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K.; citation_publication_date=2016"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Esarhaddon's Glazed Bricks from Nimrud: The Egyptian Campaign Depicted; citation_author=Nadali, D.; citation_publication_date=2006; citation_journal_title=Iraq; citation_volume=68; citation_firstpage=109; citation_doi=10.1017/S0021088900001194"> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=The Reconstruction of the Relief Representations and Their Positions in the Northwest-Palace at Kalḫu; citation_author=Paley, S. M.; citation_author=Sobolewski, R.; citation_publication_date=1992"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content="Recent studies of cultural interaction in the Assyrian empire have focused on the process of assimilation and the production of alterity. In this article, I argue that Assyrian royal rhetoric goes beyond emphasizing simple difference, instead using depictions of cultural diversity to demonstrate the truly universal nature of the empire. I elucidate this rhetoric by comparison the world fairs of the 19th and early 20th-centuries. These fairs advanced European imperialism by allowing visitors to explore the vast extent of empire. I argue that the enumeration of exotic tribute in Assyrian texts and the iconographic depiction of foreigners on reliefs similarly served to concretize Assyrian power. Unlike modern European empires, however, Assyrians did not consider ethnicity to be constitutive of citizenship. Thus, while the Assyrian approach to diversity was certainly instrumentalizing, it was also inclusive of cultural difference. In this respect, the Assyrian understanding of human diversity shares much in common with the way the empire treated other types of difference, ranging from topographic variation to biodiversity. From the imperial vantage point, each of these elements had the potential to be tamed in a way that highlighted the control of the king over the four quarters of the world."> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1017/irq.2019.8"> <link rel="alternate" href="/core/journals/iraq/article/abs/king-of-the-four-quarters-diversity-as-a-rhetorical-strategy-of-the-neoassyrian-empire/CB28A25379F14ACC9298181218A61EAE" hreflang="en" /> <link rel="icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/images/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <link href='//fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Noto+Sans:400,700,400italic,700italic' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="/core/cambridge-core/public/css/app.css?version=v7.337.1-hotfix"/> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://usage.prod.aop.cambridge.org/v1/events"> <link rel="stylesheet" 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data-v-01274b1d> <hgroup data-v-862424e6><h1 data-v-862424e6>KING OF THE FOUR QUARTERS: DIVERSITY AS A RHETORICAL STRATEGY OF THE NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE</h1> </hgroup>     <div class="row published-date" data-v-862424e6><p data-v-862424e6> Published online by Cambridge University Press: <strong data-v-862424e6>30 September 2019</strong></p></div>   <div class="contributors-details" data-v-99f6eb26 data-v-862424e6><div class="row contributors" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="col" data-v-99f6eb26><div class="row contributor-type" data-v-792406ce data-v-99f6eb26> <div class="contributor-type__contributor" data-v-792406ce><a href="/core/search?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=J.%20DeGrado&eventCode=SE-AU" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-792406ce><span data-v-63dfaf6e>J. 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href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?publisherName=CUP&publication=IRQ&title=KING%20OF%20THE%20FOUR%20QUARTERS%3A%20DIVERSITY%20AS%20A%20RHETORICAL%20STRATEGY%20OF%20THE%20NEO-ASSYRIAN%20EMPIRE&publicationDate=30%20September%202019&author=J.%20DeGrado©right=Copyright%20%C2%A9%20The%20British%20Institute%20for%20the%20Study%20of%20Iraq%202019%C2%A0&contentID=10.1017%2Firq.2019.8&startPage=107&endPage=125&orderBeanReset=True&volumeNum=81&issueNum=&oa=" data-test-id="buttonRightLink" class="app-link rights-link d-print-none app-link__text-icon app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-92ee52a2 data-v-43a4d572><img src="/core/page-component/img/rights-icon.d4a677c.svg" alt="" class="app-icon icon rights" data-v-d2c09870 data-v-63dfaf6e><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Rights & Permissions </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="separator default" data-v-7036083a></div> <div class="share-modal-overlay" style="display:none;" data-v-43a4d572></div> <div data-spy="scroll" data-target="#toc" class="scrollspy-content" data-v-43a4d572> <div