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class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans" class="">资助维基百科</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class="">创建账号</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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<ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-詞源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#詞源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 詞源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-詞源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-河道" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#河道"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 河道 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-河道-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要支流" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要支流"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 主要支流 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-主要支流-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关主要支流子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-主要支流-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-恆河三角洲分流" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#恆河三角洲分流"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 恆河三角洲分流 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-恆河三角洲分流-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 地質 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水文狀況" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水文狀況"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 水文狀況 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-水文狀況-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关水文狀況子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-水文狀況-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-河流长度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#河流长度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 河流长度 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-河流长度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-流域面积" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#流域面积"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 流域面积 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-流域面积-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水流量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水流量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 水流量 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水流量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水文周期" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水文周期"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 水文周期 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水文周期-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-河道变化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#河道变化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 河道变化 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-河道变化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 历史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文化影响" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文化影响"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 文化影响 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-文化影响-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关文化影响子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-文化影响-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-神性化身" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#神性化身"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 神性化身 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-神性化身-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-恒河降落" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#恒河降落"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 恒河降落 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-恒河降落-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-救赎死者" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#救赎死者"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 救赎死者 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-救赎死者-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-净化污秽" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#净化污秽"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 净化污秽 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-净化污秽-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-恒河女神" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#恒河女神"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 恒河女神 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-恒河女神-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-艺术形象" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#艺术形象"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 艺术形象 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-艺术形象-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-大壶节" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大壶节"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 大壶节 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大壶节-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水利工程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水利工程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 水利工程 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-水利工程-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关水利工程子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-水利工程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-运河" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#运河"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 运河 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-运河-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-水坝" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水坝"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 水坝 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水坝-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-经济" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经济"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 经济 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-经济-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关经济子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-经济-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-旅游业" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#旅游业"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 旅游业 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-旅游业-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生态" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生态"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 生态 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生态-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关生态子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-生态-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-鱼类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鱼类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 鱼类 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鱼类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鳄鱼和龟" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鳄鱼和龟"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 鳄鱼和龟 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鳄鱼和龟-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-恒河豚" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#恒河豚"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 恒河豚 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-恒河豚-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-气候变化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#气候变化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 气候变化 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-气候变化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-污染" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#污染"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 污染 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-污染-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关污染子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-污染-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-水资源短缺" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#水资源短缺"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 水资源短缺 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-水资源短缺-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非法挖掘" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非法挖掘"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 非法挖掘 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-非法挖掘-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-重大事件" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#重大事件"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 重大事件 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-重大事件-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 参考资料 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关参考资料子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-注释" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#注释"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 注释 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-注释-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脚注" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脚注"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 脚注 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脚注-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 来源 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 外部链接 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">恒河</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。161种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-161" aria-hidden="true" > 161种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%8B%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%85%E1%88%B5" title="ጋንጅስ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጋንጅስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Gangas" title="Río Gangas – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Río Gangas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandis" title="Gandis – 古英语" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gandis" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="古英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="गंगा नदी – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गंगा नदी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="نهر الغانج – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نهر الغانج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="نهر الجانج – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نهر الجانج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="গঙ্গা নদী – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গঙ্গা নদী" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganxes" title="Ganxes – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ganxes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="गंगा नदी – 阿瓦德语" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गंगा नदी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="阿瓦德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qanq" title="Qanq – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qanq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گنگ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="گنگ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangga" title="Gangga – 巴厘语" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Gangga" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="巴厘语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangs" title="Gangs – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gangs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="गंगा नदी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गंगा नदी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80" title="গঙ্গা নদী – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গঙ্গা নদী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="གླང་ཆེན་ཁ་བབས། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གླང་ཆེན་ཁ་བབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga" title="Ganga – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ganga" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Ганга мүрэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ганга мүрэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8ng-%C3%B2%CC%A4" title="Hèng-ò̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hèng-ò̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ڕووباری گەنگ – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕووباری گەنگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gange" title="Gange – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gange" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga" title="Ganga – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ganga" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga" title="Ganga – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ganga" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afon_Ganga" title="Afon Ganga – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Afon Ganga" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%C3%AA_Ganji" title="Royê Ganji – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Royê Ganji" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%A7_%DE%86%DE%AF%DE%83%DE%AA" title="ގަންގާ ކޯރު – 迪维希语" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގަންގާ ކޯރު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="迪维希语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%B3%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Γάγγης – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γάγγης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gango" title="Gango – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gango" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADu_Gangis" title="Ríu Gangis – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ríu Gangis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF_(%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF)" title="گنگ (رود) – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گنگ (رود)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gange" title="Gange – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gange" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ghains%C3%A9is" title="An Ghainséis – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghainséis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Ganxes" title="Río Ganxes – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Río Ganxes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutula_Gangga" title="Dutula Gangga – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Dutula Gangga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%80" title="ગંગા નદી – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગંગા નદી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A1" title="גנגס – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גנגס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="गंगा नदी – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गंगा नदी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga" title="Ganga – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ganga" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangesz" title="Gangesz – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gangesz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%BD" title="Գանգես – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գանգես" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluvio_Ganges" title="Fluvio Ganges – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Fluvio Ganges" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Gangga" title="Sungai Gangga – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sungai Gangga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Гангхий – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Гангхий" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga" title="Ganga – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ganga" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gange" title="Gange – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gange" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%B9%E5%B7%9D" title="ガンジス川 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガンジス川" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kali_Gangga" title="Kali Gangga – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kali Gangga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="განგი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="განგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 卡巴尔德语" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="卡巴尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanz%C9%A9_p%C9%94%C9%94" title="Kanzɩ pɔɔ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kanzɩ pɔɔ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batangari_Gangga" title="Batangari Gangga – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Batangari Gangga" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B6" title="ទន្លេគង្គា – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទន្លេគង្គា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE" title="ಗಂಗಾ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಂಗಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%A0%EC%A7%80%EC%8A%A4%EA%B0%95" title="갠지스강 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갠지스강" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87em%C3%AA_Ganj%C3%AA" title="Çemê Ganjê – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çemê Ganjê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga" title="Ganga – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ganga" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_(Floss)" title="Ganges (Floss) – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ganges (Floss)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Ganga" title="Rio Ganga – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Rio Ganga" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gange" title="Gange – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gange" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga" title="Ganga – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ganga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga" title="Ganga – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ganga" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="गङ्गा नदी – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गङ्गा नदी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga" title="Ganga – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ganga" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF" title="ഗംഗാനദി – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗംഗാനദി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BD" title="Ганга мөрөн – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ганга мөрөн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%AA%EA%AF%92%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯒꯪꯒꯥ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯒꯪꯒꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="गंगा नदी – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गंगा नदी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Ganges" title="Sungai Ganges – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sungai Ganges" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ဂင်္ဂါမြစ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂင်္ဂါမြစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گنگ – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گنگ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="गङ्गा नदी – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गङ्गा नदी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF" title="गङ्गा खुसि – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गङ्गा खुसि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_(rivier)" title="Ganges (rivier) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ganges (rivier)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mtsinje_wa_Ganges" title="Mtsinje wa Ganges – 齐切瓦语" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Mtsinje wa Ganges" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="齐切瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%99%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%80" title="ଗଙ୍ଗା ନଦୀ – 奥里亚语" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗଙ୍ଗା ନଦୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="奥里亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86" title="ਗੰਗਾ ਦਰਿਆ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੰਗਾ ਦਰਿਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gange" title="Gange – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Gange" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%93_%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="دریاۓ گنگا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دریاۓ گنگا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%86%DA%AB%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ګنګا سيند – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګنګا سيند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Ganges" title="Rio Ganges – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rio Ganges" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gange" title="Gange – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gange" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gange" title="Gange – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Gange" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%91%D0%B0_(%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Ґанґа (ріка) – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ґанґа (ріка)" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="गङ्गानदी – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गङ्गानदी" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AD" title="ᱜᱟᱝᱱᱟᱹᱭ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱟᱝᱱᱟᱹᱭ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangi_(ciumi)" title="Gangi (ciumi) – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Gangi (ciumi)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7_%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="گنگا ندي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گنگا ندي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga" title="Ganga – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ganga" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="دریائے گنگا – 色莱基语" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="دریائے گنگا" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="色莱基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangu" title="Gangu – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gangu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganga_(mto)" title="Ganga (mto) – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ganga (mto)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/nu_Yin-tu_henhe_hananay_a_sauwac" title="nu Yin-tu henhe hananay a sauwac – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="nu Yin-tu henhe hananay a sauwac" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="கங்கை ஆறு – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கங்கை ஆறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86" title="ಗಂಗೆ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗಂಗೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF" title="గంగా నది – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గంగా నది" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%91)" title="Ганг (дарё) – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ганг (дарё)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2" title="แม่น้ำคงคา – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แม่น้ำคงคา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang" title="Gang – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Gang" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilog_Ganges" title="Ilog Ganges – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ilog Ganges" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganj" title="Ganj – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ganj" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang" title="Gang – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Gang" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89" title="گانگ دەرياسى – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گانگ دەرياسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Ганг – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ганг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%DA%AF%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7" title="دریائے گنگا – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دریائے گنگا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang" title="Gang – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gang" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gange" title="Gange – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Gange" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang" title="Gang – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Gang" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_H%E1%BA%B1ng" title="Sông Hằng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sông Hằng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges" title="Ganges – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ganges" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AE%91%E4%BC%BD%E6%B2%B3" title="殑伽河 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="殑伽河" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="განგი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="განგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A1" title="גאנגעס – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גאנגעס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAng-h%C3%B4" title="Hêng-hô – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hêng-hô" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3" title="恆河 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="恆河" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5089#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j">链入页面</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k">相关更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u">上传文件</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q">特殊页面</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&oldid=84663466" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接">固定链接</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a 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id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ganges" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5089" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style>  此条目页的主題是印度聖河恆河。关于印度教的同名神祇，請見「<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E" title="恒河女神">恒河女神</a>」。</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox td div.NavHead:not(.notheme)[style]{background:transparent!important}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;">恒河 Ganga</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Munshi_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Munshi_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg/250px-Munshi_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Munshi_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg/375px-Munshi_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Munshi_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg/500px-Munshi_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">恒河在<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%B3%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦拉纳西">瓦拉纳西</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg/220px-Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg/330px-Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg/440px-Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna_basins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="777" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">恆河（橙色）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="布拉馬普特拉河">布拉馬普特拉河</a>（紫色）及<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="梅格纳河">梅格納河</a>（綠色）流域圖</div></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E6%94%BF%E5%8D%80%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="世界政區索引">國家</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>、<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/33px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">州</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">北阿坎德邦、北方邦、比哈尔邦、贾坎德邦、西孟加拉邦</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;;">流域</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">源頭</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">始于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%A0%BC%E5%AB%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="阿勒格嫩達河">阿勒格嫩達河</a>在喜马拉雅山南麓<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="德沃普拉耶格">德沃普拉耶格</a>的交汇<a href="#cite_note-ganges-britannica-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 位置</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">印度<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="德沃普拉耶格">德沃普拉耶格</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 坐标</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82757201">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&params=30_59_N_78_55_E_">30°59′N 78°55′E / 30.983°N 78.917°E / 30.983; 78.917</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 海拔</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">3,892米（12,769英尺）</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">河口</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">恆河三角州</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 位置</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a>孟加拉灣</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 坐标</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82757201"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=zh&pagename=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&params=22_05_N_90_50_E_">22°05′N 90°50′E / 22.083°N 90.833°E / 22.083; 90.833</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 海拔</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">0米（0英尺）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">流域面積</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1,016,124 km2（392,328 sq mi）354,300 sq mi（918,000 km2）<a href="#cite_note-Suvedī2005-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">城市</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E6%8B%89%E9%81%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" title="莫拉達巴德">莫拉達巴德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="兰布尔">蘭布爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="坎普尔">坎普尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安拉阿巴德">安拉阿巴德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉納西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%BD%90%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="加齐普尔">加齐普尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3" title="巴特纳">巴特納</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E6%A0%BC%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94" title="蒙格埃尔">蒙格埃尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="巴加爾布爾">巴加爾布爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加尔各答">加尔各答</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;;">本貌</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">長度</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">2,525 km（1,569 mi）<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007334-342-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">流量</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 地點</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="恒河三角洲">恆河三角洲</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="孟加拉湾">孟加拉湾</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E5%A0%B0" title="法拉卡堰">法拉卡堰</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 平均流量</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">16,648 m3/s（587,900 cu ft/s）</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 最小流量</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">180 m3/s（6,400 cu ft/s）</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 最大流量</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">70,000 m3/s（2,500,000 cu ft/s）</td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">流量</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""> </td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 地點</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="恒河三角洲">恆河三角洲</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="孟加拉湾">孟加拉湾</a></td></tr><tr style="padding: 0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;line-height: 1.2em;"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;"> • 平均流量</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">18,691 m3/s（660,100 cu ft/s）<a href="#cite_note-cbsharma-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #CEDEFF;;">特徵</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">左岸支流</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%A0%B9%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3" title="拉姆根加河">拉姆根加河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%BB%98%E8%92%82%E6%B2%B3" title="戈默蒂河">戈默蒂河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E7%B4%8D%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="格爾納利河">格爾納利河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E9%81%94%E5%9F%BA%E6%B2%B3" title="甘達基河">甘達基河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%B2%B3" title="布里根德格河">布里根德格河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%B3" title="戈西河">戈西河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E5%93%88%E5%AB%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="默哈嫩達河">默哈嫩達河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E6%9C%A8%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="賈木納河">賈木納河</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="布拉馬普特拉河">布拉馬普特拉河</a>）</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">右岸支流</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A9%86%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="亞穆納河">亞穆納河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%A9%86%E8%96%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="塔穆薩河">塔穆薩河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="宋河">宋河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AC%E8%93%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="蓬蓬河">蓬蓬河</a></td></tr></tbody></table> 恒河（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>：गङ्गा，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="印地語">印地語</a>：गंगा，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%B0%94%E9%83%BD%E8%AF%AD" title="乌尔都语">乌尔都语</a>：گنگا‎‎（Ganga）国际音标发音：<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%8D%B0%E5%9C%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%88%87%E7%83%8F%E7%88%BE%E9%83%BD%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:印地語與烏爾都語國際音標">[ˈɡəŋɡaː]</a> （<span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/75\/Hi-Ganga.ogg\/Hi-Ganga.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Hi-Ganga.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Hi-Ganga.ogg/Hi-Ganga.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Hi-Ganga.ogg" title="File:Hi-Ganga.ogg">ⓘ</a>）；<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="坦米爾語">坦米爾語</a>：கங்கை，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="孟加拉語">孟加拉語</a>：গঙ্গা Gônga，玄奘譯為殑伽河）是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A" title="南亚">南亚</a>的一条主要<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="河流">河流</a>，流經<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>北部及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a>。恆河全长2,525公里，流域面积91万平方公里，达印度国土面积的三分之一，恆河也為世界河水流量前20大的河流之一。<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a> 恆河流域為世界上最多人口居住的河流流域，有超过4亿人口生活于此，人口密度達每平方公里390人以上。<a href="#cite_note-Arnold2000-7">[7]</a> 恒河<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E6%B5%81" title="幹流">干流</a>始于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%A0%BC%E5%AB%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="阿勒格嫩達河">阿勒格嫩达河</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="德沃普拉耶格">德沃普拉耶格</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81%E7%82%B9" title="合流点">交汇</a>。