CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Russo-Turkish wars - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"ac03301a-f2d5-4402-8429-15967e2a7b0d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Russo-Turkish_wars","wgTitle":"Russo-Turkish wars","wgCurRevisionId":1259885494,"wgRevisionId":1259885494,"wgArticleId":3105120,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)","CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Russian-language text","Articles containing Turkish-language text","Russo-Turkish wars","Geopolitical rivalry","Wars involving the Russian Empire","Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia", "Military history of Ukraine","History of Moldavia","Bessarabia Governorate","History of Wallachia","Kingdom of Romania","Modern history of Bulgaria","Early modern history of Georgia (country)","Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate","Invasions of Europe"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Russo-Turkish_wars","wgRelevantArticleId":3105120,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true}, "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q743046","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init", "ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg/1200px-Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg/800px-Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg/640px-Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Russo-Turkish wars - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Russo-Turkish_wars rootpage-Russo-Turkish_wars skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Russo-Turkish+wars" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Russo-Turkish+wars" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Russo-Turkish+wars" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Russo-Turkish+wars" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflict_begins_(1568–1739)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_begins_(1568–1739)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Conflict begins (1568–1739)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_begins_(1568–1739)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_Peter_the_Great" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_Peter_the_Great"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Before Peter the Great</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_Peter_the_Great-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peter_the_Great_and_further" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peter_the_Great_and_further"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Peter the Great and further</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peter_the_Great_and_further-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gradual_defeat_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1768–1878)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gradual_defeat_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1768–1878)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Gradual defeat of the Ottoman Empire (1768–1878)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gradual_defeat_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1768–1878)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catherine_the_Great" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catherine_the_Great"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Catherine the Great</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catherine_the_Great-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_in_the_19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_in_the_19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Conflicts in the 19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_in_the_19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Caucasus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Caucasus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>The Caucasus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Caucasus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Ottoman_and_Russian_Empires_(1914–23)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Ottoman_and_Russian_Empires_(1914–23)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>End of the Ottoman and Russian Empires (1914–23)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Ottoman_and_Russian_Empires_(1914–23)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Russo-Turkish wars</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحروب الروسية العثمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحروب الروسية العثمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81-%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D2%BB%D1%83%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Рус-төрөк һуғыштары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Рус-төрөк һуғыштары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Руска-турэцкія войны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Руска-турэцкія войны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руско-турски войни – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Руско-турски войни" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezelio%C3%B9_etre_Rusia_ha_Turkia" title="Brezelioù etre Rusia ha Turkia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezelioù etre Rusia ha Turkia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ria_de_les_guerres_russo-turques" title="Història de les guerres russo-turques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Història de les guerres russo-turques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-osmansk%C3%A9_v%C3%A1lky" title="Rusko-osmanské války – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusko-osmanské války" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_russisk-tyrkiske_krige" title="De russisk-tyrkiske krige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De russisk-tyrkiske krige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch-T%C3%BCrkische_Kriege" title="Russisch-Türkische Kriege – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russisch-Türkische Kriege" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene-T%C3%BCrgi_s%C3%B5jad" title="Vene-Türgi sõjad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vene-Türgi sõjad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%89%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B9" title="Ρωσοτουρκικοί πόλεμοι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρωσοτουρκικοί πόλεμοι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerras_ruso-turcas" title="Guerras ruso-turcas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerras ruso-turcas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Errusia-Turkia_gerren_historia" title="Errusia-Turkia gerren historia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Errusia-Turkia gerren historia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%AB%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تاریخ جنگ‌های روسیه و عثمانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ جنگ‌های روسیه و عثمانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerres_russo-turques" title="Guerres russo-turques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerres russo-turques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84-%ED%8A%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%81%AC_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="러시아-튀르크 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러시아-튀르크 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD-%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ռուս-թուրքական պատերազմներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռուս-թուրքական պատերազմներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-turski_ratovi" title="Rusko-turski ratovi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusko-turski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejarah_perang_Rusia-Turki" title="Sejarah perang Rusia-Turki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sejarah perang Rusia-Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listi_yfir_str%C3%AD%C3%B0_R%C3%BAssa_og_Tyrkja" title="Listi yfir stríð Rússa og Tyrkja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Listi yfir stríð Rússa og Tyrkja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_delle_guerre_russo-turche" title="Storia delle guerre russo-turche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia delle guerre russo-turche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%AA%27%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA-%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="המלחמות העות'מאניות-רוסיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלחמות העות'מאניות-רוסיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81-%D1%82%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BA_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Орус-түрк согуштары – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орус-түрк согуштары" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bella_inter_Russos_et_Turcas" title="Bella inter Russos et Turcas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bella inter Russos et Turcas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosz%E2%80%93t%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BAk" title="Orosz–török háborúk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orosz–török háborúk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Руско-турски војни – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Руско-турски војни" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="حروب روسيا و تركيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حروب روسيا و تركيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Rusia-Turki" title="Perang Rusia-Turki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang Rusia-Turki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisch-Turkse_oorlogen" title="Russisch-Turkse oorlogen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Russisch-Turkse oorlogen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B2%E5%9C%9F%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89%E3%81%AE%E6%AD%B4%E5%8F%B2" title="露土戦争の歴史 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="露土戦争の歴史" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russisk-tyrkiske_krigar" title="Russisk-tyrkiske krigar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Russisk-tyrkiske krigar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rras_Turcorussas" title="Guèrras Turcorussas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrras Turcorussas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus-turk_urushlari" title="Rus-turk urushlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Rus-turk urushlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="ترک روس جنگاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ترک روس جنگاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojny_rosyjsko-tureckie" title="Wojny rosyjsko-tureckie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojny rosyjsko-tureckie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_Ruso-Turc" title="Războiul Ruso-Turc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul Ruso-Turc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Русско-турецкие войны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русско-турецкие войны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_e_luft%C3%ABrave_Ruso-Turke" title="Historia e luftërave Ruso-Turke – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Historia e luftërave Ruso-Turke" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-tur%C5%A1ke_vojne" title="Rusko-turške vojne – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusko-turške vojne" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Руско-турски ратови – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Руско-турски ратови" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusko-turski_ratovi" title="Rusko-turski ratovi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rusko-turski ratovi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmanl%C4%B1-Rus_sava%C5%9Flar%C4%B1" title="Osmanlı-Rus savaşları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Osmanlı-Rus savaşları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Російсько-турецькі війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Російсько-турецькі війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="ترک روس جنگیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ترک روس جنگیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Nga%E2%80%93Th%E1%BB%95_Nh%C4%A9_K%E1%BB%B3" title="Chiến tranh Nga–Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chiến tranh Nga–Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%9F%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="俄土戰爭 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="俄土戰爭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%9C%9F%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" title="俄土战争 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="俄土战争" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q743046#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Russo-Turkish_wars" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_wars"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Russo-Turkish_wars" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Russo-Turkish_wars" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&oldid=1259885494" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Russo-Turkish_wars&id=1259885494&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRusso-Turkish_wars"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRusso-Turkish_wars"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Russo-Turkish_Wars" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q743046" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">History of the Russo-Turkish wars</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Russo-Turkish wars</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg/340px-Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg/510px-Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg/680px-Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="5760" /></a></span><br />Left to right from the top: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ochakov_(1737)" title="Siege of Ochakov (1737)">Siege of Ochakov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Izmail" title="Siege of Izmail">Siege of Izmail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">Siege of Sevastopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">Siege of Plevna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum Offensive">Erzurum Offensive</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1568–1918 (350 years)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Military campaigns largely resulted in Russian victories with the exception of Ottoman victories in the <a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">Pruth River Campaign</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a><br />Formation of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a> in 1922 and 1923, respectively<br /><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Soviet Union–Turkey relations">Normalization of relations</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <p>Collapse and dissolution of both empires during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> </p> <ul><li>Ottomans permanently lose <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_by_the_Russian_Empire" title="Annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire">Crimea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1739)" title="Treaty of Niš (1739)">Azov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">their territories in current Ukraine</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Bessarabia</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a> (1568–1721)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1721–1917)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> (1917)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> (1917–1918)</li></ul></div><b>Supported by:</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy"><img alt="Habsburg monarchy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Monarchy">Habsburg Monarchy</a> (1735–1739) (1787–1792)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Battalion" title="Albanian Battalion">Albanian Battalion</a> (1775–1859)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Hellenic_Republic" title="First Hellenic Republic">Hellenic Republic</a> (1828–1829)</li><li><span data-sort-value="Greece"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_Royal_Standard_of_Greece_%281833-1858%29.svg/22px-Naval_Royal_Standard_of_Greece_%281833-1858%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_Royal_Standard_of_Greece_%281833-1858%29.svg/33px-Naval_Royal_Standard_of_Greece_%281833-1858%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Naval_Royal_Standard_of_Greece_%281833-1858%29.svg/43px-Naval_Royal_Standard_of_Greece_%281833-1858%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></span> (1853–1854)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a> (1877–1878)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a> (1877–1878)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (1877–1878)</li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Stiliana_Paraskevova.