id="sec0" class="col article-abstract sec" data-v-2fa8b348 data-v-43a4d572><div class="abstract-text-container" data-v-2fa8b348><div lang="en"><h2>Abstract</h2>  <div class="abstract-content"><div class="abstract" data-abstract-type="normal"><p>Recent studies of cultural interaction in the Assyrian empire have focused on the process of assimilation and the production of alterity. In this article, I argue that Assyrian royal rhetoric goes beyond emphasizing simple difference, instead using depictions of cultural diversity to demonstrate the truly universal nature of the empire. I elucidate this rhetoric by comparison the world fairs of the 19th and early 20th-centuries. These fairs advanced European imperialism by allowing visitors to explore the vast extent of empire. I argue that the enumeration of exotic tribute in Assyrian texts and the iconographic depiction of foreigners on reliefs similarly served to concretize Assyrian power. Unlike modern European empires, however, Assyrians did not consider ethnicity to be constitutive of citizenship. Thus, while the Assyrian approach to diversity was certainly instrumentalizing, it was also inclusive of cultural difference. In this respect, the Assyrian understanding of human diversity shares much in common with the way the empire treated other types of difference, ranging from topographic variation to biodiversity. From the imperial vantage point, each of these elements had the potential to be tamed in a way that highlighted the control of the king over the four quarters of the world.</p></div></div> <hr aria-hidden="true" class="abstract-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a></div></div>   </div>    <dl class="article-details" data-v-6e32a161 data-v-43a4d572><div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Type </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161>Research Article</dd></div> <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Information </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div class="content__journal" data-v-6e32a161><a href="/core/journals/iraq" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>IRAQ </span> </a> <span data-v-6e32a161> , <a href="/core/journals/iraq/volume/CFA66A74F6C3E2FF24550296D0865692" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--underlined" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>Volume 81 </span> </a></span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, December 2019</span>  <span data-v-6e32a161>, pp. 107 - 125</span> </div> <div class="doi-data" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161>DOI: <a target="_blank" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/irq.2019.8" class="app-link app-link__text app-link--accent" data-v-63dfaf6e data-v-6e32a161><span class="text" data-v-63dfaf6e>https://doi.org/10.1017/irq.2019.8 </span> <span class="sr-only" data-v-63dfaf6e>[Opens in a new window]</span></a></div> </div>  </dd></div>   <div class="row" data-v-6e32a161><dt class="col-12 col-sm-3 col-md-2_5 title" data-v-6e32a161> Copyright </dt> <dd class="col content" data-v-6e32a161><div data-v-6e32a161> Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 2019 </div></dd></div></dl> <div id="access-block" class="d-print-none" data-v-43a4d572><div class="access-options"><h2 class="access-options__heading">Access options</h2> <span>Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. 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Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)</span> <div class="access-options__content access-options__new"> </div></div></div> <div id="content-container" class="content-container" data-v-43a4d572>   <hr aria-hidden="true" class="list-divider separator default" data-v-7036083a> <div id="references-list" class="circle-list"><h2>References</h2> <div id="manual_ref-1" aria-flowto="reference-1-content reference-1-button" class="circle-list__item"> <div class="circle-list__item__indicator"></div> <div aria-hidden="true" data-test-hidden="true" class="circle-list__item__number"> </div> <div class="circle-list__item__grouped"><div id="reference-1-content" class="circle-list__item__grouped__content"><span class="name"><span class="surname">About</span>, <span class="given-names">E.</span></span> <span class="year">1896</span>. <span class="source">Le fellah: souvenirs d’Égypte</span>. <span class="publisher-loc">Paris</span>: <span class="publisher-name">Hachette</span>.<a 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DeGrado",searchUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fsearch?filters%5BauthorTerms%5D=J.