它横越北印度平原（即<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恒河平原">恒河平原</a>），流经<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%82%A6" title="北方邦">北方邦</a>，与其最大支流<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A9%86%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="亚穆纳河">亚穆纳河</a>汇合，再流经<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="比哈尔邦">比哈尔邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="西孟加拉邦">西孟加拉邦</a>，最后分为多条分流注入<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="孟加拉湾">孟加拉湾</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="西孟加拉邦">西孟加拉邦</a>，恒河南岸的一条人工水道将大约50%的水流引向了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加尔各答">加尔各答</a>附近的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="胡格利河">胡格利河</a>，剩余继续流往<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a>的部分被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="博多河">博多河</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="博多河">博多河</a>进入孟加拉国后与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="布拉马普特拉河">布拉马普特拉河</a>（中国境内为<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E9%B2%81%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%B1%9F" title="雅鲁藏布江">雅鲁藏布江</a>）下游的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%9C%A8%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="贾木纳河">贾木纳河</a>汇合，最终注入<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="孟加拉湾">孟加拉湾</a>，其入海河段称为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="梅格纳河">梅格纳河</a>，并在入海区域形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="恒河三角洲">恒河三角洲</a>。<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> 恒河对生活于其流域中的数百万居民至关重要，他们依赖恒河获取生活必需。<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>過去许多省會及帝國首都曾設於恆河沿岸，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%80%A3%E5%BC%97%E9%82%91" title="巴連弗邑">巴连弗邑</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-10">[10]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%B2%E5%A5%B3%E5%9F%8E" title="曲女城">曲女城</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-10">[10]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉納西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安拉阿巴德">安拉阿巴德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%8C%E8%BE%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" title="穆尔希达巴德">穆尔希达巴德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E6%A0%BC%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94" title="蒙格埃尔">蒙格埃尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="巴哈拉姆普尔">巴哈拉姆普尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" class="mw-redirect" title="加爾各答">加爾各答</a>等。恒河中生活着大约140种<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%BC" title="鱼">鱼类</a>，90种<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E6%A0%96%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="两栖动物">两栖动物</a>，以及一些<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E8%A1%8C%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="爬行动物">爬行动物</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%BA%E4%B9%B3%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="哺乳动物">哺乳动物</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%8D%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="極危物種">极危物种</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3%E9%B1%B7" title="恆河鱷">恒河鳄</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3%E8%B1%9A" title="恆河豚">恒河豚</a>。<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a>恆河被<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>徒視為聖河<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>，印度教中也有稱為「<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E" title="恒河女神">恒河女神</a>」的神祇。<a href="#cite_note-BhattacharjiBandyopadhyay1995-13">[13]</a> 如今，恒河被<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="恒河污染">严重污染</a>，对其流域内的人类与动物的生存造成了严峻威胁。在<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉納西</a>河段測得的水中<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%9E%E7%94%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="糞生大腸桿菌（页面不存在）">糞生大腸桿菌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_coliform" class="extiw" title="en:Fecal coliform">Fecal coliform</a>）水平超過印度政府所訂標準值100倍以上。<a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a>印度政府曾发起「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E6%B2%BB%E7%90%86%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恒河治理计划（页面不存在）">恒河治理计划</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_of_the_Ganges#Ganga_Action_Plan" class="extiw" title="en:Pollution of the Ganges">Pollution_of_the_Ganges#Ganga_Action_Plan</a>）」<a href="#cite_note-haberman-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-gardner-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-cleanperish-16">[16]</a>，但由於貪汙、技術不足<a href="#cite_note-sheth-17">[a]</a>、缺乏良好環境計畫<a href="#cite_note-singh-18">[b]</a>、印度傳統信仰<a href="#cite_note-puttick-19">[c]</a>及缺乏宗教上的有利支持<a href="#cite_note-puttick3-20">[17]</a>等因素，至今仍遭受重大挫敗。<a href="#cite_note-haberman-21">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-gardner-22">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-cleanperish2-23">[18]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="詞源">詞源</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：詞源">编辑</a>]</div> 恆河的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="梵語">梵語</a>Gangā和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>的come是同源詞，其本意就是速流、速去之河流，因含有速去速來、永無斷流的含義，漢地通譯爲恆河，意為“恆久之河”。唐代<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E5%A5%98" title="玄奘">玄奘</a>法師譯名定爲“殑伽河”。此外還存在“弶伽河”、“恒伽河”<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a>等譯名。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="河道">河道</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：河道">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG/200px-Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG/300px-Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG/400px-Bhagirathi_River_at_Gangotri.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>流經<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="根戈德里">根戈德里</a>的帕吉勒提河。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Devprayag_-_Confluence_of_Bhagirathi_and_Alaknanda.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Devprayag_-_Confluence_of_Bhagirathi_and_Alaknanda.JPG/220px-Devprayag_-_Confluence_of_Bhagirathi_and_Alaknanda.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Devprayag_-_Confluence_of_Bhagirathi_and_Alaknanda.JPG/330px-Devprayag_-_Confluence_of_Bhagirathi_and_Alaknanda.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Devprayag_-_Confluence_of_Bhagirathi_and_Alaknanda.JPG/440px-Devprayag_-_Confluence_of_Bhagirathi_and_Alaknanda.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="喜马拉雅山">喜马拉雅山</a>南麓的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="德沃普拉耶格">德沃普拉耶格</a>，这里是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%A0%BC%E5%AB%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="阿勒格嫩達河">阿勒格嫩达河</a>在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81%E7%82%B9" title="合流点">交汇处</a>，被认为是恒河的起始</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HeadwatersGanges1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HeadwatersGanges1.jpg/200px-HeadwatersGanges1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HeadwatersGanges1.jpg/300px-HeadwatersGanges1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/HeadwatersGanges1.jpg/400px-HeadwatersGanges1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>恆河源流區地圖</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi_Setu_Bridge_in_Patna,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gandhi_Setu_Bridge_in_Patna%2C_India.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Setu_Bridge_in_Patna%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gandhi_Setu_Bridge_in_Patna%2C_India.jpg/330px-Gandhi_Setu_Bridge_in_Patna%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gandhi_Setu_Bridge_in_Patna%2C_India.jpg/440px-Gandhi_Setu_Bridge_in_Patna%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>横跨恒河的甘地塞图桥，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3" title="巴特那">巴特那</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat_Sailing_up_Padma_River_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boat_Sailing_up_Padma_River_Bangladesh.jpg/220px-Boat_Sailing_up_Padma_River_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boat_Sailing_up_Padma_River_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-Boat_Sailing_up_Padma_River_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Boat_Sailing_up_Padma_River_Bangladesh.jpg/440px-Boat_Sailing_up_Padma_River_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2177" data-file-height="1639" /></a><figcaption>进入孟加拉国后，恒河的主要分流被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="博多河">博多河</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganges_Delta_ESA22274217.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ganges_Delta_ESA22274217.jpeg/220px-Ganges_Delta_ESA22274217.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ganges_Delta_ESA22274217.jpeg/330px-Ganges_Delta_ESA22274217.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Ganges_Delta_ESA22274217.jpeg/440px-Ganges_Delta_ESA22274217.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3423" data-file-height="3957" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="恒河三角洲">恒河三角洲</a>卫星图像，摄于2020年</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganga_at_Sultanganj.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ganga_at_Sultanganj.jpg/220px-Ganga_at_Sultanganj.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ganga_at_Sultanganj.jpg/330px-Ganga_at_Sultanganj.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Ganga_at_Sultanganj.jpg/440px-Ganga_at_Sultanganj.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>恒河于<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%94%90%E7%94%98%E6%9D%B0" title="苏尔唐甘杰">苏尔唐甘杰</a>河段</figcaption></figure> 恒河前段始于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%A0%BC%E5%AB%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="阿勒格嫩達河">阿勒格嫩达河</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="喜马拉雅山">喜马拉雅山</a>南麓<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="德沃普拉耶格">德沃普拉耶格</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81%E7%82%B9" title="合流点">交汇</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>认为帕吉勒提河是恒河的源头，但<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文学</a>指出恒河的真正源头是阿勒格嫩达河，因为它的长度更长。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-25">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penn2001-26">[21]</a> 阿勒格嫩达河源自<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%A0%E8%BE%BE%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B1%B1" title="楠达德维山">楠达德维山</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%BE%8E%E7%89%B9%E5%B1%B1" title="卡美特山">卡美特山</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%B3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特里苏尔峰（页面不存在）">特里苏尔峰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trisul" class="extiw" title="en:Trisul">Trisul</a>）等处的冰川融雪。帕吉勒提河源于海拔5,356米的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D" title="根戈德里冰川">根戈德里冰川</a>，印度教传说<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%A9%86" title="湿婆">湿婆</a>居住于此；位于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%AB%E5%87%8C%E5%B3%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西夫凌峰（页面不存在）">西夫凌峰</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivling_(mountain)" class="extiw" title="en:Shivling (mountain)">Shivling (mountain)</a>）山脚的灵修圣地<a href="/w/index.php?title=Tapovan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tapovan（页面不存在）">Tapovan</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapovan" class="extiw" title="en:Tapovan">Tapovan</a>）距离此处仅5千米。<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Murti199119-28">[23]</a> 雖然恆河河源还包括許多小溪流，但只有其中最長的六條河流及五個<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%B5%81%E7%82%B9" title="合流点">合流点</a>被尊为聖地。六條河流分別為<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%A0%BC%E5%AB%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="阿勒格嫩達河">阿勒格嫩达河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3_(%E8%A5%BF)" title="道里根加河 (西)">道里根加河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%81%94%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%B2%B3" title="南達肯尼河">南達肯尼河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%81%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="品達爾河">品達爾河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E9%81%94%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E6%B2%B3" title="曼達基尼河">曼達基尼河</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>。五個合流点统稱为<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E5%A5%87%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="潘奇普拉耶格">潘奇普拉耶格</a>（意即「五汇流处」），皆位於阿勒格嫩達河上。从上游至下游，五个合流点分別是该河與道里根加河合流的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%BF%95%E5%A5%B4%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="毗濕奴普拉耶格">毗濕奴普拉耶格</a>、與南達肯尼河合流的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="南德普拉耶格">南德普拉耶格</a>、與品達爾河合流的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%81%A9%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="卡尔恩普拉耶格">卡尔恩普拉耶格</a>、與曼達基尼河合流的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="鲁德拉普拉耶格">鲁德拉普拉耶格</a>以及與帕吉勒提河合流的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="德沃普拉耶格">德沃普拉耶格</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-25">[20]</a> 流經喜馬拉雅山區峽谷約250公里的狭窄河段後<a href="#cite_note-Scientific_Study-29">[24]</a>，恒河於<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E8%AF%97%E5%87%AF%E8%AF%97" class="mw-redirect" title="瑞诗凯诗">瑞诗凯诗</a>結束峽谷河段，在圣地<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>附近進入<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A)" class="mw-redirect" title="中央平原 (南亚)">恒河平原</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-25">[20]</a> 赫尔德瓦尔建有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%A3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="水壩">水壩</a>將部分河水導入<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="恆河運河">恆河運河</a>，用于灌溉北方邦的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多阿布（页面不存在）">多阿布</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doab" class="extiw" title="en:Doab">Doab</a>）区。赫尔德瓦尔上游河段大致向西南流，下游則向東南流。 恆河接著流經約900公里的曲折河段，经过<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%91%99%E5%82%91" class="mw-redirect" title="卡瑙傑">卡瑙杰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E9%B2%81%E5%8D%A1%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7-%E4%B8%98%E5%A7%86-%E6%B3%95%E6%B3%B0%E8%B5%AB%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94" title="法鲁卡巴德-丘姆-法泰赫加尔">法鲁卡巴德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="坎普尔">坎普尔</a>等城市。<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%A0%B9%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3" title="拉姆根加河">拉姆根加河</a>在此河段匯入，注入恆河的平均流量為500 m3/s。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007341-30">[25]</a> 恒河在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%93%88%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉哈巴德">阿拉哈巴德</a>附近与长达1444公里的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A9%86%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="亞穆納河">亚穆纳河</a>交汇，该合流点是印度教中的一个圣地。在此合流点，亞穆納河的流量較恆河更大，平均為2,948 m3/s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007341-30">[25]</a>，約占匯流後總流量的58.5%。<a href="#cite_note-Gupta2007-31">[26]</a> 恒河继续往东，与400公里长的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%A9%86%E8%96%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="塔穆薩河">塔穆萨河</a>合流，塔穆萨河源自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%AF%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="凯穆尔山脉（页面不存在）">凯穆尔山脉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaimur_Range" class="extiw" title="en:Kaimur Range">Kaimur Range</a>），平均流量为187 m3/s。然后恒河继续与600公里长的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%BB%98%E8%92%82%E6%B2%B3" title="戈默蒂河">戈默蒂河</a>合流，戈默蒂河源自喜马拉雅南麓，平均流量234 m3/s。随后恒河与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="加格拉河">加格拉河</a>合流，加格拉河是恒河的最大支流，长1,156公里，始于喜马拉雅南麓西藏地区，流经尼泊尔，再至印度，平均流量2,991 m3/s。与加格拉河交汇后，恒河继续与<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="松河">松河</a>合流，松河长度784公里，平均流量1008 m3/s。然后恒河与814公里长的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E9%81%94%E5%9F%BA%E6%B2%B3" title="甘達基河">甘达基河</a>、729公里长的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%B3" title="戈西河">戈西河</a>合流，它们的流量分别为1,654 m3/s 和 2,166 m3/s。就水流量而言，戈西河是位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="加格拉河">加格拉河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A9%86%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="亞穆納河">亚穆纳河</a>之后的恒河第三大支流<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007341-30">[25]</a>，它与恒河的交汇点位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="比哈尔邦">比哈尔邦</a>。 从<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安拉阿巴德">安拉阿巴德</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%81%A9%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%E8%B5%AB%E5%B7%B4%E6%89%8E%E5%B0%94" title="埃恩格利斯赫巴扎尔">马尔达</a>之间，恒河流经的城市包括：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%98%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94" title="丘纳尔">丘纳尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="米尔扎布尔">米尔扎布尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉纳西</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E9%BD%90%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="加齐普尔">加齐普尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)" title="阿拉 (印度)">阿拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3" title="巴特那">巴特那</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89" title="恰普拉">恰普拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%90%89%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="哈吉普尔">哈吉普尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A1%E6%A2%85" title="莫卡梅">莫卡梅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%A4%E8%90%A8%E8%B5%96" title="贝古萨赖">贝古萨赖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E6%A0%BC%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94" title="蒙格埃尔">蒙格埃尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B8%8C%E5%B8%83%E6%A0%B9%E6%9D%B0" title="萨希布根杰">萨希布根杰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%B0%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94" title="拉杰马哈尔">拉杰马哈尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" title="巴加爾布爾">巴加尔布尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="巴利亚">巴利亚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%85%8B%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94" title="布克萨尔">布克萨尔</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%9B%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西玛利亚（页面不存在）">西玛利亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simaria" class="extiw" title="en:Simaria">Simaria</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%94%90%E7%94%98%E6%9D%B0" title="苏尔唐甘杰">苏尔唐甘杰</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法拉卡（页面不存在）">法拉卡</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farakka" class="extiw" title="en:Farakka">Farakka</a>）。恒河从巴加尔布尔开始转向东南方。从法拉卡开始，恒河出现<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%94%E6%B5%81" title="岔流">岔流</a>，水流量开始损耗。第一条岔流是408公里长的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="胡格利河">帕吉勒提河-胡格利河</a>，该河随后发展成了<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="胡格利河">胡格利河</a>。在印度-<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BD" title="孟加拉国">孟加拉国</a>边界，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E5%A0%B0" title="法拉卡堰">法拉卡堰</a>控制了恒河的流量，它将一些河水转移至与胡格利河相连的支流运河，以降低胡格利河的淤泥含量。胡格利河始于帕吉勒提河与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%90%89%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿吉河（页面不存在）">阿吉河</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajay_River" class="extiw" title="en:Ajay River">Ajay River</a>）在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6" title="卡特瓦">卡特瓦</a>的交汇，同时也接受了许多支流，其中最大的支流是625公里长，流域面积25,820 km2的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="達摩達河">达摩达河</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhungelPun2009215-32">[27]</a> 在马尔达至孟加拉湾之间，胡格利河流经了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%8C%E8%BE%BE%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆尔斯希达巴德（页面不存在）">穆尔斯希达巴德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%99%AE" title="纳巴德维普">纳巴德维普</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加尔各答">加尔各答</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%AA%E6%8B%89" title="豪拉">豪拉</a>，最终在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%B2%9B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨加尔岛（页面不存在）">萨加尔岛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagar_Island" class="extiw" title="en:Sagar Island">Sagar Island</a>）附近汇入孟加拉湾。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti2001126–27-33">[28]</a> 进入孟加拉国后，恒河主要分流被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="博多河">博多河</a>。博多河与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="布拉马普特拉河">布拉马普特拉河</a>的最大岔流<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%9C%A8%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="贾木纳河">贾木纳河</a>交汇，随后又与<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="梅克納河">梅克纳河</a>合流，后续河段被称为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%E7%8E%9B-%E6%A2%85%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏尔玛-梅格纳河系统（页面不存在）">苏尔玛-梅格纳河系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surma-Meghna_River_System" class="extiw" title="en:Surma-Meghna River System">Surma-Meghna River System</a>），并最终汇入<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%B9%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="孟加拉湾">孟加拉湾</a>。恒河在其入海口形成了1,430×3,000公里的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%89%87" title="孟加拉扇">孟加拉扇</a>，这是世界上规模最大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B1%E6%B5%B7%E6%89%87" title="深海扇">深海扇</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a>，其中埋藏了全球10-20%的<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%A2%B3%E9%87%8F" title="总有机碳量">有机碳</a>。<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="恒河三角洲">恒河三角洲</a>主要由恒河和布拉马普特拉河携带的泥沙组成，它是世界上最大的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="三角洲">三角洲</a>，面积达64,000 km2<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParua2009-36">[31]</a>，横跨孟加拉湾400公里。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2000-37">[32]</a> 世界上只有<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%99%E6%B2%B3" title="亚马孙河">亚马逊河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9A%E6%9E%9C%E6%B2%B3" title="刚果河">刚果河</a>的平均水流量大于恒河、布拉马普特拉河和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%E7%8E%9B-%E6%A2%85%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏尔玛-梅格纳河系统（页面不存在）">苏尔玛-梅格纳河系统</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surma-Meghna_River_System" class="extiw" title="en:Surma-Meghna River System">Surma-Meghna River System</a>）的总和平均流量。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2000-37">[32]</a> 如果论总流量，那么只有亚马逊河略胜一筹。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElhance1999156–58-38">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="主要支流">主要支流</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：主要支流">编辑</a>]</div> 以下由恒河河口至源頭依序列出兩側主要支流： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="恆河">恆河</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="梅克納河">梅克納河</a>（左）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E6%9C%A8%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="賈木納河">賈木納河</a>－<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="布拉馬普特拉河">布拉馬普特拉河</a>－<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E9%AD%AF%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%B1%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="雅魯藏布江">雅魯藏布江</a>（左） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B2%B3" title="提斯塔河">提斯塔河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="托爾薩河">托爾薩河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E9%82%A3%E8%8E%8E%E6%B2%B3" title="玛那莎河">瑪納斯河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%8F%AD%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%B3" title="苏班西里河">蘇班西里河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E5%B8%8C%E7%89%B9%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="魯希特河">魯希特河</a>（察隅河）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E5%93%88%E5%AB%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="默哈嫩達河">默哈嫩達河</a>（左）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%B3" title="戈西河">戈西河</a>（左）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%B2%B3" title="布里根德格河">布里根德格河</a>（左）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AC%E8%93%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="蓬蓬河">蓬蓬河</a>（右）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E9%81%94%E5%9F%BA%E6%B2%B3" title="甘達基河">甘達基河</a>（左）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="松河">松河</a>（右）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="加格拉河">加格拉河</a>（上游尼泊爾河段稱為格爾納利河，左） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="夏達河">夏達河</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%BB%98%E8%92%82%E6%B2%B3" title="戈默蒂河">戈默蒂河</a>（左）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E7%A9%86%E8%96%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="塔穆薩河">塔穆薩河</a>（右）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A9%86%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="亞穆納河">亞穆納河</a>（右） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="貝特瓦河">貝特瓦河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="昌巴爾河">昌巴爾河</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="巴納斯河">巴納斯河</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%A0%B9%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3" title="拉姆根加河">拉姆根加河</a>（左）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>（西源）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%A0%BC%E5%AB%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="阿勒格嫩達河">阿勒格嫩達河</a>（東源）</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="恆河三角洲分流">恆河三角洲分流</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：恆河三角洲分流">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="胡格利河">胡格利河</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="達摩達河">達摩達河</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="地質">地質</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：地質">编辑</a>]</div> 印度次大陸位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2%E6%9D%BF%E5%A1%8A" title="印度-澳洲板塊">印度-澳洲板塊</a>中的次板塊<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%9D%BF%E5%9D%97" title="印度板块">印度板块</a>最北部。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-39">[34]</a> 它始于7500万年前南方<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8" title="超大陸">超大陆</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E7%93%A6%E7%BA%B3%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86" title="冈瓦纳大陆">冈瓦那大陆</a>的分裂，分裂出的陆地向东北方<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%BC%82%E7%A7%BB%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="大陆漂移学说">漂移</a>，該地質作用持续了5000万年，并由此形成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-39">[34]</a> 印度次大陸最終與<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E4%BA%9E%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B8%E6%9D%BF%E5%A1%8A" title="歐亞大陸板塊">歐亞大陸板塊</a>碰撞，並<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%B1%E6%B2%92%E5%B8%B6" title="隱沒帶">隱沒</a>至歐亞板塊之下，由此抬升出地球上最高的山脈<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="喜马拉雅山脉">喜马拉雅山脉</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-39">[34]</a> 在喜馬拉雅山脉形成時，其南麓曾存在大量因結構性下沉而出現的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%BD" title="槽">槽</a>地質構造，后来隨著<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="印度河">印度河</a>及恆河的沖積作用而逐漸被填滿<a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a>，最终形成現今的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F_(%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A)" class="mw-redirect" title="中央平原 (南亚)">印度平原</a>。<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> 印度平原在地質上被認為是前淵或<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%99%B8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="前陸盆地">前陸盆地</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Dmowska2003-42">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="水文狀況">水文狀況</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：水文狀況">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GangesValley%26Plain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GangesValley%26Plain.jpg/220px-GangesValley%26Plain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GangesValley%26Plain.jpg/330px-GangesValley%26Plain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GangesValley%26Plain.jpg/440px-GangesValley%26Plain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2165" data-file-height="1512" /></a><figcaption>这幅绘制于1908年的地图展示了恒河及其支流的分布</figcaption></figure> 恒河左侧主要支流是<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E9%BB%98%E8%92%82%E6%B2%B3" title="戈默蒂河">戈默蒂河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="加格拉河">加格拉河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E9%81%94%E5%9F%BA%E6%B2%B3" title="甘達基河">甘达基河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%B3" title="戈西河">戈西河</a>，右侧主要支流是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A9%86%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="亞穆納河">亚穆纳河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="松河">松河</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="達摩達河">达摩达河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%93%AC%E8%93%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="蓬蓬河">蓬蓬河</a>。恒河的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="水文学">水文</a>状况十分复杂，尤其是在恒河三角洲区域，因此对该河的长度、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F_(%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="流量 (水文学)（页面不存在）">流量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" class="extiw" title="en:Discharge (hydrology)">Discharge (hydrology)</a>）及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F" title="流域">流域</a>面积的测量值各有不同。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="河流长度">河流长度</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：河流长度">编辑</a>]</div> 恒河这一名称所指代的河流始于喜马拉雅山脉附近<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%A0%BC%E5%AB%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="阿勒格嫩達河">阿勒格嫩达河</a>的交汇，终于印度与孟加拉国边境附近该河流的首个分岔。一般而言，恒河长度被认为略长于2,600公里，不同观点认为是2,601公里<a href="#cite_note-Merriam-WebsterInc1997-43">[38]</a>，2,525公里<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2007347-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007334–342-45">[40]</a>或2,650公里。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerga20061304-46">[41]</a> 这些观点一般将<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>源头作为恒河的起源，也即以位于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%88%E7%A9%86%E8%B5%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戈穆赫（页面不存在）">戈穆赫</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomukh" class="extiw" title="en:Gomukh">Gomukh</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%86%B0%E5%B7%9D" title="根戈德里冰川">根戈德里冰川</a>为起点，以<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="梅克納河">梅格纳河</a>在孟加拉湾的入海河口为终点。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2007347-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-WebsterInc1997-43">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007334–342-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerga20061304-46">[41]</a> 有时人们也将<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>作为恒河的起点，因为此处源自喜马拉雅的融水倾泻进入<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3-%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="印度河-恒河平原">恒河平原</a>。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhungelPun2009210-47">[42]</a> 有时人们将<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="胡格利河">胡格利河</a>，而非<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="梅克納河">梅格纳河</a>作为恒河的延伸，因为胡格利河长于梅格纳河，于是恒河的总长度（帕吉勒提河/恒河/胡格利河）也变为了2,704公里，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParua2009-36">[31]</a> 或2,321.5公里（从<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="胡格利河">胡格利河</a>入海口）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhungelPun2009-48">[43]</a> 还有时恒河长度被认为是2,304公里，计算长度始于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>源头，终于印度-孟加拉国边境。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirza2004-49">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="流域面积">流域面积</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：流域面积">编辑</a>]</div> 与恒河长度类似，关于恒河流域面积也有不同的说法。恒河流域涵盖了4个国家：印度、尼泊尔、中国和孟加拉国，印度11个邦：<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E5%81%95%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="喜马偕尔邦">喜马偕尔邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%98%BF%E5%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="北阿坎德邦">北安查尔邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="恰蒂斯加尔邦">恰蒂斯加尔邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%82%A6" title="中央邦">中央邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E9%82%A6" title="旁遮普邦">旁遮普邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E5%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="贾坎德邦">贾坎德邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="比哈尔邦">比哈尔邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E9%82%A6" title="拉贾斯坦邦">拉贾斯坦邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E7%BA%B3%E9%82%A6" title="哈里亚纳邦">哈里亚纳邦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="西孟加拉邦">西孟加拉邦</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="德里">德里直辖区</a>。<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> 恒河流域包括恒河三角洲，但不包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="布拉马普特拉河">布拉马普特拉河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="梅克納河">梅格纳河</a>流域，流域总面积约1,080,000 km2，其中861,000 km2 位于印度（约占80%），140,000 km2 位于尼泊尔（13%），46,000 km2 位于孟加拉国（4%），33,000 km2 位于中国（3%）。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuvedī200561-51">[46]</a> 恒河流域与梅格纳河流域合计约1,600,000 km2或1,621,000 km2。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElhance1999156–58-38">[33]</a> 恒河-梅格纳河流域（缩写为GBM或GMB）延伸到了孟加拉国、不丹、印度、尼泊尔和中国。<a href="#cite_note-ServatSystems2002-52">[47]</a> 恒河流域的北端延伸到了<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="喜马拉雅山脉">喜马拉雅山脉</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%88%E5%BA%95%E6%96%AF-%E5%BF%B5%E9%9D%92%E5%94%90%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冈底斯-念青唐古拉山脉（页面不存在）">冈底斯-念青唐古拉山脉</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhimalaya" class="extiw" title="en:Transhimalaya">Transhimalaya</a>），南至<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%9A%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="温迪亚山脉">温迪亚山脉</a>北坡，西至<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%93%A6%E5%88%A9%E5%B6%BA" title="阿拉瓦利嶺">阿拉瓦利岭</a>东侧，东至<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A6%E8%BE%BE%E8%AE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%B8%83%E6%9E%97%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="焦达讷格布林高原（页面不存在）">焦达讷格布林高原</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chota_Nagpur_Plateau" class="extiw" title="en:Chota Nagpur Plateau">Chota Nagpur Plateau</a>）及<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF" title="孙德尔本斯">孙德尔本斯</a>三角洲。恒河水流量中很大一部分都来自喜马拉雅山脉。在喜马拉雅山脉内，恒河流域绵延近1,200公里，西以<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A9%86%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="亞穆納河">亚穆纳河</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9%E8%8E%B1%E6%9D%B0%E6%B2%B3" title="萨特莱杰河">萨特莱杰河</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%8A_(%E8%A5%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89)" title="山脊 (西姆拉)">西姆拉山脊</a>作为与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="印度河">印度河</a>流域的边界，东部顺着<a href="/wiki/%E9%94%A1%E9%87%91%E9%82%A6" title="锡金邦">錫金邦</a>与尼泊尔边境的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%9B%E5%8A%A0%E9%87%8C%E6%8B%89%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辛加里拉山脊（页面不存在）">辛加里拉山脊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singalila_Ridge" class="extiw" title="en:Singalila Ridge">Singalila Ridge</a>）作为与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="布拉马普特拉河">布拉马普特拉河</a>流域的边界。世界最高峰<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E7%A9%86%E6%9C%97%E7%91%AA%E5%B3%B0" title="珠穆朗瑪峰">珠穆朗玛峰</a>也位于恒河流域内。