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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ugarit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Ugarit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ugarit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amurru" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amurru"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Amurru</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amurru-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carchemish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carchemish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Carchemish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carchemish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Assyrian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Assyrian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Neo-Assyrian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Assyrian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_Persia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_Persia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Achaemenid Persia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_Persia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Ancient China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy_on_Status_of_Joseon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_on_Status_of_Joseon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Controversy on Status of Joseon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_on_Status_of_Joseon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="ولاية تابعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولاية تابعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassal_d%C3%B6vl%C9%99t" title="Vassal dövlət – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vassal dövlət" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Васальная дзяржава – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Васальная дзяржава" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasallriik" title="Vasallriik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vasallriik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Υποτελές κράτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υποτελές κράτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_vasallo" title="Estado vasallo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado vasallo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="دولت خراجگزار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت خراجگزار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_vassal" title="État vassal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État vassal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B4%89%EC%8B%A0%EA%B5%AD" title="봉신국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="봉신국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="जागीरदार राज्य – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जागीरदार राज्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negara_vasal" title="Negara vasal – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Negara vasal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מדינה וסאלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדינה וסאלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasa%C4%BCvalsts" title="Vasaļvalsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vasaļvalsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasalin%C4%97_valstyb%C4%97" title="Vasalinė valstybė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vasalinė valstybė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negeri_lindungan" title="Negeri lindungan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Negeri lindungan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%98%E5%BA%B8%E5%9B%BD" title="付庸国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="付庸国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_vassalo" title="Estado vassalo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado vassalo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat_vasal" title="Stat vasal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stat vasal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Вассальное государство – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вассальное государство" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Вазална држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вазална држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasallivaltio" title="Vasallivaltio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vasallivaltio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasallstat" title="Vasallstat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vasallstat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B6%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99" title="เมืองขึ้น – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมืองขึ้น" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasal_devlet" title="Vasal devlet – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vasal devlet" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Васальна держава – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Васальна держава" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="خراجگزار ریاست – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خراجگزار ریاست" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%99%84%E5%BA%B8%E5%9C%8B" title="附庸國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="附庸國" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1371288#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <p><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms of government</a> </p> <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries by system of government</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a 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hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th 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title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>vassal state</b> is any <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> that has a mutual obligation to a superior state or empire, in a status similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal system</a> in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> Europe. Vassal states were common among the empires of the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>, dating back to the era of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egyptian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> conflict, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>. </p><p>The relationships between vassal rulers and empires were dependent on the policies and agreements of each empire. While the payment of <a href="/wiki/Tribute" title="Tribute">tribute</a> and military service was common amongst vassal states, the degree of independence and benefits given to vassal states varied. Today, more common terms are <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">associated state</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">satellite state</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_examples">Historical examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Egypt">Ancient Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></div> <p>The reign of <a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a> (1479 BC – 1425 BC) laid the foundations for the systems that functioned during the Amarna period of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jana_2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jana_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vassal states in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> became fully integrated in Egypt's economy with the construction of harbours – allowing for greater communication and collection of tax between Egypt and its vassal states during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Jana_2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jana_2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of what is known about Egypt's vassal states from the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a> (1390 BC – 1323 BC) stems from the Amarna letters<sup id="cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elayi_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – a collection of 350 cuneiform tablets.