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<div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Webbplats"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Innehåll" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innehåll</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Djupa_och_grunda_ortografier" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Djupa_och_grunda_ortografier"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Djupa och grunda ortografier</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Djupa_och_grunda_ortografier-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonematiskt_eller_morfematiskt_baserade_skriftspråk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonematiskt_eller_morfematiskt_baserade_skriftspråk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Fonematiskt eller morfematiskt baserade skriftspråk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonematiskt_eller_morfematiskt_baserade_skriftspråk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tre_huvudprinciper_inom_ortografin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tre_huvudprinciper_inom_ortografin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tre huvudprinciper inom ortografin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tre_huvudprinciper_inom_ortografin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Tre huvudprinciper inom ortografin</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tre_huvudprinciper_inom_ortografin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fonologiskt_orienterad_stavning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonologiskt_orienterad_stavning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Fonologiskt orienterad stavning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonologiskt_orienterad_stavning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morfologiskt_orienterad_stavning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morfologiskt_orienterad_stavning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Morfologiskt orienterad stavning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morfologiskt_orienterad_stavning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditionell_stavning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditionell_stavning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Traditionell stavning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditionell_stavning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tryckta_källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tryckta_källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Tryckta källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tryckta_källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ortografi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 94 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografie" title="Ortografie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ortografie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographie" title="Orthographie – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Orthographie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="قواعد الكتابة – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قواعد الكتابة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortograf%C3%ADa" title="Ortografía – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ortografía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortograf%C3%ADa" title="Ortografía – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ortografía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfoqrafiya" title="Orfoqrafiya – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Orfoqrafiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF" title="লিখনবিধি – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লিখনবিধি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A0%E2%81%BF-j%C4%AB-hoat" title="Chiàⁿ-jī-hoat – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiàⁿ-jī-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орфография – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Орфография" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Арфаграфія – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Арфаграфія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D1%81" title="Правапіс – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Правапіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="ऑर्थोग्राफी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ऑर्थोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortograpiya" title="Ortograpiya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ortograpiya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Правопис – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Правопис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographie" title="Orthographie – bayerska" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Orthographie" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bayerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravopis" title="Pravopis – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pravopis" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reizhskrivadur" title="Reizhskrivadur – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Reizhskrivadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia" title="Ortografia – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ortografia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8" title="Орфографи – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Орфографи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravopis" title="Pravopis – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pravopis" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orgraff" title="Orgraff – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Orgraff" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retskrivning" title="Retskrivning – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Retskrivning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B1%D8%B7%D9%88%DA%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="ؤرطوڭراف – marockansk arabiska" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤرطوڭراف" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marockansk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographie" title="Orthographie – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Orthographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortograafia" title="Ortograafia – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ortograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ορθογραφία – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ορθογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Orthography" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortograf%C3%ADa" title="Ortografía – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ortografía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografio" title="Ortografio – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ortografio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortograf%C3%ADa" title="Ortografía – extremaduriska" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ortografía" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremaduriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia" title="Ortografia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ortografia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B7" title="دستور خط – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستور خط" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographe" title="Orthographe – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Orthographe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavering" title="Stavering – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stavering" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortograf%C3%ADa" title="Ortografía – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ortografía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%9E%EC%B6%A4%EB%B2%95" title="맞춤법 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="맞춤법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ուղղագրություն – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուղղագրություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80" title="लेखनवर्तनी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लेखनवर्तनी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravopis" title="Pravopis – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pravopis" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografio" title="Ortografio – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ortografio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografi" title="Ortografi – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ortografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographia" title="Orthographia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Orthographia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ttritun" title="Réttritun – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Réttritun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia" title="Ortografia – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ortografia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="אורתוגרפיה – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורתוגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografi" title="Ortografi – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ortografi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ორთოგრაფია – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ორთოგრაფია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орфография – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Орфография" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahajia" title="Tahajia – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tahajia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орфография – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Орфография" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthographia" title="Orthographia – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Orthographia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortogr%C4%81fija" title="Ortogrāfija – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ortogrāfija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthografie" title="Orthografie – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Orthografie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essomampandiika" title="Essomampandiika – luganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Essomampandiika" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="luganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia" title="Ortografia – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ortografia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helyes%C3%ADr%C3%A1s" title="Helyesírás – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Helyesírás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Правопис – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Правопис" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografija" title="Ortografija – maltesiska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ortografija" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اورثوجرافيا – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اورثوجرافيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografi" title="Ortografi – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ortografi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthografie" title="Orthografie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Orthografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E6%9B%B8%E6%B3%95" title="正書法 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="正書法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rettskriving" title="Rettskriving – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rettskriving" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia" title="Ortografia – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ortografia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%88" title="Чынвозыш – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Чынвозыш" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imlo" title="Imlo – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Imlo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਲਿਪੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਿਪੀ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="املاء – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="املاء" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrievwies" title="Schrievwies – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Schrievwies" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia" title="Ortografia – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ortografia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia" title="Ortografia – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ortografia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografie" title="Ortografie – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ortografie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allin_qillqay" title="Allin qillqay – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Allin qillqay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орфография – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Орфография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drejtshkrimi" title="Drejtshkrimi – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Drejtshkrimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Orthography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravopis" title="Pravopis – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pravopis" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravopis" title="Pravopis – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pravopis" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Правопис – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Правопис" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pravopis" title="Pravopis – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pravopis" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografi" title="Ortografi – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ortografi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oikeinkirjoitus" title="Oikeinkirjoitus – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Oikeinkirjoitus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palabaybayan" title="Palabaybayan – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palabaybayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Орфография – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Орфография" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B5" title="อักขรวิธี – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อักขรวิธี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografi" title="Ortografi – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ortografi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Орфографія – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Орфографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografia" title="Ortografia – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ortografia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_t%E1%BA%A3" title="Chính tả – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính tả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortografeye" title="Ortografeye – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ortografeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortograpiya" title="Ortograpiya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ortograpiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%86%99%E6%B3%95" title="正写法 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="正写法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%AD%97%E6%B3%95" title="正字法 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="正字法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" 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rekommenderar denna artikel på grund av dess goda kvalitet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rekommenderad.svg/19px-Rekommenderad.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rekommenderad.svg/29px-Rekommenderad.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Rekommenderad.svg/38px-Rekommenderad.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="438" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Från Wikipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><div class="noexcerpt noprint hanvisning_bas"> <dl><dd><i>Ej att förväxla med <a href="/wiki/Orografi" title="Orografi">Orografi</a>.</i></dd></dl></div> <table style="border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background-color: #f9f9f9; color: black; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding: .2em; float: right; clear: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kvetenskap" title="Språkvetenskap">Språkvetenskapliga <br />discipliner</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dialektologi" title="Dialektologi">Dialektologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonetik" title="Fonetik">Fonetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi">Fonologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatik" title="Grammatik">Grammatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historisk_lingvistik" title="Historisk lingvistik">Historisk lingvistik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexikografi" title="Lexikografi">Lexikografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morfologi_(lingvistik)" title="Morfologi (lingvistik)">Morfologi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ortografi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatik" title="Pragmatik">Pragmatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantik" title="Semantik">Semantik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotik" title="Semiotik">Semiotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5kfilosofi" title="Språkfilosofi">Språkfilosofi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolingvistik" title="Sociolingvistik">Sociolingvistik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5ktypologi" title="Språktypologi">Språktypologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retorik" title="Retorik">Retorik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onomastik" title="Onomastik">Onomastik</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:SvenskaAkademien_1796_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/SvenskaAkademien_1796_2.jpg/161px-SvenskaAkademien_1796_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/SvenskaAkademien_1796_2.jpg/242px-SvenskaAkademien_1796_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/SvenskaAkademien_1796_2.jpg/322px-SvenskaAkademien_1796_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>C. G. Leopolds "Afhandling om svenska stafsättet" 1801, ett betydelsefullt verk inom svensk ortografi.