<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> 其它位于恒河流域内海拔超过8,000米的高山还有：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E5%9F%8E%E7%AB%A0%E5%98%89%E5%B3%B0" title="干城章嘉峰">干城章嘉峰</a><a href="#cite_note-kangchpkbgr-54">[49]</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%AD%90%E5%B3%B0" title="洛子峰">洛子峰</a><a href="#cite_note-lhotpkbgr-55">[50]</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%8D%A1%E9%B2%81%E5%B3%B0" title="马卡鲁峰">马卡鲁峰</a><a href="#cite_note-makalpkbgr-56">[51]</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%93%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%8B%E5%B3%B0" title="卓奥友峰">卓奥友峰</a><a href="#cite_note-choopkbgr-57">[52]</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89%E9%87%8C%E5%B3%B0" title="道拉吉里峰">道拉吉里峰</a><a href="#cite_note-dhaulapkbgr-58">[53]</a> 、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A2%E5%B3%B0" title="马纳斯卢峰">马纳斯卢峰</a><a href="#cite_note-manaslpkbgr-59">[54]</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E7%BA%B3%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E5%B3%B0" title="安纳布尔纳峰">安纳布尔纳峰</a><a href="#cite_note-annappkbgr-60">[55]</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E5%A4%8F%E9%82%A6%E9%A9%AC%E5%B3%B0" title="希夏邦马峰">希夏邦马峰</a>。<a href="#cite_note-shishpkbgr-61">[56]</a> 恒河于喜马拉雅山脉流域部分包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E5%81%95%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="喜马偕尔邦">喜马偕尔邦</a>东南部、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%98%BF%E5%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6" title="北阿坎德邦">北安查尔邦</a>全境、尼泊尔全境、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="西孟加拉邦">西孟加拉邦</a>西北部。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="水流量">水流量</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：水流量">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hardinge_Bridge_Bangladesh_(4).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hardinge_Bridge_Bangladesh_%284%29.JPG/220px-Hardinge_Bridge_Bangladesh_%284%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hardinge_Bridge_Bangladesh_%284%29.JPG/330px-Hardinge_Bridge_Bangladesh_%284%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Hardinge_Bridge_Bangladesh_%284%29.JPG/440px-Hardinge_Bridge_Bangladesh_%284%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>位于孟加拉国的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E6%A1%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈丁格桥（页面不存在）">哈丁格桥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Bridge" class="extiw" title="en:Hardinge Bridge">Hardinge Bridge</a>），该桥横跨恒河，是测量恒河下游水流量的重要地点之一</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Ganges_in_Lakshmipur,_Bangladesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lower_Ganges_in_Lakshmipur%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/220px-Lower_Ganges_in_Lakshmipur%2C_Bangladesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lower_Ganges_in_Lakshmipur%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/330px-Lower_Ganges_in_Lakshmipur%2C_Bangladesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Lower_Ganges_in_Lakshmipur%2C_Bangladesh.jpg/440px-Lower_Ganges_in_Lakshmipur%2C_Bangladesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>恒河于孟加拉国的低水位</figcaption></figure> 根据源头定义不同，对恒河的水流量也有不同的测量值。很多时候，人们以梅格纳河入海口的水流量指代恒河水流量，在这种定义中，恒河水流量包含了恒河、布拉馬普特拉河和梅格纳河的总和，年度平均水流量为38,000 m3/s<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2000-37">[32]</a>或42,470 m3/s。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParua2009-36">[31]</a> 但也有将恒河、布拉馬普特拉河和梅格纳河流量分开计算的案例，在这种情况下，恒河年平均水流量约为16,650 m3/s，布拉馬普特拉河年平均水流量约为19,820 m3/s，梅格纳河年平均水流量约为5,100 m3/s。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007334–342-45">[40]</a> 恒河的最大峰值流量是在孟加拉国<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E6%A1%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈丁格桥（页面不存在）">哈丁格桥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Bridge" class="extiw" title="en:Hardinge Bridge">Hardinge Bridge</a>）测得的，超过70,000m3/s。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Murti199110-62">[57]</a> 最低流量也于1997年在同一地点测得，仅为180 m3/s。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmanUprety2002133-63">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="水文周期">水文周期</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：水文周期">编辑</a>]</div> <center> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E5%A0%B0" title="法拉卡堰">法拉卡</a>測站於1949年至1973年間所測得的月平均流量（m³/s）<a href="#cite_note-:2-64">[59]</a>。 <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_apit1alhohpujqimxbh1hxsoi365px1"></map><img usemap="#timeline_apit1alhohpujqimxbh1hxsoi365px1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/zh/timeline/apit1alhohpujqimxbh1hxsoi365px1.png" /></div> </center>恒河流域的水文周期取决于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%8D%97%E5%AD%A3%E9%A2%A8" title="西南季風">西南季风</a>的活动，大约有84%的降水发生在6月至9月之间。因此，恒河的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河川流量（页面不存在）">河川流量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamflow" class="extiw" title="en:Streamflow">Streamflow</a>）呈现出高度季节性。根据<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E6%A1%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈丁格桥（页面不存在）">哈丁格桥</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardinge_Bridge" class="extiw" title="en:Hardinge Bridge">Hardinge Bridge</a>）的测量数据，干旱季节与季风时期的恒河水流量比率大致为1:6。这种季节性变化是该区域许多土地与水资源问题的根源，<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirza2004-49">[44]</a> 它甚至可在同一年内造成干旱与水涝。这些问题在孟加拉国尤为显著，该国时常在旱季受干旱困扰，在季风时节受洪水侵袭。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmanUprety2002133-63">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="河道变化">河道变化</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：河道变化">编辑</a>]</div> 在<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="恒河三角洲">恒河三角洲</a>，数条河流汇聚到了一起，并<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%B1%8A%E5%9E%8B%E6%B2%B3%E6%AE%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分汊型河段（页面不存在）">分汊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_bifurcation" class="extiw" title="en:River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a>）为多条<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E9%81%93_(%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河道 (地理学)（页面不存在）">河道</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_(geography)" class="extiw" title="en:Channel (geography)">Channel (geography)</a>）。恒河与布拉馬普特拉河都有多条分岔河道，而其中较大的河道又与其它大型河道合并，一同汇入孟加拉湾。这些河道不是固定不变的，随时间发展，河道形态会发生<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E6%B1%BA" title="沖決">变化</a>，有时这种变化会显著改变河道的分布。 12世纪之前，恒河的主干是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="胡格利河">胡格利河</a>分流，当时的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="博多河">博多河</a>仍只是一条小型河道。当时这条主干道至入海口之间的河段不是今天的胡格利河，而是另一条被称为 Adi Ganga 的河流。12-16世纪间，博多河与帕吉勒提河-胡格利河分流的差距逐渐缩小。16世纪后，博多河逐渐成为了恒河的后续主要河段。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti2001126–27-33">[28]</a> 广泛认为，帕吉勒提河-胡格利河分流衰微的原因可能是由于淤泥堵塞，这使得恒河主干道的水流转向了东南方的博多河。至18世纪，博多河已经成为了恒河的主要分流。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParua2009-36">[31]</a> 转向博多河后，恒河与梅格纳河及布拉馬普特拉河交汇，随后在孟加拉湾入海。恒河目前与梅格纳河的交汇处大约形成于150年前。<a href="#cite_note-Catling1992-65">[60]</a> 同样在18世纪，布拉馬普特拉河的下游河道也发生了显著变化，极大地改变了它与恒河的关系。1787年，恒河-博多河的支流<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%90%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%B2%B3" title="提斯塔河">提斯塔河</a>发生了一次大规模洪灾，它迫使提斯塔河向东<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%96%E6%B1%BA" title="沖決">改道</a>并汇入布拉馬普特拉河，而后令布拉馬普特拉河向南改道，并创造出一条新的河道。这条新的河道被称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E6%9C%A8%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="贾木纳河">贾木纳河</a>，它向南汇入恒河-博多河。历史上的布拉馬普特拉河更加靠东，流经<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E9%97%A8%E8%BE%9B%E5%B8%82" title="迈门辛市">迈门辛市</a>并汇入梅格纳河。如今这条河道规模小了许多，但仍保留布拉馬普特拉这个名字，人们有时将它称为老布拉馬普特拉河。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-Brahmaputra-66">[61]</a> 老布拉馬普特拉河与梅格纳河的交汇处位于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%97%E6%A0%BC%E7%8F%AD%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朗格班德（页面不存在）">朗格班德</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langalbandh" class="extiw" title="en:Langalbandh">Langalbandh</a>），该处被印度教徒视为一个圣地。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C-%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E4%BB%80%E7%93%A6%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦里-贝特什瓦遗迹（页面不存在）">瓦里-贝特什瓦遗迹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wari-Bateshwar_ruins" class="extiw" title="en:Wari-Bateshwar ruins">Wari-Bateshwar ruins</a>）就在交汇处附近。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti2001126–127-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史">历史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：历史">编辑</a>]</div> 最早提到恒河的欧洲旅行者是古希腊的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E6%A2%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="麦加斯梯尼">麦加斯梯尼</a>，他在作品《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%8F%B2_(%E9%BA%A6%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E6%A2%AF%E5%B0%BC)" title="印度史 (麦加斯梯尼)">印度史</a>》中写道：“印度也有许多宽广的河流，它们源于北方边境的高山，穿过平坦的陆地，其中有不少河流相交汇聚，并入恒河。恒河源头宽30<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E8%BE%BE_(%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯塔达 (长度单位)（页面不存在）">斯塔达</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_(unit)" class="extiw" title="en:Stadion (unit)">Stadion (unit)</a>），自北向南流动，入海之处即战象国度<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%88%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%BE%E4%BC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冈格里达伊（页面不存在）">冈格里达伊</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangaridai" class="extiw" title="en:Gangaridai">Gangaridai</a>）的东部边境。”(Diodorus II.37)<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> 1951年印度表达了建造<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E5%A0%B0" title="法拉卡堰">法拉卡堰</a>的意愿，因此而与邻国<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="東巴基斯坦">东巴基斯坦</a>（如今的孟加拉国）产生了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E9%85%8D%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恒河水源分配争议（页面不存在）">水源分配争议</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_water_dispute" class="extiw" title="en:Ganges water dispute">Ganges water dispute</a>）。拦河堰于1975年建成，最初目的是从恒河水流量分配 1,100 m3/s 给<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="胡格利河">帕吉勒提河-胡格利河</a>，以恢复<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94%E6%B8%AF%E5%8F%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加尔各答港口（页面不存在）">加尔各答港口</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Kolkata" class="extiw" title="en:Port of Kolkata">Port of Kolkata</a>）的通航能力。在最干旱的时期，恒河水流量约为1400-1600 m3/s ，也就是说此时流往东巴基斯坦的河水只剩下280-420 m3/s。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmanUprety2002136–137-69">[64]</a> 东巴基斯坦对此表示不满，该争端持续了很长时间，直到1996年印度与孟加拉国签署了一项为期30年的条约。该条约十分复杂，简而言之，条约规定当恒河水流量小于2,000 m3/s时，印度与孟加拉国将各自配得50%水源，具体方式是每方在10天周期里交替获取1,000 m3/s的河水流量。然而，条约签署后仅一年，法拉卡堰的水位达到了历史最低水平，无法完成条约中规定的水源分配措施。1997年，流入孟加拉国的恒河水流量最低仅有180 m3/s。虽然在随后几年里，旱季水流量恢复到了正常水平，但双方也在探讨其它方案来解决这个问题。其中一个方案是在孟加拉国首都<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%8D%A1" title="达卡">达卡</a>西部的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%9E%E6%B2%99%E4%B9%8C%E5%B8%95%E9%BD%90%E6%8B%89" title="庞沙乌帕齐拉">庞沙乌帕齐拉</a>再建一个拦河堰，这个新的拦河堰可以帮助孟加拉国更好的利用分配到的恒河水资源。<a href="#cite_note-70">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="文化影响">文化影响</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：文化影响">编辑</a>]</div> 许多印度人出于信仰认为恒河发源于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="西藏">西藏</a>的圣湖<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E6%97%81%E9%9B%8D%E9%8C%AF" title="瑪旁雍錯">玛旁雍錯</a>，印度人称之为玛纳斯湖（Manasarowar），因而将之奉为圣河。他们认为浸在恒河中能把一个人的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%AA" class="mw-disambig" title="罪">罪</a>洗去；许多死者<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E8%91%AC" title="火葬">火葬</a>后的骨灰被撒入河中，也有直接把死尸、遗物和葬礼物品直接抛入河中任其漂流的，人们认为这样能帮助死者得到更好的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AE%E5%9B%9E" title="轮回">来世</a>，甚至能更早获得“<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E8%84%AB" title="解脫">解脱</a>”（Moksha）。很多虔诚的教徒会往恒河<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E5%9C%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="朝圣">朝圣</a>，并于河中浸浴及在河岸<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A5%E6%83%B3" title="冥想">冥想</a>。 是故由於上述難以收斂的傳統習慣，恆河的環境至今依然極度骯髒，经常在恒河里沐浴圣水者不远处就有漂流的浮尸经过，人们安之若素。 数个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a>圣地都位于恒河沿岸，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%BA%B3%E8%A5%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦拉纳西">瓦拉纳西</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="神性化身">神性化身</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：神性化身">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianWomanFloatingLampsGanges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IndianWomanFloatingLampsGanges.jpg/220px-IndianWomanFloatingLampsGanges.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IndianWomanFloatingLampsGanges.jpg/330px-IndianWomanFloatingLampsGanges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/IndianWomanFloatingLampsGanges.jpg/440px-IndianWomanFloatingLampsGanges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="712" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>印度妇女在恒河上放置小灯，William Simpson，1867</figcaption></figure> 恒河是印度教中的神圣河流。印度教徒在其中沐浴<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p212-71">[65]</a>，他们捧起河水，然后让其落回恒河，以此祭祀祖先与神灵；他们把玫瑰花瓣放在装着油的小盘子（diyas）上，用灯芯点燃，让其漂浮于恒河水面。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p212-71">[65]</a> 回家前，他们会收集一些恒河水，以供后续仪式中使用；它们将采集的河水称为“Ganga Jal”，也即“恒河之水”。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p212-2132-72">[66]</a> 恒河是所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E8%AF%9D" title="印度教神话">印度教神话</a>中圣水的化身。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p214-73">[67]</a> 人们有时会把如恒河一般神圣的河流称为当地的恒河。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p214-73">[67]</a> 例如位于印度西部<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="马哈拉施特拉邦">马哈拉施特拉邦</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%A5%E8%BE%BE%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="哥达瓦里河">哥达瓦里河</a>就被称为“南方恒河”或“达克辛恒河”，据信它在圣人<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E8%BE%BE%E6%91%A9_(%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA)" title="乔达摩 (仙人)">乔达摩</a>引领下穿越印度中部。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p214-73">[67]</a> 恒河作为一切印度教仪式的用水来源，因此它也存在于一切圣水之中。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p214-73">[67]</a> 此外，印度教徒坚信在恒河水中的沐浴能够清除一切罪孽，沐浴活动在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B9%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="根戈德里">根戈德里</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%BC%E6%A1%91%E5%8A%A0%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特里维尼桑加姆（页面不存在）">特里维尼桑加姆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triveni_Sangam" class="extiw" title="en:Triveni Sangam">Triveni Sangam</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安拉阿巴德">安拉阿巴德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉纳西</a>等地十分流行。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p214-73">[67]</a> 恒河的象征性与宗教意义是印度教徒，甚至也是印度教怀疑者们的少数共识之一。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p214-215-74">[68]</a> 印度前总理<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E7%93%A6%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E8%B5%AB%E9%B2%81" title="贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁">贾瓦哈拉尔·尼赫鲁</a>也是一位印度教徒，他曾要求在死后将自己的骨灰撒入恒河。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p214-215-74">[68]</a> 在遗嘱中，尼赫鲁写道：“恒河是印度的河流，受其子民敬爱，她的种族记忆，她的希望与畏惧，她的胜利歌谣，她的耻辱与荣耀，一切都交织在一起。事物流变，而恒河作为印度这个古老文明的象征，将永恒流淌在这片土地之上。”<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p214-215-74">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="恒河降落">恒河降落</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：恒河降落">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ravi_Varma-Descent_of_Ganga.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ravi_Varma-Descent_of_Ganga.jpg/220px-Ravi_Varma-Descent_of_Ganga.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ravi_Varma-Descent_of_Ganga.jpg/330px-Ravi_Varma-Descent_of_Ganga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ravi_Varma-Descent_of_Ganga.jpg/440px-Ravi_Varma-Descent_of_Ganga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>恒河降落，<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%BE%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%8E%9B" title="拉贾·拉维·瓦尔玛">拉贾·拉维·瓦尔玛</a>，1910</figcaption></figure> 印度教节日 karunasiri 在每年五月末或六月初，目的是庆祝恒河自天穹降落世间。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-75">[69]</a> 该节日的庆祝日被称为“Ganga Dashahara”，在印度教历法中位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%98%E6%B2%99%E4%BB%96" title="折沙他">折沙他月</a>后十日（Dashami），当天会有许多人在恒河中沐浴。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-75">[69]</a> 据称当日的沐浴可洗脱十罪（dasha意为十；hara意为消除），或洗脱十世罪孽。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-75">[69]</a> 那些无法来到恒河的人也可就近在当地河流中沐浴，人们认为对于真正的信徒而言，任何河流都可视如恒河。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-75">[69]</a> karunasiri 是印度教的一个古老主题，对此流传有许多不同的传说。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-75">[69]</a> 根据《<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A0%E9%99%80" title="吠陀">吠陀</a>》记载，掌管<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天国 (印度教)（页面不存在）">天国</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarga" class="extiw" title="en:Svarga">Svarga</a>）的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" title="因陀羅">因陀罗</a>杀死了巨蛇<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%A0%97%E5%A4%9A" title="弗栗多">弗栗多</a>，从而释放出被其堵住的甘露<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%91%A9" title="蘇摩">苏摩</a>，神圣的苏摩落入大地，滋养万物。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-75">[69]</a> 根据<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%98%E6%BF%95%E5%A5%B4%E6%B4%BE" title="毘濕奴派">毘湿奴派</a>的说法，恒河于天国中的源头是一条被称为 Vishnupadi 的河流，也即梵语“自<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4" title="毗湿奴">毗湿奴</a>脚下”。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-75">[69]</a> 在毗湿奴的化身<a href="/wiki/%E7%AD%8F%E6%91%A9%E9%82%A3" title="筏摩那">筏摩那</a>完成三步跨走——跨过大地、天空与天国后，他在天穹跺脚，天上裂出一个洞，释出彼时仍盘旋在宇宙巨蛋周围 Vishnupadi 河。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-145-76">[70]</a> 河水从天穹涌入<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E9%99%80%E7%BE%85" title="因陀羅">因陀罗</a>掌管的天国，由毗湿奴的崇拜者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%E7%93%A6_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德鲁瓦 (印度教)（页面不存在）">德鲁瓦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhruva" class="extiw" title="en:Dhruva">Dhruva</a>）所接收，德鲁瓦如今已化为天空中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E6%98%9F" title="極星">极星</a>。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-145-76">[70]</a> 而后，河水穿过天空，形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="银河系">银河</a>，并到达月亮处。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-145-76">[70]</a> 然后河水降入<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%A4%A9" title="梵天">梵天</a>的领域，梵天居住在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BB%E5%BC%A5%E5%B1%B1" title="须弥山">须弥山</a>顶，此山向外延伸出世间的所有陆地。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-145-76">[70]</a> 随后神水落下形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>，河流进入其中一块被称为“巴拉特”的陆地，也即印度，形成恒河。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p144-145-76">[70]</a> 不过，在印度教的主要神灵中，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%A9%86" title="湿婆">湿婆</a>才是最广泛出现在恒河降落故事主题中的人物。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p145-77">[71]</a> 这些故事在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%91%A9%E8%A1%8D%E9%82%A3" title="罗摩衍那">罗摩衍那</a>》、《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A" title="摩诃婆罗多">摩诃婆罗多</a>》和《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%A6" title="往世书">往世书</a>》中都有叙述，故事缘起于仙人<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%AF%98%E7%BE%85" class="mw-disambig" title="迦毘羅">迦毘罗</a>的专注冥思被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E7%AB%AD%E7%BD%97%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨竭罗王（页面不存在）">萨竭罗王</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Sagara" class="extiw" title="en:King Sagara">King Sagara</a>）的六万个儿子打断，于是迦毘罗怪罪他们，愤怒的注视使他们全数化为灰烬，并将其送至<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B0%E9%96%93" title="陰間">冥界</a>。只有彼时仍于天国流动的恒河之水才可将他们从冥界中拯救。于是，六万之子后代之一<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%8B%E5%90%89%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跋吉罗陀（页面不存在）">跋吉罗陀王</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagiratha" class="extiw" title="en:Bhagiratha">Bhagiratha</a>）为了拯救自己的先祖，作出了严格的忏悔，并最终成功得到将恒河之水引下凡间的奖赏。然而，恒河的降落会为天地带来了巨大冲击，跋吉罗陀王来到湿婆住处<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%88%E4%BB%81%E6%B3%A2%E9%BD%90%E5%B3%B0" title="冈仁波齐峰">冈仁波齐峰</a>，说服湿婆用缠结的髮束接收从天而降的恒河水。最终，恒河水落在湿婆髮上，而后引入喜马拉雅山脉。接着，恒河在跋吉罗陀王的引导下流经<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>，穿过平原，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安拉阿巴德">安拉阿巴德</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A9%86%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="亞穆納河">亚穆纳河</a>汇合，然后流过<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉纳西</a>，最终在恒河三角洲汇入海洋。入海后，恒河水沉入冥界，拯救了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E7%AB%AD%E7%BD%97%E7%8E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨竭罗王（页面不存在）">萨竭罗王</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Sagara" class="extiw" title="en:King Sagara">King Sagara</a>）的六万个儿子。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p145-77">[71]</a> 为纪念跋吉罗陀王在恒河降落中的贡献，恒河于喜马拉雅山脉的源头之一被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>（也即梵文“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%8B%E5%90%89%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跋吉罗陀（页面不存在）">跋吉罗陀王</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagiratha" class="extiw" title="en:Bhagiratha">Bhagiratha</a>）的河”）。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p145-77">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="救赎死者">救赎死者</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：救赎死者">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cremation_Ghat_Bsnares_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cremation_Ghat_Bsnares_1913.jpg/220px-Cremation_Ghat_Bsnares_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cremation_Ghat_Bsnares_1913.jpg/330px-Cremation_Ghat_Bsnares_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cremation_Ghat_Bsnares_1913.jpg/440px-Cremation_Ghat_Bsnares_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉纳西</a>恒河边，死者骨灰被撒入恒河</figcaption></figure> 既然恒河被认为是从天国落入世间，于是也有人认为他们可以经由恒河通往天国。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p145-146-78">[72]</a> 根据印度教传统中的 Triloka-patha-gamini（往来三界的使者；triloka意为三个世界，patha意为道路，gamini意为使者），恒河从<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A9%E5%9B%BD_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="天国 (印度教)（页面不存在）">天国</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svarga" class="extiw" title="en:Svarga">Svarga</a>）降临，经过<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%97%E5%93%A9%E6%8F%90%E6%AF%97" title="頗哩提毗">凡间</a>，再流向<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%A5%E7%95%8C_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冥界 (印度教)（页面不存在）">冥界</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patala" class="extiw" title="en:Patala">Patala</a>），也即作为一个“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%92%82%E7%88%BE%E5%A1%94_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蒂爾塔 (印度教)（页面不存在）">蒂爾塔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tirtha" class="extiw" title="en:tirtha">tirtha</a>）”，与世间一切存在（无论是活着还是已经死去）交汇。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p145-146-78">[72]</a> 因此，在印度教为死者进行的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%83%E7%A4%BC_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肃礼 (印度教)（页面不存在）">肃礼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" class="extiw" title="en:Śrāddha">Śrāddha</a>）仪式上，人们会讲述恒河降生的故事，在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E6%AD%BB%E5%90%8E%E7%A5%AD%E7%A5%80%E4%BB%AA%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教死后祭祀仪式（页面不存在）">死后的祭祀仪式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rituals_after_death" class="extiw" title="en:Indian rituals after death">Indian rituals after death</a>）中也会使用恒河水。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p145-146-78">[72]</a> 在所有恒河赞美诗中，最出名的是那些寄寓在恒河水环绕下安息的诗歌，例如下面这首《Gangashtakam》<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p145-146-78">[72]</a>： <blockquote>母亲啊！...缀满项链的世界！ 通往天国的大门！ 我恳求在你的岸边，脱离我的身体。 我将饮用甘露，沉浮在浪花之中， 我会铭记你的名字，永恒凝视于你。<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a></blockquote>在恒河途径的所有墓葬之地（或<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%8D%E9%99%80%E6%9E%97" title="屍陀林">尸陀林</a>）中，最受印度教徒向往的当属<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉纳西</a>恒河畔<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p145-146-78">[72]</a>，他们渴望死后在此火化，认为这将使他们即时得到救赎。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p215-80">[74]</a> 假如不幸死于它处，死者也可因骨灰撒入恒河而被救赎。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p215-80">[74]</a> 假如骨灰已经被撒入其它河流，死者的亲属可前往恒河为他求得救赎，例如在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%B4%E4%BD%A0_(%E6%9C%88%E4%BB%BD)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿说你 (月份)（页面不存在）">阿说你月</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashvin_(month)" class="extiw" title="en:Ashvin (month)">Ashvin (month)</a>）（九月或十月）参加<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%83%E7%A4%BC_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肃礼 (印度教)（页面不存在）">肃礼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81ddha" class="extiw" title="en:Śrāddha">Śrāddha</a>）仪式。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p215-80">[74]</a> 此外，印度教还为死者进行 pinda pradana 仪式，在仪式中人们将点缀有芝麻粒的饭团丢入恒河，并诵读死者后人的名字。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p215-216-81">[75]</a> 据仪式背景所言，饭团上每一颗芝麻都能为死者的亲属求得千年救赎。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p215-216-81">[75]</a> 恒河在死后祭祀中的地位是如此重要，以至于《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A" title="摩诃婆罗多">摩诃婆罗多</a>》有一颂（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%93%E6%B4%9B%E8%BF%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="输洛迦（页面不存在）">输洛迦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shloka" class="extiw" title="en:Shloka">Shloka</a>））写道“即便只是死者的一根骨头触碰到了恒河水，那么他也将在天国受到尊敬。”<a href="#cite_note-82">[76]</a> 《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A4%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="室犍陀往世书（页面不存在）">室犍陀往世书</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_Purana" class="extiw" title="en:Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>）》的瓦拉纳西章节（Kashi Khanda）讲述了婆希加（Vahika）的传奇故事：婆希加是一个贪得无厌的恶人，在森林中被老虎咬死。然后他的灵魂到死神<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%BB%E6%91%A9" title="閻摩">阎摩</a>面前接受审判，鉴于婆希加从未行善，他的灵魂被遣往<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%A5%E7%95%8C_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冥界 (印度教)（页面不存在）">地狱</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patala" class="extiw" title="en:Patala">Patala</a>）。可就在这时，有只秃鹰叼起了他留在世间的尸骨，并意外将其丢入了恒河。因为这个事件，就在婆希加去地狱的路上，一列天车出现，将他送往天国。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p216-83">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="净化污秽">净化污秽</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：净化污秽">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kedar_Ghat_Benares,_August_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kedar_Ghat_Benares%2C_August_2005.jpg/220px-Kedar_Ghat_Benares%2C_August_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kedar_Ghat_Benares%2C_August_2005.jpg/330px-Kedar_Ghat_Benares%2C_August_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Kedar_Ghat_Benares%2C_August_2005.jpg/440px-Kedar_Ghat_Benares%2C_August_2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1792" /></a><figcaption>在恒河边沐浴的人群</figcaption></figure> 印度教徒认为恒河水是纯净的，并且具有净化污秽的能力。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p216-217-84">[78]</a> 尽管科学研究显示恒河水污染严重，但它仍被广泛用于各种宗教仪式，并被认为是纯净的象征。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p216-217-84">[78]</a> 人们认为恒河水可将无序复归为有序。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p217-85">[79]</a> 在印度教文化中，流动的河水寓示了净化的能力，因为河水不断吸收，并带走污浊。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p217-85">[79]</a> 恒河上游河段被认为有最强的净化能力，因为那里水流更湍急，沐浴者需事先绑上锚链，以免被水冲走。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p217-85">[79]</a> 被恒河洗净的不止是可见的污垢，也可以是象征性的污秽；沐浴时，恒河水带走人的罪孽，洗脱的不仅是当前，也是一生的罪孽。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p217-85">[79]</a> 17世纪诗人<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%BE%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E8%BF%AA%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贾格纳塔·潘迪特拉吉（页面不存在）">贾格纳塔</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannatha_Panditaraja" class="extiw" title="en:Jagannatha Panditaraja">Jagannatha Panditaraja</a>）曾作有一首脍炙人口的恒河赞美诗《Ganga Lahiri》。传说贾格纳塔因与一名穆斯林妇女有染而被赶出印度教<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E9%97%A8" title="婆罗门">婆罗门</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E5%A7%93%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="种姓制度">种姓</a>。徒劳的抗争后，贾格纳塔来到恒河边，恒河是无望者的希望，是流浪者的安息居所。贾格纳塔和爱人一起，坐在瓦拉纳西班干加（Panchganga）<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E5%A3%87" title="河壇">河坛</a>的阶梯顶端。他读着诗，恒河水逐渐上涨，没过一级级台阶，最后携这对恋人卷入恒河。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p217-85">[79]</a> “我走向你，像孩子奔向母亲”，《Ganga Lahiri》如是写道<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p218-86">[80]</a>，<blockquote>我走向你，像孤儿期待怜悯。 我走向你，像流浪者寻求落脚之地。 我意志消沉，你振奋我信心。 我身体残缺，你治愈我顽疾。 我向你走来，带着干渴的心，你是美酒的海洋。 我愿把自己献于你。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p218-86">[80]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="恒河女神">恒河女神</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：恒河女神">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Bearing_the_Descent_of_the_Ganges_River,_folio_from_a_Hindi_manuscript_by_the_saint_Narayan_LACMA_M.86.345.6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shiva_Bearing_the_Descent_of_the_Ganges_River%2C_folio_from_a_Hindi_manuscript_by_the_saint_Narayan_LACMA_M.86.345.6.jpg/220px-Shiva_Bearing_the_Descent_of_the_Ganges_River%2C_folio_from_a_Hindi_manuscript_by_the_saint_Narayan_LACMA_M.86.345.6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shiva_Bearing_the_Descent_of_the_Ganges_River%2C_folio_from_a_Hindi_manuscript_by_the_saint_Narayan_LACMA_M.86.345.6.jpg/330px-Shiva_Bearing_the_Descent_of_the_Ganges_River%2C_folio_from_a_Hindi_manuscript_by_the_saint_Narayan_LACMA_M.86.345.6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Shiva_Bearing_the_Descent_of_the_Ganges_River%2C_folio_from_a_Hindi_manuscript_by_the_saint_Narayan_LACMA_M.86.345.6.jpg/440px-Shiva_Bearing_the_Descent_of_the_Ganges_River%2C_folio_from_a_Hindi_manuscript_by_the_saint_Narayan_LACMA_M.86.345.6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>湿婆作为“Gangadhara”承载自天穹落下的恒河水，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1%E7%A5%9E%E5%A5%B3" title="雪山神女">雪山女神</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%8B%E5%90%89%E7%BD%97%E9%99%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跋吉罗陀（页面不存在）">跋吉罗陀</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagiratha" class="extiw" title="en:Bhagiratha">Bhagiratha</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%BF%AA" title="南迪">南迪</a>在一旁观看。(circa 1740)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E5%A5%B3%E7%A5%9E" title="恒河女神">恒河女神</a>是印度教中三位主要男性神祗的共同伴侣。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">[81]</a> 首先，恒河以水的形式存在于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E5%A4%A9" title="梵天">梵天</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%BD%90_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)" title="水罐 (印度)">水罐</a>，跟随他一同旅行。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">[81]</a> 恒河也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4" title="毗湿奴">毗湿奴</a>的伴侣，在恒河降落的故事中，恒河水自毗湿奴脚下流出，并且恒河女神也是毗湿奴的三个妻子之一。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">[81]</a> 在广为人知的故事中，恒河女神与毗湿奴的另一妻子<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AF%E6%89%8D%E5%A4%A9%E5%A5%B3" title="辯才天女">辩才天女</a>发生争执，她们相互诅咒，使之变为河流，并通过河水的洗涤，将人类崇拜者的罪孽带入体内。为了调解她们的矛盾，毗湿奴决定将她们分开，他让辩才天女成为梵天的妻子，让恒河女神成为湿婆的妻子，而保留未参与争执的<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%A5%A5%E5%A4%A9%E5%A5%B3" title="吉祥天女">吉祥天女</a>为自己的妻子。但是恒河女神和辩才天女对这个处置感到不满，她们迫使毗湿奴收回命令。她们维持河流的形态，并保留作为毗湿奴妻子的身份。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p146-88">[82]</a> 恒河与<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%A9%86" title="湿婆">湿婆</a>的关系主要见于恒河降落的神话。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p147-89">[83]</a> 在故事里，汹涌的恒河水永恒的从天穹落在湿婆头发上，并被永恒的驯服。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p147-89">[83]</a> 印度教也称湿婆为“Gangadhara”，即“恒河承载者”，因为恒河顺着他的发束流向大地。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p147-89">[83]</a> 恒河与湿婆的关系是亲密且永恒的，湿婆有时会被称为“Uma-Ganga-Patiswara”，即“<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%AA%E5%B1%B1%E7%A5%9E%E5%A5%B3" title="雪山神女">雪山女神</a>和恒河女神的丈夫与主人”，恒河女神也时常被描绘对雪山女神心怀妒忌。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p147-89">[83]</a> 恒河是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%8F%90" title="夏克提">夏克提</a>，是永恒无止的流动力量，它使隐居、不可接近的湿婆以承接河水的方式在世间显形。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">[81]</a> 作为河水，它的能量可被感受、品尝和吸收。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">[81]</a> 在《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A4%E7%8A%8D%E9%99%80%E5%BE%80%E4%B8%96%E4%B9%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="室犍陀往世书（页面不存在）">室犍陀往世书</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skanda_Purana" class="extiw" title="en:Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a>）》中的瓦拉纳西章节（Kashi Khanda），战神<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%BB%BA%E9%99%80" title="室建陀">室建陀</a>对<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E5%B1%B1%E4%BB%99%E4%BA%BA" title="投山仙人">投山仙人</a>说：<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">[81]</a><blockquote>人们不该感到惊讶……恒河的力量如此强大，她不就是永恒湿婆的最高<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%8F%90" title="夏克提">夏克提</a>以水的形式显现吗？ 这满载悲悯之酒的恒河呐，诸神之主湿婆派她拯救世人。 智者应当想到，这流经三界的恒河怎会如世间其它河流那般平凡，那些河流装的只是水罢了。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">[81]</a></blockquote>恒河女神在印度教中同时也被奉为母亲的形象，被称为“Ganga Mata”，代表博爱与宽恕。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p218-86">[80]</a> 与其他女神不同，恒河女神没有破坏和可怕的一面，尽管在自然中，恒河可能和其它和河流一样具有破坏性。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p218-86">[80]</a> 她同时也是其他神灵的母亲。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p149-90">[84]</a> 她接受了湿婆从<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%80%86%E5%B0%BC" title="阿耆尼">阿耆尼</a>处取得的火种，因火种过于炙热，她将其冷却。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p149-90">[84]</a> 这个行为帮助创生了战神<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%BB%BA%E9%99%80" title="室建陀">室建陀</a>。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p149-90">[84]</a> 在《<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E8%AF%83%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%9A" title="摩诃婆罗多">摩诃婆罗多</a>》中，她是<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E8%BA%AB%E7%8E%8B" title="福身王">福身王</a>的妻子，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%BF%95%E6%91%A9" title="毗濕摩">毗湿摩</a>的母亲。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p149-90">[84]</a> 当毗湿摩于战场中死去，恒河女神从河水中化为人形，在他尸体旁哭泣。<a href="#cite_note-eck1998-p149-90">[84]</a> 恒河女神是印度教传统、神祗、圣卷和启蒙的源泉。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">[81]</a> 因此，对她的崇拜不必像其它神灵那样，在仪式起始时召唤（avahana），在仪式结束后解散（visarjana）。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">[81]</a> 她的神性是直接且永恒的。<a href="#cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="艺术形象">艺术形象</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：艺术形象">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83131740">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0 0.6em 1.6em;text-align:right;font-size:80%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid #eaecf0 1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GangaBeshnagarBhopalState.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="笈多王朝的恒河女神像，维迪斯哈（公元5-6世纪），现存于波士頓美術館"><img alt="笈多王朝的恒河女神像，维迪斯哈（公元5-6世纪），现存于波士頓美術館" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GangaBeshnagarBhopalState.jpg/130px-GangaBeshnagarBhopalState.