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The different ways vassal rulers communicated with the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a> via grovelling and obsequiousness is a key method of extrapolating relationships between Egypt and vassal states.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Egypt's key vassal states were located on the northern frontier, and included states such as <a href="/wiki/Nuha%C5%A1%C5%A1e" title="Nuhašše">Nuhašše</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatna" title="Qatna">Qatna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>. These were located on the fringes of the territory claimed by Egypt and were a potential threat from acting with the Hittites in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to these vassal states’ distance from the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a>, and their value as a buffer zone from rival kingdoms, these states appeared to have a more high-status relationship with the Pharaoh and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These states could also solicit the Pharaoh for various requests. The fulfilment of these asks by Egypt may have served the purpose of ensuring the loyalty of these distant vassal states.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these vassal states were claimed by the Hittite Empire following the death of <a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a> (1353 BC – 1336 BC) and were never reclaimed.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris_2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elayi_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a> (1279 BC – 1213 BC), Egypt engaged in several military campaigns against the Hittites, eventually capturing the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kadesh_(Syria)" title="Kadesh (Syria)">Kadesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amurru_kingdom" title="Amurru kingdom">Amurru</a> by taking advantage of growing problems in the Hittite Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elayi_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1258 BC, Ramesses and the Hittite King <a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAattu%C5%A1ili_III" title="Ḫattušili III">Ḫattušili III</a> signed a peace treaty that created a border from north of <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a> to <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> between the two empires.<sup id="cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elayi_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Byblos">Byblos</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Byblos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Kingdom of Byblos was significant in linking the worlds of Egypt, the Near East and the Aegean to one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwan_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is first attested during the reign of Thutmose III. Through Byblos, the Egyptians had access to products from <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and Syria, while also using the kingdom as a base for military activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwan_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byblos held religious importance to Egypt, as the local goddess appeared in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hathor" title="Hathor">Hathor</a>, and was associated with <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwan_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byblos was also valuable for Egypt as a trade partner, as it allowed the latter to interact with the regional trade connections between Byblos and other small cities.<sup id="cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwan_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Byblos seemed to have a large amount of influence itself. Rib-Hadda's letters indicate that Byblos had control over its own territory, until it was taken in conflict with Amurru.<sup id="cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwan_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Correspondence with the Kingdom of Byblos is well documented, as the longest interaction between Egypt and a vassal state and spanned a period of 12 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elayi_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subject king in these letters – <a href="/wiki/Rib-Hadda" title="Rib-Hadda">Rib-Hadda</a> – is unique among vassal rulers as his letters are more verbose than other small rulers in the Near East. Despite his loyalty to the Pharaoh, Rib-Hadda never received any meaningful reply from Egypt during times of need and was eventually exiled from his own kingdom by his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elayi_2018-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Rib-Hadda's brother was on the throne, Byblos continued to communicate with the Egyptians, although there is some contention over potential alliances between Byblos and Amurru and the Hittite Empire as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwan_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Interactions between Byblos and Egypt declined in the 12th and 11th centuries BC with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a>. Following Egypt's resurgence, kingdoms such as <a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a> were favoured over Byblos.<sup id="cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwan_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the Early Iron Age, Byblos no longer had connections to any great powers in the region. While the city still had religious authority until the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, it had long lost its economic and political importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marwan_2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hittite_Empire">Hittite Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hittite Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empire_of_the_Hitties.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Empire_of_the_Hitties.png/220px-Empire_of_the_Hitties.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Empire_of_the_Hitties.png/330px-Empire_of_the_Hitties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Empire_of_the_Hitties.png/440px-Empire_of_the_Hitties.png 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Hittite core territory and its vassal states around 1300 BC</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a></div> <p>The Hittite Empire incorporated vassal states that extended over much of <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and Northern Syria. The addition of vassal states reached its peak under the reigns of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uppiluliuma_I" title="Šuppiluliuma I">Šuppiluliuma I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mur%C5%A1ili_II" title="Muršili II">Muršili II</a> in the 14th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The relationships between the Hittites and their vassal states centered around the Hittite king and the vassal ruler; the terms of their relationship were imposed unilaterally by the former, and accepted by the latter. Whenever a new Hittite king or vassal ruler came into power, a new treaty would be drawn up.