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Ortografi</b> (även <i>rättskrivning</i>), till <a href="/wiki/Grekiska" title="Grekiska">grekiska</a> <i>orthos</i> 'rät, rätt' och <i>graphein</i> 'skriva', handlar om <a href="/wiki/Stavning" title="Stavning">stavning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skiljetecken" title="Skiljetecken">interpunktion</a>, bruket av <a href="/wiki/Versal" title="Versal">versaler</a> och <a href="/wiki/Gemen" title="Gemen">gemener</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avstavning" title="Avstavning">avstavning</a> och <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rskrivning" title="Särskrivning">särskrivning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ortografi kan oftast direkt översättas med <a href="/wiki/Skriftspr%C3%A5k" title="Skriftspråk">skriftspråk</a> och inte sällan med <a href="/wiki/Stavning" title="Stavning">stavning</a>. Man kan också med ordet avse relationen, "samspelsmönstret", mellan ett <a href="/wiki/Spr%C3%A5k" title="Språk">språks</a> <a href="/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem">grafem</a> (skrivtecken) och dess <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonem</a> ("språkljudsenheter"), <a href="/wiki/Betoning" title="Betoning">tryckaccenter</a> och <a href="/wiki/Tonaccent" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonaccent">tonaccenter</a> med mera. I <a href="/wiki/Finska" title="Finska">finskans</a> ortografi dubbeltecknas till exempel <a href="/wiki/Vokal" title="Vokal">lång vokal</a>, medan så ej är fallet i <a href="/wiki/Svenska" title="Svenska">svenskans</a> ortografi. För varje språk som har en skrift finns regler för hur talspråket ska överföras till skriften, och därför har varje skriftspråk sin egen ortografi. Ibland finns olikheter i ortografin mellan olika länder som har samma språk. Ett exempel är <a href="/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska">engelskt skriftspråk</a>, där vissa olikheter beror på i vilket land språket skrivs. I engelska i <a href="/wiki/Gamla_v%C3%A4rlden" title="Gamla världen">Gamla världen</a>, Australien och Nya Zeeland<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> skriver man till exempel <i>harbour, labour</i>, medan man i framför allt i USA och Kanada<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> skriver <i>harbor, labor</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Djupa_och_grunda_ortografier">Djupa och grunda ortografier</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Djupa och grunda ortografier" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&action=edit&section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Djupa och grunda ortografier"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bland fonografiska (ljudbaserade) skriftspråk, som svenskan tillhör, talar man om "djupa" och "grunda" ortografier. De senare har en hög grad av direkta och regelbundna relationer mellan <a href="/wiki/Bokstav" title="Bokstav">bokstav</a> och <a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonem</a> på så sätt att en bokstav alltid tenderar att representera samma ljud och att ett ljud i princip alltid skrivs med samma bokstav. Grunda ortografier har bland andra <a href="/wiki/Spanska" title="Spanska">spanskan</a> och <a href="/wiki/Finska" title="Finska">finskan</a>. Djupa ortografier är det motsatta. I dem kan en bokstav ofta representera flera olika ljud, ofta beroende på omgivning och likaså kan ett visst ljud ofta stavas på många olika sätt.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En del språk har också bokstäver som inte uttalas, men finns kvar i språken av historiska skäl. Ett exempel är <i>d</i> i det svenska ordet <i>djup</i> (med <a href="/wiki/Rikssvenska" title="Rikssvenska">rikssvenskt</a> uttal). Ett annat exempel är att <i>h</i> är stumt i <a href="/wiki/Nygrekiska" title="Nygrekiska">nygrekiska</a> och i alla <a href="/wiki/Romanska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Romanska språk">romanska språk</a> utom rumänska. Det kan råda ett tämligen regelbundet förhållande mellan skriftbild och ljudbild men det är inte lika direkt som hos de grunda ortografierna utan ligger på en "djupare" nivå. För de flesta är emellertid grunda ortografier lättare att avkoda, åtminstone till en början. Exempel på djupa ortografier är <a href="/wiki/Engelska" title="Engelska">engelskans</a> och <a href="/wiki/Franska" title="Franska">franskans</a>. Svenskans ligger på en medelnivå. Vid jämförelse med syskonspråkens ortografier ligger den djupare än <a href="/wiki/Norska" title="Norska">norskans</a> men grundare än <a href="/wiki/Danska" title="Danska">danskans</a>. Djupa ortografier avspeglar ofta ett äldre talspråk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonematiskt_eller_morfematiskt_baserade_skriftspråk"><span id="Fonematiskt_eller_morfematiskt_baserade_skriftspr.C3.A5k"></span>Fonematiskt eller morfematiskt baserade skriftspråk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fonematiskt eller morfematiskt baserade skriftspråk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&action=edit&section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fonematiskt eller morfematiskt baserade skriftspråk"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grunda ortografier (alltså sådana som återspeglar det moderna språket) kan vara övervägande <a href="/wiki/Fonologi" title="Fonologi">fonologiskt</a> baserade (ljudorienterad stavning) eller övervägande <a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">morfematiskt</a> baserade (forminriktad stavning). I det första fallet motsvarar bokstäverna uttalet (<a href="/wiki/Fonem" title="Fonem">fonemen</a>), som till exempel i det svenska ordet <i>har</i>, där de tre grafemen <h a r> motsvarar de tre fonemen /h a r/.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I det andra fallet (morfematisk stavning) är regeln att ett <a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">morfem</a> alltid ska stavas lika, oberoende av uttalet. Man skriver till exempel <i>tryggt</i> (av <i>trygg</i>), fast ordet uttalas som <i>tryckt</i>. I detta fall är det forminriktad stavning som gäller.