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GangaBeshnagarBhopalState.jpg/195px-GangaBeshnagarBhopalState.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/GangaBeshnagarBhopalState.jpg/260px-GangaBeshnagarBhopalState.jpg 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="712" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="笈多王朝">笈多王朝</a>的恒河女神像，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E8%BF%AA%E6%96%AF%E5%93%88" class="mw-redirect" title="维迪斯哈">维迪斯哈</a>（公元5-6世纪），现存于<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A0%93%E7%BE%8E%E8%A1%93%E9%A4%A8" title="波士頓美術館">波士頓美術館</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Goddess_Ganga_at_Ellora_Cave_21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="恒河女神用手抚摸一位侏儒的头，埃洛拉石窟（公元6世纪）"><img alt="恒河女神用手抚摸一位侏儒的头，埃洛拉石窟（公元6世纪）" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Goddess_Ganga_at_Ellora_Cave_21.jpg/130px-Goddess_Ganga_at_Ellora_Cave_21.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Goddess_Ganga_at_Ellora_Cave_21.jpg/195px-Goddess_Ganga_at_Ellora_Cave_21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Goddess_Ganga_at_Ellora_Cave_21.jpg/260px-Goddess_Ganga_at_Ellora_Cave_21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">恒河女神用手抚摸一位侏儒的头，<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%B4%9B%E6%8B%89%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F" title="埃洛拉石窟">埃洛拉石窟</a>（公元6世纪）</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GangaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="手里拿着大壶（英语：Kumbha），站在摩伽罗上的恒河女神，阿希查特拉遗迹（英语：Ahichchhatra）（公元5世纪），现藏于新德里国立博物馆"><img alt="手里拿着大壶（英语：Kumbha），站在摩伽罗上的恒河女神，阿希查特拉遗迹（英语：Ahichchhatra）（公元5世纪），现藏于新德里国立博物馆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/GangaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG/77px-GangaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG" decoding="async" width="77" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/GangaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG/116px-GangaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/GangaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG/154px-GangaTerracottaAhichchhatra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="3215" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">手里拿着<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%A3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大壶（页面不存在）">大壶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbha" class="extiw" title="en:Kumbha">Kumbha</a>），站在<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E4%BC%BD%E7%BD%97" title="摩伽罗">摩伽罗</a>上的恒河女神，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%8C%E6%9F%A5%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿希查特拉遗迹（页面不存在）">阿希查特拉遗迹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahichchhatra" class="extiw" title="en:Ahichchhatra">Ahichchhatra</a>）（公元5世纪），现藏于<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="新德里国立博物馆">新德里国立博物馆</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GoddessGangaInTribhangaWithRetinue.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="人群中的恒河女神（右）摆出三屈姿势，瞿折罗-普腊蒂哈腊王朝（公元10世纪），现藏于新德里国立博物馆"><img alt="人群中的恒河女神（右）摆出三屈姿势，瞿折罗-普腊蒂哈腊王朝（公元10世纪），现藏于新德里国立博物馆" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GoddessGangaInTribhangaWithRetinue.JPG/120px-GoddessGangaInTribhangaWithRetinue.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GoddessGangaInTribhangaWithRetinue.JPG/180px-GoddessGangaInTribhangaWithRetinue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/GoddessGangaInTribhangaWithRetinue.JPG/240px-GoddessGangaInTribhangaWithRetinue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2133" data-file-height="3203" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">人群中的恒河女神（右）摆出<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B1%88" title="三屈">三屈</a>姿势，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%BF%E6%8A%98%E7%BD%97-%E6%99%AE%E8%85%8A%E8%92%82%E5%93%88%E8%85%8A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="瞿折罗-普腊蒂哈腊王朝">瞿折罗-普腊蒂哈腊王朝</a>（公元10世纪），现藏于<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="新德里国立博物馆">新德里国立博物馆</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="古印度文明">古印度</a>文化中，恒河是繁殖力的象征，因为流过的河水和留下的淤泥滋养了沿岸生态，并为周边居民提供了生活的必需。<a href="#cite_note-91">[85]</a> 恒河是炎热夏日的理想去处，人们赋予它神奇的品质，并以拟人化的形象受到人们的崇拜。<a href="#cite_note-92">[86]</a> 到了公元5世纪，关于恒河的神话故事越来越多，它的形象变为了一个女神，同时作为所有其它河流的象征。<a href="#cite_note-93">[87]</a> 印度各处寺庙门前多有恒河女神的雕像和浮雕，象征洗脱朝圣者的罪孽，并守卫寺庙内供奉的诸神。<a href="#cite_note-pal-1997-p43-94">[88]</a> 作为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%AE%88%E5%8D%AB%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="圣地守卫者（页面不存在）">圣地守卫者</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctum_sanctorum" class="extiw" title="en:Sanctum sanctorum">Sanctum sanctorum</a>），与恒河女神一同描绘的还有：<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E4%BC%BD%E7%BD%97" title="摩伽罗">摩伽罗</a>（一个类似鳄鱼的怪物，有如大象一般的躯干）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%A3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大壶（页面不存在）">大壶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbha" class="extiw" title="en:Kumbha">Kumbha</a>）（一个装满水的花瓶）、头部的伞状背景，以及其它一些人类随从。<a href="#cite_note-darian2001-p114-95">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E4%BC%BD%E7%BD%97" title="摩伽罗">摩伽罗</a>是恒河女神的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9D%90%E9%AA%91_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="坐骑 (印度教)（页面不存在）">坐骑</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vahana" class="extiw" title="en:Vahana">Vahana</a>），也是印度文化中一个古老的符号，它的出现时间甚至比恒河女神的艺术形象更久远。<a href="#cite_note-darian2001-p114-95">[89]</a> 摩伽罗的形象有两种含义：首先，它代表了恒河所孕育的万物生灵；其次，它代表了恐惧，既包含恒河水下未知之物的恐惧，也包含人们亲眼所见的恐惧。<a href="#cite_note-darian2001-p114-95">[89]</a> 摩伽罗与恒河女神形象的共同出现可追溯到公元400年左右的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E8%BE%BE%E5%90%89%E9%87%8C%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌达吉里石窟遗迹（页面不存在）">乌达吉里石窟遗迹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" class="extiw" title="en:Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri Caves</a>）。在该遗迹中的5号洞窟，位于<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E6%B9%BF%E5%A5%B4" title="毗湿奴">毗湿奴</a>野猪化身的雕像两侧，<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%BB%E8%9C%9C" title="閻蜜">亚穆纳河女神</a>与恒河女神各坐在自己的坐骑<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%B1%E5%88%A9%E6%91%A9" title="俱利摩">俱利摩</a>（形象为乌龟）和摩伽罗上。<a href="#cite_note-darian2001-p114-95">[89]</a> 摩伽罗常和一个名为 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gana（页面不存在）">Gana</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gana" class="extiw" title="en:Gana">Gana</a>） 的小男孩一同出现，小男孩一般位于摩伽罗嘴旁，如上图“笈多王朝的恒河女神像”所示。<a href="#cite_note-darian-2001-p118-96">[90]</a> Gana 寓意繁衍与发展。<a href="#cite_note-darian-2001-p118-96">[90]</a> 年轻的 Gana 与可怖的摩伽罗分别寓意恒河的两个特点，即，恒河虽然孕育众生，但她有时也会为其中居民带来了困苦、灾祸和死亡。<a href="#cite_note-:3-5">[5]</a> 恒河女神还伴随有一个侏儒随从，这个侏儒拿着妆品袋，有时也为恒河女神提供支持和依靠（如上图1、2、4所示）。<a href="#cite_note-pal-1997-p43-94">[88]</a> 恒河女神手中的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%A3%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大壶（页面不存在）">大壶</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumbha" class="extiw" title="en:Kumbha">Kumbha</a>）（如上图3）是其雕像作品另一个显著的特征。<a href="#cite_note-darian-2001-p118-96">[90]</a> 它最初出现在公元400年左右的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E8%BE%BE%E5%90%89%E9%87%8C%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌达吉里石窟遗迹（页面不存在）">乌达吉里石窟遗迹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" class="extiw" title="en:Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri Caves</a>），并随着恒河女神形象的丰富化，大壶的出现也变得越来越频繁。<a href="#cite_note-darian-2001-p118-96">[90]</a> 到7世纪，大壶已经成了恒河女神像必不可少的装饰物，例如在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%82%A6" title="北方邦">北方邦</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%99%E7%93%A6%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大沙瓦塔拉寺（页面不存在）">大沙瓦塔拉寺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh" class="extiw" title="en:Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh">Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh</a>）（7世纪）、拉贾斯坦邦的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E7%BD%97%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴罗里寺（页面不存在）">巴罗里寺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroli_Temples" class="extiw" title="en:Baroli Temples">Baroli Temples</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E9%82%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="恰蒂斯加爾邦">恰蒂斯加尔邦</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="比拉斯布爾">比拉斯布尔寺</a><a href="#cite_note-darian-2001-p125-97">[91]</a>（9-10世纪）。时至今日人们依旧在崇拜大壶，视其为无形的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5" title="梵">梵</a>的象征，同时寓意女性、子宫和繁殖力。<a href="#cite_note-darian-2001-p126-98">[92]</a> 此外，恒河与<a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E8%92%82%E6%B2%B3" title="薩拉斯瓦蒂河">萨拉斯瓦蒂河</a>都被认为是从装着天水的大壶中流出。<a href="#cite_note-darian-2001-p126-98">[92]</a> 在早期的寺庙雕刻中，恒河女神被描绘为站在悬垂的树枝下，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%8C%E8%BE%BE%E5%90%89%E9%87%8C%E7%9F%B3%E7%AA%9F%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乌达吉里石窟遗迹（页面不存在）">乌达吉里石窟遗迹</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" class="extiw" title="en:Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri Caves</a>）中的描绘也是如此。<a href="#cite_note-darian-2001-p130-99">[93]</a> 不过树枝的描绘很快转变为了随从拿着的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%9E%E7%9B%96" title="伞盖">伞盖</a>，如7世纪的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%99%E7%93%A6%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大沙瓦塔拉寺（页面不存在）">大沙瓦塔拉寺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh" class="extiw" title="en:Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh">Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh</a>）中的雕像。<a href="#cite_note-darian-2001-p130-99">[93]</a> 在上图3中可清楚地看到伞盖，图4可看到伞柄，但其余部分已经残毁。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE" class="mw-disambig" title="比拉斯布爾">比拉斯布尔寺</a>（9-10世纪），伞盖变得类似<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B2" title="莲">莲花</a>状，而在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E7%BD%97%E9%87%8C%E5%AF%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴罗里寺（页面不存在）">巴罗里寺</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroli_Temples" class="extiw" title="en:Baroli Temples">Baroli Temples</a>），伞盖完全被莲花所取代。<a href="#cite_note-darian-2001-p130-99">[93]</a> 随着恒河女神形象的发展，雕塑家们开始制作大型场景，描绘由众人伴随的恒河女神，暗示她正前往河边洗浴。<a href="#cite_note-100">[94]</a> 其中 <a href="#CITEREFPal1997">Pal 1997</a>，第43頁描绘了与上图4类似的一个场景：<blockquote>这是9世纪的典型浮雕，它曾被放置在一座寺庙的入口。在浮雕中，恒河女神被描绘为一位富裕的女士，并有许多随从陪伴左右。按照惯例，她优雅的站在坐骑摩伽罗上，手里拿着大壶，侏儒随从则提着她的妆品袋，一个……女随从举着巨大的荷叶茎，为她的主人遮阳。另外还有一位男性随从。在这类描绘中，摩伽罗的尾巴常被设计为蜿蜒卷曲，象征水与植物。<a href="#cite_note-pal-1997-p43-94">[88]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="大壶节">大壶节</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：大壶节">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kumbh_Mela2001.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kumbh_Mela2001.JPG/220px-Kumbh_Mela2001.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kumbh_Mela2001.JPG/330px-Kumbh_Mela2001.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Kumbh_Mela2001.JPG/440px-Kumbh_Mela2001.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5088" data-file-height="3509" /></a><figcaption>2001年于<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安拉阿巴德">安拉阿巴德</a>举行的大壶节</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A3%BA%E7%AF%80" title="大壺節">大壶节</a>是印度教的一个节日，前来朝圣的教徒会在恒河沿岸聚集。大壶节每三年举行<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mel%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melā（页面不存在）">小礼</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel%C4%81" class="extiw" title="en:Melā">Melā</a>），每六年在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安拉阿巴德">安拉阿巴德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>举行半礼（Ardh）<a href="#cite_note-101">[95]</a>，每12年在四个城市安拉阿巴德、赫尔德瓦尔、<a href="/wiki/%E9%84%94%E9%97%8D%E8%A1%8D%E9%82%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="鄔闍衍那">乌贾恩</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B" title="纳西克">纳西克</a>其一举行全礼（Purna）。<a href="#cite_note-hydro-102">[96]</a> 此外，每12次全礼后（也即每隔144年）会在安拉阿巴德举行大型仪式（Maha）。<a href="#cite_note-hydro-102">[96]</a> 大壶节最重要的一环是前往恒河完成<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%87%80%E5%8C%96%E4%BB%AA%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="净化仪式（页面不存在）">净化仪式</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritual_purification" class="extiw" title="en:Ritual purification">Ritual purification</a>）。其它活动还包括宗教辩论、唱赞美歌、集体进食、宗教集会并讨论和规范教义。大壶节是所有朝圣活动中最神圣的一个<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a>，成千上万善男信女前来参与节日。根据传统，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%A6%E8%A1%8C%E5%83%A7" title="苦行僧">苦行僧</a>需要用<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%AA%E7%B4%85%E8%8A%B1_(%E9%A6%99%E6%96%99)" title="番紅花 (香料)">紅花</a>粉混合木灰抹在身上，而其中被尊称为“naga sanyasis”的苦行僧甚至无需穿戴任何衣物。<a href="#cite_note-105">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="水利工程">水利工程</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：水利工程">编辑</a>]</div> 自古代起，恒河及其支流就被广泛用于农业灌溉。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200569–79-107">[101]</a> 早在公元4世纪的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3-%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E5%B9%B3%E5%8E%9F" title="印度河-恒河平原">恒河平原</a>，运河与水坝就已十分普遍。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2008-108">[102]</a> 恒河-布拉馬普特拉河-梅格纳河有十分巨大的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%8A%9B%E7%99%BC%E9%9B%BB" title="水力發電">水力发电</a>潜力，预计从中产生的电力可达20万至25万<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9" title="瓦特">兆瓦</a>，其中有一半可被轻易利用。根据1999年的数据，印度仅利用了恒河12%的水电潜能，而对于布拉馬普特拉河的利用还不足1%。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElhance1999163-109">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="运河">运河</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：运河">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Headworks_ganges_canal_haridwar1860.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Headworks_ganges_canal_haridwar1860.jpg/220px-Headworks_ganges_canal_haridwar1860.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Headworks_ganges_canal_haridwar1860.jpg/330px-Headworks_ganges_canal_haridwar1860.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Headworks_ganges_canal_haridwar1860.jpg/440px-Headworks_ganges_canal_haridwar1860.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>的运河建造工作 (1860)</figcaption></figure> 古希腊学者<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E6%A2%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="麦加斯梯尼">麦加斯梯尼</a>曾在公元3世纪访问<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝">孔雀王朝</a>统治下的印度，在作品中，他描绘了恒河平原上遍布的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3" title="运河">运河</a>。孔雀王朝建立者<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%83%E9%99%80%E7%BD%97%E7%AC%88%E5%A4%9A_(%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D)" title="旃陀罗笈多 (孔雀王朝)">旃陀罗笈多一世</a>的首席顾问<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%83%E5%BA%95%E5%88%A9%E8%80%B6" title="考底利耶">考底利耶</a>曾将破坏堤坝作为战争时的一项战略。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2008-108">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%96%E6%A0%BC%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="圖格魯克王朝">图格鲁克王朝</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9_(%E7%A7%B0%E8%B0%93)" title="苏丹 (称谓)">苏丹</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B9%E6%B2%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲罗兹沙（页面不存在）">菲罗兹沙</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" class="extiw" title="en:Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a>）曾修建许多运河，其中最长的是于1356年在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A9%86%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="亞穆納河">亚穆纳河</a>上修建的，长度240公里的西亚穆纳运河，该运河被多次修复。17世纪初，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%8D%A7%E5%84%BF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="莫卧儿帝国">莫卧儿帝国</a>皇帝<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E8%B4%BE%E6%B1%89" title="沙贾汉">沙贾汉</a>在亚穆纳河上修建了一条用于灌溉的运河。后来该运河被弃用，直到1830年在英国的控制下作为东亚穆纳运河重新开放。这条重新开放的运河为后续<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="恆河運河">恒河运河</a>的建造提供了标准。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200569–79-107">[101]</a> 英国在印度建造的第一条运河（不是基于原来的运河改造）是建造于1842-1854年的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3%E9%81%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="恆河運河">恒河运河</a>。<a href="#cite_note-stone2002-p16-110">[104]</a> 恒河运河的设计者是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·拉塞尔·科尔文（页面不存在）">约翰·拉塞尔·科尔文</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Russell_Colvin" class="extiw" title="en:John Russell Colvin">John Russell Colvin</a>），最终建造师是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普罗比·考特利（页面不存在）">普罗比·考特利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proby_Cautley" class="extiw" title="en:Proby Cautley">Proby Cautley</a>）。起初该运河计划并未引发考特利的兴趣，因为他不认同在低洼地带开凿运河将水流引至高地的想法。但在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%891837-1838%E5%B9%B4%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚格拉1837-1838年饥荒（页面不存在）">亚格拉1837-1838年饥荒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra_famine_of_1837%E2%80%931838" class="extiw" title="en:Agra famine of 1837–1838">Agra famine of 1837–1838</a>）期间，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E4%B8%9C%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="不列颠东印度公司">东印度公司</a>花费了大量<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%AF%94" title="盧比">卢比</a>（大约230万）用于缓解灾情，因此建造运河的想法重新引发了该公司董事会的关注。1839年，时任<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%80%BB%E7%9D%A3" title="印度总督">印度总督</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%A5%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E7%99%BB" title="第一代奥克兰伯爵乔治·伊登">奥克兰伯爵</a>在经东印度公司董事会批准后向考特利提供了资金，用于运河修建的全面勘察。此外，鉴于此次饥荒的严重性，董事会还提议增加运河的覆盖范围，他们计划将运河扩展到了整个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多阿布（页面不存在）">多阿布</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doab" class="extiw" title="en:Doab">Doab</a>）区。<a href="#cite_note-111">[105]</a> 但这种热情很快随着印度总督的更换而消退了，奥克兰伯爵的继任者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E7%BD%97_%EF%BC%88%E5%9F%83%E4%BC%A6%E5%A0%A1%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爱德华·罗（埃伦堡第一伯爵）（页面不存在）">爱伦堡伯爵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Law,_1st_Earl_of_Ellenborough" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough">Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough</a>）对这类大型公共工程缺乏兴趣，因此在他任内，这项工程的主要资金都被扣留。直到1844年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC_(%E5%93%88%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·哈丁格 (哈丁格子爵)（页面不存在）">哈丁格子爵</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hardinge,_1st_Viscount_Hardinge" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge">Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge</a>）接替了爱伦堡伯爵的位置，这位新任印度总督重新批准了恒河运河工程的拨款。在工程暂停期间，考特利的健康似乎出了一些问题，他不得不在1845年返回欧洲休养。在这段旅居时光，他研究了英国与意大利的当代水利工程技术。当他返回印度时，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%8C%97%E7%9C%81_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%B1%9E%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西北省 (英属印度)（页面不存在）">西北省</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-Western_Provinces" class="extiw" title="en:North-Western Provinces">North-Western Provinces</a>）和英属印度的掌管者都支持运河工程，于是在考特利的监督下，运河修建工作全面展开。运河始于<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>，主干长560公里，在<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="阿里格尔">阿里格尔</a>一分为二，分流长460公里。其中一条分流在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%94%E7%93%A6" title="埃塔瓦">埃塔瓦</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%A9%86%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="亚穆纳河">亚穆纳河</a>汇合，另一条分流在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="坎普尔">坎普爾</a>与恒河汇合。工程耗资215万英镑，1854年在印度总督<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF%E4%BE%AF%E7%88%B5%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97-%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%90" title="第一代达尔豪斯侯爵詹姆斯·布朗-拉姆齐">达尔豪斯侯爵</a>任下建成并开始使用。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrakash1999162-112">[106]</a> 据历史学家伊恩·斯通所言：<blockquote>这条运河是世界上有史以来最大规模的运河，其长度是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E5%B7%B4%E7%AC%AC%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="伦巴第大区">伦巴第</a>和埃及所有灌溉支流总长的五倍，甚至比美国最大的运河<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%BE%E5%A4%95%E6%B3%95%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%90%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宾夕法尼亚运河（页面不存在）">宾夕法尼亚运河</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_Canal" class="extiw" title="en:Pennsylvania Canal">Pennsylvania Canal</a>）还长三分之一。</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="水坝">水坝</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：水坝">编辑</a>]</div> 位于法拉卡的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%A6%E6%B2%B3%E5%9D%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拦河坝（页面不存在）">拦河坝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_(dam)" class="extiw" title="en:Barrage (dam)">Barrage (dam)</a>）在1975年4月21日开始使用<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrichieri-ColombiBradnock2003-113">[107]</a>，位置在恒河从印度进入孟加拉国的边界附近。恒河下游的另一分流<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%A0%BC%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="胡格利河">胡格利河</a>穿越<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="西孟加拉邦">西孟加拉邦</a>至<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加尔各答">加尔各答</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E5%A0%B0" title="法拉卡堰">法拉卡堰</a>通过其延伸出的42公里长的运河为胡格利河供水，该运河的供水管理一直是印度与孟加拉国政府的争议焦点。<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> 签署于1996年11月的《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E6%B0%B4%E6%B5%81%E4%BA%89%E7%AB%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恒河水流争端（页面不存在）">印度-孟加拉国关于恒河水资源分配的协定</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_water_dispute" class="extiw" title="en:Ganges water dispute">Ganges water dispute</a>）》解决了两国关于恒河水分配的部分问题。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrichieri-ColombiBradnock2003-113">[107]</a> 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="坎普尔">坎普尔</a>的恒河段还有另一座<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恒河上的水坝（页面不存在）">拉夫库什水坝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_Barrage" class="extiw" title="en:Ganges Barrage">Ganges Barrage</a>）。 恒河的源头之一<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>上筑有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E8%B5%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特赫里水坝（页面不存在）">特赫里水坝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehri_Dam" class="extiw" title="en:Tehri Dam">Tehri Dam</a>），水坝位于帕吉勒提河与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%8C%E5%85%B0%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="巴希兰格纳河">巴希兰格纳河</a>的交汇点下游1.5公里处。<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8B%92%E6%A0%BC%E5%AB%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="阿勒格嫩達河">阿勒格嫩达河</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%99%AE%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E6%A0%BC" title="德沃普拉耶格">德沃普拉耶格</a>交汇，后续河段被称为恒河。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharmaBahugunaChauhan2008-115">[109]</a> 这座水坝因建立在地震带<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrune1993-116">[110]</a>而受到争议。<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%AD%E8%90%A8%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E6%B0%B4%E5%9D%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="班萨加尔水坝（页面不存在）">班萨加尔水坝</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansagar_Dam" class="extiw" title="en:Bansagar Dam">Bansagar Dam</a>）位于恒河的支流<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="松河">松河</a>上，主要用于灌溉与水力发电。<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a> 通过在孟加拉湾海域附近建造<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%BF%E6%B5%B7%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沿海水库（页面不存在）">沿海水库</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_reservoir" class="extiw" title="en:Coastal reservoir">Coastal reservoir</a>），恒河与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="布拉马普特拉河">布拉马普特拉河</a>的涝季余水可供给至河流右侧流域以及印度中部与南部区域使用。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="经济">经济</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：经济">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_girl_selling_plastic_containers_for_carrying_Ganges_water,_Haridwar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/A_girl_selling_plastic_containers_for_carrying_Ganges_water%2C_Haridwar.jpg/220px-A_girl_selling_plastic_containers_for_carrying_Ganges_water%2C_Haridwar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/A_girl_selling_plastic_containers_for_carrying_Ganges_water%2C_Haridwar.jpg/330px-A_girl_selling_plastic_containers_for_carrying_Ganges_water%2C_Haridwar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/A_girl_selling_plastic_containers_for_carrying_Ganges_water%2C_Haridwar.jpg/440px-A_girl_selling_plastic_containers_for_carrying_Ganges_water%2C_Haridwar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>一个女孩在恒河边出售用于装水的塑料桶</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恒河流域（页面不存在）">恒河流域</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_Basin" class="extiw" title="en:Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a>）肥沃的土地为印度与孟加拉国农业提供了有力支持。恒河及其支流灌溉周边土地，当地种植的主要作物包括稻米、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E8%94%97" title="甘蔗">甘蔗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%89%81%E8%B1%86" title="小扁豆">小扁豆</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%B2%B9" title="植物油">产油植物</a>、土豆和小麦。沿河岸的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%91%E6%B2%BC" title="树沼">树沼</a>与湖泊也为豆子、辣椒、芥末、芝麻、甘蔗、黄麻等作物的生长提供了理想环境。此外，恒河中也有许多渔业资源，尽管其中大部分已被严重污染。而坐落在恒河沿岸的工业城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="坎普尔">坎普爾</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E7%BA%B3%E5%A5%A5" title="乌纳奥">乌纳奥</a>更是加剧了污染状况。<a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="旅游业">旅游业</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：旅游业">编辑</a>]</div> 恒河周边的旅游业是另一潜在的产业。恒河沿岸坐落有许多印度教中的圣城，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="赫尔德瓦尔">赫尔德瓦尔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安拉阿巴德">安拉阿巴德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉纳西</a>，这些城市每年可以吸引数百万游客。朝圣者们相信恒河水可洗脱罪孽，帮助他们达成解脱。湍急的恒河水也吸引人们在此<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E8%88%9F" title="泛舟">泛舟</a>，这项活动在夏日尤受欢迎。包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%8E%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="坎普尔">坎普爾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%90%84%E7%AD%94" title="加尔各答">加尔各答</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3" title="巴特那">帕特納</a>等城市都修建了河滨步道以吸引游客。<a href="#cite_note-Behteri1-120">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Behteri3-121">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Behteri2-122">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生态">生态</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：生态">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bangladesh_tmo_2011313.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bangladesh_tmo_2011313.jpg/220px-Bangladesh_tmo_2011313.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bangladesh_tmo_2011313.jpg/330px-Bangladesh_tmo_2011313.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bangladesh_tmo_2011313.jpg/440px-Bangladesh_tmo_2011313.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>从太空中看见的恒河</figcaption></figure> 人类活动，尤其是农业活动几乎取代了恒河流域所有的自然作物。恒河流域上游大约95%的区域都已被开发为了城镇或农田，只有喜马拉雅山脚下的部分区域还保留有相对完整的生态，这些区域包括<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E8%B4%BE%E5%90%89%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉贾吉国家公园（页面不存在）">拉贾吉国家公园</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaji_National_Park" class="extiw" title="en:Rajaji National Park">Rajaji National Park</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%A7%86%E7%A7%91%E6%AF%94%E7%89%B9%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉姆科比特国家公园（页面不存在）">吉姆科比特国家公园</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Corbett_National_Park" class="extiw" title="en:Jim Corbett National Park">Jim Corbett National Park</a>）和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%9C%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杜德瓦国家公园（页面不存在）">杜德瓦国家公园</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudhwa_National_Park" class="extiw" title="en:Dudhwa National Park">Dudhwa National Park</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-wwf0166-124">[118]</a> 直到16-17世纪，恒河上游流域还生活有数量可观的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%B4%B2%E8%B1%A1" title="亚洲象">亚洲象</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E8%99%8E" title="孟加拉虎">孟加拉虎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%8A%80" title="印度犀">印度犀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%87%8E%E7%89%9B" title="印度野牛">印度野牛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BC%E9%B9%BF" title="沼鹿">沼鹿</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%92%E7%86%8A" title="懒熊">懒熊</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E7%8D%85" title="亞洲獅">亚洲狮</a>。<a href="#cite_note-wwf0166-124">[118]</a> 但到了21世纪，该区域已很少见到大型野生动物的踪迹，现存的大型动物包括鹿、野猪、野猫和少量的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%8B%BC" title="印度狼">亚洲狼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2%E8%83%A1%E7%8B%BC" title="亞洲胡狼">亚洲胡狼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%8B%90" title="赤狐">赤狐</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%8B%90" title="孟加拉狐">孟加拉狐</a>。孟加拉虎只生活在孟加拉湾的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%99%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF" title="孙德尔本斯">苏达班红树林区</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-25">[20]</a> 但如今苏达班区的淡水沼泽生境几乎已接近消失。<a href="#cite_note-wwf0162-125">[119]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%82%E5%AD%94%E9%93%B6%E5%8F%B6%E6%A0%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="层孔银叶树（页面不存在）">层孔银叶树</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritiera_fomes" class="extiw" title="en:Heritiera fomes">Heritiera fomes</a>）也生长在恒河三角洲的苏达班红树林区。<a href="#cite_note-126">[120]</a> 恒河平原上<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%A8%81%E8%84%85%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="受威脅物種">受威胁</a>的哺乳动物包括虎、象、懒熊和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E8%A7%92%E7%BE%9A" title="四角羚">四角羚</a>。<a href="#cite_note-wwf0166-124">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Florican,_1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Florican%2C_1781.jpg/220px-Florican%2C_1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Florican%2C_1781.jpg/330px-Florican%2C_1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Florican%2C_1781.jpg/440px-Florican%2C_1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1327" data-file-height="1747" /></a><figcaption>生活于恒河流域的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%AC%E9%B8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="姬鸨（页面不存在）">姬鸨</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_florican" class="extiw" title="en:Lesser florican">Lesser florican</a>）</figcaption></figure> 恒河流域也生活有许多<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F" title="鸟">鸟类</a>，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%93%A5" title="八哥">八哥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%A6%E5%BD%A2%E7%9B%AE" title="鹦形目">鹦鹉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B8%A6" title="乌鸦">乌鸦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%A2_(%E9%B8%9F%E7%B1%BB%E9%80%9A%E7%A7%B0)" title="鸢 (鸟类通称)">鸢</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E9%9B%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="珠雞">山鸡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%9E%E9%9B%81%E5%B0%8F%E7%B6%B1" title="雞雁小綱">雁鸡</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="鹬">鷸</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snipe" class="extiw" title="en:Snipe">Snipe</a>）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%AD" title="鸭">鸭</a>会在冬天迁徙，它们穿过喜马拉雅山脉，前往<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%9C%B0" title="湿地">湿地</a>区域，并大量聚集。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-25">[20]</a> 恒河上游没有<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%89%E7%A8%AE" title="特有種">特有</a>鸟类。恒河流域的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E9%B4%87" title="南亞鴇">南亚鸨</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A7%AC%E9%B8%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="姬鸨（页面不存在）">姬鸨</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_florican" class="extiw" title="en:Lesser florican">Lesser florican</a>）的生存受到威胁。<a href="#cite_note-wwf0166-124">[118]</a> 恒河上游流域的天然植被已几近消失，因此难以确定原来的植被类型。根据仅存的几块树林遗迹，可以推断恒河上游流域可能原本覆盖有<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E7%BB%BF%E9%98%94%E5%8F%B6%E6%9E%97" title="常绿阔叶林">常绿阔叶林</a>，其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E7%BE%85%E6%A8%B9" title="娑羅樹">娑罗树</a>为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最高种（页面不存在）">最高种</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_species" class="extiw" title="en:Climax species">Climax species</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-wwf0166-124">[118]</a> 包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="布拉马普特拉河">布拉馬普特拉河</a>在内的恒河下游流域情况也类似。下游流域有更多<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%9E%97" title="疏林">疏林</a>，主要树种是<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%A3%89" title="木棉">木棉</a>、黃豆樹（Albizzia procera）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%AE%9D%E6%A0%91" title="八宝树">八宝树</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%92%E6%AF%9B%E8%8B%B9%E5%A9%86" title="绒毛苹婆">绒毛苹婆</a>。假如这些树林正常<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E6%9B%BF%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E7%BE%A4%E8%90%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演替系列群落（页面不存在）">演替</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seral_community" class="extiw" title="en:Seral community">Seral community</a>），最终的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E7%A7%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="最高种（页面不存在）">最高种</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climax_species" class="extiw" title="en:Climax species">Climax species</a>）将会是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%91%E7%BE%85%E6%A8%B9" title="娑羅樹">娑罗树</a>。但多数情况下，由于人类活动的干扰，树林无法达成最终的演替。<a href="#cite_note-wwf0120-127">[121]</a> 虽然人类已在恒河下游定居数千年，但直到20世纪初，该区域内的大部分树林仍保持原有生态。不过，如今仅剩3%的生态区仍位于天然树林，其中最大的一块区域位于<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉纳西</a>南部。尽管下游流域有超过40处受保护的土地，但它们的面积大多小于100平方公里。<a href="#cite_note-wwf0120-127">[121]</a> 恒河下游流域的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E7%9B%B8" title="動物相">动物群</a>与上游类似，特有物种包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E7%8D%BA" title="江獺">江獺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9D%88%E8%B2%93" title="大靈貓">大灵猫</a>。<a href="#cite_note-wwf0120-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鱼类">鱼类</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：鱼类">编辑</a>]</div> 估计在恒河流域生活有350种鱼类，其中包括一些<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%89%E7%A8%AE" title="特有種">特有种</a>。<a href="#cite_note-128">[122]</a> 根据2007-2009年的一项研究，恒河流域及其支流（不含<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="布拉马普特拉河">布拉马普特河</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="梅克納河">梅格纳河</a>流域）共发现有143种鱼类，其中包括10种<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="外來物種">外来物种</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2012-129">[123]</a> 最常见鱼类是<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%A4%E5%BD%A2%E7%9B%AE" title="鲤形目">鲤鱼</a>（50%）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AE%8E%E5%BD%A2%E7%9B%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="鮎形目">鲶鱼</a>（23%）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%88%E5%BD%A2%E7%9B%AE" title="鲈形目">鲈鱼</a>（14%）。<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2012-129">[123]</a> 恒河上游记录到有超过50种鱼类，其中80%属于<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%A4%E7%A7%91" title="鲤科">鲤科</a>，数量最多的是<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%AC%E9%B3%85%E7%A7%91" title="爬鳅科">爬鳅科</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%AE%A1%E7%A7%91" title="鮡科">𬶐科</a>，分别占15.6%和12.2%。