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In rare cases, local rulers were given <i>kiurwana</i> (protectorate status).<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While they had distinct privileges –  such as exemption from tribute –  they did not have any more freedom of activity than other vassal states. All relations among the regions under Hittite control were strictly determined by the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this led to the belief that contact between vassal states was limited, it has also been thought that such restrictions were limited to the enemies of the Hatti.<sup id="cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaties imposed on vassal states came with military obligations, though vassals were also promised military assistance in return. Some treaties also contained details of annual tribute. Treaties were often concluded with a marriage between a vassal ruler and a Hatti princess of the royal family. The princess would hold greater power than other wives of the vassal, and succession would pass down her descendants.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vassal states were obliged to support and swear fealty to the king's legitimate successors as well. In the event of a usurper taking the throne, the vassal state was freed from all treaty obligations except to help restore a legitimate king to the throne. In doing so, vassal rulers were guaranteed sovereignty from themselves and their successors in their region.<sup id="cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bryce_2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ugarit">Ugarit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ugarit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The relations of <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a> are the most well-known of the Hittite's vassal states. Sources on Ugarit's role and relationship with the Hittites mostly comes from the Ugarit Archives, with only a few from Hittite sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the sources, it is believed that Ugarit held economic and commercial importance to the Hittite Empire, as many letters and documents relate to trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ugarit also maintained a relationship with Egypt, due to contacts with the Pharaoh's court. Most evidence of this contact comes from the era of the Pax Hethitica, which came after peace between Egypt and the Hittite Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amurru">Amurru</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Amurru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amurru's relationship to the Hittite Empire is attested to in documents recovered from Ugarit and <a href="/wiki/Hattusa" title="Hattusa">Hattusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Ugarit, Amurru does not appear to have been a trading centre. Rather, Hitttite sources place importance on the political and military role this kingdom played in the empire, as it was located on the border of Hatti territory and Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previously a vassal state of Egypt, the Kingdom defected to the Hittites under the ruler <a href="/wiki/Aziru" title="Aziru">Aziru</a>. Amurru was loyal to the Hittite Empire from the end of the <a href="/wiki/Amarna_Period" title="Amarna Period">Amarna Period</a> until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Muwatalli_II" title="Muwatalli II">Muwatalli II</a>, when they switched allegiances back to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defection was punished with a temporary replacement of the king with a more loyal ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two marriages occurred between Hittites and Amurru royalty at this time, raising Amurru's importance within the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amurru's relationship with the Hittite Empire was maintained until the collapse of the latter in the 12th century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe_2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A shift from Semitic names used by descendants of Aziru suggest a lasting impact of Hittite influence in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowe_2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowe_2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Carchemish">Carchemish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carchemish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While <a href="/wiki/Carchemish" title="Carchemish">Carchemish</a> was a leading power in Syria and delegate for Syrian affairs, not much is known about their interactions with the Great Powers of the region. What is known comes from archives at Hattusa, <a href="/wiki/Emar" title="Emar">Emar</a>, and Ugarit.<sup id="cite_ref-Mora_2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mora_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the city was conquered by Suppiluliuma I, he installed his son on the throne<sup id="cite_ref-Mora_2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mora_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to this, the later kings of Carchemish acted as representatives for the Hittite Empire in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-Mora_2013_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mora_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th century, Carchemish was trading directly with <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>, and had relations with <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carchemish also survived the end of the Hittite Empire, and became its own city-state in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mora_2013_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mora_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 8th century BC, it was annexed by the Assyrian Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Mora_2013_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mora_2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Assyrian_Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Neo-Assyrian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neo-Assyrian_map_824-671_BC.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Neo-Assyrian_map_824-671_BC.png/220px-Neo-Assyrian_map_824-671_BC.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Neo-Assyrian_map_824-671_BC.png/330px-Neo-Assyrian_map_824-671_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Neo-Assyrian_map_824-671_BC.png/440px-Neo-Assyrian_map_824-671_BC.png 2x" data-file-width="1985" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian</a> territories in 824 BC and 671 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The vassal states of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911 BC – 609 BC) had a unique relationship with the empire they became a part of. While vassal states were necessary to the politics of the empire and connected by administrative and economic means, they are not considered to be ‘properly Assyrian’.