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Några i detta avseende renodlade ortografier existerar knappast. Vid ortografiska reformer i det förflutna (sådana blir numera allt svårare att genomföra) har man ofta inte varit tillräckligt medveten om distinktionen. I svenskan <a href="/wiki/Gammalstavning#T-ljudet" title="Gammalstavning">övergick</a> man till exempel från <i>godt</i> till <i>gott</i>, vilket var ett steg i fonetisk riktning; <a href="/wiki/Danska" title="Danska">danskan</a> och <a href="/wiki/Norska" title="Norska">norskan</a> har bibehållit stavningen godt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tre_huvudprinciper_inom_ortografin">Tre huvudprinciper inom ortografin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tre huvudprinciper inom ortografin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&action=edit&section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tre huvudprinciper inom ortografin"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fonologiskt_orienterad_stavning">Fonologiskt orienterad stavning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Fonologiskt orienterad stavning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&action=edit&section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Fonologiskt orienterad stavning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De språk som har en grund ortografi har en ganska fonologisk (ljudnära) stavning. Ett exempel på detta är <a href="/wiki/Finska" title="Finska">finska</a>, som till allra största delen har ett skriftspråk som överensstämmer med språkljuden.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morfologiskt_orienterad_stavning">Morfologiskt orienterad stavning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Morfologiskt orienterad stavning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&action=edit&section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Morfologiskt orienterad stavning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morfologiskt orienterad (forminriktad) stavning har som regel att ett <a href="/wiki/Morfem" title="Morfem">morfem</a> alltid stavas lika, oberoende av uttalet. Man skriver till exempel på svenska <i>tryggt</i> (av <i>trygg</i>), fast ordet uttalas som <i>tryckt</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett annat exempel är när man i <a href="/wiki/Franska" title="Franska">franska</a> skjuter in ett stumt <i>e</i> när man av verbet <i>manger</i> skriver andra person, presens som <i>nous mangeons</i> och första person imperfekt som <i>je mangeais</i> för att kunna behålla stammens <i>mang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditionell_stavning">Traditionell stavning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Traditionell stavning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&action=edit&section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Traditionell stavning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionell stavning avspeglar ett äldre uttal och medför ofta att skillnaden mellan <a href="/wiki/Skriftspr%C3%A5k" title="Skriftspråk">skriftspråk</a> och <a href="/wiki/Talspr%C3%A5k" title="Talspråk">talspråk</a> blir stor (djup ortografi). Många av de skriftspråk som har sitt ursprung i <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> har ett skriftspråk som avspeglar ett äldre talspråk. Speciellt i sådana språk där <a href="/wiki/Uttal" title="Uttal">uttalet</a> har ändrats mycket, som i franska och engelska, har inte skriftspråket hängt med. Sådana språk har en djup ortografi. För engelsk stavning finns också fler förklaringar än uttalsförändringar. Den engelska stavningen påverkades av fransk (<a href="/wiki/Normander" title="Normander">normandisk</a>) skrift under 1100-talet till 1400-talet. I slutet av 1400-talet hade boktryckarkonsten kommit till England, och till att börja med var tryckarna oftast utlänningar. När så småningom stavningen hade stabiliserats inträffade en stor uttalsförändring i engelska. De sju långa <a href="/wiki/Vokaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Vokaler">vokalerna</a> som fanns i <a href="/wiki/Medelengelska" title="Medelengelska">medelengelska</a> förändrades, så att engelskan hade fått ett annat ljudsystem efter något århundrade av förändringar av uttalet. Skriftspråket förändrades inte, fast vokalerna hade ett annat uttal än tidigare.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den traditionella stavningen avspeglar också <a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(lingvistik)" title="Assimilation (lingvistik)">assimilationer</a>, som ofta sker när vissa mer svåruttalade konsonantföljder uttalas. I svenska kan nämnas <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6jning_(grammatik)" title="Böjning (grammatik)">böjda</a> ord som <i>grovt</i>, där <i>v</i> alltid assimileras till <i>f</i> och <i>äldst</i>, där <i>d</i> faller bort, och likaså <a href="/wiki/Avledning" title="Avledning">avledda</a> ord som <i>brådska</i>, där <i>d</i> faller bort. Det kan också gälla sammansatta ord som <i>matsäck</i>, som traditionellt uttalas som <i>massäck</i>. Ibland kan stavningen påverka uttalet, så att uttal som <i>jössel, bråska, låssas</i> och <i>massäck</i> genom läsuttal återfår sitt äldre uttal.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&action=edit&section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfabet" title="Alfabet">Alfabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamelnotation" title="Kamelnotation">Kamelnotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skriftspr%C3%A5k" title="Skriftspråk">Skriftspråk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&action=edit&section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&action=edit&section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Donohue, Mark. 2007. "Lexicography for Your Friends." I Terry Crowley, Jeff Siegel, & Diana Eades (eds.). <i>Language Description, History and Development: Linguistic Indulgence in Memory of Terry Crowley.