<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2012-129">[123]</a> 恒河流域海拔高于2,400-3,000米的区域基本没有鱼类生存，生活环境接近这一海拔的典型鱼类包括：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A3%82%E8%85%B9%E9%B1%BC%E5%B1%9E" title="裂腹鱼属">裂腹鱼属</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E9%AD%9A%E5%B1%AC" title="結魚屬">結魚屬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B9%E8%83%B8%E9%AE%A1%E5%B1%9E" title="纹胸鮡属">纹胸鮡属</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E7%B7%9A%E9%AD%9A%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="低線魚屬">低線魚屬</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%9D%E9%B0%8D%E7%A7%91" title="條鰍科">條鰍屬</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2012-129">[123]</a> 恒河流域中段（包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%96%B9%E9%82%A6" title="北方邦">北方邦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="比哈尔邦">比哈尔邦</a>部分地区）记录到约100种鱼类，其中<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%A4%E7%A7%91" title="鲤科">鲤科</a>占多数（55%），其次是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%9D%9E%E9%AF%B0%E7%A7%91" title="北非鯰科">北非鲶科</a>（10.6%）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%B1%E7%A7%91" title="鲱科">鲱科</a>（8.6%）。下游流域（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E9%82%A6" title="比哈尔邦">比哈尔邦</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E9%82%A6" title="西孟加拉邦">西孟加拉邦</a>部分地区）及<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B3%E6%BC%AB%E6%BB%A9" title="河漫滩">泛滥平原</a>有近100种鱼类，其中约鲤科占了46%，其次是<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%88%E6%80%BB%E7%A7%91" title="鲈总科">鲈鱼科</a>（11.4%）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%A8%E7%A7%91" title="鱨科">鱨科</a>（9%）。<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2012-129">[123]</a> 恒河流域的渔业曾十分发达，但近几十年已经衰落。在流域中段<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89%E9%98%BF%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="安拉阿巴德">安拉哈巴德</a>，鲤鱼渔获量已从1961-1968年的424.91吨降至2001-2006年的38.58吨，鲶鱼渔获量从1961-1968年的201.35吨降至2001-2006年的40.56吨。在下游<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E9%82%A3" title="巴特那">巴特那</a>地区，鲤鱼的渔获量从383.2吨下降到了118吨，鲶鱼从373.8吨下降到194.48吨。常见的渔获物包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E9%AD%AE" title="卡特拉魮">卡特拉魮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%B3%8D%E7%BB%93%E9%B1%BC" title="黄鳍结鱼">黄鳍结鱼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E9%AD%9A" title="結魚">結魚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%BE%E9%AC%8D%E9%AF%B0" title="蟾鬍鯰">蟾鬍鯰</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8E%E9%B2%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南亚野鲮（页面不存在）">南亚野鲮</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohu" class="extiw" title="en:Rohu">Rohu</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%F0%A9%B7%B6" title="𩷶">𩷶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B1%A7%E7%A7%91" title="鱧科">鱧科</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%93%E8%83%8C%E9%AD%9A" title="弓背魚">弓背魚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%B1%E7%9B%AE%E9%AD%9A" title="虱目魚">虱目魚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AE%A1%E7%A7%91" title="鮡科">魾</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Britannica-25">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2012-129">[123]</a> 恒河中有30种鱼的生存<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%97%E5%A8%81%E8%84%85%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="受威脅物種">受到威胁</a>，威胁因素包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E6%8D%95%E9%AD%9A" title="過度捕魚">过度捕捞</a>、污染、抽水、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A4%E7%A7%AF" title="淤积">淤積</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A5%E4%BE%B5%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D" title="入侵物种">物种入侵</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2012-129">[123]</a> 其中<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E9%9C%B2%E9%BD%BF%E9%B2%A8" title="恒河露齿鲨">恒河露齿鲨</a>属于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E5%8D%B1%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE" title="極危物種">极危物种</a>。<a href="#cite_note-130">[124]</a> 此外恒河上的水坝也阻碍了鱼类的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%84%E6%B8%B8" title="洄游">洄游</a>。<a href="#cite_note-Sarkar2012-129">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鳄鱼和龟">鳄鱼和龟</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：鳄鱼和龟">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gavialis_gangeticus,_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg/220px-Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg/330px-Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg/440px-Gavialis_gangeticus%2C_ZOO_Praha_045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>濒危的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3%E9%B1%B7" title="恆河鱷">恆河鱷</a>以鱼为食，对人类没有威胁。<a href="#cite_note-131">[125]</a></figcaption></figure> 恒河干流中生活有<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3%E9%B1%B7" title="恆河鱷">恒河鳄</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%BC%E6%BE%A4%E9%B1%B7" title="沼澤鱷">沼泽鳄</a>，恒河三角洲生活有<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%A3%E9%B1%B7" title="灣鱷">咸水鳄</a>。生活于恒河的水生与半水生龟包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E9%BE%9C" title="潮龜">潮龟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%B7%9A%E6%A3%B1%E8%83%8C%E9%BE%9C" title="三線棱背龜">三线棱背龟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%B1%B3%E9%A0%93%E6%B0%8F%E9%BE%9C" title="哈米頓氏龜">哈米頓氏龜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%A0%E8%83%8C%E9%BE%9F" title="冠背龟">冠背龟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%B1%B1%E9%BE%9C" title="黑山龜">黑山龜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E9%BE%9C" title="印度孔雀龜">印度孔雀龜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%A3%B1%E9%BE%9C" title="印度棱龜">印度棱龜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B3%E7%AF%B7%E6%A3%B1%E8%83%8C%E9%BE%9C" title="帳篷棱背龜">帳篷棱背龜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%A3%E6%9D%BF%E9%B1%89" title="緣板鱉">緣板鱉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%8F%E9%A0%AD%E9%B1%89" title="印度小頭鱉">印度小頭鱉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3%E9%B1%89" title="恆河鱉">恆河鱉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E9%B1%89" title="印度孔雀鱉">印度孔雀鱉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%8B" title="鼋">鼋</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%89%85%E8%83%8C%E9%BE%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度鉅背龜（页面不存在）">印度鉅背龜</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-crowned_roofed_turtle" class="extiw" title="en:Red-crowned roofed turtle">Red-crowned roofed turtle</a>）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E6%B0%8F%E6%A3%B1%E8%83%8C%E9%BE%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史氏棱背龟（页面不存在）">史氏棱背龟</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_roofed_turtle" class="extiw" title="en:Brown roofed turtle">Brown roofed turtle</a>）。<a href="#cite_note-turtles-132">[126]</a> 其中大多数龟的生存都受到严重威胁。<a href="#cite_note-turtles-132">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="恒河豚">恒河豚</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：恒河豚">编辑</a>]</div> 恒河中最著名的动物是<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3%E8%B1%9A" title="恆河豚">恒河豚</a><a href="#cite_note-wwf0166-124">[118]</a>，它被视为印度的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E7%8D%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="國獸列表">国兽</a>。<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> 恒河豚曾广泛分布在恒河与布拉马普特河所流经的城市中心，但如今由于污染与水坝阻拦，它们的生存受到了严重威胁。如今恒河豚的数量仅为15年前的1/4，它们在恒河的许多支流中都消失了。<a href="#cite_note-puttick-19">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E4%BC%9A" title="世界自然基金会">世界野生动物基金会</a>最近调查发现，恒河及其支流中只剩下了大约3,000只恒河豚。<a href="#cite_note-134">[128]</a> 恒河豚是世界上五种<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%A1%E6%B0%B4%E8%B1%9A" title="淡水豚">淡水豚</a>之一，其余四种是：生活在<a href="/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F" title="长江">长江</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%B1%80%E8%B1%9A" title="白鱀豚">白鳍豚</a>，目前似乎已经灭绝；生活在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="印度河">印度河</a>巴基斯坦河段的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E8%B1%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="印度河豚">印度河豚</a>；生活在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%A9%AC%E5%AD%99%E6%B2%B3" title="亚马孙河">亚马孙河</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%9C%E6%B2%B3%E8%B1%9A" title="亞馬遜河豚">亞馬遜河豚</a>；生活在<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%9D%8E%E5%BB%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="托坎廷斯河">托坎廷斯河</a>的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E7%93%9C%E4%BA%9E%E6%B2%B3%E8%B1%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉瓜亞河豚（页面不存在）">阿拉瓜亞河豚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araguaian_river_dolphin" class="extiw" title="en:Araguaian river dolphin">Araguaian river dolphin</a>）（直到2014年才被确认为独立物种<a href="#cite_note-135">[129]</a>）。有些海豚也偶尔会进入淡水河流，但只有以上五种<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E8%84%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%B1%9A%E5%B1%9E" title="露脊海豚属">豚</a>完全以淡水河流与湖泊为栖息地。<a href="#cite_note-wwf0120-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="气候变化">气候变化</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：气候变化">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E5%80%99%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="气候变化影响">气候变化影响</a></div><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%92%E8%97%8F%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="青藏高原">青藏高原</a>上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E9%A9%AC%E6%8B%89%E9%9B%85%E5%B1%B1%E8%84%89" title="喜马拉雅山脉">喜马拉雅山脉</a>是恒河的源头，其中蕴藏有世界第三大储量的水冰。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%B1%80" title="中国气象局">中国气象局</a>前局长<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%A6%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%B3" title="秦大河">秦大河</a>曾表示，虽然短期而言<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E5%8F%98%E6%9A%96" title="全球变暖">气候变暖</a>造成的快速融雪有利于农业和旅游业，但长期看来却是严峻的警告讯号：<blockquote>青藏高原的气温上升速率比中国其它地方快4倍，冰川消退的速度也高于世界其他地方。……短期而言，这会使湖泊扩张，造成更多洪水和泥石流……长期看来，青藏高原的冰川对亚洲河流至关重要，包括印度河和恒河。一旦冰川消亡，这些地区的水源供给将十分危险。<a href="#cite_note-136">[130]</a></blockquote><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E9%96%93%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%B0%88%E9%96%80%E5%A7%94%E5%93%A1%E6%9C%83" title="政府間氣候變化專門委員會">政府間氣候變化專門委員會</a>（IPCC）在2007年的第四次《气候变化评估报告》中预测，喜马拉雅山脉的冰川可能在2035年融化。<a href="#cite_note-137">[131]</a> 不过目前IPCC已撤回这一预测，因为最初的消息来源承认这还只是个推测性结论，并且其中引用的来源并未经过<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%A1%8C%E8%A9%95%E5%AF%A9" title="同行評審">同行评审</a>。<a href="#cite_note-138">[g]</a> 在声明中，IPCC仍坚称全球暖化将导致喜马拉雅山脉冰川消融（进而导致洪水在恒河流域泛滥）的总体结论。其它一些科学研究认为，气候变化会导致恒河流域夏季（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A3%E9%A3%8E" title="季风">季风期</a>）水流量增加，而峰值流量的增长会增加洪水泛滥的风险。<a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="污染">污染</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：污染">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clothing_by_the_river.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Clothing_by_the_river.jpg/220px-Clothing_by_the_river.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Clothing_by_the_river.jpg/330px-Clothing_by_the_river.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Clothing_by_the_river.jpg/440px-Clothing_by_the_river.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>在瓦拉纳西恒河边沐浴和洗衣的人群</figcaption></figure> 恆河<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%B1%A1%E6%9F%93" title="水污染">污染</a>程度相當嚴重，並影響了居住於河流附近的4億人口。<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a> 沿岸城市將廢水排入河道，而由無法分解的塑膠所包裹的工業廢料及宗教祭品更加深了流經人口稠密區時所造成的污染。<a href="#cite_note-cleanperish-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2011-143">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Behteri4-144">[137]</a> 河岸周邊貧窮人口藉河水沐浴、洗滌及烹煮，这些活动使水污染問題越加惡化。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2011-143">[136]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="世界銀行">世界銀行</a>估計印度水污染造成的保健費用約佔國內生產總值的3%。<a href="#cite_note-bharati-145">[h]</a> 有報告指出印度80%的疾病及1/3死因與水傳疾病有關。<a href="#cite_note-puttick-19">[c]</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E8%A5%BF" title="瓦拉納西">瓦拉纳西</a>，坐落于恒河流域的圣城，每天在此排往恒河的污水达200万升，因此造成恒河水中<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%9E%E7%94%9F%E5%A4%A7%E8%85%B8%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="糞生大腸桿菌（页面不存在）">糞生大腸桿菌</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fecal_coliform" class="extiw" title="en:Fecal coliform">Fecal coliform</a>）大量繁殖。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2011-143">[136]</a> 根据官方标准，可供安全沐浴的水体糞生大腸桿菌含量应低于500每100毫升，然而甚至当恒河还未流过瓦拉纳西时，其上游河坛检测结果就显示，河水中糞生大腸桿菌含量达到了标准值的120倍，即60,000每100毫升。<a href="#cite_note-economist2008-ganges-pollution-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-nomoreabuse-147">[139]</a> 在瓦拉纳西河坛边的墓葬地，火化后的尸体残渣与骨灰被倾倒入恒河。过去<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%82" title="霍亂">霍乱</a>蔓延时，许多染病死亡的尸体甚至不经火化就被直接丢入恒河，这种行为更加速了疾病的传播。直到今天，那些死去的圣人、孕妇、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%A3%8E%E7%97%85" title="麻风病">麻风</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E7%97%98" title="水痘">水痘</a>患者、被蛇咬伤的人、穷人、幼儿都未经火化直接丢入恒河，尸体自然分解，漂浮于恒河水面。此外，那些无钱购买木棺的死者只能选择全身火化，而燃烧不完全的残碎也被丢入恒河。<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a> 流过瓦拉纳西并接收该城排出的32股污水后，恒河水的糞生大腸桿菌含量从60,000每100毫升飙升到了1,500,000每100毫升<a href="#cite_note-economist2008-ganges-pollution-146">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-nomoreabuse-147">[139]</a>，峰值达到1亿每100毫升。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2011-143">[136]</a> 在恒河中沐浴或饮用河水无疑有极高的感染风险。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2011-143">[136]</a> 1985年至2000年间，印度政府花费了100亿卢比（大约2.26亿美元）施行“恒河治理计划”<a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-cleanperish-16">[16]</a>，这项计划号称是“世界上最大规模的河流污染治理行动”。<a href="#cite_note-singh-18">[b]</a> 但是，这项计划已基本被认定为“失败”。<a href="#cite_note-mandal-151">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-haberman-21">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-gardner-22">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-bharati-145">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[j]</a> 正如一项研究所言：<blockquote> 有极高优先度以及大量拥蔟者的恒河治理计划被延期两年。计划最终的开销翻倍，成果却十分有限。大多数开销都用在了政治宣传上。政府和相关组织并没有期望其成功的意愿，公众意见也未被纳入考虑。城市与工业污水没有得到完全的控制，流经排水管和下水道的污水没有得到适当的疏离。河边焚烧丢弃尸体、清洗衣物、浸泡神像、放养牛群的习俗没有得到遏制。政府没有建造充足的公厕，数百万人在露天环境往河流中排泄。所有这一切导致了恒河治理计划的失败。<a href="#cite_note-mandal-151">[143]</a></blockquote>此外，恒河治理计划的失败还被归因为“没有正确理解人于环境的交互关系”<a href="#cite_note-singh-18">[b]</a>，印度的“传统与信仰”<a href="#cite_note-154">[k]</a>，“贪污和技术不足”<a href="#cite_note-sheth-17">[a]</a>，“缺乏宗教团体的支持”<a href="#cite_note-puttick-19">[c]</a>。 2009年，世界银行同意在5年内向印度发放10亿美元贷款用于治理恒河。<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Ganges_World_Bank-155">[144]</a> 根据<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度计划委员会（页面不存在）">印度计划委员会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planning_Commission_(India)" class="extiw" title="en:Planning Commission (India)">Planning Commission (India)</a>）估算，治理恒河需要大约700亿卢比（大约15亿美元）。<a href="#cite_note-cleanperish-16">[16]</a> 2008年11月，恒河被选为印度的“国家河流”，并由此成立了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81%E5%9F%9F%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%B1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恒河流域管理局（页面不存在）">恒河流域管理局</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ganga_River_Basin_Authority" class="extiw" title="en:National Ganga River Basin Authority">National Ganga River Basin Authority</a>），该机构被赋予许多权力，致力于计划、实施和监督恒河的治理。<a href="#cite_note-156">[145]</a> 2014年7月，印度政府宣布了新的恒河治理计划“Namami Gange Programme”，该计划资金为2,037<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8B%A5" title="克若">克若</a>卢比（203.7亿卢比，约合2.55亿美元）。<a href="#cite_note-157">[146]</a> Namami 计划主要目标为减少污染物排放，并通过建造污水处理厂、清理河面、保护生物多样性、植树造林、公众宣传等方式来提高恒河水质。<a href="#cite_note-158">[147]</a> 2017年3月，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%97%E9%98%BF%E5%9D%8E%E5%BE%B7%E9%82%A6%E9%AB%98%E7%BA%A7%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="北阿坎德邦高级法院（页面不存在）">北阿坎德邦高级法院</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uttarakhand_High_Court" class="extiw" title="en:Uttarakhand High Court">Uttarakhand High Court</a>）宣布承认恒河为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E7%82%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%8A%9B" title="行為能力">具备行为能力的人</a>，据一家报社所言，这一决定“有助于清理河流污染”。<a href="#cite_note-159">[148]</a> 截至2017年4月6日 (2017-04-06)<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit">[update]</a>，多数舆论认为这项裁决难以施行。<a href="#cite_note-mint-160">[149]</a> 专家认为该裁决“效果有限”<a href="#cite_note-hindu-161">[150]</a>，“不太可能有后续行动”<a href="#cite_note-econtimes-162">[151]</a>，并且决策过程“没有征询北阿坎德邦以外相关人士的意见”。<a href="#cite_note-outlook-163">[152]</a> 恒河周边的日常用水会为居民带来许多水传播和消化道疾病，例如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%83%83%E8%82%A0%E9%81%93%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="胃肠道疾病（页面不存在）">胃肠道疾病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Gastrointestinal disease">Gastrointestinal disease</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%82" title="霍亂">霍乱</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%A2%E7%96%BE" title="痢疾">痢疾</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="甲型肝炎">甲肝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A4%E5%AF%92" title="伤寒">伤寒</a>等，这些疾病的发病率估计每年为66%左右。<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2011-143">[136]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度医学研究委员会（页面不存在）">印度医学研究委员会</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Council_of_Medical_Research" class="extiw" title="en:Indian Council of Medical Research">Indian Council of Medical Research</a>）最近指出恒河污染增加了北方邦、比哈尔邦和孟加拉恒河沿岸居民患上<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>的几率。研究发现河水中含有大量重金属和致癌化学物质。委员会下属的国家癌症统计项目（ICPR）显示，恒河流域为该国癌症罹患率最高的区域。<a href="#cite_note-164">[153]</a> 许多<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="非政府组织">非政府组织</a>也致力于恒河的再生。例如 SAFE Green 组织向印度国家绿色法庭（NGT）提交了针对 Simbhaoli 制糖厂的请愿书，因为该工厂将未经处理的污水直接排入恒河。随后NGT对 Simbhaoli 制糖厂处以5,000万卢比罚款，对同样违规的 Gopaljee 乳业处以250万卢比罚款。<a href="#cite_note-165">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="水资源短缺">水资源短缺</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：水资源短缺">编辑</a>]</div> 随着污染状况加剧，水资源短缺的问题也日渐严重。恒河某些部分已完全干涸，瓦拉纳西河段平均水深曾为60米，但如今一些区域却只剩10米。<a href="#cite_note-166">[155]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote">为解决长期面临的缺水问题，印度部署了许多电力抽水泵、柴油动力油轮和燃煤发电厂。假如该国越来越依赖这些短期的能源密集型方案，整个地球气候都将承受由此带来的巨大影响。印度面临巨大的压力，它既要发展经济，又要维持环境，很少有国家能同时做到这两点。印度对水资源的所作所为将是其行为是否可行的验证。<a href="#cite_note-167">[156]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="非法挖掘">非法挖掘</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：非法挖掘">编辑</a>]</div> 恒河在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%E7%93%A6%E7%B8%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="哈德瓦縣">哈德瓦縣</a>进入印度平原，此处存在许多非法挖掘恒河河床中沙石的活动。法律规定哈德瓦縣大壺節举办地周边140 km2内禁止挖掘活动。<a href="#cite_note-tri-168">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="重大事件">重大事件</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：重大事件">编辑</a>]</div> 2024年1月24日，印度北阿坎德邦德里有名5歲男童因血癌末期被家人帶去泡恆河水，家人堅信恆河水可為男童「延長壽命」，不惜搭車趕赴370公里外的赫爾德瓦爾。抵達後，男童的父母和阿姨一邊唸誦經文，一邊將他整個人「浸」入冰冷恆河，周圍民眾看時間太久了，察覺有異，阻止，未料，強行把男童帶走時還被攻擊。後來，經醫師判定男童死亡，家人還不信，仍然盲目地認為「孩子會復活」，最終，檢警調查確認，3人是想救人反害命，便將他們全數拘留、等候受審。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料">参考资料</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：参考资料">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="注释">注释</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=36" title="编辑章节：注释">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="notelist" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sheth-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sheth_17-0">1.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sheth_17-1">1.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheth2008">Sheth (2008)</a> "但是印度政府作为一个整体似乎根本无效。它没有解决环境退化的国家能力，典型的例子是为期20年、耗资1亿美元的目的为清理恒河水质的恒河治理计划。印度大多环保人士都认为该计划彻底失败了，原因在于印度政府的传统毛病：计划不周、腐败泛滥，以及缺乏技术。他们说，如今这条河流的污染比以往任何时候都要严重。" (pp. 67–68) <hr /> </li> <li id="cite_note-singh-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singh_18-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_18-1">2.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_18-2">2.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFSinghSingh2007">Singh & Singh (2007)</a> "1985年2月，印度森林与环境部启动了恒河行动计划，这是一个致力于改善恒河水质的环境项目，也是世界上最大规模的河流清理项目。然而，它没有在防止污染和改善河水质量方面取得任何成果。恒河行动计划的失败原因可能在于其规划有正确理解人类与环境的相互作用。因此，日后的恒河治理应当以指定良好的环境计划为前提。" <hr /> </li> <li id="cite_note-puttick-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-puttick_19-0">3.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-puttick_19-1">3.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-puttick_19-2">3.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-puttick_19-3">3.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFPuttick2008">Puttick (2008)</a> harvtxt模板錯誤: 多個指向目標 (2個): CITEREFPuttick2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) "宗教仪式只是污染的来源之一。污染的主要来源是有机废物——污水排放、垃圾丢弃、以及食物和人类、动物尸体残骸。每天约有10亿升未经处理的污水被排入恒河，同时还有大量的农业化学品（包括DDT）、工业污染物和沿河工厂的有毒化学废物被一并排入河中。现在的污染程度比政府规定的安全河水洗浴标准（更不必说饮用了）高出100倍。于是后果之一就是水传播疾病的增加，包括霍乱、肝炎、伤寒和阿米巴痢疾。据估计，印度80%的健康问题和三分之一的死亡都是由水传播疾病引起的"。(p. 247) "拉吉夫·甘地领导的印度政府于1985年发起了恒河治理计划，通过各种项目来清理恒河和其他河流。这些计划的失败被指责为管理不善、腐败和技术错误，但同时还有缺乏宗教当局支持的原因。这很可能是因为婆罗门祭司十分重视恒河的纯洁性，害怕承认恒河的污染会破坏恒河水在仪式中的核心作用，并危及他们自己的权威。沿河有许多寺庙，它们在葬礼及各种仪式中发挥重要作用，有时还出售瓶装恒河水。传统的印度教祭司仍然相信，恒河水可通过祈福得到净化，尽管相比恒河总体污染状况，这部分问题已显得微不足道。(p. 248) "野生动物的生存也受到了威胁，尤其是河豚。即便是享受印度政府以及国际公约（CITES）的保护，它们如今仍是极危物种。在过去的15年间，因污染和栖息地退化，它们的数量缩减了75%，在主要的支流中已经灭绝。" (p. 275) <hr /> </li> <li id="cite_note-haberman-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-haberman_21-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-haberman_21-1">4.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaberman2006">Haberman (2006)</a> harvtxt模板錯誤: 多個指向目標 (2個): CITEREFHaberman2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) "1985年6月14日，拉吉夫·甘地总理在圣城巴纳雷斯（瓦拉纳西）发起了恒河治理计划，他承诺恒河水将再次变得清洁。该计划目标是改善水质，允许人们在恒河发源地至孟加拉湾入海口之间的2525公里范围内安全沐浴，并使恒河沿岸圣地和城市中心的河水达到可饮用标准。该项目旨在通过拦截、转移和处理恒河沿岸25个城市和城镇的污水来解决污染问题。随着计划第二阶段的实施，三条重要的支流——达莫达尔河、戈马蒂河和亚穆纳河——被加入到该计划中。尽管恒河的水质已经有了一些改善，但许多人声称该计划是一次重大失败。例如，环境律师M. C. Mehta对该项目发起了公共利益诉讼，声称该计划已崩溃。" <hr /> </li> <li id="cite_note-gardner-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gardner_22-0">5.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gardner_22-1">5.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFGardner2003">Gardner (2003)</a> "恒河是世界上的主要河流之一，从喜马拉雅山到孟加拉湾，全长2500多公里。它也是污染最严重的河流之一，主要来自污水排放，同时也被动物、人类尸体，肥皂以及来自沐浴着的其他物品污染。事实上，科学家从中测量到的粪便大肠菌群水平是安全标准的数千倍，水中的氧气水平也同样不健康。恒河水质重建工作主要集中在政府发起的恒河治理计划（GAP）上，该计划始于1985年，旨在到1993年完成河流的清理。沿河修建了几座西式污水处理厂，但它们的设计和维护都很差，而且经常受到该地区停电的影响。恒河治理计划是一个巨大的失败，许多人认为，现在的河流比1985年时的污染更严重" (p. 166) <hr /> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmanUprety2002">Salman & Uprety (2002</a>，第172, 178–187, 387–391頁) 印度共和国与孟加拉人民共和国之间关于分配法拉卡堰恒河水资源的协定 <hr /> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> IPCC的报告基础来自世界自然基金会的一项未经同行评议的工作。而他们参考的资料来自于《新科学家》对印度冰川学家Hasnain博士的采访，Hasnain承认这个观点仍只是是推测性的。更多参见： <cite class="citation journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527432.800-sifting-climate-facts-from-speculation.html">Sifting climate facts from speculation</a>. New Scientist. 13 January 2010 [2022-08-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100118084748/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20527432.800-sifting-climate-facts-from-speculation.html">存档</a>于2010-01-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Sifting+climate+facts+from+speculation&rft.date=2010-01-13&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20527432.800-sifting-climate-facts-from-speculation.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  and <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100128104205/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/pachauri-calls-indian-govt-report-on-melting-himalayan-glaciers-as-voodoo-science_100301232.html">Pachauri calls Indian govt. report on melting Himalayan glaciers as 'voodoo science'</a>. Thaindian News. 9 January 2010 [20 January 2010]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/pachauri-calls-indian-govt-report-on-melting-himalayan-glaciers-as-voodoo-science_100301232.html">原始内容</a>存档于28 January 2010）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Pachauri+calls+Indian+govt.+report+on+melting+Himalayan+glaciers+as+%27voodoo+science%27&rft.date=2010-01-09&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thaindian.com%2Fnewsportal%2Fhealth%2Fpachauri-calls-indian-govt-report-on-melting-himalayan-glaciers-as-voodoo-science_100301232.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  On the IPCC statement withdrawing the finding, see: <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/presentations/himalaya-statement-20january2010.pdf">IPCC statement on the melting of Himalayan glaciers</a> (PDF). IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 20 January 2010 [2022-08-19]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100215024454/http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/presentations/himalaya-statement-20january2010.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2010-02-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=IPCC+statement+on+the+melting+of+Himalayan+glaciers&rft.date=2010-01-20&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipcc.ch%2Fpdf%2Fpresentations%2Fhimalaya-statement-20january2010.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  <hr /> </li> <li id="cite_note-bharati-145">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bharati_145-0">8.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bharati_145-1">8.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBharati2006">Bharati (2006)</a> "世界银行估计，印度由水污染造成的健康损失成本约占GDP总额的3%。由于印度大多河流都被严重污染，算上它们的影响，污染问题造成的健康损失只多不少。另外，人们普遍认为恒河治理计划已经失败，因此恒河流域的污染物也有可能进入其他流域，并破坏其自然清洁过程。由恒河流域提供水源的农作物可能会受其中污染物的影响，出现歉收甚至群体死亡。" (p. 26) <hr /> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCasoWolf2010">Caso & Wolf (2010)</a> "年表：1985 *印度启动了恒河治理计划的第一阶段，以恢复恒河环境；到1990年代初，大多数人都认为这项计划已经失败。" (p. 320) <hr /> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDudgeon2005">Dudgeon (2005)</a> "为降低恒河水污染，印度政府于1985年启动了恒河治理计划。这个由中央资助的项目计划处理恒河沿岸主要城市排出的污水，并将恒河中的污染降低75%。恒河治理计划是建立在现有但未得到完整执行的《1974年水资源预防与控制法案》之上的。2000年，印度政府对恒河治理计划的审计报告指出，该计划在降低污水排放方面取得的成果有限。恒河沿岸只有73%的城市提交了污水处理设施发展计划，其中仅有54%由当局认为可接受。许多城市并未报告处理的污水量，并继续往恒河中排放未经处理的污水。对已安装的污水处理设施测试发现其处理能力很差，并且建设周期也被长期拖延。经过15年的施行，审计发现恒河治理计划仅仅实现了污水处理目标的14%。并且这一仅存的成果也因从恒河中移除的大量灌溉水而抵消。" <hr /> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTiwari2008">Tiwari (2008)</a> "许多传统习俗不仅造成了环境退化，而且还会对环境治理与规划带来阻碍。恒河治理计划的失败就与此相关。焚烧丢弃尸体、浸泡神像、公共沐浴都是印度教习俗和仪式的一部分，因为其教义相信这些行为能够带来救赎，并且不会对纯净的恒河水造成任何影响。焚烧尸体、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E7%81%AF%E8%8A%82" class="mw-redirect" title="排灯节">排灯节</a>烟火、浸泡<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%BE%E8%BF%91%E6%AF%8D" title="难近母">难近母</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E5%A4%B4%E7%A5%9E" title="象头神">象头神</a>神像，等等，这些都是印度教的习俗，却能对环境造成许多危害。这些仪式需要根据现代情况进行反思和修改。" (p. 92) <hr /> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="脚注">脚注</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=37" title="编辑章节：脚注">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ganges-britannica-1"><a href="#cite_ref-ganges-britannica_1-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLodrickAhmad2021" class="citation">Lodrick, Deryck O.; Ahmad, Nafis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-River">Ganges River</a>, Encyclopedia Britannica, 28 January 2021 [2 February 2021], （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507172054/https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganges-River">存档</a>于2020-05-07）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Nafis&rft.aufirst=Deryck+O.&rft.aulast=Lodrick&rft.btitle=Ganges+River&rft.date=2021-01-28&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FGanges-River&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Suvedī2005-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Suvedī2005_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Suvedī, Sūryaprasāda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Vn4OSPZXo3QC&pg=PA61">International watercourses law for the 21st century: the case of the river Ganges basin</a>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 2005: 61 [24 April 2011]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7546-4527-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7546-4527-6">ISBN 978-0-7546-4527-6</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507195642/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn4OSPZXo3QC&pg=PA61">存档</a>于2016-05-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=S%C5%ABryapras%C4%81da&rft.aulast=Suved%C4%AB&rft.btitle=International+watercourses+law+for+the+21st+century%3A+the+case+of+the+river+Ganges+basin&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-4527-6&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVn4OSPZXo3QC%26pg%3DPA61&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007334-342-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007334-342_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJainAgarwalSingh2007">Jain, Agarwal & Singh 2007</a>，第334-342頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-cbsharma-4"><a href="#cite_ref-cbsharma_4-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">C B Sharma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&dq=Ganga+river+18,691+m3/s&pg=PA45">Applied Environmental Sciences & Engineering</a>. BFC Publications. 11 January 2021 [2022-08-08]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780313380075" title="Special:网络书源/9780313380075">ISBN 9780313380075</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230220111532/https://books.google.com/books?id=-nufdUc0Ps0C&dq=Ganga+river+18,691+m3/s&pg=PA45">存档</a>于2023-02-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.au=C+B+Sharma&rft.btitle=Applied+Environmental+Sciences+%26+Engineering&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780313380075&rft.pub=BFC+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nufdUc0Ps0C%26dq%3DGanga%2Briver%2B18%2C691%2Bm3%2Fs%26pg%3DPA45&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0">5.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-1">5.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/PadmaRiver">World of Change: Padma River</a>. earthobservatory.nasa.gov. 2018-07-31 [2022-07-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220530220940/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/PadmaRiver">存档</a>于2022-05-30） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=World+of+Change%3A+Padma+River&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=earthobservatory.nasa.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthobservatory.nasa.gov%2Fworld-of-change%2FPadmaRiver&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">6.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=yUc7Cus2a-MC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=It+is+the+second+largest+river+on+the+Indian+subcontinent+by+discharge&source=bl&ots=xr5fEOeB9U&sig=gN-NyIEvrRnho6_F0WjfKVEmrX0&hl=en&ei=VUysTd2GGcW3rAegx4CoCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">The Ganga: water use in the Indian subcontinent</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150401205952/http://books.google.com/books?id=yUc7Cus2a-MC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=It+is+the+second+largest+river+on+the+Indian+subcontinent+by+discharge&source=bl&ots=xr5fEOeB9U&sig=gN-NyIEvrRnho6_F0WjfKVEmrX0&hl=en&ei=VUysTd2GGcW3rAegx4CoCA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=10&ved=0CFkQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, by Pranab Kumar Parua, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold2000-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold2000_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Arnold, Guy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=FarwCNdYdmoC&pg=PA223">World strategic highways</a>. Taylor & Francis. 2000: 223–227 [26 April 2011]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781579580988" title="Special:网络书源/9781579580988">ISBN 9781579580988</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308023702/https://books.google.com/books?id=FarwCNdYdmoC&pg=PA223">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.btitle=World+strategic+highways&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781579580988&rft.pages=223-227&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFarwCNdYdmoC%26pg%3DPA223&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ganges-river-basin">Ganges River Basin | National Geographic Society</a>. education.nationalgeographic.org. [2022-07-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220814115450/https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/ganges-river-basin/">存档</a>于2022-08-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Ganges+River+Basin+%7C+National+Geographic+Society&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.nationalgeographic.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fganges-river-basin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/">Zee News: Latest News, Live Breaking News, Today News, India Political News Updates</a>. Zee News. [2022-07-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170508154709/http://zeenews.india.com/">存档</a>于2017-05-08） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Zee+News%3A+Latest+News%2C+Live+Breaking+News%2C+Today+News%2C+India+Political+News+Updates&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Zee+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_10-0">10.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_10-1">10.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Ghosh, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=law3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA334">An encyclopaedia of Indian archaeology</a>. BRILL. : 334 [27 April 2011]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-04-09264-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-04-09264-8">ISBN 978-90-04-09264-8</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/313728835">OCLC 313728835</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630100245/https://books.google.com/books?id=law3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA334">存档</a>于2016-06-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.btitle=An+encyclopaedia+of+Indian+archaeology&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09264-8&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=BRILL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlaw3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA334&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F313728835&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-0">11.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_11-1">11.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Rice, Earle, Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/842846376">The Ganges river</a>. Hockessin, Del.: Mitchell Lane Publishers. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-61228-368-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-61228-368-5">ISBN 978-1-61228-368-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/842846376">OCLC 842846376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Earle%2C+Jr.&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.btitle=The+Ganges+river&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-61228-368-5&rft.place=Hockessin%2C+Del.&rft.pub=Mitchell+Lane+Publishers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F842846376&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F842846376&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Alter, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46907927">Sacred waters : a pilgrimage up the Ganges River to the source of Hindu culture</a> 1st U.S. ed. New York: Harcourt. 