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt_2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neo-Assyrian imperial ideology placed importance on unified diversity, and as such vassal states maintained a degree of cultural independence.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt_2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While territorial expansion slowed in the 7th century BC, the amount of vassal states increased in number, suggesting a change in foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunt_2015_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunt_2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assyrian kings expressed their hold over vassal states through the collection of flora and fauna from these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGrado_2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGrado_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest records of this practice date back to <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> (1114 BC – 1076 BC) in the Middle Assyrian Period. It was revived by <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal</a> in the Neo-Assyrian Period by creating a garden with specimens from across the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGrado_2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGrado_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Neo-Assyrian rulers would expand on this practice; <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> created a garden that imitated the forests of Northern Syria, while <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> created a swamp that reflected the landscape of Southern Babylonia.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGrado_2019_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGrado_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In artistic representations, subjects of vassal states are depicted bringing tribute to Assyria.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGrado_2019_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGrado_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These representatives are shown bowing or crouching before the king.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGrado_2019_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGrado_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gifts offered range from horses and monkeys to wineskins.<sup id="cite_ref-DeGrado_2019_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DeGrado_2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These scenes of tribute and audience with the king express how vassal states participated in the Neo-Assyrian Empire. </p><p>By the 8th century BC, the southern vassal states of the empire saw an increase in settlement. In comparison to the northern regions of the empire – which were previously devastated – these kingdoms become denser and the more prosperous parts of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-Faust_2021_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faust_2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kingdoms west of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> river were considered vassal states until the 7th century BC, when they were incorporated into the proper provincial system of the empire, though they still had various degrees of political control depending on location.<sup id="cite_ref-Faust_2021_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faust_2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judah</a>, there was a further increase in settlement in the 7th century that was greater than the 8th.<sup id="cite_ref-Faust_2021_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faust_2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the same in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, showing that Neo-Assyrian control over the region was a successful period for these kingdoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Faust_2021_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faust_2021-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenid_Persia">Achaemenid Persia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Achaemenid Persia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrap</a></div> <p>While the Persians made use of <a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">satraps</a> (appointed Persian governors)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than vassal rulers in subject regions, there were rare cases of vassal states being utilised. <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> writes that negotiations took place between King <a href="/wiki/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas I of Macedon">Amyntas I</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a> and the Persians after the former's subjugation by the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_dynasty" title="Achaemenid dynasty">Achaemenids</a> by 513 BC. The Macedonians became further connected to the Persians as Amyntas married his daughter to a Persian nobleman (Hdt. 5.21.). Under <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a>, Macedonia was organised into a regular tax district of the Empire (Hdt. 6.44.). Their control over Macedonia is attested in the <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> inscription at Naqsh-I-Rustam. Amyntas’ son <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I</a> supported <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> during the Persian invasion of Greece. In 479 BC, the Achaemenid forces were defeated by the Greeks, and Macedonia was no longer considered Greek by other city-states.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another region considered a vassal state rather than a satrap was <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabia</a>. According to Herodotus, they aided <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a> in his invasion of Egypt (525 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-Dandamayev_1986_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dandamayev_1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Arabia did not become a satrap and was exempt from paying annual tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-Dandamayev_1986_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dandamayev_1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, they are attested to in the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun</a> inscription and in the <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a> <a href="/wiki/Persepolis_Administrative_Archives" title="Persepolis Administrative Archives">Fortification Tablets</a> as providing 1000 talents per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Dandamayev_1986_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dandamayev_1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Xerxes’ invasion of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, Herodotus mentions the Arabians among the different sections of the Persian Army as being led by <a href="/wiki/Arsamenes" title="Arsamenes">Arsamenes</a> – the son of Darius I.<sup id="cite_ref-Dandamayev_1986_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dandamayev_1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the size of the Achaemenid Empire, there was efficient communication and connectivity between different regions. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Road" title="Royal Road">Royal Road</a> which ran through most of the empire allowed for the movement and sharing of goods, culture, and ideas between the Achaemenid satraps and vassal states.