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Stiliana_Paraskevova.svg/20px-Flag_of_Stiliana_Paraskevova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Stiliana_Paraskevova.svg/30px-Flag_of_Stiliana_Paraskevova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_Stiliana_Paraskevova.svg/40px-Flag_of_Stiliana_Paraskevova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="720" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Bulgarian Volunteer Corps">Bulgarian Volunteer Corps</a> (1877–1878)</li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente Powers</a></b> (1914–1918)</li><li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> (1914–1918)</li><li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></span> (1914–1918)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Armenia_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">Armenia</a> (1918)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> (1916–1918)</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> (1917–1918)</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">vassal states</a><div><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_%2815th_century%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_%2815th_century%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_%2815th_century%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_%2815th_century%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_%2815th_century%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Crimean_Khanate_%2815th_century%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li><li><span data-sort-value="Egypt"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/23px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/35px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg/45px-Flag_of_Muhammad_Ali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Egypt</a></span></li></ul></div><b>Supported by:</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> (1710–1711)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albanian regulars and volunteers</a> (1768–1878)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></span> (1854–1856)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span> (1854–1856)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia"><img alt="Kingdom of Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a> (1855–1856)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a></b> (1914–1918)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></span> (1914–1918)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><span data-sort-value="Bulgaria"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Bulgaria_(1908%E2%80%931946)" title="Tsardom of Bulgaria (1908–1946)">Bulgaria</a></span> (1915–1918)</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic"><img alt="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_Azerbaijan_%281918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan</a> (1918)</li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oryol_ship_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich">Burkhard Münnich</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lacy" title="Peter Lacy">Peter Lacy</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Potemkin" title="Grigory Potemkin">Grigory Potemkin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Ushakov" title="Fyodor Ushakov">Fyodor Ushakov</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes"><b>#</b></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination"><b>X</b></a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Milyutin" title="Dmitry Milyutin">Dmitry Milyutin</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Alexander Kerensky</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic"><img alt="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a><br /><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kara_Mustafa_Pasha" title="Kara Mustafa Pasha">Kara Mustafa Pasha</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hatibzade_Yahya_Pasha" title="Hatibzade Yahya Pasha">Yahya Pasha</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_I" title="Abdul Hamid I">Abdul Hamid I</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_IV" title="Mustafa IV">Mustafa IV</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdulmejid_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulmejid I">Abdulmejid I</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Pasha" title="Omar Pasha">Omar Pasha</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Osman_Nuri_Pasha" title="Osman Nuri Pasha">Osman Nuri Pasha</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Ali_Pasha_(marshal)" title="Mehmed Ali Pasha (marshal)">Mehmed Ali Pasha</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1844%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal Pasha">Mustafa Kemal Pasha</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>1676–1681</b>: 8,720</li><li><b>1711:</b> 27,285</li><li><b>1735–1739:</b> 100,000</li><li><b>1787–1792:</b> 72,000</li><li><b>1806–1812:</b> 70,000</li><li><b>1853–1856:</b> 143,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>–450,015</li><li><b>1877–1878</b>: 111,166</li><li><b>1914–1918</b>: 100,000<sup id="cite_ref-List_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div><hr /><b>Total: 632,171 to 938,285+</b></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>1676–1681</b>: 20,000<br /></li><li><b>1711:</b> Unknown<br /></li><li><b>1735–1739:</b> Unknown<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><b>1787–1792:</b> 130,000</li><li><b>1806–1812:</b> 100,000</li><li><b>1853–1856:</b> 165,363</li><li><span class="nowrap"> </span></li><li><b>1877–1878</b>: 520,000</li><li><b>1914–1918</b>: 300,000+<sup id="cite_ref-List_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-List-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div><hr /><b>Total: 1,415,000+</b></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Russo-Turkish_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Turkish_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Russo-Turkish Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russo-Turkish_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Russo-Turkish Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Turkish_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Russo-Turkish Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Russo-Turkish_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars"><span class="wrap">Russo-Turkish Wars</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">1568–70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">1676–81</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">1686–1700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">1710–11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">1735–39</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">1768–74</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">1787–92</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">1806–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">1828–29</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">1853–56</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">1877–78</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">1914–1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">1916–1917</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Conflicts_in_Eastern_Europe_during_Turco-Mongol_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Campaignbox Conflicts in Eastern Europe during Turco-Mongol rule">Turco-Mongol raids</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><b>Russo-Turkish wars</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Русско-турецкие войны</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Russko-turetskiye voyny</i></span>) or <b>Russo-Ottoman wars</b> (<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Osmanlı-Rus savaşları</i>) were a series of twelve wars fought between the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> between the 16th and 20th centuries. It was one of the longest series of military conflicts in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">European history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowlng_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowlng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for four wars (the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">war of 1676–1681</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">Pruth River Campaign</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739)">war of 1735–1739</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>), the conflicts ended in losses for the Ottoman Empire, which was undergoing a long period of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">stagnation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Ottoman Empire">decline</a>; conversely, they showcased the ascendancy of Russia as a European power after the modernization efforts of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> in the early 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:d10.1353/kri.2011.0018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:d10.1353/kri.2011.0018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1fajsdkfsdl_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1fajsdkfsdl-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1fsdafd_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1fsdafd-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_begins_(1568–1739)"><span id="Conflict_begins_.281568.E2.80.931739.29"></span>Conflict begins (1568–1739)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conflict begins (1568–1739)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Russia" title="Territorial evolution of Russia">Territorial evolution of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation of the Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_ancien_r%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman ancien régime">Ottoman ancien régime</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Before_Peter_the_Great">Before Peter the Great</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Before Peter the Great"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_Khanate_1600.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Crimean_Khanate_1600.gif/250px-Crimean_Khanate_1600.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Crimean_Khanate_1600.gif/375px-Crimean_Khanate_1600.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Crimean_Khanate_1600.gif 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> in about 1600. Note that the areas marked <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Muscovy</a> were claimed rather than administered.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe">Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe</a></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a> occurred after the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Kazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Kazan">conquest of Kazan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> by the Russian tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>. The Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_II" title="Selim II">Selim II</a> tried to squeeze the Russians out of the lower <a href="/wiki/Volga" title="Volga">Volga</a> by sending a military expedition to Astrakhan in 1569. The Turkish expedition ended in disaster for the <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman army</a>, which could not take Astrakhan and almost completely perished in the steppes, while the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman fleet</a> was wrecked in the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peace treaty between the two sides cemented Russia's rule on the Volga, but allowed the Ottoman Empire to obtain a number of commercial benefits. The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, an Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a>, continued its expansion against the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>, but was defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Molodi" title="Battle of Molodi">Battle of Molodi</a> in 1572. </p><p>The next conflict between Russia and Turkey began 100 years later as part of the struggle for the territory of Ukraine. While Russia conquered <a href="/wiki/Left-bank_Ukraine" title="Left-bank Ukraine">Left-bank Ukraine</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a>, the Ottoman Empire, in the course of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1672%E2%80%931676)" title="Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)">Polish–Ottoman War (1672–1676)</a>, spread its rule over all of <a href="/wiki/Right-bank_Ukraine" title="Right-bank Ukraine">Right-bank Ukraine</a> with the support of its <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petro_Doroshenko" title="Petro Doroshenko">Petro Doroshenko</a> (1665–1672).<sup id="cite_ref-FaroqhiMcGowan1997_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FaroqhiMcGowan1997-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter's pro-Ottoman policy caused disapproval among many <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Cossacks">Ukrainian Cossacks</a>, who would elect <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Samoilovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Samoilovich">Ivan Samoilovich</a> as sole <a href="/wiki/Hetmans_of_Ukrainian_Cossacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetmans of Ukrainian Cossacks">Hetman of all Ukraine</a> in 1674.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1676, Russian troops captured <a href="/wiki/Chigirin" class="mw-redirect" title="Chigirin">Chigirin</a> and overthrew Doroshenko, who was exiled to Russia. In 1677, the Ottoman army tried to retake Chigirin, but was defeated. In 1678, the Ottoman army was finally able to take Chigirin after a bloody assault, but here the Ottoman expansion to the northeast was stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1679–80, the Russians repelled the attacks of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> and signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bakhchisarai" title="Treaty of Bakhchisarai">Treaty of Bakhchisarai</a> in 1681, which established the Russo-Turkish border on the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Dnieper River">Dnieper River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peter_the_Great_and_further">Peter the Great and further</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Peter the Great and further"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russia joined the European <a href="/wiki/Holy_League_(1684)" title="Holy League (1684)">Holy League</a> (<a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a>) in 1686.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 14">: 14 </span></sup> During the war, the Russian army organized the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaigns_of_1687_and_1689" title="Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689">Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns_(1695%E2%80%9396)" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns (1695–96)">Azov campaigns (1695–96)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the light of Russia's preparations for the war with <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and other countries' signing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> with Turkey in 1699, the Russian government signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1700)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1700)">Treaty of Constantinople</a> with the Ottoman Empire in 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the results of peace, Russia managed to annex <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> and get access to the Sea of Azov. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Azov.jpg/250px-Azov.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Azov.jpg/375px-Azov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Azov.jpg/500px-Azov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azov_campaigns" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov campaigns">Capture of Azov</a> by the troops of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> in 1696</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Russians had defeated the Swedes and the pro-<a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> Ukrainian Cossacks led by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Mazepa" title="Ivan Mazepa">Ivan Mazepa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poltava" title="Battle of Poltava">Battle of Poltava</a> in 1709, <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a> managed to persuade the Ottoman Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_III" title="Ahmed III">Ahmed III</a> to declare war on Russia on November 20, 1710. The <a href="/wiki/Pruth_River_Campaign" title="Pruth River Campaign">Prut campaign</a> of Peter the Great ended very unsuccessfully for Russia. The Russian army, led by the tsar, was surrounded by a superior Turkish-Tatar army and was forced to agree to unfavorable peace conditions, according to which it returned the previously captured Azov to the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the late 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a>, which neighbored both empires and had been one of the greatest rivals for Turkey <a href="/wiki/Ottoman-Persian_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman-Persian Wars">for centuries</a> (16th–19th centuries), had been heavily declining. Taking advantage of the situation, Russia and the Ottoman Empire conquered swaths of its territory comprising contemporary <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Iran" title="Northern Iran">Northern Iran</a>, which was taken by <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter I</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a>; the Ottomans took the territory to the west, comprising modern day <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, parts of Eastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, as well as western Iran. The gains by both were confirmed in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1724)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1724)">Treaty of Constantinople (1724)</a>. For a few years, they bordered each other along a large territory in the Caucasus, which caused further frictions. </p><p>Russia managed to secure a favourable international situation by signing treaties with Persia in <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Resht" title="Treaty of Resht">1732</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ganja" title="Treaty of Ganja">1735</a>. These returned all Iranian territories gained since 1722 in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a> and Northern Iran, and avoided war with the emerging leader of Persia, <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>. The treaties had other diplomatically favourable aspects as they established a Russo-Iranian alliance against Turkey, as Persia was <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_War_(1730%E2%80%9335)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Persian War (1730–35)">at war with</a> the Ottoman Empire. In the meantime Russia was also supporting the accession to the Polish throne of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_III_of_Poland" title="Augustus III of Poland">Augustus III</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–35), over the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a>-nominated <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a>. Austria had been Russia's ally since 1726. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1748-1766_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/250px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/375px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Europe_1748-1766_en.png/500px-Europe_1748-1766_en.png 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2761" /></a><figcaption>Europe before the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War</a> of 1768–1774</figcaption></figure> <p>Russia entered into <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1735–39)">another war</a> with the Ottoman Empire in 1736, prompted by raids on <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Ukraine</a> by Crimean Tatars and the military campaign of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Crimean_khans" title="List of Crimean khans">Crimean khan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. In May 1736, the Russian army launched an invasion of the Crimean peninsula and burned the capital of the Crimean Khanate, <a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a>. On June 19, the Russian Don army under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lacy" title="Peter Lacy">Peter Lacy</a> captured Azov.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingrao_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingrao-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1737, the <a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich">Münnich</a> army took by storm the Ottoman fortress of <a href="/wiki/Ochakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochakov">Ochakov</a>. The Lacy army (now 40,000 strong) marched into the Crimea the same month, inflicting some defeats on the army of the Crimean Khan and capturing <a href="/wiki/Karasu-Bazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Karasu-Bazar">Karasubazar</a>. Lacy and his soldiers had to leave the Crimea, however, due to lack of supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingrao_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingrao-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Austria entered the war against Turkey in July 1737 but was defeated a number of times. In August, Russia, Austria and Turkey began negotiations in <a href="/wiki/Nemirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemirov">Nemirov</a>, which would turn out to be fruitless.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no significant military operations in 1738. The Russian army had to leave Ochakov and <a href="/wiki/Kinburn_Peninsula" title="Kinburn Peninsula">Kinburn</a> due to a plague outbreak. In 1739, the <a href="/wiki/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich" title="Burkhard Christoph von Münnich">Münnich</a> army crossed the <a href="/wiki/Dnieper" title="Dnieper">Dnieper</a>, defeated the Ottoman Empire at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stavuchany" title="Battle of Stavuchany">Stavuchany</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occupied the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Khotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Khotin">Khotin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iaşi">Iaşi</a>. However, Austria was defeated by the Ottoman Empire once again and signed a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">separate peace treaty</a> on August 21. This, coupled with the imminent threat of <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Hats" class="mw-redirect" title="The War of the Hats">Swedish invasion</a>, forced Russia to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1739)" title="Treaty of Niš (1739)">Treaty of Niš</a> with Turkey on September 18, ending the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Ingrao_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ingrao-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gradual_defeat_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1768–1878)"><span id="Gradual_defeat_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_.281768.E2.80.931878.29"></span>Gradual defeat of the Ottoman Empire (1768–1878)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gradual defeat of the Ottoman Empire (1768–1878)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="GRADDEF"></span><span class="anchor" id="Gradual_defeat"></span> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Ottoman Empire">Decline of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catherine_the_Great">Catherine the Great</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Catherine the Great"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following a border incident at Balta, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_III" title="Mustafa III">Mustafa III</a> <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">declared war</a> on Russia on September 25, 1768. The Turks formed an alliance with the Polish opposition forces of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a>, while Russia was supported by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, which offered naval advisers to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Navy" title="Imperial Russian Navy">Imperial Russian Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davies2_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1769, a 70-thousand Turkish-Tatar army led by Crimean Khan <a href="/wiki/Q%C4%B1r%C4%B1m_Giray" title="Qırım Giray">Qırım Giray</a> <a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_raids_into_East_Slavic_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean–Nogai raids into East Slavic lands">invaded</a> the lands of central Ukraine. Crimean Tatars , Turks and <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogais</a> ravaged <a href="/wiki/New_Serbia_(historical_province)" title="New Serbia (historical province)">New Serbia</a>, took a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">slaves</a>. Their raid was repulsed by the garrison of the <a href="/wiki/Fortress_of_St._Elizabeth" title="Fortress of St. Elizabeth">Fortress of St. Elizabeth</a>, after which the movement to the Black Sea continued troops of General <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Rumyantsev" title="Pyotr Rumyantsev">Rumyantsev</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chesmabattle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chesmabattle.jpg/250px-Chesmabattle.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chesmabattle.jpg/375px-Chesmabattle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Chesmabattle.jpg/500px-Chesmabattle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2251" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The destruction of the Ottoman fleet in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chesma" title="Battle of Chesma">Battle of Chesma</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Polish opposition was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Vasilievich_Suvorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Vasilievich Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a>, who was then transferred to the Ottoman theatre of operations, where in 1773 and 1774 he won several minor and major battles following the previous grand successes of the Russian Field-Marshal <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Rumyantsev" title="Pyotr Rumyantsev">Pyotr Rumyantsev</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Larga" title="Battle of Larga">Larga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kagul" title="Battle of Kagul">Kagul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Naval operations of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Baltic_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Baltic Fleet">Russian Baltic Fleet</a> in the Mediterranean yielded victories under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Grigoryevich_Orlov" title="Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov">Aleksei Orlov</a>. In 1771, <a href="/wiki/Egypt_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt Eyalet">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Syria</a> rebelled against Ottoman rule, while the Russian fleet totally destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chesma" title="Battle of Chesma">Battle of Chesma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 21, 1774, the Ottoman Empire signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a>, which formally granted independence to the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a>, but in reality it became dependent on Russia. Russia received 4.5 million rubles and two key seaports allowing the direct access to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. It also marked the first time that a foreign power directly interfered in the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Sublime Porte</a>, as the treaty gave Russia protector status over Turkey's Orthodox Christian subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1783, Russia <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">annexed the Crimean Khanate</a>. In the same year, Russia established its protectorate over the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Georgievsk" title="Treaty of Georgievsk">Treaty of Georgievsk</a>. In 1787, Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II">Catherine II</a> made a triumphant <a href="/wiki/Crimean_journey_of_Catherine_the_Great" title="Crimean journey of Catherine the Great">trip across the Crimea</a>, accompanied by representatives of foreign courts and her ally, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. These events and the friction caused by mutual complaints of infringements of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, which had closed the previous war, stirred up public opinion in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, and the British ambassador lent his support to the war party.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/250px-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/375px-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/500px-%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5._%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1131" /></a><figcaption>Clash between Russo-Austrian and Turkish troops in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rymnik" title="Battle of Rymnik">Battle of Rymnik</a>, 1788</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1787 the Ottomans demanded that Russia vacate the Crimea. Russia declared war, but Ottoman preparations were inadequate and the moment was ill-chosen, now that Russia and Austria were in alliance, a fact that came to light only after events were already in motion. The Turks <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">drove back the Austrians</a> from <a href="/wiki/Mehadia" title="Mehadia">Mehadia</a> and overran the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> (1789); but in Moldavia Field-Marshal Pyotr Rumyantsev was successful and captured <a href="/wiki/Ia%C5%9Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="Iaşi">Iaşi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khotyn" title="Khotyn">Khotyn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman generals were incompetent, and the army mutinous; expeditions for the relief of <a href="/wiki/Bender,_Moldova" title="Bender, Moldova">Bender</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkerman">Akkerman</a> failed, <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> was taken by the Austrians,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian army under the command of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a> defeated the Turks in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rymnik" title="Battle of Rymnik">Battle of Rymnik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Izmail" title="Siege of Izmail">captured Izmail</a>. The fall of <a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Anapa</a> completed the series of Ottoman disasters.<sup id="cite_ref-Dowlng_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowlng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a>, created just a few years earlier, under the command of <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Ushakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Ushakov">Admiral Ushakov</a>, inflicted a series of defeats on the Turkish Fleet and seized the initiative in the Black Sea. </p><p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_III" title="Selim III">Selim III</a> was nervous to restore his country's prestige by a victory before making peace, but the condition of his military rendered this hope unavailing. Turkey signed an assistance pact with <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> on 31 January 1790, but received no help during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jassy" title="Treaty of Jassy">Treaty of Jassy</a> was signed with Russia on 9 January 1792, by which the Crimea and Ochakov were left to Russia, the <a href="/wiki/Dniester" title="Dniester">Dniester</a> was made the frontier in Europe, and the Asiatic frontier remained unchanged.