%20DeGrado&eventCode=SE-AU",orcidUrl:e}]},translators:{contributors:[],label:"Translated by"}},collections:[],publishedDate:"30 September 2019",keywords:[],openPracticeBadges:[],doi:{url:"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1017\u002Firq.2019.8",value:"10.1017\u002Firq.2019.8"},copyright:{statement:["Copyright © The British Institute for the Study of Iraq 2019 "],holder:["The British Institute for the Study of Iraq"],year:[2019]},creativeCommons:e,acceptedManuscript:b,type:"research-article",pageRange:{range:"107 - 125",firstPage:"107",lastPage:"125"},typeDescription:"Research Article",commentsCount:j,topicsAndSubtopics:e},journal:{id:k,title:g,titleSlug:l,mnemonic:"IRQ",titleHistory:[],isFirstView:b,journalSlug:l,isCompanion:b,parentCompanionJournalName:g,associatedParentCollection:e,paymentInfo:{prices:{"£":{price:21,sku:h,skuNew:f,currency:"£"},"€":{price:24,sku:h,skuNew:f,currency:"€"},US$:{price:26,sku:h,skuNew:f,currency:"US$"},AU$:{price:41,sku:h,skuNew:f,currency:"AU$"}}},url:m,firstViewUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Firaq\u002Ffirstview",coverUrl:"https:\u002F\u002Fstatic.cambridge.org\u002Fcovers\u002FIRQ_0_0_0\u002Firaq.jpg",submitMaterialsUrl:"\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Firaq\u002Finformation\u002Fauthor-instructions\u002Fsubmitting-your-materials",hasHistory:b,latestTitle:g,latestId:k,hasPastTitle:b,volume:{id:"CFA66A74F6C3E2FF24550296D0865692",number:"81",title:n,publishedDate:"December 2019",printPublishTimestamp:1575158400000,url:o}},abstract:{textAbstracts:[{title:"Abstract",content:"\u003Cdiv class=\"abstract\" data-abstract-type=\"normal\"\u003E\u003Cp\u003ERecent studies of cultural interaction in the Assyrian empire have focused on the process of assimilation and the production of alterity. In this article, I argue that Assyrian royal rhetoric goes beyond emphasizing simple difference, instead using depictions of cultural diversity to demonstrate the truly universal nature of the empire. I elucidate this rhetoric by comparison the world fairs of the 19th and early 20th-centuries. These fairs advanced European imperialism by allowing visitors to explore the vast extent of empire. I argue that the enumeration of exotic tribute in Assyrian texts and the iconographic depiction of foreigners on reliefs similarly served to concretize Assyrian power. Unlike modern European empires, however, Assyrians did not consider ethnicity to be constitutive of citizenship. Thus, while the Assyrian approach to diversity was certainly instrumentalizing, it was also inclusive of cultural difference. In this respect, the Assyrian understanding of human diversity shares much in common with the way the empire treated other types of difference, ranging from topographic variation to biodiversity. From the imperial vantage point, each of these elements had the potential to be tamed in a way that highlighted the control of the king over the four quarters of the world.\u003C\u002Fp\u003E\u003C\u002Fdiv\u003E",lang:p}]},content:{html:a,tableOfContent:[],footnotes:[],fulltextNotes:[],references:[{id:"manual_ref-1",displayNumber:a,existInContent:b,content:"\u003Cspan class=\"name\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\"surname\"\u003EAbout\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\"given-names\"\u003EE.\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E \u003Cspan class=\"year\"\u003E1896\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"source\"\u003ELe fellah: souvenirs d’Égypte\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-loc\"\u003EParis\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E: \u003Cspan class=\"publisher-name\"\u003EHachette\u003C\u002Fspan\u003E.\u003Ca class='ref-link' target='_blank' aria-label='Google Scholar link for ' 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OF THE FOUR QUARTERS: DIVERSITY AS A RHETORICAL STRATEGY OF THE NEO-ASSYRIAN EMPIRE",0,"CB107E9EBF448C2A08B600C58C792DE2","iraq","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Firaq","Volume 81","\u002Fcore\u002Fjournals\u002Firaq\u002Fvolume\u002FCFA66A74F6C3E2FF24550296D0865692","en"));</script><script src="/core/page-component/06cd607.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/20147ec.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/722ace3.js" defer></script><script src="/core/page-component/6f4302c.js" defer></script> </div> </div> <div id="article-new-home-productCitations" class="product-citations-modal reveal-modal medium" data-reveal role="dialog" aria-labelledby="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader"> <div class="header"> <div class="heading_07 margin-bottom" id="article-new-home-citedByModalHeader">Cited by</div> </div> <div class="citation-content"> <div class="row collapse header margin-top productCitations-content"> <ul class="small-12 small-centered columns citations"> <li 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