<sup id="cite_ref-Henry_2013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry_2013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_China">Ancient China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancient China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Chinese_states" title="Ancient Chinese states">Ancient Chinese states</a></div> <p>From the time of the <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou dynasty</a> (1046–770 BC) until the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (206 BC–220 AD), a varying number of vassal states existed in Ancient China. </p><p>These ranged in size from small city states to vassals which controlled large swathes of territory such as the states of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(state)" title="Chu (state)">Chu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qi_(state)" title="Qi (state)">Qi</a>. One of these vassal states would go on to conquer China and unite the country under the first emperor <a href="/wiki/Qin_Shi_Huang" title="Qin Shi Huang">Qin Shi Huang</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversy_on_Status_of_Joseon">Controversy on Status of Joseon</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversy on Status of Joseon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> of China viewed the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon dynasty</a> of Korea as an <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomous</a> vassal state.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill18891_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill18891-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattistini195250_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattistini195250-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Joseon dynasty was autonomous in its internal and external affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199171_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199171-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2019352–355_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2019352–355-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not a colony or dependency of China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199171_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199171-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, China abandoned its conventional laissez-faire policy of noninterference toward Korea and adopted a radical interventionist policy of interference in the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199169–70_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199169–70-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> argued that Korea was a dependent "vassal state"; Owen N. Denny argued that Korea was an independent "tributary state".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Woodville_Rockhill" title="William Woodville Rockhill">William W. Rockhill</a> said that calling Korea a vassal state was "misleading".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill18892_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill18892-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rockhill: "The tribute sent to Peking by all the 'vassal states,' and also by the Tibetans, and the Aboriginal tribes of Western China, is solely a <i><a href="/wiki/Quid_pro_quo" title="Quid pro quo">quid pro quo</a></i> for the privilege of trading with the Chinese under extraordinarily favorable conditions."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill18892_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill18892-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rockhill argued that Korea viewed China not as a suzerain but as a family head: Korea likened the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> to a father and the Qing dynasty to an older brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill188918_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill188918-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rockhill: "As to the custom of submitting to the Emperor the choice made by the king of an heir to the throne, or of a consort, or informing him of the death of his mother, of his wife, etc., we can look at them as only strictly ceremonial relations, bearing with them no idea of subordination."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill188918_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill188918-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OttomanEmpire1590.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/OttomanEmpire1590.png/220px-OttomanEmpire1590.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/OttomanEmpire1590.png/330px-OttomanEmpire1590.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/OttomanEmpire1590.png/440px-OttomanEmpire1590.png 2x" data-file-width="3596" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>Vassal and <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in 1590</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) controlled a number of tributary or vassal states in the peripheral areas of its territory. Vassalage took a number of different forms with some states permitted to elect their own leaders. Other states paid tribute for their lands. </p><p>During the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire controlled many vassal and tributary states such as the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous administrative division</a> – Designation for an administrative territorial entity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a> – Type of administrative division similar to a province or state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a> – Territory that does not possess full political independence as a sovereign state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> – Extension of rule over foreign nations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a> – System of governance used by colonial powers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_political_model)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)">Mandala (Southeast Asian political model)</a> – Southeast Asian pseudo-feudalistic political model between 5th and 15th century<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periphery_countries" title="Periphery countries">Periphery countries</a> – Less developed, poorer nations in world-systems theory</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_(imperial_China)" title="Protectorate (imperial China)">Protectorate (imperial China)</a> – Frontier territorial division in imperial China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a> – State controlled by another state</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman-Persian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Persian wars">Roman-Persian wars</a> – Series of wars between ancient Greco-Roman and Iranian states<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span> (during which vassal kingdoms played a significant role)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jana_2015-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jana_2015_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jana_2015_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMynárová2015" class="citation book cs1">Mynárová, Jana (2015). "Egypt among the Great Powers and its Relations to the Neighbouring Vassal Kingdoms in the Southern Levant according to the Written Evidence: Thutmose III and Amarna.". <i>Policies of Exchange Political Systems and Modes of Interaction in the Aegean and the Near East in the 2nd Millenium B.C.E: Proceedings of the International Symposium at the University of Freiburg Institute for Archaeological Studies, 30th May – 2nd June 2012</i>. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 158–161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Egypt+among+the+Great+Powers+and+its+Relations+to+the+Neighbouring+Vassal+Kingdoms+in+the+Southern+Levant+according+to+the+Written+Evidence%3A+Thutmose+III+and+Amarna.&rft.btitle=Policies+of+Exchange+Political+Systems+and+Modes+of+Interaction+in+the+Aegean+and+the+Near+East+in+the+2nd+Millenium+B.C.E%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Symposium+at+the+University+of+Freiburg+Institute+for+Archaeological+Studies%2C+30th+May+%E2%80%93+2nd+June+2012&rft.pages=158-161&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Myn%C3%A1rov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Jana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elayi_2018-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elayi_2018_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElayi2018" class="citation book cs1">Elayi, Josette (2018). "The Small Vassal States of the Near East: (1500–1200)". <i>The History of Phoenicia</i>. Lockwood Press. pp. 66–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Small+Vassal+States+of+the+Near+East%3A+%281500%E2%80%931200%29&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Phoenicia&rft.pages=66-82&rft.pub=Lockwood+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Elayi&rft.aufirst=Josette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris_2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_2006_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2006" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Ellen (2006). "Bowing and Scraping in the Ancient Near East: An Investigation into Obsequiousness in the Amarna Letters". <i>Journal of Near Eastern Studies</i>. <b>65</b> (3): 179–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F508575">10.1086/508575</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53452075">53452075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Bowing+and+Scraping+in+the+Ancient+Near+East%3A+An+Investigation+into+Obsequiousness+in+the+Amarna+Letters&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=179-188&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F508575&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53452075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marwan_2019-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marwan_2019_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKilani2019" class="citation book cs1">Kilani, Marwan (2019). <i>Byblos in the Late Bronze Age: Interactions between the Levantine and Egyptian Worlds</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004416604" title="Special:BookSources/9789004416604"><bdi>9789004416604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byblos+in+the+Late+Bronze+Age%3A+Interactions+between+the+Levantine+and+Egyptian+Worlds&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9789004416604&rft.aulast=Kilani&rft.aufirst=Marwan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bryce_2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bryce_2005_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryce2005" class="citation book cs1">Bryce, Trevor (2005). "Territories and Early Rivals of the Hatti". <i>Kingdom of the Hittites</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 49–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199279081" title="Special:BookSources/9780199279081"><bdi>9780199279081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Territories+and+Early+Rivals+of+the+Hatti&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+the+Hittites&rft.pages=49-50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199279081&rft.aulast=Bryce&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Devecchi_2012-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Devecchi_2012_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevecchi2012" class="citation book cs1">Devecchi, Elena (2012). "The International Relations of Hatti's Syrian Vassals, or How to make the Best of Things.". <i>Policies of exchange political systems and modes of interaction in the Aegean and Near East in the 2nd Millennium BCE: Proceedings of the International Symposium at the University of Freiburg Institute for Archaeological Studies</i>. Austrian Academy of Sciences Press. pp. 117–120.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+International+Relations+of+Hatti%E2%80%99s+Syrian+Vassals%2C+or+How+to+make+the+Best+of+Things.&rft.btitle=Policies+of+exchange+political+systems+and+modes+of+interaction+in+the+Aegean+and+Near+East+in+the+2nd+Millennium+BCE%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Symposium+at+the+University+of+Freiburg+Institute+for+Archaeological+Studies&rft.pages=117-120&rft.pub=Austrian+Academy+of+Sciences+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Devecchi&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowe_2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowe_2013_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowe_2013_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2013" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Ignacio (2013). 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"Carchemish". <i>The Encyclopedia of Ancient History</i>. Blackwell Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carchemish&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Ancient+History&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Mora&rft.aufirst=Clelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunt_2015-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt_2015_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt_2015_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunt_2015_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2015" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Alice M.W. (2015). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius&rft.atitle=Satraps+and+Satrapies&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fconcept%2Fsatraps-and-satrapies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLendering" class="citation web cs1">Lendering, Jona. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/place/macedonia/">"Macedonia"</a>. <i>Livius</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509082213/https://www.livius.org/articles/place/macedonia/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Livius&rft.atitle=Macedonia&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fplace%2Fmacedonia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dandamayev_1986-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dandamayev_1986_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dandamayev_1986_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dandamayev_1986_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dandamayev_1986_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandamayev" class="citation web cs1">Dandamayev, Muhammad. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arabaya-arabia-a-province-of-the-achaemenid-empire">"Arabia i. The Achaemenid Province Arabāya"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Iranica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215251/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/arabaya-arabia-a-province-of-the-achaemenid-empire">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Arabia+i.