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conflicts_in_the_19th_century">Conflicts in the 19th century</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Conflicts in the 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Varna_1828.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Siege_of_Varna_1828.jpg/250px-Siege_of_Varna_1828.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Siege_of_Varna_1828.jpg/375px-Siege_of_Varna_1828.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Siege_of_Varna_1828.jpg/500px-Siege_of_Varna_1828.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Russian <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Varna" title="Siege of Varna">siege of Varna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman-ruled Bulgaria</a>, July–September 1828</figcaption></figure> <p>Gábor Ágoston attributes the decline of Ottoman power relative to Russia to the reactionary <a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a>: </p> <dl><dd>Despite all these treatises and efforts at modernization, the Janissaries and their allies managed to derail Sultan Selim III's Western-style military, bureaucratic, and financial reforms through a <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_coups_of_1807%E2%80%931808" title="Ottoman coups of 1807–1808">coup</a>, even killing the sultan himself. It was not until the 1830s that <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">fundamental reforms</a> could be started under <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>, who <a href="/wiki/Auspicious_Incident" title="Auspicious Incident">destroyed the Janissaries</a> in 1826, a century and a quarter after Peter the Great's liquidation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Streltsy_uprising" title="Streltsy uprising">strel'tsy</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>In 1806, the Ottoman Empire incited by <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic France">Napoleonic France</a> started a <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">new war</a>. The long six-year war for Russia took place in parallel with the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a>. Despite this, in the decisive campaign of 1811, the Russian army of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Kutuzov</a> defeated the Ottoman army on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, which made it possible to conclude a peace treaty beneficial for Russia, according to which Russia gained <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>. </p><p>The Ottoman Empire had maintained military parity with Russia until the second half of the eighteenth century,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but by the 1820s the Ottoman armies were unable to put down the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morea" title="Morea">southern Greece</a>. The great powers of Europe intervened, and assisted <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a> with its independence. After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Navarino" title="Battle of Navarino">Battle of Navarino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)</a>, in which the Russian army first crossed the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Mountains" title="Balkan Mountains">Balkan Mountains</a> and took <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a>, Turkey recognized the independence of Greece and the transition of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Riviera" title="Caucasian Riviera">Black Sea coast of the Caucasus</a> to Russia. Thus Greece became the first independent country created out of a section of the Ottoman Empire. Russian Empire aspirations for a section of the empire and bases on Russia's southern flank provoked <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> fears over naval domination of the Mediterranean and control of the land route to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Subcontinent">Indian Subcontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleOfSinop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BattleOfSinop_2.jpg/250px-BattleOfSinop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BattleOfSinop_2.jpg/375px-BattleOfSinop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/BattleOfSinop_2.jpg/500px-BattleOfSinop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1813" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The destruction of the Ottoman fleet in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">Battle of Sinop</a></figcaption></figure> <p>When in 1853 Russia destroyed the entire Ottoman fleet at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">Sinop</a>, Britain and <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> concluded that armed intervention on the side of the Ottomans was the only way to halt a massive Russian expansion. Even though the Ottomans and Russians were on opposing sides, the roots of the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> lay in the rivalry between the British and the Russians. The war ended unfavorably for the Russians, with the Paris <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">peace of 1856</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wars declined Ottoman morale and turned it helpless, illustrating that modern technology and superior weaponry were the most important part of a modern army, and a part that the Ottoman Empire was sorely lacking. While fighting alongside the British, French, and even the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmontese</a>, the Ottomans could see how far they had fallen behind. Things began to change after the Crimean War.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of these changes arose as Europeans began to see commercial opportunity in the empire and the money entering via trade dramatically increased. The government also received a great deal of extra money from a uniform tax system with little corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sultan got a tighter grip on the provincial <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">beys</a> and increased the tribute they had to pay. However, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdülaziz">Abdülaziz</a>, used much of this money on furnishing and creating great palaces to rival the ones in England and France, which he had visited.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The empire was undergoing a revolution, and throughout Anatolia a new <a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_under_the_Ottoman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise of nationalism under the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman nationalism</a> was appearing. It seemed as though it might be possible for the empire to turn its decline around. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_1878.jpg/250px-%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_1878.jpg/375px-%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_1878.jpg/500px-%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C_1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Russian troops entering <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The monetary and governmental collapse combined with a new threat from Russia began the final stages of the Empire's collapse. Russia had been forced by the Crimean War to give up its ambitions of conquering the Ottoman capital of <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and taking control of the <a href="/wiki/Bosphorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosphorus">Bosphorus</a>. Instead it decided to focus on gaining power in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. The population of much of the Balkans were <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, as were the Russians. They also mainly followed the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, as did the Russians. When new movements in Russia, such as that of the <a href="/wiki/Slavophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavophile">Slavophiles</a>, started to enter the region, it became agitated and prone to revolution. When the government in Constantinople tried to initiate measures to prevent an economic collapse throughout the empire, it touched off a <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77)">revolt in Herzegovina</a> in 1875. The revolt in <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a> quickly spread to <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia</a> and then <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_of_1876" title="April Uprising of 1876">Bulgaria</a>. Soon <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a> also entered the war against the Turks. These revolts were the first test of the new <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modern Ottoman Army</a>. Even though they were not up to Western European standards, the army fought effectively and brutally; during the war, the Ottomans carried out the <a href="/wiki/Batak_massacre" title="Batak massacre">Batak massacre</a> in 1876. <a href="/wiki/Januarius_MacGahan" title="Januarius MacGahan">Januarius MacGahan</a>, a journalist of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a> and the London <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_(UK)" title="The Daily News (UK)">The Daily News</a></i> wrote of the terrible happenings after his visit to Batak with <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schuyler" title="Eugene Schuyler">Eugene Schuyler</a>. According to most sources, around 5,000 people were massacred in Batak alone.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total number of victims in the April uprising according to most estimates around 15,000,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is supported by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schuyler" title="Eugene Schuyler">Eugene Schuyler</a>'s report, published in <i>The Daily News</i>, according to which at least 15,000 persons were killed during the April Uprising in addition to 36 villages in three districts being buried.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Donald_Quataert" title="Donald Quataert">Donald Quataert</a> around 1,000 Muslims were killed by Christian Bulgarians and consequently 3,700 Christians were killed by Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Quataert_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quataert-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak,_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/220px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/330px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG/440px-The_defeat_of_Shipka_Peak%2C_Bulgarian_War_of_Independence.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="827" /></a><figcaption>The Russian and Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass" title="Battle of Shipka Pass">defence of Shipka Pass</a> against Turkish troops was crucial for the <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence of Bulgaria">independence of Bulgaria</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon the Balkan rebellions were beginning to falter. In Europe, papers were filled with reports of Ottoman soldiers killing thousands of Slavs. Even in Great Britain <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> published his account of Ottoman atrocities in his <i>Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprisings raised a chance for Russia, and (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gorchakov" title="Alexander Gorchakov">Prince Gorchakov</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gyula_Andr%C3%A1ssy" title="Gyula Andrássy">Count Andrássy</a>), who made the secret <a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a> on July 8, 1876, on partitioning the Balkan peninsula depending on the outcome. </p><p>The following year a <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">new Russo-Turkish war</a> had begun. Despite fighting better than they ever had before, the modernised Ottoman armies still were not equal to the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>. This time there was no help from abroad; in truth, many European nations supported the Russian war, as long as it did not get too close to Constantinople. Ten and a half months later when the war had ended, the age of Ottoman domination over the Balkans was over. In the Balkans, the Russian army, having crossed the Danube, captured the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass" title="Battle of Shipka Pass">Shipka Pass</a>. The Turkish army of <a href="/wiki/Osman_Nuri_Pasha" title="Osman Nuri Pasha">Osman Nuri Pasha</a>, after a stubborn struggle, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">surrendered to Plevna</a>. After that, the Russian army crossed the Balkan Mountains, defeated the remaining Turkish troops and reached the approaches to Constantinople. In the Caucasus, the Turkish army held back the Russian offensive, but after a defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aladzha" title="Battle of Aladzha">Battle of Aladzha</a>, retreated to <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>, after which the Russians took <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>. On the Black Sea, the Ottoman fleet had a colossal advantage, since the Russian <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Fleet" title="Black Sea Fleet">Black Sea Fleet</a> fleet had not recovered from the Crimean War. Despite this, the hostilities on the Black Sea in this war were not important. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg/220px-Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg/330px-Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg/440px-Treaty_of_San_Stefano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5304" data-file-height="3740" /></a><figcaption>Negotiations for San Stefano Agreement</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to the Russian proximity to the straits the British, against the wishes of the new Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>, intervened in the war. A large task force representing British naval supremacy entered the straits of <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Marmara</a> and anchored in view of both the <a href="/wiki/Dolmabah%C3%A7e_Palace" title="Dolmabahçe Palace">Dolmabahçe Palace</a> and the Russian army. Looking at the prospect of a British entry into the war the Russians decided to settle the dispute. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> gave <a href="/wiki/United_Principalities_of_Moldavia_and_Wallachia" title="United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Montenegro" title="Principality of Montenegro">Montenegro</a> their independence, Serbia and Russia each received extra territory, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> was given control over <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_rule_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> was given almost complete autonomy. The hope of the Sultan was that the other great powers would oppose such a one-sided resolution and a conference would be held to revise it. His hope became reality and in 1878 the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> was held where <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> promised to be an "honest broker" in the treaty's revision. In the new treaty Bulgarian territory was decreased and the war indemnities were cancelled. The conference also again hurt Anglo-Ottoman relations by giving the British the island of <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>. While annoyed at <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a>, the Sultan had nothing but praise for <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a> who forced many of the major concessions upon Russia. These close Germano-Ottoman relations would persist until both empires' very end. </p><p>The Russian extension in this century developed with the main theme of supporting independence of Ottomans' former provinces and then bringing all of the Slav peoples of the Balkans under Bulgaria or using Armenians in the east sets the stage. At the end of the century from Russian perspective; <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria was achieved. That alarmed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> the Russian expansion was controlled through stopping the expansion of Bulgaria. The Russian public felt that at the end of Congress of Berlin thousands of Russian soldiers had died for nothing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Caucasus">The Caucasus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Caucasus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Greek uprising, the Russian Empire reached the Ottoman borders in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, which were located in the southwest of the region, as well as northeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople</a>, the Ottoman Empire recognized Russian sovereignty over western <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, which was formerly under Ottoman suzerainty, and recognized Russian domination of present-day <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, which had been conquered a year earlier (1828) by the Russians from <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turkmenchay" title="Treaty of Turkmenchay">Treaty of Turkmenchay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war of 1877-78, Russia also received <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ardahan" title="Ardahan">Ardahan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Ottoman_and_Russian_Empires_(1914–23)"><span id="End_of_the_Ottoman_and_Russian_Empires_.281914.E2.80.9323.29"></span>End of the Ottoman and Russian Empires (1914–23)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: End of the Ottoman and Russian Empires (1914–23)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Armenia_September_1917.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Western_Armenia_September_1917.png/250px-Western_Armenia_September_1917.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Western_Armenia_September_1917.png/375px-Western_Armenia_September_1917.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Western_Armenia_September_1917.png/500px-Western_Armenia_September_1917.png 2x" data-file-width="1130" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>The area of Russian <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Turkish_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Turkish Armenia">occupation</a> of northwest Turkey and the Caucasus (<a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a>) in summer 1916.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the early months of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kars_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars Oblast">Kars</a> was a key military objective for the Ottoman army. <a href="/wiki/Enver_Pasha" title="Enver Pasha">Enver Pasha</a> who pushed the Ottoman Empire into World War I, needed a victory against the Russians to defend his position. He collected an army on the eastern border. The army was badly defeated under Enver's command at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a> January 2, 1915, against <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yudenich" title="Nikolai Yudenich">Nikolai Yudenich</a>. This defeat was more due to the winter weather and bad planning, given the fact that Russians were actually preparing to evacuate Kars. With the loss of the eastern army, Ottoman defenses crumbled with further small battles and the Russian army succeeded in advancing as far west as <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Erzincan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman army suffered the next heavy defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum Offensive">Battle of Erzurum</a> in 1916, after which the Russian army captured the whole of <a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a>. After the 1916 campaign, the front remained stable until the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>. </p><p>The collapse of the Russian army after the 1917 revolution left only thinly spread Armenian units to resist the inevitable Ottoman counter-attack. The newly declared <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a> took over Kars in April 1918. That same year in March, the <a href="/wiki/Baku_Commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku Commune">Baku Commune</a> was established in the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a>. The commune later became the <a href="/wiki/Centrocaspian_Dictatorship" title="Centrocaspian Dictatorship">Centrocaspian Dictatorship</a>, in turn conquered by the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_of_the_Caucasus" title="Islamic Army of the Caucasus">Islamic Army of the Caucasus</a>, then shortly by the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Entente" title="Triple Entente">Triple Entente</a> and finally the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>. Defeat on other fronts caused the Ottoman Empire to <a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Mudros" title="Armistice of Mudros">surrender</a> and withdraw forces. Both the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijani</a> Republics ended up being part of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Stone_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stone-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet-Turkish border was established under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Moscow_(1921)" title="Treaty of Moscow (1921)">Treaty of Moscow (1921)</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_conflicts">List of conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th width="250">Name </th> <th width="75">Date </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%9370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–70)">First Russo-Turkish War</a> </td> <td>1568–1570 </td> <td>Russian victory<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%9381)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–81)">Second Russo-Turkish War</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1676–1681 </td> <td>Disputed<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bakhchisarai" title="Treaty of Bakhchisarai">Treaty of Bakhchisarai</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Third Russo-Turkish War</a><br />(subset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">Great Turkish War</a>) </td> <td>1686–1700 </td> <td>Habsburg, Polish-Lithuanian, Russian, and Venetian victory<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Constantinople_(1700)" title="Treaty of Constantinople (1700)">Treaty of Constantinople</a>: Russia gains possession of <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> and the fortresses of Taganrog, Pavlovsk, and Mius<sup id="cite_ref-Treaty_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treaty-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%9311)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–11)">Fourth Russo-Turkish War</a><br />(subset of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>) </td> <td>1710–1711 </td> <td>Ottoman victory<sup id="cite_ref-Quataert_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Quataert-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Pruth" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Pruth">Treaty of Pruth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1713)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1713)">Treaty of Adrianople (1713)</a>: Russia cedes <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> to the Ottoman Empire and demolishes the fortresses of Taganrog, Kodak, Novobogoroditskaya, and Kamenny Zaton<br />Russia agrees to stop meddling in the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–39)">Fifth Russo-Turkish War</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian-Turkish_War_(1735-1739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian-Turkish War (1735-1739)">Austro-Russian-Turkish War</a>) </td> <td>1735–1739 </td> <td> <p><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Belgrade" title="Treaty of Belgrade">Treaty of Belgrade</a>: Habsburgs cede the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1718%E2%80%9339)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (1718–39)">Kingdom of Serbia</a> with <a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Banat_of_Temeswar" title="Banat of Temeswar">Banat of Temeswar</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia">Bosnia</a> to the Ottomans, and the <a href="/wiki/Banat_of_Craiova" title="Banat of Craiova">Banat of Craiova</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a>), gained by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Passarowitz" title="Treaty of Passarowitz">Treaty of Passarowitz</a> in 1718, to <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> (an Ottoman subject), and set the demarcation line to the rivers <a href="/wiki/Sava_(river)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sava (river)">Sava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ni%C5%A1_(1739)" title="Treaty of Niš (1739)">Treaty of Niš (3 October 1739)</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Nis_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nis-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russia gives up territorial claims to Ottoman Moldova and Bessarabia; Ottomans cede the demilitarized <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a> to Russia, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Zaporizhzhia_(region)" title="Zaporizhzhia (region)">Zaporozhye</a> region<sup id="cite_ref-Nis_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nis-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Sixth Russo-Turkish War</a> </td> <td>1768–1774 </td> <td>Russian victory<sup id="cite_ref-Davies2_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies2-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowlng_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowlng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 744">: 744 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 205–214">: 205–214 </span></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca" title="Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca">Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca</a>: Ottoman Empire cedes <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enikale" class="mw-redirect" title="Enikale">Enikale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardia</a> and part of <a href="/wiki/Yedisan" title="Yedisan">Yedisan</a> to Russia; <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> becomes a Russian <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%9392)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–92)">Seventh Russo-Turkish War</a> </td> <td>1787–1792 </td> <td>Russian victory<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dowlng_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dowlng-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 745">: 745 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Madariaga_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madariaga-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 393–426">: 393–426 </span></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Jassy" title="Treaty of Jassy">Treaty of Jassy</a>: Russia annexes Ozi, Ottomans recognize Russian annexation of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%9312)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–12)">Eighth Russo-Turkish War</a> </td> <td>1806–1812 </td> <td>Russian victory<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1812)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1812)">Treaty of Bucharest (1812)</a>: Russia annexes <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)">Ninth Russo-Turkish War</a> </td> <td>1828–1829 </td> <td>Russian victory<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Adrianople_(1829)" title="Treaty of Adrianople (1829)">Treaty of Adrianople (1829)</a>: Russia occupies the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a>, Greek independence from the Ottoman Empire </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> </td> <td>1853–1856 </td> <td>Ottoman, British, French and Piedmontese victory<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1856)" title="Treaty of Paris (1856)">Treaty of Paris (1856)</a>: mutual demilitarization of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, Russia cedes <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bessarabia" title="Southern Bessarabia">Southern Bessarabia</a> and recognizes <i>de jure</i> Ottoman suzerainty over <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%9378)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–78)">Tenth Russo-Turkish War</a> </td> <td>1877–1878 </td> <td>Russian and allied victory<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><i>De jure</i> independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and <i>de facto</i> independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire<br />Territory of <a href="/wiki/Kars_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars Oblast">Kars Oblast</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batum_Oblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Batum Oblast">Batum Oblast</a> ceded to Russia </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasus Campaign">Caucasus Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XV_Corps_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="XV Corps (Ottoman Empire)">XV Corps</a> actions on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Army_of_the_Caucasus" title="Islamic Army of the Caucasus">Islamic Army of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_campaign_(World_War_I)" title="Persian campaign (World War I)">Persian Campaign</a></li></ul> </td> <td>1914–1918 </td> <td>Indecisive<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Batum" title="Treaty of Batum">Treaty of Batum</a> </p> <ul><li>Return to the pre-war borders in 1918</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarikamish" title="Battle of Sarikamish">Battle of Sarikamish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean%E2%80%93Nogai_slave_raids_in_Eastern_Europe" title="Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe">Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Foreign policy of the Russian Empire">Foreign policy of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Ottoman_conflicts" title="List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts">List of Serbian–Ottoman conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Russia–Turkey relations">Russia–Turkey relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">44,427+ in battles</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In fact, this is the third armed conflict between Russians and Turks, but in the conflict of 1571-1572 there was no direct declaration of war, and Turkish units acted only as support for the Crimean army</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The result of the war, which was ended by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bakhchisarai" title="Treaty of Bakhchisarai">Treaty of Bakhchisarai</a>, is Ottoman victory. Some<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphey19999_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphey19999-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006512_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006512-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yet another historian contends it was a Russian victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2007172_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2007172-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGumilev2023462_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGumilev2023462-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While some historians state the war was indecisive (stalemate).