2001 [2022-07-30]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-15-100585-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-15-100585-0">ISBN 0-15-100585-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/46907927">OCLC 46907927</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220524031946/http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/46907927">存档</a>于2022-05-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Alter&rft.btitle=Sacred+waters+%3A+a+pilgrimage+up+the+Ganges+River+to+the+source+of+Hindu+culture&rft.date=2001&rft.edition=1st+U.S.+ed&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-15-100585-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harcourt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46907927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46907927&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-BhattacharjiBandyopadhyay1995-13"><a href="#cite_ref-BhattacharjiBandyopadhyay1995_13-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Bhattacharji, Sukumari; Bandyopadhyay, Ramananda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=B0j0hRgWsg8C&pg=PA54">Legends of Devi</a>. Orient Blackswan. 1995: 54 [27 April 2011]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-81-250-0781-4" title="Special:网络书源/978-81-250-0781-4">ISBN 978-81-250-0781-4</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630064830/https://books.google.com/books?id=B0j0hRgWsg8C&pg=PA54">存档</a>于2016-06-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.au=Bandyopadhyay%2C+Ramananda&rft.aufirst=Sukumari&rft.aulast=Bhattacharji&rft.btitle=Legends+of+Devi&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-250-0781-4&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB0j0hRgWsg8C%26pg%3DPA54&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-haberman-14"><a href="#cite_ref-haberman_14-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHaberman2006" class="citation">Haberman, David L., River of love in an age of pollution:the Yamuna River of northern India, University of California Press. Pp. 277, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-520-24790-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-520-24790-6">ISBN 0-520-24790-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.aulast=Haberman&rft.btitle=River+of+love+in+an+age+of+pollution%3Athe+Yamuna+River+of+northern+India&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-520-24790-6&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press.+Pp.+277&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> , page 160, </li> <li id="cite_note-gardner-15"><a href="#cite_ref-gardner_15-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFGardner" class="citation">Gardner, Gary, Engaging Religion in the Quest for a Sustainable World, Bright, Chris; et al (编), State of the World: 2003, W. W. Norton & Company. Pp. 256: 152–176, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-393-32386-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-393-32386-2">ISBN 0-393-32386-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Engaging+Religion+in+the+Quest+for+a+Sustainable+World&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.btitle=State+of+the+World%3A+2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=0-393-32386-2&rft.pages=152-176&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company.+Pp.+256&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%98%BE%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E7%AD%89%E6%A0%87%E7%AD%BE" title="Category:引文格式1维护：显式使用等标签">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-cleanperish-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cleanperish_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cleanperish_16-1">16.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cleanperish_16-2">16.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cleanperish_16-3">16.3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-19/edit-page/28148254_1_national-river-conservation-plan-ganga-action-plan-ganga-and-yamuna">"Clean Up Or Perish"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111103162858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-19/edit-page/28148254_1_national-river-conservation-plan-ganga-action-plan-ganga-and-yamuna">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, The Times of India, 19 March 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-puttick3-20"><a href="#cite_ref-puttick3_20-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPuttick2008" class="citation">Puttick, Elizabeth, Mother Ganges, India's Sacred River, Emoto, Masaru (编), The Healing Power of Water, Hay House Inc. Pp. 275: 241–252, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/1-4019-0877-2" title="Special:网络书源/1-4019-0877-2">ISBN 1-4019-0877-2</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Mother+Ganges%2C+India%27s+Sacred+River&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.aulast=Puttick&rft.btitle=The+Healing+Power+of+Water&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=1-4019-0877-2&rft.pages=241-252&rft.pub=Hay+House+Inc.+Pp.+275&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-cleanperish2-23"><a href="#cite_ref-cleanperish2_23-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111103162858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-03-19/edit-page/28148254_1_national-river-conservation-plan-ganga-action-plan-ganga-and-yamuna">"Clean Up Or Perish"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>, 19 March 2010 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> 比如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%81%92%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="东恒伽王朝">东恒伽王朝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%81%92%E4%BC%BD%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="西恒伽王朝">西恒伽王朝</a>中的“恒伽”即半音半意譯自Ganga </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_25-0">20.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_25-1">20.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_25-2">20.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_25-3">20.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_25-4">20.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_25-5">20.5</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-48077">Ganges River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Online Library Edition. 2011 [23 April 2011]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210218052311/https://library.eb.com/?target=%2Feb%2Farticle-48077">存档</a>于2021-02-18）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Ganges+River&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online+Library+Edition&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-48077&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文格式1维护：冗余文本 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E5%86%97%E4%BD%99%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC" title="Category:引文格式1维护：冗余文本">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Penn2001-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Penn2001_26-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Penn, James R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC">Rivers of the world: a social, geographical, and environmental sourcebook</a>. ABC-CLIO. 2001: 88 [23 April 2011]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-57607-042-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-57607-042-0">ISBN 978-1-57607-042-0</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527032302/http://books.google.com/books?id=koacGt0fhUoC">存档</a>于2013-05-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft.aulast=Penn&rft.btitle=Rivers+of+the+world%3A+a+social%2C+geographical%2C+and+environmental+sourcebook&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-042-0&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkoacGt0fhUoC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gangotri-tapovan-trek.com/">gangotri-tapovan-trek.com</a>. gangotri-tapovan-trek.com. [2022-07-30]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221006112514/https://gangotri-tapovan-trek.com/">存档</a>于2022-10-06） （美国英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=gangotri-tapovan-trek.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gangotri-tapovan-trek.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgangotri-tapovan-trek.com%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Murti199119-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Murti199119_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrishna_Murti1991">Krishna Murti 1991</a>，第19頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Scientific_Study-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Scientific_Study_29-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">C. R. Krishna Murti; Gaṅgā Pariyojanā Nideśālaya; India Environment Research Committee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=dxpxDSXb9k8C&pg=PA19">The Ganga, a scientific study</a>. Northern Book Centre. 1991: 19 [24 April 2011]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-81-7211-021-5" title="Special:网络书源/978-81-7211-021-5">ISBN 978-81-7211-021-5</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512003648/https://books.google.com/books?id=dxpxDSXb9k8C&pg=PA19">存档</a>于2016-05-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.au=C.+R.+Krishna+Murti&rft.au=Ga%E1%B9%85g%C4%81+Pariyojan%C4%81+Nide%C5%9B%C4%81laya&rft.au=India+Environment+Research+Committee&rft.btitle=The+Ganga%2C+a+scientific+study&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-81-7211-021-5&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Northern+Book+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdxpxDSXb9k8C%26pg%3DPA19&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007341-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007341_30-0">25.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007341_30-1">25.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007341_30-2">25.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFJainAgarwalSingh2007">Jain, Agarwal & Singh 2007</a>，第341頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gupta2007-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Gupta2007_31-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Gupta, Avijit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gXgyHLT_hwIC&pg=PA347">Large rivers: geomorphology and management</a>. John Wiley and Sons. 2007: 347 [23 April 2011]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-470-84987-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-470-84987-3">ISBN 978-0-470-84987-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308075957/https://books.google.com/books?id=gXgyHLT_hwIC&pg=PA347">存档</a>于2021-03-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Avijit&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.btitle=Large+rivers%3A+geomorphology+and+management&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-470-84987-3&rft.pages=347&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXgyHLT_hwIC%26pg%3DPA347&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhungelPun2009215-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhungelPun2009215_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhungelPun2009">Dhungel & Pun 2009</a>，第215頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti2001126–27-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti2001126–27_33-0">28.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti2001126–27_33-1">28.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakrabarti2001">Chakrabarti 2001</a>，第126–27頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Shanmugam, G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095383616000146">Submarine fans: A critical retrospective (1950–2015)</a>. Journal of Palaeogeography. 2016-04-01, 5 (2) [2022-07-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2095-3836">ISSN 2095-3836</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jop.2015.08.011">doi:10.1016/j.jop.2015.08.011</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220731122809/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095383616000146">存档</a>于2022-07-31） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Submarine+fans%3A+A+critical+retrospective+%281950%E2%80%932015%29&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.aulast=Shanmugam&rft.date=2016-04-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2095-3836&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Palaeogeography&rft.volume=5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS2095383616000146&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jop.2015.08.011&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Galy, Valier; Beyssac, Olivier; France-Lanord, Christian; Eglinton, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1161408">Recycling of Graphite During Himalayan Erosion: A Geological Stabilization of Carbon in the Crust</a>. Science. 2008-11-07, 322 (5903) [2022-07-31]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">ISSN 0036-8075</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1161408">doi:10.1126/science.1161408</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221017011359/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1161408">存档</a>于2022-10-17） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Recycling+of+Graphite+During+Himalayan+Erosion%3A+A+Geological+Stabilization+of+Carbon+in+the+Crust&rft.au=Beyssac%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Eglinton%2C+Timothy&rft.au=France-Lanord%2C+Christian&rft.aufirst=Valier&rft.aulast=Galy&rft.date=2008-11-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft.issue=5903&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.volume=322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1161408&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1161408&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParua2009-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParua2009_36-0">31.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParua2009_36-1">31.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParua2009_36-2">31.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParua2009_36-3">31.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFParua2009">Parua 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold2000-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2000_37-0">32.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2000_37-1">32.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold2000_37-2">32.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnold2000">Arnold 2000</a>. sfn模板錯誤: 多個指向目標 (2個): CITEREFArnold2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElhance1999156–58-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElhance1999156–58_38-0">33.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElhance1999156–58_38-1">33.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFElhance1999">Elhance 1999</a>，第156–58頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005_39-0">34.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005_39-1">34.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAliAitchison2005_39-2">34.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFAliAitchison2005">Ali & Aitchison 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a href="#dikshit">Dikshit & Schwartzberg 2007</a>，第7頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFPrakash2000" class="citation journal">Prakash, B.; Sudhir Kumar, M. 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Current Science. 2000, 79 (4): 438–449 [2012-08-16]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504075319/http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug252000/prakash.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2011-05-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Holocene+tectonic+movements+and+stress+field+in+the+western+Gangetic+plains&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.aulast=Prakash&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.pages=438-449&rft.volume=79&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ias.ac.in%2Fcurrsci%2Faug252000%2Fprakash.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Dmowska2003-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Dmowska2003_42-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Dmowska, Renata. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ikFcqh1u1Q0C&pg=PA14">Advances in Geophysics</a>. Academic Press. 2003: 14 [6 May 2011]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-12-018846-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-12-018846-8">ISBN 978-0-12-018846-8</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630120531/https://books.google.com/books?id=ikFcqh1u1Q0C&pg=PA14">存档</a>于2016-06-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Renata&rft.aulast=Dmowska&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Geophysics&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-12-018846-8&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DikFcqh1u1Q0C%26pg%3DPA14&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-WebsterInc1997-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-WebsterInc1997_43-0">38.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-WebsterInc1997_43-1">38.1</a> <cite class="citation book">Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA412">Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. 1997: 412 [2022-08-03]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0877795469" title="Special:网络书源/978-0877795469">ISBN 978-0877795469</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172554/https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA412#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2024-03-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.au=Merriam-Webster&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+geographical+dictionary&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0877795469&rft.pages=412&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCo_VIPIJerIC%26pg%3DPA412&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta2007347-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2007347_44-0">39.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta2007347_44-1">39.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFGupta2007">Gupta 2007</a>，第347頁. sfn模板錯誤: 多個指向目標 (2個): CITEREFGupta2007 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007334–342-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007334–342_45-0">40.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007334–342_45-1">40.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJainAgarwalSingh2007334–342_45-2">40.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFJainAgarwalSingh2007">Jain, Agarwal & Singh 2007</a>，第334–342頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerga20061304-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerga20061304_46-0">41.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerga20061304_46-1">41.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerga2006">Berga 2006</a>，第1304頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhungelPun2009210-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhungelPun2009210_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhungelPun2009">Dhungel & Pun 2009</a>，第210頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhungelPun2009-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhungelPun2009_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDhungelPun2009">Dhungel & Pun 2009</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirza2004-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirza2004_49-0">44.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirza2004_49-1">44.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFMirza2004">Mirza 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Roger Revelle; V. Lakshminarayan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1975-05-09_188_4188/page/611">The Ganges Water Machine</a>. Science. 9 May 1975, 188 (4188): 611–16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975Sci...188..611R">Bibcode:1975Sci...188..611R</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17740017">PMID 17740017</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.188.4188.611">doi:10.1126/science.188.4188.611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=The+Ganges+Water+Machine&rft.au=Roger+Revelle&rft.au=V.+Lakshminarayan&rft.date=1975-05-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4188&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=611-16&rft.volume=188&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_science_1975-05-09_188_4188%2Fpage%2F611&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975Sci...188..611R&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.188.4188.611&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17740017&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuvedī200561-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuvedī200561_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuvedī2005">Suvedī 2005</a>，第61頁. sfn模板錯誤: 多個指向目標 (2個): CITEREFSuvedī2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E5%90%91%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有哈佛参考文献格式系列模板链接指向错误的页面">幫助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-ServatSystems2002-52"><a href="#cite_ref-ServatSystems2002_52-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Eric Servat; IAHS International Commission on Water Resources Systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NxqSD-V-acC&pg=PA308">FRIEND 2002: Regional Hydrology: Bridging the gap between research and practice</a>. IAHS. 2002: 308. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1901502817" title="Special:网络书源/978-1901502817">ISBN 978-1901502817</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.au=Eric+Servat&rft.au=IAHS+International+Commission+on+Water+Resources+Systems&rft.btitle=FRIEND+2002%3A+Regional+Hydrology%3A+Bridging+the+gap+between+research+and+practice&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1901502817&rft.pages=308&rft.pub=IAHS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NxqSD-V-acC%26pg%3DPA308&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10640">Mount Everest - Peakbagger.com</a>. www.peakbagger.com. [2022-08-02]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221012132343/https://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10640">存档</a>于2022-10-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Mount+Everest+-+Peakbagger.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.peakbagger.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D10640&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-kangchpkbgr-54"><a href="#cite_ref-kangchpkbgr_54-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10653">Kāngchenjunga, India/Nepal</a>. [12 March 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908215406/https://www.peakbagger.com/Peak.aspx?pid=10653">存档</a>于2022-09-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=K%C4%81ngchenjunga%2C+India%2FNepal&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D10653&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-lhotpkbgr-55"><a href="#cite_ref-lhotpkbgr_55-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10642">Lhotse, China/Nepal</a>. [12 March 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615145939/https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10642">存档</a>于2022-06-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Lhotse%2C+China%2FNepal&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D10642&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-makalpkbgr-56"><a href="#cite_ref-makalpkbgr_56-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10649">Makalu, China/Nepal</a>. [12 March 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615144432/https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10649">存档</a>于2022-06-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Makalu%2C+China%2FNepal&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D10649&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-choopkbgr-57"><a href="#cite_ref-choopkbgr_57-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10634">Cho Oyu, China/Nepal</a>. [12 March 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220908164635/https://www.peakbagger.com/Peak.aspx?pid=10634">存档</a>于2022-09-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Cho+Oyu%2C+China%2FNepal&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D10634&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-dhaulapkbgr-58"><a href="#cite_ref-dhaulapkbgr_58-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10620">Dhaulāgiri, Nepal</a>. [12 March 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416200702/http://peakbagger.com/Peak.aspx?pid=10620">存档</a>于2016-04-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Dhaul%C4%81giri%2C+Nepal&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D10620&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-manaslpkbgr-59"><a href="#cite_ref-manaslpkbgr_59-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10627">Manaslu, Nepal</a>. [12 March 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130920061902/http://peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10627">存档</a>于2013-09-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Manaslu%2C+Nepal&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D10627&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-annappkbgr-60"><a href="#cite_ref-annappkbgr_60-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10621">Annapūrna, Nepal</a>. [12 March 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615151440/https://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10621">存档</a>于2022-06-15）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Annap%C5%ABrna%2C+Nepal&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D10621&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-shishpkbgr-61"><a href="#cite_ref-shishpkbgr_61-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peakbagger.com/peak.aspx?pid=10631">Shishapangma, China</a>. [12 March 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160416200702/http://peakbagger.com/Peak.aspx?pid=10631">存档</a>于2016-04-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Shishapangma%2C+China&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peakbagger.com%2Fpeak.aspx%3Fpid%3D10631&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Murti199110-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKrishna_Murti199110_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKrishna_Murti1991">Krishna Murti 1991</a>，第10頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmanUprety2002133-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmanUprety2002133_63-0">58.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmanUprety2002133_63-1">58.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmanUprety2002">Salman & Uprety 2002</a>，第133頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-64"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_64-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2846800.html">Der Ganges bei Farakka</a>. [2013-09-23]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310201247/http://www.grdc.sr.unh.edu/html/Polygons/P2846800.html">存档</a>于2018-03-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Der+Ganges+bei+Farakka&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grdc.sr.unh.edu%2Fhtml%2FPolygons%2FP2846800.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Catling1992-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Catling1992_65-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Catling, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA175">Rice in deep water</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>. 1992: 175. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-9712200052" title="Special:网络书源/978-9712200052">ISBN 978-9712200052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Catling&rft.btitle=Rice+in+deep+water&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-9712200052&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5JxwKx1RAgC%26pg%3DPA175&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-Brahmaputra-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica-Brahmaputra_66-0">^</a> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.eb.com/eb/article-48056">Brahmaputra River</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> Online Library. 2011 [25 April 2011]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172525/https://library.eb.com/?target=%2Feb%2Farticle-48056">存档</a>于2024-03-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Brahmaputra+River&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2011&rft.edition=Online+Library&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.eb.com%2Feb%2Farticle-48056&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti2001126–127-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChakrabarti2001126–127_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChakrabarti2001">Chakrabarti 2001</a>，第126–127頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tarn, W. W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-hellenic-studies/article/abs/alexander-and-the-ganges1/647991069B365EFCEAB55598FF81152F">Alexander and the Ganges1</a>. The Journal of Hellenic Studies. 1923/ed, 43 (2) [2022-08-01]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-4099">ISSN 2041-4099</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F625798">doi:10.2307/625798</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220801094229/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-hellenic-studies/article/abs/alexander-and-the-ganges1/647991069B365EFCEAB55598FF81152F">存档</a>于2022-08-01） （英语）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Alexander+and+the+Ganges1&rft.aufirst=W.+W.&rft.aulast=Tarn&rft.chron=1923%2Fed&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2041-4099&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hellenic+Studies&rft.volume=43&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-hellenic-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Falexander-and-the-ganges1%2F647991069B365EFCEAB55598FF81152F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F625798&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESalmanUprety2002136–137-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESalmanUprety2002136–137_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalmanUprety2002">Salman & Uprety 2002</a>，第136–137頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p212-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p212_71-0">65.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p212_71-1">65.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第212頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p212-2132-72"><a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p212-2132_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第212–13頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p214-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p214_73-0">67.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p214_73-1">67.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p214_73-2">67.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p214_73-3">67.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p214_73-4">67.4</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第214頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p214-215-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p214-215_74-0">68.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p214-215_74-1">68.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p214-215_74-2">68.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第214–15頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1998-p144-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144_75-0">69.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144_75-1">69.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144_75-2">69.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144_75-3">69.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144_75-4">69.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144_75-5">69.5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144_75-6">69.6</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1998">Eck 1998</a>，第144頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1998-p144-145-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144-145_76-0">70.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144-145_76-1">70.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144-145_76-2">70.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144-145_76-3">70.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p144-145_76-4">70.4</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1998">Eck 1998</a>，第144–45頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1998-p145-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p145_77-0">71.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p145_77-1">71.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p145_77-2">71.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1998">Eck 1998</a>，第145頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1998-p145-146-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p145-146_78-0">72.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p145-146_78-1">72.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p145-146_78-2">72.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p145-146_78-3">72.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p145-146_78-4">72.4</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1998">Eck 1998</a>，第145–46頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Quoted in: <a href="#CITEREFEck1998">Eck 1998</a>，第145–46頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p215-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p215_80-0">74.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p215_80-1">74.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p215_80-2">74.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第215頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p215-216-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p215-216_81-0">75.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p215-216_81-1">75.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第215–16頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Quoted in: <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第216頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p216-83"><a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p216_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第216頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p216-217-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p216-217_84-0">78.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p216-217_84-1">78.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第216–217頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p217-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p217_85-0">79.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p217_85-1">79.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p217_85-2">79.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p217_85-3">79.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p217_85-4">79.4</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第217頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p218-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p218_86-0">80.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p218_86-1">80.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p218_86-2">80.