+The+Achaemenid+Province+Arab%C4%81ya&rft.aulast=Dandamayev&rft.aufirst=Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Farabaya-arabia-a-province-of-the-achaemenid-empire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henry_2013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henry_2013_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColburn2013" class="citation journal cs1">Colburn, Henry (2013). "Connectivity and Communication in the Achaemenid Empire". <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>56</b> (1): 29–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685209-12341278">10.1163/15685209-12341278</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=Connectivity+and+Communication+in+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-52&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685209-12341278&rft.aulast=Colburn&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill18891-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill18891_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRockhill1889">Rockhill 1889</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattistini195250-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBattistini195250_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBattistini1952">Battistini 1952</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199171-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199171_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199171_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLin1991">Lin 1991</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOh2019352–355-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOh2019352–355_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOh2019">Oh 2019</a>, pp. 352–355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin199169–70-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin199169–70_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLin1991">Lin 1991</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchsKasaharaSaaler2017" class="citation book cs1">Fuchs, Eckhardt; Kasahara, Tokushi; Saaler, Sven (4 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96"><i>A New Modern History of East Asia</i></a>. V&R unipress. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7370-0708-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7370-0708-5"><bdi>978-3-7370-0708-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220220152954/https://books.google.com/books?id=pZlBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Modern+History+of+East+Asia&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=V%26R+unipress&rft.date=2017-12-04&rft.isbn=978-3-7370-0708-5&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Eckhardt&rft.au=Kasahara%2C+Tokushi&rft.au=Saaler%2C+Sven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZlBDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill18892-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill18892_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill18892_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRockhill1889">Rockhill 1889</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERockhill188918-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill188918_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERockhill188918_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRockhill1889">Rockhill 1889</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattistini1952" class="citation cs2">Battistini, Lawrence H. (1952), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383005">"The Korean Problem in the Nineteenth Century"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Monumenta_Nipponica" title="Monumenta Nipponica">Monumenta Nipponica</a></i>, <b>8</b> (1/2): 47–66, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2383005">10.2307/2383005</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-0741">0027-0741</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383005">2383005</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220204035212/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2383005">archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Nipponica&rft.atitle=The+Korean+Problem+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=47-66&rft.date=1952&rft.issn=0027-0741&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2383005%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2383005&rft.aulast=Battistini&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2383005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin1991" class="citation cs2">Lin, Ming-te (July 1991), "Li Hung-chang's Suzerain Policy toward Korea, 1882–1894", <i>Chinese Studies in History</i>, <b>24</b> (4), <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 69–96, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2FCSH0009-4633240469">10.2753/CSH0009-4633240469</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Studies+in+History&rft.atitle=Li+Hung-chang%27s+Suzerain+Policy+toward+Korea%2C+1882%E2%80%931894&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=69-96&rft.date=1991-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2FCSH0009-4633240469&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Ming-te&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOh2019" class="citation cs2">Oh, Si Jin (28 October 2019), "Resolving the Misunderstood Historical Order: A Korean Perspective on the Historical Tributary Order in East Asia", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_History_of_International_Law" title="Journal of the History of International Law">Journal of the History of International Law</a></i>, <b>21</b> (3), Brill Nijhoff: 341–377, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718050-12340115">10.1163/15718050-12340115</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213718118">213718118</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Resolving+the+Misunderstood+Historical+Order%3A+A+Korean+Perspective+on+the+Historical+Tributary+Order+in+East+Asia&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=341-377&rft.date=2019-10-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718050-12340115&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213718118%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Oh&rft.aufirst=Si+Jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRockhill1889" class="citation cs2">Rockhill, William W. (1889), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/592442">"Korea in Its Relations with China"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>, <b>13</b>: 1–33, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F592442">10.2307/592442</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0279">0003-0279</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/592442">592442</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220203074621/https://www.jstor.org/stable/592442">archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-17</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Korea+in+Its+Relations+with+China&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=1889&rft.issn=0003-0279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F592442%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F592442&rft.aulast=Rockhill&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F592442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVassal+state" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vassal state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&oldid=1255002566">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vassal_state&oldid=1255002566</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Client_state" 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