="footnote">Hauschke-Wicklaus, Amborn-Morgenstern und Jacobs: Fast vergessen, 109.<span class="footnote-back-link-wrapper"> [<a href="#identifier_3_5981" class="footnote-link footnote-back-link">↩</a>]</span></li></ol><hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition schlägt Ihnen vor, diesen Beitrag wie folgt zu zitieren:</span><br/>Redaktion ostBLOG (7. März 2024). Walking into Spiderwebs VI: Raubgut ohne Provenienzmerkmale. <em>ostBLOG</em>. Abgerufen am 5. 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