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p218_86-3">80.3</a> Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第218頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1982-p219-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p219_87-0">81.00</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p219_87-1">81.01</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p219_87-2">81.02</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p219_87-3">81.03</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p219_87-4">81.04</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p219_87-5">81.05</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p219_87-6">81.06</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p219_87-7">81.07</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p219_87-8">81.08</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1982-p219_87-9">81.09</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1982">Eck 1982</a>，第219頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1998-p146-88"><a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p146_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1998">Eck 1998</a>，第146頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1998-p147-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p147_89-0">83.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p147_89-1">83.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p147_89-2">83.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p147_89-3">83.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1998">Eck 1998</a>，第147頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-eck1998-p149-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p149_90-0">84.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p149_90-1">84.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p149_90-2">84.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p149_90-3">84.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eck1998-p149_90-4">84.4</a> <a href="#CITEREFEck1998">Eck 1998</a>，第149頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlurton1993">Blurton 1993</a>，第100頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>，第90頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWangu2003">Wangu 2003</a>，第90頁, <a href="#CITEREFPal1997">Pal 1997</a>，第43頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-pal-1997-p43-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pal-1997-p43_94-0">88.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pal-1997-p43_94-1">88.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pal-1997-p43_94-2">88.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFPal1997">Pal 1997</a>，第43頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-darian2001-p114-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-darian2001-p114_95-0">89.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darian2001-p114_95-1">89.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darian2001-p114_95-2">89.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darian2001-p114_95-3">89.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarian2001">Darian 2001</a>，第114頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-darian-2001-p118-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-darian-2001-p118_96-0">90.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darian-2001-p118_96-1">90.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darian-2001-p118_96-2">90.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darian-2001-p118_96-3">90.3</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarian2001">Darian 2001</a>，第118頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-darian-2001-p125-97"><a href="#cite_ref-darian-2001-p125_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarian2001">Darian 2001</a>，第125頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-darian-2001-p126-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-darian-2001-p126_98-0">92.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darian-2001-p126_98-1">92.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarian2001">Darian 2001</a>，第126頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-darian-2001-p130-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-darian-2001-p130_99-0">93.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darian-2001-p130_99-1">93.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-darian-2001-p130_99-2">93.2</a> <a href="#CITEREFDarian2001">Darian 2001</a>，第130頁 </li> 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Vol. 18. 1 May 1950: 25–29 [2022-08-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328172555/https://books.google.com/books?id=-UwEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2024-03-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=A+Million+Hindus+Wash+Away+Their+Sins&rft.date=1950-05-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.pages=25-29&rft.volume=18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-UwEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA25&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Maharaj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guardian.co.tt/columnist/2012-10-25/kumbh-mela-most-sacred-hindu-pilgrimages">Kumbh Mela, most sacred of Hindu pilgrimages</a>. The Guardian. 25 October 2012 [10 May 2013]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170808035132/http://www.guardian.co.tt/columnist/2012-10-25/kumbh-mela-most-sacred-hindu-pilgrimages">存档</a>于2017-08-08）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Kumbh+Mela%2C+most+sacred+of+Hindu+pilgrimages&rft.au=Maharaj&rft.date=2012-10-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.guardian.co.tt%2Fcolumnist%2F2012-10-25%2Fkumbh-mela-most-sacred-hindu-pilgrimages&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Mani, Rajiv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130222063810/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-09/allahabad/37007389_1_naga-sadhu-shringar-shahi-snan">The 17 'shringars' of Naga sadhus</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a>. Allahabad. 9 February 2013 [10 May 2013]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-02-09/allahabad/37007389_1_naga-sadhu-shringar-shahi-snan">原始内容</a>存档于22 February 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=The+17+%27shringars%27+of+Naga+sadhus&rft.au=Mani%2C+Rajiv&rft.date=2013-02-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com%2F2013-02-09%2Fallahabad%2F37007389_1_naga-sadhu-shringar-shahi-snan&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSWDL6AMKrc">Kumbha Mela Video: Amazing and Magical Celebration of Life</a>. <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. [2022-08-10]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220810040847/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jSWDL6AMKrc">存档</a>于2022-08-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Kumbha+Mela+Video%3A+Amazing+and+Magical+Celebration+of+Life&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DjSWDL6AMKrc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh200569–79-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200569–79_107-0">101.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh200569–79_107-1">101.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFSingh2005">Singh 2005</a>，第69–79頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHill2008-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2008_108-0">102.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHill2008_108-1">102.1</a> <a href="#CITEREFHill2008">Hill 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElhance1999163-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElhance1999163_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElhance1999">Elhance 1999</a>，第163頁. </li> <li id="cite_note-stone2002-p16-110"><a href="#cite_ref-stone2002-p16_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStone2002">Stone 2002</a>，第16頁 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Khanna, Dr C. 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New Scientist. 26 January 1991 [2022-08-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141022182636/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12917534.600--the-dam-that-should-not-be-built-india-is-building-the-largest-dam-in-asia-in-a-valley-beset-by-earthquakes-and-landslips-seismologists-say-the-site-is-too-dangerous-but-engineers-are-using-discredited-data-to-push-ahead-with-construction--.html">存档</a>于2014-10-22）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=The+dam+that+should+not+be+built&rft.au=Fred+Pearce&rft.au=Rob+Butler&rft.date=1991-01-26&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg12917534.600--the-dam-that-should-not-be-built-india-is-building-the-largest-dam-in-asia-in-a-valley-beset-by-earthquakes-and-landslips-seismologists-say-the-site-is-too-dangerous-but-engineers-are-using-discredited-data-to-push-ahead-with-construction--.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008223133/http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/anu228556756739.pdf">Bansagar Dam project</a> (PDF). Government of India Ministry of Water Sources. [27 April 2011]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mowr.gov.in/writereaddata/linkimages/anu228556756739.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于8 October 2011）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Bansagar+Dam+project&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Government+of+India+Ministry+of+Water+Sources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmowr.gov.in%2Fwritereaddata%2Flinkimages%2Fanu228556756739.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140822200701/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/pollution%20caused%20by%20leather%20tannery%20industry%20in%20Unnao%20district.pdf">Report of the committee on pollution caused by leather tanning industry to the water bodies / ground water in Unnao district of Uttar Pradesh</a> (PDF) (PDF). [23 April 2014]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/file/pollution%20caused%20by%20leather%20tannery%20industry%20in%20Unnao%20district.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于22 August 2014）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+committee+on+pollution+caused+by+leather+tanning+industry+to+the+water+bodies+%2F+ground+water+in+Unnao+district+of+Uttar+Pradesh&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in%2Ffiles%2Ffile%2Fpollution%2520caused%2520by%2520leather%2520tannery%2520industry%2520in%2520Unnao%2520district.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Behteri1-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Behteri1_120-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Sushovan Sircar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1140311/jsp/calcutta/story_18037449.jsp">Take a walk along the Hooghly</a>. The Telegraph. 11 March 2014 [24 April 2014]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180906000419/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1140311/jsp/calcutta/story_18037449.jsp">存档</a>于2018-09-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Take+a+walk+along+the+Hooghly&rft.au=Sushovan+Sircar&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraphindia.com%2F1140311%2Fjsp%2Fcalcutta%2Fstory_18037449.jsp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Behteri3-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Behteri3_121-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Piyush Kumar Tripathi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130803/jsp/bihar/story_17188971.jsp">Funds flow for riverfront project</a>. 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The Times of India Mobile Site. [2022-08-15]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804000351/https://m.timesofindia.com/city/kanpur/central-govt-approval-to-kdas-riverfront-development-project/articleshow/45304859.cms">存档</a>于2021-08-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Central+govt+approval+to+KDA%27s+riverfront+development+project&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Times+of+India+Mobile+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.timesofindia.com%2Fcity%2Fkanpur%2FCentral-govt-approval-to-KDAs-riverfront-development-project%2Farticleshow%2F45304859.cms&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-wwf0166-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wwf0166_124-0">118.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf0166_124-1">118.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf0166_124-2">118.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf0166_124-3">118.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf0166_124-4">118.4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwf0166_124-5">118.5</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0166">Upper Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests</a>. 陸地生態區. 世界野生動物基金會.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Upper+Gangetic+Plains+moist+deciduous+forests&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%8D%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fim0166&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-wwf0162-125"><a href="#cite_ref-wwf0162_125-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/im0162">Sundarbans freshwater swamp forests</a>. 陸地生態區. 世界野生動物基金會.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Sundarbans+freshwater+swamp+forests&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E9%99%B8%E5%9C%B0%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E5%8D%80&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldwildlife.org%2Fecoregions%2Fim0162&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/798/">The Sundarbans</a>. 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Freshwater fish biodiversity in the River Ganga (India): changing pattern, threats and conservation perspectives. Rev Fish Biol Fisheries. 2012, 22: 251–272. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16719029">S2CID 16719029</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11160-011-9218-6">doi:10.1007/s11160-011-9218-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Freshwater+fish+biodiversity+in+the+River+Ganga+%28India%29%3A+changing+pattern%2C+threats+and+conservation+perspectives&rft.au=Dubey&rft.au=Lakra&rft.au=Pandey&rft.au=Pandian&rft.au=Pathak&rft.au=Sarkar&rft.au=Sinha&rft.au=Sivakumar&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rev+Fish+Biol+Fisheries&rft.pages=251-272&rft.volume=22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16719029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11160-011-9218-6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fishbase.net.br/summary/Glyphis-gangeticus.html">Glyphis gangeticus, Ganges shark : fisheries</a>. fishbase.net.br. 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Fitzroy Dearborn. 2000: 223–27. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1579580988" title="Special:网络书源/978-1579580988">ISBN 978-1579580988</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315062204">doi:10.4324/9781315062204</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.btitle=World+Strategic+Highways&rft.date=2000&rft.edition=1st&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1579580988&rft.pages=223-27&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFarwCNdYdmoC%26pg%3DPA223&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315062204&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBerga2006" class="citation conference">Berga, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T01W4Jbe1q8C&pg=PA1304">Dams and Reservoirs, Societies and Environment in the 21st Century</a>. 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Ecology and Society. 2005, 10 (2:15) [2022-07-30]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5751%2FES-01469-100215">doi:10.5751/ES-01469-100215</a> <img alt="可免费查阅" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224134238/http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/44701/1/121745.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2021-02-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=River+Rehabilitation+for+Conservation+of+Fish+Biodiversity+in+Monsoonal+Asia&rft.aufirst=David&rft.aulast=Dudgeon&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2%3A15&rft.jtitle=Ecology+and+Society&rft.volume=10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhub.hku.hk%2Fbitstream%2F10722%2F44701%2F1%2F121745.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5751%2FES-01469-100215&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEck1982" class="citation">Eck, Diana L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J57C4d8Bv6UC">Banaras, city of light</a>, Columbia University, 1982 [2022-07-30], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0231114479" title="Special:网络书源/978-0231114479">ISBN 978-0231114479</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230404134459/https://books.google.com/books?id=J57C4d8Bv6UC">存档</a>于2023-04-04）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Diana+L.&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.btitle=Banaras%2C+city+of+light&rft.date=1982&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0231114479&rft.pub=Columbia+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ57C4d8Bv6UC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFEck1998" class="citation">Eck, Diana, Gangā: The Goddess Ganges in Hindu Sacred Geography, Hawley, John Stratton; Wulff, Donna Marie (编), Devī: Goddesses of India, University of California / Motilal Banarasidass: 137–53, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-8120814912" title="Special:网络书源/978-8120814912">ISBN 978-8120814912</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Gang%C4%81%3A+The+Goddess+Ganges+in+Hindu+Sacred+Geography&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.btitle=Dev%C4%AB%3A+Goddesses+of+India&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-8120814912&rft.pages=137-53&rft.pub=University+of+California+%2F+Motilal+Banarasidass&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFElhance1999" class="citation book">Elhance, Arun P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uB0ZSZjTECsC">Hydropolitics in the Third World: Conflict and Cooperation in International River Basins</a>. United States Institute of Peace. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1878379900" title="Special:网络书源/978-1878379900">ISBN 978-1878379900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Arun+P.&rft.aulast=Elhance&rft.btitle=Hydropolitics+in+the+Third+World%3A+Conflict+and+Cooperation+in+International+River+Basins&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1878379900&rft.pub=United+States+Institute+of+Peace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuB0ZSZjTECsC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGardner2003" class="citation">Gardner, Gary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateofworld200300gard_0">Engaging Religion in the Quest for a Sustainable World</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />, Bright, Chris; et al (编), State of the World: 2003 Special 20th anniversary, Norton: 152–76, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0393323863" title="Special:网络书源/978-0393323863">ISBN 978-0393323863</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Engaging+Religion+in+the+Quest+for+a+Sustainable+World&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.btitle=State+of+the+World%3A+2003&rft.date=2003&rft.edition=Special+20th+anniversary&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0393323863&rft.pages=152-76&rft.pub=Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstateofworld200300gard_0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  含有內容需登入查看的頁面 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9%E9%9C%80%E7%99%BB%E5%85%A5%E6%9F%A5%E7%9C%8B%E7%9A%84%E9%A0%81%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:含有內容需登入查看的頁面">link</a>)</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1990" class="citation book">Ghosh, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=law3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA334">An Encyclopaedia of Indian Archaeology</a>. Brill. 1990: 334. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-9004092648" title="Special:网络书源/978-9004092648">ISBN 978-9004092648</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Archaeology&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-9004092648&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Brill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlaw3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA334&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFGupta2007" class="citation book">Gupta, Avijit. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gXgyHLT_hwIC&pg=PA347">Large rivers: geomorphology and management</a>. Wiley. 2007. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-470-84987-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-470-84987-3">ISBN 978-0-470-84987-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Avijit&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.btitle=Large+rivers%3A+geomorphology+and+management&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-470-84987-3&rft.pub=Wiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgXgyHLT_hwIC%26pg%3DPA347&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHaberman2006" class="citation">Haberman, David L., River of Love in an Age of Pollution: The Yamuna River of Northern India, University of California, 2006, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0520247901" title="Special:网络书源/978-0520247901">ISBN 978-0520247901</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.aulast=Haberman&rft.btitle=River+of+Love+in+an+Age+of+Pollution%3A+The+Yamuna+River+of+Northern+India&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520247901&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHill2008" class="citation book">Hill, Christopher V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f9D4Ob1YcJgC&pg=PA32">3 The Mauryan Empire and the Classical Age – Irrigation in Early India</a>. South Asia: an environmental history. 2008: 32. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1851099252" title="Special:网络书源/978-1851099252">ISBN 978-1851099252</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=3+The+Mauryan+Empire+and+the+Classical+Age+%E2%80%93+Irrigation+in+Early+India&rft.aufirst=Christopher+V.&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.btitle=South+Asia%3A+an+environmental+history&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1851099252&rft.pages=32&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df9D4Ob1YcJgC%26pg%3DPA32&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHillary1980" class="citation">Hillary, Sir Edmund, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipe5VGHlmlkC">From the ocean to the sky</a>, Ulverscroft, 1980, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0708905876" title="Special:网络书源/978-0708905876">ISBN 978-0708905876</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Sir+Edmund&rft.aulast=Hillary&rft.btitle=From+the+ocean+to+the+sky&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0708905876&rft.pub=Ulverscroft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dipe5VGHlmlkC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFJainAgarwalSingh2007" class="citation book">Jain, Sharad K.; Agarwal, Pushpendra K.; Singh, Vijay P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKs1gBhJSWIC">Hydrology and water resources of India</a>. 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Current Science. 10 September 2005, 89 (5): 794–811 [13 October 2013]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014175241/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Downloads/article_id_089_05_0794_0811_0.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于14 October 2013）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Water+Resources+of+India&rft.au=Sharma%2C+K.+D.&rft.au=Singh%2C+R.+D.&rft.aufirst=Rakesh&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.date=2005-09-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.pages=794-811&rft.volume=89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.currentscience.ac.in%2FDownloads%2Farticle_id_089_05_0794_0811_0.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFLos_Angeles_County_Museum_of_ArtPal1988" class="citation">Los Angeles County Museum of Art; Pal, Pratapaditya, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-fvKVDxcJoUC">Indian Sculpture: 700–1800</a>, University of California Press, 1988, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0520064775" title="Special:网络书源/978-0520064775">ISBN 978-0520064775</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.au=Los+Angeles+County+Museum+of+Art&rft.au=Pal%2C+Pratapaditya&rft.btitle=Indian+Sculpture%3A+700%E2%80%931800&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0520064775&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-fvKVDxcJoUC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMaclean2008" class="citation">Maclean, Kama, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC">Pilgrimage and power: the Kumbh Mela in Allahabad, 1765–1954</a>, Oxford University Press US, 2008 [2022-07-30], <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0195338942" title="Special:网络书源/978-0195338942">ISBN 978-0195338942</a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405133233/https://books.google.com/books?id=MALacgnsroMC">存档</a>于2023-04-05）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Kama&rft.aulast=Maclean&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+and+power%3A+the+Kumbh+Mela+in+Allahabad%2C+1765%E2%80%931954&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0195338942&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMALacgnsroMC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMarkandyaMurty2000" class="citation">Markandya, Anil; Murty, Maddipati Narasimha, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MefsAAAAMAAJ">Cleaning-up the Ganges: a cost-benefit analysis of the Ganga Action Plan</a>, Oxford University Press, 2000, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0195649451" title="Special:网络书源/978-0195649451">ISBN 978-0195649451</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.au=Murty%2C+Maddipati+Narasimha&rft.aufirst=Anil&rft.aulast=Markandya&rft.btitle=Cleaning-up+the+Ganges%3A+a+cost-benefit+analysis+of+the+Ganga+Action+Plan&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0195649451&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMefsAAAAMAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFMirza2004" class="citation book">Mirza, M. Monirul Qader. The Ganges water diversion: environmental effects and implications. Water Science and Technology Library 49. Dordecht: Springer. 2004: 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-9048166657" title="Special:网络书源/978-9048166657">ISBN 978-9048166657</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/853267663">OCLC 853267663</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4020-2792-5">doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2792-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=M.+Monirul+Qader&rft.aulast=Mirza&rft.btitle=The+Ganges+water+diversion%3A+environmental+effects+and+implications&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-9048166657&rft.pages=1-6&rft.place=Dordecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.series=Water+Science+and+Technology+Library&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4020-2792-5&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F853267663&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFNewby1998" class="citation">Newby, Eric, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4sBAAAACAAJ">Slowly down the Ganges</a>, Lonely Planet, 1998, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0864426314" title="Special:网络书源/978-0864426314">ISBN 978-0864426314</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.aulast=Newby&rft.btitle=Slowly+down+the+Ganges&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0864426314&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4sBAAAACAAJ&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPal1997" class="citation">Pal, Pratapaditya, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PMUp4nxAqwwC">Divine images, human visions: the Max Tanenbaum collection of South Asian and Himalayan art in the National Gallery of Canada</a>, National Gallery of Canada, 1997, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1896209050" title="Special:网络书源/978-1896209050">ISBN 978-1896209050</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Pratapaditya&rft.aulast=Pal&rft.btitle=Divine+images%2C+human+visions%3A+the+Max+Tanenbaum+collection+of+South+Asian+and+Himalayan+art+in+the+National+Gallery+of+Canada&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1896209050&rft.pub=National+Gallery+of+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPMUp4nxAqwwC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFParua2009" class="citation">Parua, Pranab Kumar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yUc7Cus2a-MC">14 Necessity of Regional Co-operation</a>, The Ganga: water use in the Indian subcontinent, Springer: 267–72, 2009, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-9048131020" title="Special:网络书源/978-9048131020">ISBN 978-9048131020</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=14+Necessity+of+Regional+Co-operation&rft.aufirst=Pranab+Kumar&rft.aulast=Parua&rft.btitle=The+Ganga%3A+water+use+in+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-9048131020&rft.pages=267-72&rft.pub=Springer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyUc7Cus2a-MC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFPrakash1999" class="citation book">Prakash, Gyan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anotherreasonsci0000prak">6 Technologies of Government</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anotherreasonsci0000prak">Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India</a><img alt="需要免费注册" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lock-blue-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-blue-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" />. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0691004532" 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title="Special:网络书源/978-1401908775">ISBN 978-1401908775</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Mother+Ganges%2C+India%27s+Sacred+River&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.aulast=Puttick&rft.btitle=The+Healing+Power+of+Water&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-1401908775&rft.pages=241-52&rft.pub=Hay+House&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRahaman2009" class="citation">Rahaman, M.M., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060952/http://www.iwaponline.com/wp/01102/wp011020168.htm">Integrated Ganges Basin Management: conflicts and hope for regional development</a>, Water Policy, 2009, 11 (2): 168–90, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2Fwp.2009.012">doi:10.2166/wp.2009.012</a>, （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwaponline.com/wp/01102/wp011020168.htm">原始内容</a>存档于27 September 2011）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Integrated+Ganges+Basin+Management%3A+conflicts+and+hope+for+regional+development&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.aulast=Rahaman&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Water+Policy&rft.pages=168-90&rft.volume=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwaponline.com%2Fwp%2F01102%2Fwp011020168.htm&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2Fwp.2009.012&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRahaman2009" class="citation">Rahaman, M.M., Principles of transboundary water resources management and Ganges Treaties: An Analysis, International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2009, 25 (1): 159–73, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155016224">S2CID 155016224</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07900620802517574">doi:10.1080/07900620802517574</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Principles+of+transboundary+water+resources+management+and+Ganges+Treaties%3A+An+Analysis&rft.aufirst=M.M.&rft.aulast=Rahaman&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Water+Resources+Development&rft.pages=159-73&rft.volume=25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155016224&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07900620802517574&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFRoddaUbertini2004" class="citation book">Rodda, John C.; Ubertini, Lucio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JI65-MygMm0C&q=Kumbh+Mela&pg=PA165">The Basis of Civilization: Water Science?</a>. 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Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK: International Association of Hydrological Sciences, IAHS International Commission on Water Resources Systems. 2004: 165. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1901502572" title="Special:网络书源/978-1901502572">ISBN 978-1901502572</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.au=Ubertini%2C+Lucio&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft.aulast=Rodda&rft.btitle=The+Basis+of+Civilization%3A+Water+Science%3F&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1901502572&rft.pages=165&rft.place=Wallingford%2C+Oxfordshire%2C+UK&rft.pub=International+Association+of+Hydrological+Sciences%2C+IAHS+International+Commission+on+Water+Resources+Systems&rft.series=IAHS+publication+no.+286&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJI65-MygMm0C%26q%3DKumbh%2BMela%26pg%3DPA165&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSackSackNairSiddique2004" class="citation journal">Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK. 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London, The Hague, New York: Kluwer Law International. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0821353523" title="Special:网络书源/978-0821353523">ISBN 978-0821353523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.au=Uprety%2C+Kishor&rft.aufirst=Salman+M.+A.&rft.aulast=Salman&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Cooperation+on+South+Asia%27s+International+Rivers%3A+A+Legal+Perspective&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0821353523&rft.place=London%2C+The+Hague%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GEr4fyDbqgC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/15171/multi0page.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Alternate copy</a> (PDF). [27 April 2011]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407170309/https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/15171/multi0page.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">存档</a> (PDF)于2022-04-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.btitle=Alternate+copy&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenknowledge.worldbank.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10986%2F15171%2Fmulti0page.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSharmaBahugunaChauhan2008" class="citation journal">Sharma, Ramesh C.; Bahuguna, Manju; Chauhan, Punam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26758173">Periphytonic diversity in Bhagirathi:Preimpoundment study of Tehri dam reservoir</a>. Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. 2008, 50 (4): 255–62. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19697759">PMID 19697759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Periphytonic+diversity+in+Bhagirathi%3APreimpoundment+study+of+Tehri+dam+reservoir&rft.au=Bahuguna%2C+Manju&rft.au=Chauhan%2C+Punam&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+C.&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Science+and+Engineering&rft.pages=255-62&rft.volume=50&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F26758173&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19697759&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSheth2008" class="citation book">Sheth, Jagdish N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chindiarisinghow0000shet">Chindia Rising</a>. Tata McGraw-Hill. 2008. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0070657083" title="Special:网络书源/978-0070657083">ISBN 978-0070657083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Jagdish+N.&rft.aulast=Sheth&rft.btitle=Chindia+Rising&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0070657083&rft.pub=Tata+McGraw-Hill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchindiarisinghow0000shet&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSinghSingh2007" class="citation journal">Singh, Munendra; Singh, Amit K. Bibliography of Environmental Studies in Natural Characteristics and Anthropogenic Influences on the Ganga River. Environ Monit Assess. 