</i> s. 395–406. Amsterdam: Benjamins, s. 396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512092058/http://www.onlinegrammar.com.au/us-and-australian-spelling/">”American and Australian spelling”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onlinegrammar.com.au/us-and-australian-spelling/">originalet</a> den 12 maj 2013<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512092058/http://www.onlinegrammar.com.au/us-and-australian-spelling/">https://web.archive.org/web/20130512092058/http://www.onlinegrammar.com.au/us-and-australian-spelling/</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=American+and+Australian+spelling&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20130512092058%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.onlinegrammar.com.au%2Fus-and-australian-spelling%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910111805/http://www.theweal.com/2013/03/25/color-me-bad-colour-me-right-canadian-spelling-matters/">”Color me bad—colour me right—Canadian spelling matters”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theweal.com/2013/03/25/color-me-bad-colour-me-right-canadian-spelling-matters/">originalet</a> den 10 september 2014<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910111805/http://www.theweal.com/2013/03/25/color-me-bad-colour-me-right-canadian-spelling-matters/">https://web.archive.org/web/20140910111805/http://www.theweal.com/2013/03/25/color-me-bad-colour-me-right-canadian-spelling-matters/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Läst 10 september 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Color+me+bad%E2%80%94colour+me+right%E2%80%94Canadian+spelling+matters&rft.atitle=&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20140910111805%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweal.com%2F2013%2F03%2F25%2Fcolor-me-bad-colour-me-right-canadian-spelling-matters%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Seidenberg, Mark S. 1992. "Beyond Orthographic Depth in Reading: Equitable Division of Labor." Ram Frost & Leonard Katz (eds.). <i>Orthography, Phonology, Morphology, and Meaning</i>, s. 85–118. Amsterdam: Elsevier, s. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFGarlén1988">Garlén, Claes (1988). <i><span>Svenskans fonologi</span></i>. Lund: Studentlitteratur. sid. 155-156. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-44-28151-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-44-28151-X">ISBN 91-44-28151-X</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svenskans+fonologi&rft.aulast=Garl%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Claes&rft.au=Garl%C3%A9n%2C+Claes&rft.date=1988&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B155-156&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Studentlitteratur&rft.isbn=91-44-28151-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin-6">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin_6-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin_6-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><span>Nationalencyklopedin. Bd 16</span></i>. Höganäs: Bra böcker. 1995. sid. 151, <b>rättskrivning</b>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7024-619-X" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7024-619-X">ISBN 91-7024-619-X</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalencyklopedin.+Bd+16&rft.date=1995&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B151%2C+%27%27%27r%C3%A4ttskrivning%27%27%27&rft.place=H%C3%B6gan%C3%A4s&rft.pub=Bra+b%C3%B6cker&rft.isbn=91-7024-619-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_7-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFHultman1969">Hultman, Tor G. (1969). <i><span>Språket i blickpunkten</span></i>. Lund: Gleerups. sid. 143-145. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-85130-78-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-85130-78-8">ISBN 91-85130-78-8</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spr%C3%A5ket+i+blickpunkten&rft.aulast=Hultman&rft.aufirst=Tor+G.&rft.au=Hultman%2C+Tor+G.&rft.date=1969&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B143-145&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Gleerups&rft.isbn=91-85130-78-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFKoivusalu1997">Koivusalu, Esko (1997). <i><span>Nordens språk</span></i>. Oslo: Novus forlag. sid. 116. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/82-7099-274-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/82-7099-274-7">ISBN 82-7099-274-7</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordens+spr%C3%A5k&rft.aulast=Koivusalu&rft.aufirst=Esko&rft.au=Koivusalu%2C+Esko&rft.date=1997&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B116&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Novus+forlag&rft.isbn=82-7099-274-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFLindle1937">Lindle, O. C. (1937). <i><span>De germanska språkens stavning</span></i>. Lund: Ph. Lindstedts universitets bokhandel. sid. 32</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+germanska+spr%C3%A5kens+stavning&rft.aulast=Lindle&rft.aufirst=O.+C.&rft.au=Lindle%2C+O.+C.&rft.date=1937&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B32&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Ph.+Lindstedts+universitets+bokhandel&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFSvartvik1999">Svartvik, Jan (1999). <i><span>Engelska öspråk världsspråk trendspråk</span></i>. Stockholm: Norstedts Ordbok. sid. 316-319. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7150-936-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7150-936-4">ISBN 91-7150-936-4</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engelska+%C3%B6spr%C3%A5k+v%C3%A4rldsspr%C3%A5k+trendspr%C3%A5k&rft.aulast=Svartvik&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Svartvik%2C+Jan&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B316-319&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=Norstedts+Ordbok&rft.isbn=91-7150-936-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book"> <i><span>Språk och skrift</span></i>. Stockholm: SNS förlag. 2004. sid. 67. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-7150-936-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-7150-936-4">ISBN 91-7150-936-4</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spr%C3%A5k+och+skrift&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B67&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=SNS+f%C3%B6rlag&rft.isbn=91-7150-936-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tryckta_källor"><span id="Tryckta_k.C3.A4llor"></span>Tryckta källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tryckta källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortografi&action=edit&section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tryckta källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFHultman1969">Hultman, Tor G. (1969), <i><span>Språket i blickpunkten, kapitlet Skriftspråk och ortografi</span></i>, Lund: Gleerups, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/91-85130-78-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/91-85130-78-8">ISBN 91-85130-78-8</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spr%C3%A5ket+i+blickpunkten%2C+kapitlet+Skriftspr%C3%A5k+och+ortografi&rft.aulast=Hultman&rft.aufirst=Tor+G.&rft.au=Hultman%2C+Tor+G.&rft.date=1969&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Gleerups&rft.isbn=91-85130-78-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFLendle1937">Lendle, O. C. (1937), <i><span>De germanska språkens stavning</span></i>, Lund: Ph. Lindstedts universitets bokhandel</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+germanska+spr%C3%A5kens+stavning&rft.aulast=Lendle&rft.aufirst=O.+C.&rft.au=Lendle%2C+O.+C.&rft.date=1937&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Ph.+Lindstedts+universitets+bokhandel&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Ortografi"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{background:#b0c4de}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background:#d0e0f5}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background:#deeafa}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background:transparent}</style><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Ortografi" title="Mall:Ortografi"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Ortografi&action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ortografi</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Svensk_ortografi" title="Svensk ortografi">Svensk ortografi</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><i><a href="/wiki/Afhandling_om_Svenska_stafs%C3%A4ttet" title="Afhandling om Svenska stafsättet">Afhandling om Svenska stafsättet</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gammalstavning" title="Gammalstavning">Gammalstavning</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_svenska_homografer" title="Lista över svenska homografer">Lista över svenska homografer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stavningsreformen_1906" title="Stavningsreformen 1906">Stavningsreformen 1906</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Generell ortografi</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akronym" title="Akronym">Akronymer</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Avstavning" title="Avstavning">Avstavning</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Avstavningshomograf" title="Avstavningshomograf">Avstavningshomograf</a></i>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Dekorativ_stavning" title="Dekorativ stavning">Dekorativ stavning</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal-prickar" title="Heavy metal-prickar">Heavy metal-prickar</a></i>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Gestalttext" title="Gestalttext">Gestalttext</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Grafonomi" title="Grafonomi">Grafonomi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Homograf" title="Homograf">Homograf</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Kamelnotation" title="Kamelnotation">KamelNotation</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Konsonantkluster" title="Konsonantkluster">Konsonantkluster</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Samh%C3%B6righetsprincipen" title="Samhörighetsprincipen">Samhörighetsprincipen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stavning" title="Stavning">Stavning</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Stavningsreform" title="Stavningsreform">Stavningsreform</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A4rskrivning" title="Särskrivning">Särskrivning</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Diakritiskt_tecken" title="Diakritiskt tecken">Diakritiska tecken</a></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dubbel_akut_accent" title="Dubbel akut accent">Dubbel akut accent</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Hake_(diakritiskt_tecken)" title="Hake (diakritiskt tecken)">Hake</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Horn_(diakritiskt_tecken)" title="Horn (diakritiskt tecken)">Horn</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Punkt_(diakritiskt_tecken)" title="Punkt (diakritiskt tecken)">Punkt</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Streck_(diakritiskt_tecken)" class="mw-redirect" title="Streck (diakritiskt tecken)">Streck</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Svans_(diakritiskt_tecken)" title="Svans (diakritiskt tecken)">Svans</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Trema" title="Trema">Trema</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Övriga tecken</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Graf_(lingvistik)" title="Graf (lingvistik)">Graf</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Grafem" title="Grafem">Grafem</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Digraf" title="Digraf">Digraf</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <i><a href="/wiki/Trigraf" title="Trigraf">Trigraf</a></i>)<span style="font-weight:bold;"> · </span> <a href="/wiki/Skiljetecken" title="Skiljetecken">Skiljetecken</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85074530">sh85074530</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4048780-5">4048780-5</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932901s">cb11932901s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932901s">(data)</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Nationella_parlamentsbiblioteket" title="Nationella parlamentsbiblioteket">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576540">00576540</a></span> • 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