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKollmann201714_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKollmann201714-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200641_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200641-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006512_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006512-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZayonchkovski2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zayonchkovski, Аndrey (2002). <bdi lang="ru">Восточная война 1853-1856</bdi> [<i>The Eastern War of 1853-1856</i>] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Piter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-89173-159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-89173-159-2"><bdi>978-5-89173-159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+1853-1856&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=Piter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-5-89173-159-2&rft.aulast=Zayonchkovski&rft.aufirst=%D0%90ndrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-List-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-List_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-List_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#List_of_conflicts">#List of conflicts</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowlng-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowlng_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowlng_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowlng_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowlng_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dowling T. C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:d10.1353/kri.2011.0018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:d10.1353/kri.2011.0018_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁgoston,_G.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ágoston, G. (2011). "Military Transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800". <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i>. <b>12</b> (2). Slavica Publishers: 281–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fkri.2011.0018">10.1353/kri.2011.0018</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-5000">1538-5000</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19755686">19755686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kritika%3A+Explorations+in+Russian+and+Eurasian+History&rft.atitle=Military+Transformation+in+the+Ottoman+Empire+and+Russia%2C+1500%E2%80%931800&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-319&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19755686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1538-5000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fkri.2011.0018&rft.au=%C3%81goston%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1fajsdkfsdl-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1fajsdkfsdl_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKafadar,_C.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Kafadar, C. (1999). "The Question of Ottoman Decline". <i>Harvard Middle East and Islamic Review</i>. <b>4</b> (1–2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Middle+East+and+Islamic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Question+of+Ottoman+Decline&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Kafadar%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1fsdafd-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1fsdafd_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward,_D._A.1988" class="citation journal cs1">Howard, D. A. (1988). "Ottoman Historiography and the Literature of Decline of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". <i>Journal of Asian History</i>. <b>22</b> (1). Harrassowitz Verlag: 52–77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+History&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Historiography+and+the+Literature+of+Decline+of+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=52-77&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Howard%2C+D.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Janet (1996). Medieval Russia:980-1584. Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FaroqhiMcGowan1997-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FaroqhiMcGowan1997_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuraiya_FaroqhiBruce_McGowanSevket_Pamuk1997" class="citation book cs1">Suraiya Faroqhi; Bruce McGowan; Sevket Pamuk (28 April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c00jmTrjzAoC&pg=PA428"><i>An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 428. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57455-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57455-6"><bdi>978-0-521-57455-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=428&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57455-6&rft.au=Suraiya+Faroqhi&rft.au=Bruce+McGowan&rft.au=Sevket+Pamuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc00jmTrjzAoC%26pg%3DPA428&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGábor_KármánLovro_Kunčević2013" class="citation book cs1">Gábor Kármán; Lovro Kunčević (2013-06-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=80lLuG3KRGIC&pg=PA146"><i>The European Tributary States of the Ottoman Empire in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries</i></a>. BRILL. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25440-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-25440-4"><bdi>978-90-04-25440-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Tributary+States+of+the+Ottoman+Empire+in+the+Sixteenth+and+Seventeenth+Centuries&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft.isbn=978-90-04-25440-4&rft.au=G%C3%A1bor+K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n&rft.au=Lovro+Kun%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D80lLuG3KRGIC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Флоря Б. Н. Россия, Речь Посполитая и Правобережная Украина в последние годы гетманства П. Дорошенко (1673—1677 гг.) // Древняя Русь. Вопросы медиевистики. — 2016. — Т. 65, № 3. — С. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergei_R._GrinevetskyIgor_S._ZonnSergei_S._Zhiltsov2014" class="citation book cs1">Sergei R. Grinevetsky; Igor S. Zonn; Sergei S. Zhiltsov (2014-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFCqBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA661"><i>The Black Sea Encyclopedia</i></a>. Springer. p. 661. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-55227-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-55227-4"><bdi>978-3-642-55227-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Black+Sea+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=661&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014-09-30&rft.isbn=978-3-642-55227-4&rft.au=Sergei+R.+Grinevetsky&rft.au=Igor+S.+Zonn&rft.au=Sergei+S.+Zhiltsov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKFCqBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Davies2011" class="citation book cs1">Brian Davies (2011-06-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RJcg5lNqjS8C&pg=PT14"><i>Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia's Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century</i></a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6238-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6238-0"><bdi>978-1-4411-6238-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+and+Military+Revolution+in+Eastern+Europe%3A+Russia%27s+Turkish+Wars+in+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011-06-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6238-0&rft.au=Brian+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRJcg5lNqjS8C%26pg%3DPT14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Black1996" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Black (1996-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neUKEvaYPZYC&pg=PA36"><i>The Cambridge Illustrated Atlas of Warfare: Renaissance to Revolution, 1492-1792</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47033-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-47033-9"><bdi>978-0-521-47033-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Illustrated+Atlas+of+Warfare%3A+Renaissance+to+Revolution%2C+1492-1792&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-03-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-47033-9&rft.au=Jeremy+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DneUKEvaYPZYC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_J._Phillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Edward J. Phillips (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwK3pQaf5EYC"><i>The Founding of Russia's Navy: Peter the Great and the Azov Fleet, 1688-1714</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29520-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-29520-1"><bdi>978-0-313-29520-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+Russia%27s+Navy%3A+Peter+the+Great+and+the+Azov+Fleet%2C+1688-1714&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-313-29520-1&rft.au=Edward+J.+Phillips&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwK3pQaf5EYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathal_J._Nolan2008" class="citation book cs1">Cathal J. Nolan (2008-07-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nn_61ts-hQwC&pg=PA190"><i>Wars of the Age of Louis XIV, 1650-1715: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35920-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-35920-0"><bdi>978-0-313-35920-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wars+of+the+Age+of+Louis+XIV%2C+1650-1715%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warfare+and+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warfare+and+Civilization&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-07-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-35920-0&rft.au=Cathal+J.+Nolan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNn_61ts-hQwC%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ingrao-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ingrao_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingrao_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ingrao_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._IngraoNikola_SamardžićJovan_Pesalj2011" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. Ingrao; Nikola Samardžić; Jovan Pesalj (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3Sg_1wR4poC&pg=PA136"><i>The Peace of Passarowitz, 1718</i></a>. Purdue University Press. pp. 136–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-594-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-594-8"><bdi>978-1-55753-594-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peace+of+Passarowitz%2C+1718&rft.pages=136-138&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-594-8&rft.au=Charles+W.+Ingrao&rft.au=Nikola+Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.au=Jovan+Pesalj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3Sg_1wR4poC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Nemirov+Congress+of+1737">"Nemirov Congress of 1737"</a>. <i>The Free Dictionary</i>. Farlex, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Nemirov+Congress+of+1737&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com%2FNemirov%2BCongress%2Bof%2B1737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker (2009-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA734"><i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 734. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-672-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East+%26%2391%3B6+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=734&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-672-5&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26pg%3DPA734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies2-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies2_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies2_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brian L. Davies, <i>The Russo-Turkish War, 1768-1774: Catherine II and the Ottoman Empire</i> (Bloomsbury, 2016).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">О устройстве новых укреплений по границам Екатеринославской губернии</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lord Kinross, 'The Ottoman Centuries', p. 397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker (2009-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA862"><i>A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 862. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-672-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East+%26%2391%3B6+volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=862&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-672-5&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26pg%3DPA862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cesme">"Battle of Çeşme"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Battle+of+%C3%87e%C5%9Fme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FBattle-of-Cesme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Treaty-of-Kucuk-Kaynarca">"Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Treaty+of+K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk+Kaynarca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FTreaty-of-Kucuk-Kaynarca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMungo_Melvin_CB_OBE2017" class="citation book cs1">Mungo Melvin CB OBE (2017-05-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8c4vDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT903"><i>Sevastopol's Wars: Crimea from Potemkin to Putin</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 903. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2227-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2227-7"><bdi>978-1-4728-2227-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sevastopol%27s+Wars%3A+Crimea+from+Potemkin+to+Putin&rft.pages=903&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017-05-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-2227-7&rft.au=Mungo+Melvin+CB+OBE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8c4vDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Hochedlinger2015" class="citation book cs1">Michael Hochedlinger (2015-12-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbpACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA385"><i>Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797</i></a>. Routledge. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88793-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88793-5"><bdi>978-1-317-88793-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria%27s+Wars+of+Emergence%2C+1683-1797&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88793-5&rft.au=Michael+Hochedlinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbpACwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Hochedlinger2015" class="citation book cs1">Michael Hochedlinger (2015-12-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qbpACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA385"><i>Austria's Wars of Emergence, 1683-1797</i></a>. Routledge. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88793-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-88793-5"><bdi>978-1-317-88793-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria%27s+Wars+of+Emergence%2C+1683-1797&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft.isbn=978-1-317-88793-5&rft.au=Michael+Hochedlinger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqbpACwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_M._Gibler2008" class="citation book cs1">Douglas M. Gibler (2008-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3-iCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA99"><i>International Military Alliances, 1648-2008</i></a>. SAGE Publications. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60426-684-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60426-684-9"><bdi>978-1-60426-684-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Military+Alliances%2C+1648-2008&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft.isbn=978-1-60426-684-9&rft.au=Douglas+M.+Gibler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3-iCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGábor_ÁgostonBruce_Alan_Masters2010" class="citation book cs1">Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters (2010-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjzYdCxumFcC&pg=PA298"><i>Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-1025-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-1025-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010-05-21&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-1025-7&rft.au=G%C3%A1bor+%C3%81goston&rft.au=Bruce+Alan+Masters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjzYdCxumFcC%26pg%3DPA298&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gábor Ágoston, "Military transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800." <i>Kritika</i> 12.2 (2011) p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAksan2007" class="citation book cs1">Aksan, Virginia (2007). <i>Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged</i>. Pearson Education Ltd. pp. 130–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-30807-7"><bdi>978-0-582-30807-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Wars%2C+1700%E2%80%931860%3A+An+Empire+Besieged&rft.pages=130-5&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Ltd.