2007, 129 (1–3): 421–32. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17072555">PMID 17072555</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39845300">S2CID 39845300</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10661-006-9374-7">doi:10.1007/s10661-006-9374-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Bibliography+of+Environmental+Studies+in+Natural+Characteristics+and+Anthropogenic+Influences+on+the+Ganga+River&rft.au=Singh%2C+Amit+K.&rft.aufirst=Munendra&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%E2%80%933&rft.jtitle=Environ+Monit+Assess&rft.pages=421-32&rft.volume=129&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39845300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10661-006-9374-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17072555&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSingh2005" class="citation book">Singh, Nirmal T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a4RCXuoMotAC&pg=PA69">Irrigation and soil salinity in the Indian subcontinent: past and present</a>. Bethlehem, PA: Lehigh University. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0934223782" title="Special:网络书源/978-0934223782">ISBN 978-0934223782</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Nirmal+T.&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.btitle=Irrigation+and+soil+salinity+in+the+Indian+subcontinent%3A+past+and+present&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0934223782&rft.place=Bethlehem%2C+PA&rft.pub=Lehigh+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da4RCXuoMotAC%26pg%3DPA69&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFStone2002" class="citation">Stone, Ian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7WLUWxIcyogC">Canal Irrigation in British India: Perspectives on Technological Change in a Peasant Economy</a>, CUP, 2002, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0521526630" title="Special:网络书源/978-0521526630">ISBN 978-0521526630</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.btitle=Canal+Irrigation+in+British+India%3A+Perspectives+on+Technological+Change+in+a+Peasant+Economy&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0521526630&rft.pub=CUP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7WLUWxIcyogC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFSuvedī2005" class="citation book">Suvedī, Sūryaprasāda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vn4OSPZXo3QC">International watercourses law for the 21st century: the case of the river Ganges basin</a>. Ashgate. 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0754645276" title="Special:网络书源/978-0754645276">ISBN 978-0754645276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=S%C5%ABryapras%C4%81da&rft.aulast=Suved%C4%AB&rft.btitle=International+watercourses+law+for+the+21st+century%3A+the+case+of+the+river+Ganges+basin&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0754645276&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVn4OSPZXo3QC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFThapar1971" class="citation journal">Thapar, Romila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_1971-10_13_4/page/408">The Image of the Barbarian in Early India</a>. Comparative Studies in Society and History. October 1971, 13 (4): 408–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/178208">JSTOR 178208</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143480731">S2CID 143480731</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0010417500006393">doi:10.1017/s0010417500006393</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=The+Image+of+the+Barbarian+in+Early+India&rft.aufirst=Romila&rft.aulast=Thapar&rft.date=1971-10&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.pages=408-36&rft.volume=13&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F178208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143480731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_1971-10_13_4%2Fpage%2F408&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0010417500006393&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFTiwari2008" class="citation">Tiwari, R. C., Environmental Scenario in India, Dutt, Ashok K. (编), Explorations in Applied Geography, PHI Learning, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-8120333840" title="Special:网络书源/978-8120333840">ISBN 978-8120333840</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=Environmental+Scenario+in+India&rft.aufirst=R.+C.&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.btitle=Explorations+in+Applied+Geography&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-8120333840&rft.pub=PHI+Learning&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWangu2003" class="citation">Wangu, Madhu Bazaz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k8y-vKtqCmIC">Images of Indian goddesses: myths, meanings, and models</a>, Abhinav Publications, 2003, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-8170174165" title="Special:网络书源/978-8170174165">ISBN 978-8170174165</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.aufirst=Madhu+Bazaz&rft.aulast=Wangu&rft.btitle=Images+of+Indian+goddesses%3A+myths%2C+meanings%2C+and+models&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-8170174165&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk8y-vKtqCmIC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite id="CITEREFWink2002" class="citation journal">Wink, André. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_2002-07_44_3/page/416">From the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean: Medieval History in Geographic Perspective</a>. Comparative Studies in Society and History. 2002, 44 (3): 416–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3879375">JSTOR 3879375</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144649820">S2CID 144649820</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs001041750200021x">doi:10.1017/s001041750200021x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&rft.atitle=From+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indian+Ocean%3A+Medieval+History+in+Geographic+Perspective&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.aulast=Wink&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.pages=416-45&rft.volume=44&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3879375&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144649820&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_comparative-studies-in-society-and-history_2002-07_44_3%2Fpage%2F416&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs001041750200021x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接">外部链接</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&section=39" title="编辑章节：外部链接">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ganges_River" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ganges River">恒河</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right" style="width:22em;font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/65px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="65" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/98px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/130px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">本页面有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E7%B3%BB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="婆罗米系文字">婆罗米系文字</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="操作系统">操作系统</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%91%E9%A1%B5%E6%B5%8F%E8%A7%88%E5%99%A8" title="网页浏览器">浏览器</a>須<a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D%E8%88%87%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F" title="Help:特殊字母與符號">支持特殊字母与符号</a>才能正確显示为婆罗米系文字，否则可能變成<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%82%E7%A2%BC" title="亂碼">问号、方块</a>、错位的元音符号，或者无法显示合体字。</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asiasociety.org/onthinnerice">ON THINNER ICE如履薄冰：signs of trouble from the Water Tower of Asia, where headwaters feed into all the great rivers of Asia（by GRIP, Asia Society and MediaStorm）</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110826063321/http://asiasociety.org/onthinnerice">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_138.gif">Ganges in the Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210210185543/http://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V12_138.gif">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/070607/GAL-07Jun07-77064/index.html">Melting Glaciers Threaten Ganges</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210313154139/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/photo/gallery/070607/GAL-07Jun07-77064/index.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82">Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090218211327/http://www.ppl.nl/index.php?option=com_wrapper&view=wrapper&Itemid=82">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Peace Palace Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCy3T7yms_w">Ganga Ma: A Pilgrimage to the Source</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210313154315/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCy3T7yms_w">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） a documentary that follows the Ganges from the mouth to its source in the Himalayas.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacredland.org/ganges/">An article about the land and the people of the Ganges</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20170401073158/http://www.sacredland.org/ganges/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hydrology.nl/mainnews/1-latest-news/331-the-impacts-of-water-infrastructure-and-climate-change-on-the-hydrology-of-the-upper-ganges-river-basin.html">The impacts of water infrastructure and climate change on the hydrology of the Upper Ganges River Basin</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210313154125/http://www.hydrology.nl/mainnews/1-latest-news/331-the-impacts-of-water-infrastructure-and-climate-change-on-the-hydrology-of-the-upper-ganges-river-basin.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） IWMI research report</li> <li>Bahar Dutt, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eqsm5SWORw4">Saving the Ganga</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210210185631/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eqsm5SWORw4">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）" <a href="/wiki/CNN" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN">CNN</a>-IBN Live May 5, 2012.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8C%E8%87%A3%E6%91%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="羌臣摩河">羌臣摩河</a>◆–<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%B2" title="帕里曲">帕里曲</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B8%E4%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="司丕提河">司丕提河</a>◆◇–<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%A1%E6%B3%89%E6%B2%B3" title="象泉河">象泉河</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E9%92%A6%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83" title="朗钦藏布">朗欽藏布</a>）</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">恒河</a>水系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E6%89%8E%E5%B2%97%E5%99%B6%E6%B2%B3" title="甲扎岗噶河">甲扎岗噶河</a>◇–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E9%87%8C%E6%A0%B9%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3_%EF%BC%88%E8%A5%BF%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道里根加河（西）（页面不存在）">道里根加河</a>◇–<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%89%8E%E6%9B%B2" title="香扎曲">香扎曲</a>◇–<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E7%94%B2%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83" title="马甲藏布">马甲藏布</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E6%B2%B3" title="孔雀河">孔雀河</a>）–<a href="/wiki/%E9%AC%A5%E5%98%8E%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="鬥嘎爾河">鬥嘎爾河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E9%9D%92%E6%B2%B3" title="桑青河">桑青河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E9%9A%86%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83" title="吉隆藏布">吉隆藏布</a>–麻章藏布／<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%9B%B2" title="波曲">波曲</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%B8%83%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83" title="平布藏布">平布藏布</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%8A%E5%AD%94%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83" title="拉不及孔藏布">拉不及孔藏布</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%A8%E8%BD%84%E6%9B%B2" title="絨轄曲">绒辖曲</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8B%E6%9B%B2" title="朋曲">朋曲</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="布拉马普特拉河">布拉马普特拉河</a>– <a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E9%B2%81%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%B1%9F" title="雅鲁藏布江">雅鲁藏布江</a>水系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E9%B2%81%E8%97%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%B1%9F" title="雅鲁藏布江">雅鲁藏布江</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%BA%BB%E6%9B%B2" title="康布麻曲">康布麻曲</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E6%89%8E%E6%9B%B2" title="洛扎曲">洛扎曲</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%98%E6%B1%9F%E6%9B%B2" title="娘江曲">娘江曲</a>◆◇–<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%97%BA%E6%9B%B2" title="達旺曲">达旺曲</a>◆◇–<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E9%96%80%E6%B2%B3" title="卡門河">卡门河</a>◇–<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%8F%AD%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%B3" title="苏班西里河">西巴霞曲</a>◆◇–<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B7%B4%E6%9B%B2" title="丹巴曲">丹巴曲</a>◇–<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%9F%E9%9A%85%E6%B2%B3" title="察隅河">察隅河</a>◆◇</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%B4%9B%E7%93%A6%E5%BA%95%E6%B1%9F" title="伊洛瓦底江">伊洛瓦底江</a>水系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F" title="独龙江">独龙江</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%99%E6%BC%B3%E5%8D%A1%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑙漳卡河（页面不存在）">瑙漳卡河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%9A%E8%A1%A3%E5%A4%A7%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楚衣大河（页面不存在）">楚衣大河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%87%E9%A6%AC%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="片馬河（页面不存在）">片馬河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%90%E6%88%9B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="勐戛河">勐戛河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%B7%B4%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大巴河（页面不存在）">大巴河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%B3%E7%AB%B9%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="石竹河（页面不存在）">石竹河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%86%E9%9B%B7%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="穆雷河">穆雷河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%AF%E7%BE%8A%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羯羊河（页面不存在）">羯羊河</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%99%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="拉沙河">拉沙河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E7%9B%88%E6%B1%9F" title="大盈江">大盈江</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%A5%94%E6%B1%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南奔江（页面不存在）">南奔江</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E4%B8%BD%E6%B1%9F" title="瑞丽江">瑞丽江</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E5%B8%82%E6%B2%B3" title="芒市河">芒市河</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B9%E7%94%BA%E6%B2%B3" title="畹町河">畹町河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%81%AE%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南遮河（页面不存在）">南遮河</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%9B%E6%B2%B3" title="南宛河">南宛河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E7%AA%AA%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南窪河（页面不存在）">南窪河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E8%B7%8C%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金跌河（页面不存在）">金跌河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E7%81%91%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南灑河（页面不存在）">南灑河</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%BA%AB%E6%B1%9F" title="薩爾溫江">薩爾溫江</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%92%E6%B1%9F" title="怒江">怒江</a>水系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%92%E6%B1%9F" title="怒江">怒江</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%BC%E8%BE%9B%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="曼辛河（页面不存在）">曼辛河</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%90%E5%8F%A4%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勐古河（页面不存在）">勐古河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%90%E9%BE%8D%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="勐龍河（页面不存在）">勐龍河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%96%8B%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南開河（页面不存在）">南開河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%82%A6%E7%93%A6%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南邦瓦河（页面不存在）">南邦瓦河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%AE%9A%E6%B2%B3" title="南定河">南定河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%BF%E6%A9%8B%E6%B2%B3_%EF%BC%88%E9%9B%B2%E5%8D%97%E7%9C%81%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="板橋河（雲南省）（页面不存在）">板橋河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%93%A6%E7%AA%AF%E6%BA%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瓦窯溝（页面不存在）">瓦窯溝</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%B9%BF%E5%A0%B4%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小鹿場河（页面不存在）">小鹿場河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%BB%9A%E6%B2%B3" title="南滚河">南滚河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%BF%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南板河（页面不存在）">南板河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%A8%A1%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南模河（页面不存在）">南模河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E8%A1%A3%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南衣河（页面不存在）">南衣河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A7%E5%85%8B%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巧克河（页面不存在）">巧克河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%A1%E6%B1%9F" title="南卡江">南卡江</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%A1%E6%B1%9F" title="南卡江">南錫河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%BC%84%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南弄河（页面不存在）">南弄河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%A1%E9%8E%AC%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南卡鎬河（页面不存在）">南卡鎬河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%8D%E7%83%8F%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="納烏河（页面不存在）">納烏河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%B8%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南永河（页面不存在）">南永河</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%84%E5%85%AC%E6%B2%B3" title="湄公河">湄公河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E6%B1%9F" title="澜沧江">澜沧江</a>水系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E6%B1%9F" title="澜沧江">澜沧江</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BB%91%E6%B1%9F_%EF%BC%88%E6%BE%9C%E6%B2%A7%E6%B1%9F%E5%8F%B3%E6%94%AF%E6%B5%81%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小黑江（澜沧江右支流）（页面不存在）">小黑江</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%90%E8%91%A3%E6%B2%B3" title="勐董河">勐董河</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8B%90%E6%B2%B3" title="拉勐河">拉勐河</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BA%E5%8B%90%E6%B2%B3" title="贺勐河">贺勐河</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E9%98%BF%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南阿河（页面不存在）">南阿河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E5%8B%92%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回勒河（页面不存在）">回勒河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%A3%98%E6%B2%B3" title="南壘河">南壘河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E8%87%A5%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南臥河（页面不存在）">南臥河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%AE%9A%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉定河（页面不存在）">拉定河</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E8%A6%BD%E6%B2%B3" title="南覽河">南覽河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%A1%94%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南桔河（页面不存在）">南桔河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%9E%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南洞河（页面不存在）">南洞河</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E8%87%98%E6%B2%B3_%EF%BC%88%E7%80%BE%E6%BB%84%E6%B1%9F%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南臘河（瀾滄江）（页面不存在）">南臘河</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%BD%A4%E6%B2%B3" title="南潤河">南潤河</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3" title="红河">红河</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E6%B1%9F_%EF%BC%88%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元江（河川）（页面不存在）">元江</a>水系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%83%E6%B1%9F_%EF%BC%88%E6%B2%B3%E5%B7%9D%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="元江（河川）（页面不存在）">元江</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%85%E5%B2%A9%E6%B2%B3_%EF%BC%88%E7%B4%85%E6%B2%B3%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紅岩河（紅河）（页面不存在）">紅岩河</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%BA%AA%E6%B2%B3_%EF%BC%88%E5%85%83%E6%B1%9F%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南溪河（元江）（页面不存在）">南溪河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%A9%E5%90%89%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="壩吉河（页面不存在）">壩吉河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AB%E5%AD%97%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="八字河（页面不存在）">八字河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E4%BB%99%E6%B1%9F" title="李仙江">李仙江</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A5%A0%E9%A6%AC%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="楠馬河（页面不存在）">楠馬河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%94%E7%B3%AF%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塔糯河（页面不存在）">塔糯河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E9%BB%91%E6%B1%9F_%EF%BC%88%E6%9D%8E%E4%BB%99%E6%B1%9F%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小黑江（李仙江）（页面不存在）">小黑江</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%90%E6%A2%9D%E6%B1%9F" title="籐條江">勐拉河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9A%94%E7%95%8C%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="隔界河（页面不存在）">隔界河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%90%E6%A2%9D%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="籐條河（页面不存在）">籐條河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8A%AC%E8%83%A1%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="芬胡河（页面不存在）">芬胡河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%8B%E6%B2%B3" title="斋河">沚江</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%88%E7%B4%A2%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戈索河（页面不存在）">戈索河</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="南北河">南北河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%B1%9F%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南江河（页面不存在）">南江河</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%98%E9%BE%99%E6%B1%9F_%EF%BC%88%E7%BA%A2%E6%B2%B3%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盘龙江（红河）（页面不存在）">盘龙江</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E5%B8%83%E6%B2%B3" title="八布河">八布河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" title="南利河">普梅河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E9%83%BD%E6%B2%B3" title="百都河">百都河</a>  </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%A0%E6%B1%9F" title="珠江">珠江</a>水系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B9%B3%E5%AD%9F%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="平孟河（页面不存在）">平孟河</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E5%8F%A3%E6%B2%B3_%EF%BC%88%E5%B7%A6%E6%B1%9F%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水口河（左江）（页面不存在）">水口河</a>／<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%9C%9B%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="巴望河">巴望河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E6%98%A5%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="归春河">歸春河</a>–<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E8%80%8C%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="平而河">平而河</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%AE%89%E6%B1%9F" title="先安江">先安江</a>水系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E8%86%9C%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同膜河（页面不存在）">同膜河</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%A3%E6%B2%99%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="那沙河（页面不存在）">那沙河</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8D%E8%90%AC%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="才萬河（页面不存在）">才萬河</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BB%91%E6%B2%B3" title="北仑河">北侖河</a>水系</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BB%91%E6%B2%B3" title="北仑河">北侖河</a>–<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E9%9A%86%E6%B2%B3_%EF%BC%88%E5%8C%97%E4%BE%96%E6%B2%B3%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加隆河（北侖河）（页面不存在）">加隆河</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>◆流經<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%B0%E9%82%8A%E7%95%8C%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="中印邊界問題">中印爭議區</a>之中國控制區；◇流经中印爭議區之印度控制區</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="南亞水文" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87" title="Template:南亞水文"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:南亞水文（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E%E6%B0%B4%E6%96%87" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:南亞水文"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="南亞水文" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">南亞水文</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">內陸</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">恒河</a>流域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%E6%8F%90%E6%B2%B3" title="帕吉勒提河">帕吉勒提河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%A0%B9%E5%8A%A0%E6%B2%B3" title="拉姆根加河">拉姆根加河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E7%A9%86%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="亞穆納河">亞穆納河</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8C%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="昌巴爾河">昌巴爾河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="貝特瓦河">貝特瓦河</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="加格拉河">加格拉河</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="夏達河">夏達河</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="松河">松河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E9%81%94%E5%9F%BA%E6%B2%B3" title="甘達基河">甘達基河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%A5%BF%E6%B2%B3" title="戈西河">戈西河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3" title="布拉马普特拉河">布拉马普特拉河</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E7%A7%91%E4%BB%80%E6%B2%B3" title="桑科什河">桑科什河</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%85%8B%E7%B4%8D%E6%B2%B3" title="梅克納河">梅克納河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%9A%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="博多河">博多河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E6%91%A9%E9%81%94%E6%B2%B3" title="達摩達河">達摩達河</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3" title="印度河">印度河</a>流域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E8%B5%AB%E5%8B%92%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3" title="杰赫勒姆河">杰赫勒姆河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%B4%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%B2%B3" title="奇納布河">奇納布河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%B6%AD%E6%B2%B3" title="拉維河">拉維河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%B3" title="比亞斯河">比亞斯河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9%E8%8E%B1%E6%9D%B0%E6%B2%B3" title="萨特莱杰河">薩特萊傑河</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他河流</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E8%BE%BE%E7%93%A6%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%B3" title="戈达瓦里河">戈达瓦里河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%B7%E5%B0%94%E9%BB%98%E8%BE%BE%E6%B2%B3" title="讷尔默达河">讷尔默达河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%B8%83%E8%92%82%E6%B2%B3" title="达布蒂河">达布蒂河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E8%92%82%E6%B2%B3" title="薩拉斯瓦蒂河">薩拉斯瓦蒂河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E7%BA%B3%E6%B2%B3" title="克里希纳河">克里希纳河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%9F%A6%E9%87%8C%E6%B2%B3" title="高韦里河">高韦里河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%88%A9%E7%B4%8D%E8%BF%AA%E6%B2%B3" title="卡利納迪河">卡利納迪河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E5%93%88%E8%AE%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%B2%B3" title="默哈讷迪河">默哈讷迪河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%93%88%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="馬哈威利河">馬哈威利河</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%B0%BC%E6%B2%B3" title="卢尼河">盧尼河</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">湖泊、 三角洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%86%E6%B2%B3%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恆河盆地（页面不存在）">恆河盆地</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganges_Basin" class="extiw" title="en:Ganges Basin">Ganges Basin</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2" title="恒河三角洲">恒河三角洲</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89%E8%A7%92%E6%B4%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度河三角洲（页面不存在）">印度河三角洲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indus_River_Delta" class="extiw" title="en:Indus River Delta">Indus River Delta</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="達爾湖（页面不存在）">達爾湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dal_Lake" class="extiw" title="en:Dal Lake">Dal Lake</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%AF%87%E5%BE%B7%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布寇德湖（页面不存在）">布寇德湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pookode_Lake" class="extiw" title="en:Pookode Lake">Pookode Lake</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E5%A5%A7%E6%99%AE%E6%98%86%E5%BE%B7%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅奧普昆德湖（页面不存在）">羅奧普昆德湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roopkund" class="extiw" title="en:Roopkund">Roopkund</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%A1%E6%B9%96" title="吉尔卡湖">吉尔卡湖</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E7%B6%AD%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波維湖（页面不存在）">波維湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powai_Lake" class="extiw" title="en:Powai Lake">Powai Lake</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%9A%E9%87%8C%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="博里湖（页面不存在）">博里湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borith_Lake" class="extiw" title="en:Borith Lake">Borith Lake</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E5%BC%97%E5%A7%86%E5%8D%A2%E5%85%8B%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞弗姆卢克湖（页面不存在）">塞弗姆卢克湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saiful_Muluk" class="extiw" title="en:Saiful Muluk">Saiful Muluk</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%88%E8%B5%9B%E5%BA%93%E8%BE%BE%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戈赛库达湖（页面不存在）">戈赛库达湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosaikunda" class="extiw" title="en:Gosaikunda">Gosaikunda</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%8E%E5%A7%86%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼扎姆湖（页面不存在）">尼扎姆湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_Sagar" class="extiw" title="en:Nizam Sagar">Nizam Sagar</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%89%8E%E7%88%BE%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普扎爾湖（页面不存在）">普扎爾湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puzhal_aeri" class="extiw" title="en:Puzhal aeri">Puzhal aeri</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A6%AC%E8%98%AD%E6%99%AE%E6%89%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="馬蘭普扎（页面不存在）">馬蘭普扎湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malampuzha" class="extiw" title="en:Malampuzha">Malampuzha</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%80%E6%8B%89%E6%8B%89%E8%BF%B4%E6%B0%B4%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喀拉拉迴水湖（页面不存在）">喀拉拉迴水湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_Backwaters" class="extiw" title="en:Kerala Backwaters">Kerala Backwaters</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E5%88%A9%E6%A0%BC%E5%BE%B7%E6%B9%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布利格德湖（页面不存在）">布利格德湖</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulicat_Lake" class="extiw" title="en:Pulicat Lake">Pulicat Lake</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">海岸</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B4%8B" title="印度洋">印度洋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%B5%B7" title="阿拉伯海">阿拉伯海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%A3%E5%A4%AB%E6%B5%B7" title="拉克代夫海">拉克代夫海</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%81%A3" title="孟加拉灣">孟加拉灣</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%A5%87%E6%B9%BE" title="卡奇湾">卡奇湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%BE%B7%E6%B9%BE" title="肯帕德湾">肯帕德湾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%85%8B%E6%B5%B7%E5%B3%A1" title="保克海峡">保克海峡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E7%B4%8D%E7%81%A3" title="曼納灣">曼納灣</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">分類</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>湖泊：<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="Category:印度湖泊">印度</a> / <a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E7%88%BE%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:尼泊爾湖泊（页面不存在）">尼泊爾</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%B9%96%E6%B3%8A" title="Category:巴基斯坦湖泊">巴基斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%B0%B4%E5%BA%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:印度的水库（页面不存在）">印度的水库与水坝</a></li> <li>河流：<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%AD%9F%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="Category:孟加拉河流">孟加拉</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%B8%8D%E4%B8%B9%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="Category:不丹河流">不丹</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="Category:印度河流">印度</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%8A%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="Category:尼泊尔河流">尼泊尔</a> / <a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E6%B2%B3%E6%B5%81" title="Category:巴基斯坦河流">巴基斯坦</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-67tlc","wgBackendResponseTime":226,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.934","walltime":"3.404","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18040,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":541168,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":36859,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":113,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":248455,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2738.089 1 -total"," 22.74% 622.694 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.58% 371.952 2 Template:Infobox"," 13.07% 357.951 1 Template:Infobox_river"," 11.61% 317.793 119 Template:Le"," 7.71% 211.015 53 Template:Sfn"," 7.19% 196.898 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 6.28% 172.085 38 Template:Cite_web"," 6.12% 167.552 34 Template:Cite_book"," 5.64% 154.410 1 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