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-582-30807-7&rft.aulast=Aksan&rft.aufirst=Virginia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead2008" class="citation journal cs1">Woodhead, Christine (2008). "New Views on Ottoman History, 1453–1839". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>123</b>. Oxford University Press: 983. <q>the Ottomans were able largely to maintain military parity until taken by surprise both on land and at sea in the Russian war from 1768 to 1774.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=New+Views+on+Ottoman+History%2C+1453%E2%80%931839&rft.volume=123&rft.pages=983&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stone-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stone_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_R._Stone" title="David R. Stone">David R. Stone</a>, <i>A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya</i> (Greenwood Publishing, 2006)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Crimean-War">"Crimean War"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Crimean+War&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FCrimean-War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoderic_H._Davison2015" class="citation book cs1">Roderic H. Davison (2015-12-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1kTWCgAAQBAJ"><i>Reform in the Ottoman Empire, 1856-1876</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7876-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7876-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-7876-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+in+the+Ottoman+Empire%2C+1856-1876&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7876-5&rft.au=Roderic+H.+Davison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1kTWCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonica_Pohle_Fraser2016" class="citation book cs1">Monica Pohle Fraser (2016-12-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kr-oDQAAQBAJ"><i>East Meets West - Banking, Commerce and Investment in the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-94219-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-94219-5"><bdi>978-1-351-94219-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Meets+West+-+Banking%2C+Commerce+and+Investment+in+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016-12-05&rft.isbn=978-1-351-94219-5&rft.au=Monica+Pohle+Fraser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKr-oDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Palmer2011" class="citation book cs1">Alan Palmer (2011-05-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wExCJpgNlmMC&pg=PT159"><i>The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire</i></a>. Faber & Faber. pp. 159–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-27908-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-27908-1"><bdi>978-0-571-27908-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.pages=159-&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2011-05-19&rft.isbn=978-0-571-27908-1&rft.au=Alan+Palmer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwExCJpgNlmMC%26pg%3DPT159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2007" class="citation book cs1">Crampton, R.J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GRpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Bulgaria</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-GRpAAAAMAAJ&q=batak">92</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820514-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820514-2"><bdi>978-0-19-820514-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgaria&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820514-2&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=R.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-GRpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Bulgaria/History"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bulgaria/History">"Bulgaria: History: The Revolt of 1876" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 782.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%3A+History%3A+The+Revolt+of+1876&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=782&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Genocide and gross human rights violations: in comparative perspective</i>, Kurt Jonassohn, 1999, p.210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Schuyler's Preliminary Report on the Moslem Atrocities", published with the letters by Januarius MacGahan, London, 1876.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Quataert-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Quataert_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Quataert_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Quataert, Donald. <i>The Ottoman Empire 1700–1922</i>, Cambridge University Press 2005, pp.69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millman, Richard. <i>The Bulgarian Massacres Reconsidered</i>. pp. 218–231</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attackingthedevil.co.uk/related/bulgarian_horrors.php">Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, 5 September 1876</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Martin, <i>Medieval Russia: 980-1584</i>, (Cambridge University Press, 1996), 356.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurphey19999-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurphey19999_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurphey1999">Murphey 1999</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2006512-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006512_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2006512_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2006">Davies 2006</a>, p. 512.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies2007172-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies2007172_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2007">Davies 2007</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGumilev2023462-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGumilev2023462_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGumilev2023">Gumilev 2023</a>, p. 462.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKollmann201714-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKollmann201714_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKollmann2017">Kollmann 2017</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStone200641-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStone200641_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStone2006">Stone 2006</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Treaty of Bakhchisarai", <i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>, Vol. I, ed. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Alexander Mikaberidze</a>, (ABC-CLIO, 2011), 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treaty-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Treaty_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Treaty of Constantinople (1700)", Alexander Mikaberidze, <i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>, Vol. I, 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nis-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nis_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nis_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Treaty of Nis (1739)", Alexander Mikaberidze, <i>Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia</i>, Vol. I, 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russo-Turkish-wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a> // <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Madariaga-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Madariaga_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Isabel De Madariaga, <i>Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great</i> (1981)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black J. European Warfare, 1660-1815. Taylor & Francis, 1994. P. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ziegler C. E. The History of Russia. ABC-CLIO, 2009. P. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Frederick Baddeley, <i>The Russian conquest of the Caucasus</i> (Routledge, 2013. ch 12)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Orlando Figes, <i>The Crimean War: A History</i> (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ian Drury, <i>The Russo-Turkish War 1877</i> (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also extended into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, M. P. (1918). War & Revolution in Asiatic Russia. United Kingdom: Macmillan</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGumilev2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Gumilev" title="Lev Gumilev">Gumilev, Lev</a> (2023) [1996]. <i>От Руси к России</i> [<i>For Rus' to Russia</i>]. Эксклюзивная классика (revised ed.). Moscow: <a href="/wiki/AST_(publisher)" title="AST (publisher)">AST</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-17-153845-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-17-153845-3"><bdi>978-5-17-153845-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D1%82+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.series=%D0%AD%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=AST&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-17-153845-3&rft.aulast=Gumilev&rft.aufirst=Lev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2006" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Brian (2006). "Muscovy at war and peace". In Perrie, Maureen (ed.). <i>The Cambridge History of Russia From Early Rus to 1689</i>. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muscovy+at+war+and+peace&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Russia+From+Early+Rus+to+1689&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2007" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Brian (2007). <i>Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96176-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96176-6"><bdi>978-0-203-96176-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare%2C+State+and+Society+on+the+Black+Sea+Steppe%2C+1500%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-203-96176-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKollmann2017" class="citation book cs1">Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017). <i>The Russia Empire, 1450-1801</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russia+Empire%2C+1450-1801&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Kollmann&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Shields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lewitter, Lucjan Ryszard. "The Russo-Polish Treaty of 1686 and Its Antecedents." <i>Polish Review</i> (1964): 5-29 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25776561">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphey1999" class="citation book cs1">Murphey, Rhoads (1999). <i>Ottoman Warfare, 1500-1700</i>. Taylor & Francis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ottoman+Warfare%2C+1500-1700&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Murphey&rft.aufirst=Rhoads&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStone2006" class="citation book cs1">Stone, David R. (2006). <i>A Military History of Russia: From Ivan the Terrible to the War in Chechnya</i>. Greenwood Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Russia%3A+From+Ivan+the+Terrible+to+the+War+in+Chechnya&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Russian_history_(1613%E2%80%931917)" title="Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)">Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)</a></div> <ul><li>Ágoston, Gábor "Military transformation in the Ottoman Empire and Russia, 1500–1800." <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i> 12.2 (2011): 281-319 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reenactor.ru/ARH/PDF/Agoston.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>Allen, William and Paul Muratoff. <i>Caucasian Battlefields: A History Of The Wars On The Turco-Caucasian Border 1828-1921</i> (2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89839-296-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89839-296-9">0-89839-296-9</a>,</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2014" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728"><i>Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond [2 volumes]</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond+%26%2391%3B2+volumes%26%2393%3B&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-948-6&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy. <i>The Encyclopedia of Military History from 3500 B.C. to the Present</i> (1986 and other editions), passim and 1461–1464.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lindsey_Hughes" title="Lindsey Hughes">Hughes, Lindsey</a> (2000). <i>Russia in the Age of Peter the Great</i>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. p. 640. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08266-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08266-1"><bdi>978-0-300-08266-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+in+the+Age+of+Peter+the+Great&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pages=640&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08266-1&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Lindsey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusso-Turkish+wars" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jelavich, Barbara. <i>St. Petersburg and Moscow: Tsarist and Soviet Foreign Policy, 1814–1974</i> (1974)</li> <li>Kagan, Frederick, and Robin Higham, eds. <i>The Military History of Tsarist Russia</i> (2008)</li> <li>Topal, Ali E. "The effects of German Military Commission and Balkan wars on the reorganization and modernization of the Ottoman Army" (Naval Postgraduate School 2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a620489.pdf">online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Russian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Russian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Russian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Armed_conflicts_involving_Russia_(including_Tsarist,_Imperial_and_Soviet_times)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Armed conflicts involving <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsarist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> times)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_warfare" title="Early modern warfare">Early modern warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Russia" title="Military history of Russia">Military history of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Empire" title="Military history of the Russian Empire">Military history of the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Military history of the Russian Federation">Military history of the Russian Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by opponent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscovite%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Wars" title="Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars">Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-Finnish_wars" title="Soviet-Finnish wars">Soviet-Finnish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armed_conflicts_involving_Poland_against_Russia" title="List of armed conflicts involving Poland against Russia">Russo-Polish Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Sweden" title="List of wars between Russia and Sweden">Russo-Swedish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_between_Russia_and_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of wars between Russia and Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Russia" title="List of wars involving Russia">List of wars involving Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of wars involving the Soviet Union">List of wars involving the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of battles involving the Russian Federation">List of battles involving the Russian Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Bolotnikov" title="Uprising of Bolotnikov">Uprising of Bolotnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razin%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Razin's Rebellion">Razin's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulavin_Rebellion" title="Bulavin Rebellion">Bulavin Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugachev%27s_Rebellion" title="Pugachev's Rebellion">Pugachev's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decembrist_revolt" title="Decembrist revolt">Decembrist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">Coup attempt (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Russian constitutional crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">Insurgency in the North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group_rebellion" title="Wagner Group rebellion">Wagner Group rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tsardom of<br />Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Crimean_Wars" title="Russo-Crimean Wars">Russo-Crimean Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Kazan_Wars" title="Russo-Kazan Wars">Russo-Kazan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1554%E2%80%931557)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)">Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1568%E2%80%931570)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)">Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1590%E2%80%931595)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)">Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Muscovite_War_(1605%E2%80%931618)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)">Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of Troubles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_War" title="Ingrian War">Ingrian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_War" title="Smolensk War">Smolensk War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1651%E2%80%931653)" title="Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)">Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deluge_(history)" title="Deluge (history)">Deluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1676%E2%80%931681)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)">Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1686%E2%80%931700)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)">Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th–19th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1710%E2%80%931711)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)">Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1722%E2%80%931723)" title="Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)">Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Polish_Succession" title="War of the Polish Succession">War of the Polish Succession</a> (1733–1738)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Russian%E2%80%93Turkish_War_(1735%E2%80%931739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)">Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1740–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1741%E2%80%931743)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)">Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Confederation" title="Bar Confederation">Bar Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1787%E2%80%931792)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)">Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Swedish_War_(1788%E2%80%931790)" title="Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)">Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Russian_War_of_1792" title="Polish–Russian War of 1792">Russo-Polish War (1792)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_colonization_of_North_America" title="Russian colonization of North America">Russian colonization of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%9Bciuszko_Uprising" title="Kościuszko Uprising">Kościuszko Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Expedition_of_1796" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Expedition of 1796">Russo-Persian War (1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">War of the Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Finnish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Seventh_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="War of the Seventh Coalition">War of the Seventh Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Murid War">Murid War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)">Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%931829)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)">Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Hungarian Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Central_Asia" title="Russian conquest of Central Asia">Russian conquest of Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Bukhara" title="Russian conquest of Bukhara">Russian conquest of Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khivan_campaign_of_1873" title="Khivan campaign of 1873">Khivan campaign of 1873</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Russian invasion of Manchuria">Russian invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Tabriz" title="Russian occupation of Tabriz">Russian occupation of Tabriz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Robat_Karim" title="Battle of Robat Karim">Battle of Robat Karim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Ukrainian–Soviet War">Ukrainian–Soviet War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Soviet_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine">1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alash_Autonomy" title="Alash Autonomy">Kazakhstan Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Civil_War" title="Finnish Civil War">Finnish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sochi_conflict" title="Sochi conflict">Sochi conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimosodat" title="Heimosodat">Heimosodat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_westward_offensive_of_1918%E2%80%931919" title="Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919">Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">Estonian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_War_of_Independence" title="Latvian War of Independence">Latvian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Lithuanian–Soviet War">Lithuanian–Soviet War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)">Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_intervention_in_Mongolia" title="Soviet intervention in Mongolia">Red Army intervention in Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Karelian_uprising" title="East Karelian uprising">East Karelian uprising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmachi_movement" title="Basmachi movement">Central Asian Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Uprising" title="August Uprising">August Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urtatagai_conflict_(1925%E2%80%931926)" title="Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)">Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1929)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_intervention_in_Afghanistan_(1930)" title="Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)">Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chechen_uprising_of_1932&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chechen uprising of 1932 (page does not exist)">Chechen uprising of 1932</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_1932_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Восстание в Чечне 1932 года">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rebellion_in_Xinjiang_(1937)" title="Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)">Xinjiang War (1937)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Latvia_in_1940" title="Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940">Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_Latvia_in_1944" title="Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944">Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army#Soviet_Union" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Guerrilla war in Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Rebellion" title="Ili Rebellion">Ili Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlora_incident" title="Vlora incident">Vlora incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_border_conflict" title="Sino-Soviet border conflict">Sino-Soviet border conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_War_of_Independence" title="Eritrean War of Independence">Eritrean War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Civil_War" title="Angolan Civil War">Angolan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogaden_War" title="Ogaden War">Ogaden War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_OMON_assaults_on_Lithuanian_border_posts" title="Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts">Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia war (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Dagestan" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Dagestan">War of Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Russian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Intervention in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Libya_campaign" title="Western Libya campaign">Western Libya campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Winter" title="Russian Winter">Russian Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743046#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85116070">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="rusko-turecké války"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1163012&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548527905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&oldid=1259885494">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&oldid=1259885494</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russo-Turkish_wars" title="Category:Russo-Turkish wars">Russo-Turkish wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geopolitical_rivalry" title="Category:Geopolitical rivalry">Geopolitical rivalry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Wars involving the Russian Empire">Wars involving the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Category:Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia">Wars involving the Tsardom of Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Ukraine" title="Category:Military history of Ukraine">Military history of Ukraine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Moldavia" title="Category:History of Moldavia">History of Moldavia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bessarabia_Governorate" title="Category:Bessarabia Governorate">Bessarabia Governorate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Wallachia" title="Category:History of Wallachia">History of Wallachia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Category:Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Modern_history_of_Bulgaria" title="Category:Modern history of Bulgaria">Modern history of Bulgaria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Early_modern_history_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Category:Early modern history of Georgia (country)">Early modern history of Georgia (country)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_operations_involving_the_Crimean_Khanate" title="Category:Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate">Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_of_Europe" title="Category:Invasions of Europe">Invasions of Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_uses_Russian-language_script_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)">CS1 uses Russian-language script (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Russian-language_sources_(ru)" title="Category:CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)">CS1 Russian-language sources (ru)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Turkish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Turkish-language text">Articles containing Turkish-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 16:38<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Russo-Turkish_wars&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-n4qzx","wgBackendResponseTime":190,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.169","walltime":"1.478","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10008,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":181524,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":12819,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":170168,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1189.514 1 -total"," 25.22% 300.036 2 Template:Reflist"," 22.81% 271.272 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 21.55% 256.350 29 Template:Cite_book"," 16.50% 196.328 5 Template:Ubl"," 9.02% 107.305 2 Template:Langx"," 8.65% 102.879 1 Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Ottoman_Wars"," 8.34% 99.175 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 7.20% 85.640 21 Template:Flagicon"," 6.46% 76.791 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.619","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16427309,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAksan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlan_Palmer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Davies2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCathal_J._Nolan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_W._IngraoNikola_SamardžićJovan_Pesalj2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrampton2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglas_M._Gibler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowling2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_J._Phillips1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGumilev2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGábor_KármánLovro_Kunčević2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGábor_ÁgostonBruce_Alan_Masters2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoward,_D._A.1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Black1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKafadar,_C.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKollmann2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Hochedlinger2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMonica_Pohle_Fraser2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMungo_Melvin_CB_OBE2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphey1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoderic_H._Davison2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSergei_R._GrinevetskyIgor_S._ZonnSergei_S._Zhiltsov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStone2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuraiya_FaroqhiBruce_McGowanSevket_Pamuk1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoodhead2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZayonchkovski2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÁgoston,_G.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"GRADDEF\"] = 1,\n [\"Gradual_defeat\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Assassinated\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blist\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Russo-Ottoman Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 4,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Russo-Turkish Wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Executed\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 6,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 8,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 21,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Natural Causes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 6,\n [\"Russian Conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 7,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.canary-6946d66568-5cljm","timestamp":"20241127163822","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Russo-Turkish wars","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Russo-Turkish_wars","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q743046","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q743046","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-11-08T00:40:19Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T16:38:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/83\/Russo-Ottoman_wars.jpg","headline":"series of wars in the 17th\u201319th century"}</script> </body> </html>