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Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy?"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gladiator-ii_x5pgkp.avif" class="post-lightbox" data-rel="lightcase:post_gallery_24484"></a> </div> </div> <div class="post-item-single-container"> <div class="post-single-meta"> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> <a class="post-title"> <h1> Boli gladiátori tuční? Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy? <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="24484"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h1> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date post-auhor-date-full"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-jozef-hyrja-m-a-phd/"> <img alt='' src='https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jozef-Hyrja-1.jpg' srcset='https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jozef-Hyrja-1.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-28 photo post-author-image' height='28' width='28' decoding='async'/> </a> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-jozef-hyrja-m-a-phd/" class="post-author">Mgr. Jozef Hyrja, M.A., PhD.</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/boli-gladiatori-tucni-ake-smrtelne-boli-gladiatorske-zapasy/" class="post-date"> 14. novembra 2024 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 9 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="24484"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content post-single-content"> <p><em>Nevieme, ako gladiátor padol. Možno sa mu členky zamotali do siete; možno sa mu do boku zaryl lesklý trojzubec. Odrazu sa ocitol na zakrvavenom piesku a lapal po dychu. Cez zvonenie v ušiach počul rev davu. Potom mu niekto strhol prilbu. Zasvišťanie vzduchu, záblesk svetla – a trojzubec, ktorý sa mu rozmazane blížil k hlave. Gladiátorova prerazená lebka, objavená o osemnásť storočí neskôr neďaleko starovekého Efezu, rozpráva príbeh jeho smrti. Zvyšok jeho kostí, ktoré analyzovali forenzní antropológovia, sledujú dlhší príbeh jeho života. Zomrel okolo dvadsiatky. A žil – zrejme celé roky – na výkrmnej strave pozostávajúcej zo strukovín a kaše.</em></p> <p>Gladiátor mal len malú kontrolu nad svojou stravou alebo akýmkoľvek iným aspektom svojho života. Väčšina gladiátorov boli otroci, zajatí vo vojne alebo odsúdení na súde. Zvyšok boli slobodní dobrovoľníci, ktorých motivovala zúfalá chudoba alebo pomýlené nadšenie. Nech už bol ich pôvod akýkoľvek, gladiátori bývali vo väzenskom zariadení známom ako „škola“. Tam trávili všetky svoje dni tréningom, okrem tých niekoľkých ročne, keď čelili nebezpečenstvám arény.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1024" height="417" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Borghese_villa_gladiator_mosaic-1024x417.jpg" alt="Borghese villa gladiator mosaic - Boli gladiátori tuční? Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy?" class="wp-image-24485" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Borghese_villa_gladiator_mosaic-1024x417.jpg 1024w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Borghese_villa_gladiator_mosaic-768x313.jpg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Borghese_villa_gladiator_mosaic-585x238.jpg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Borghese_villa_gladiator_mosaic.jpg 1095w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><sub>Časť mozaiky približne z roku 320 n. l. vystavená v súkromnom múzeu Galleria Borghese v Ríme.</sub></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Nový gladiátor začínal nácvikom základného šermovania proti figuríne alebo drevenému kolu. Keď majster školy vyhodnotil jeho schopnosti, pridelili mu niektorý z približne tucta bojových štýlov. Pred svojím prvým zápasom strávil mesiace zdokonaľovaním svojich zručností pod vedením skúseného trénera. Počas celého tréningu udržiavali jeho telo v dobrom bojaschopnom stave. Svaly mu uvoľňovali profesionálni maséri, a ak sa zranil, dostal zdravotnú starostlivosť. Mohol rátať s tým, že sa naje často, hoci nie úplne najlepšie.</p> <p>Gladiátori dostávali bôbovú polievku a jačmennú kašu, ktoré sa roztlačené a zmiešané podávali v obrovských množstvách. Táto pasta s vysokým obsahom proteínov bola jedinečná pre gladiátorov. Ostatní Rimania sa jej vysmievali a nazývali gladiátorov „jačmennými chlapcami“. Vojaci sa takého niečoho nikdy nedotkli a profesionálni boxeri a zápasníci, od ktorých sa dalo očakávať, že budú mať podobný jedálniček, namiesto toho hltali mäso.</p> <p>Prečo teda gladiátori – a iba gladiátori – dostávali jačmeň a bôb? Vedci, ktorí analyzovali kosti gladiátora z Efezu, naznačili, že cieľom stravy bolo podporiť priberanie na váhe; niekoľko centimetrov tuku by chránilo životne dôležité orgány gladiátora, vďaka čomu by vydržal pôsobivé telesné zranenia bez toho, aby stratil schopnosť bojovať. Myšlienka, že gladiátori mali nadváhu, sa čoskoro dostala do hlavného prúdu médií a stále ju bežne nájdete na internete.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1920px-Mosaic_museum_Istanbul_2007_011-1024x768.jpg" alt="1920px Mosaic museum Istanbul 2007 011 - Boli gladiátori tuční? Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy?" class="wp-image-24486" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1920px-Mosaic_museum_Istanbul_2007_011-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1920px-Mosaic_museum_Istanbul_2007_011-768x576.jpg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1920px-Mosaic_museum_Istanbul_2007_011-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1920px-Mosaic_museum_Istanbul_2007_011-585x439.jpg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/1920px-Mosaic_museum_Istanbul_2007_011.jpg 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><sub>Mozaika z paláca v Konštantínopole z 5. storočia n. l. zobrazujúca gladiátorov <em>venatores</em> bojujúcich s tigrom.</sub></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Nemáme však žiaden dôvod predpokladať, že hrdinovia arény neboli vo forme. Že gladiátori jedli potenciálne tučnú stravu, je jasné. To, že by kvôli tomu mali v skutočnosti nadváhu, nie je. Je nepravdepodobné, že by majstri gladiátorských škôl, kde sa v tréningu kládol dôraz na rýchlosť a vytrvalosť, chceli, nieto ešte aby povzbudzovali svojich mužov, aby priberali. S najväčšou pravdepodobnosťou gladiátorom podávali strukoviny a jačmeň preto, že tieto potraviny boli výživné a lacné. Starovekí autori opisujú gladiátorov ako svalnatých mužov, a ak nepripisujeme štíhlych a mocných bojovníkov preháňajúcich sa po toľkých rímskych mozaikách umeleckej licencii, môžeme s istotou predpokladať, že gladiátori, hoci možno neboli takí vypracovaní moderní športovci, ani zďaleka neboli mimo formy. Galénos síce tvrdí, že svaly gladiátorov boli kvôli ich jedlu mäkké, ale asi tým chce povedať, že neboli odolní voči chorobám.</p> <p>Tuční či štíhli, gladiátori vedeli, ako sa predvádzať. Podobne ako moderní profesionálni zápasníci, aj oni si vyberali umelecké mená od hrozivých („Čepeľ“), sexy („Miláčik“) až po ironické („Džentlmen“). Zápasy sa inzerovali týždne vopred maľovanými reklamami, ručne kreslenými programami a portrétmi postáv slávnych bojovníkov. Samotné miesta konania boli veľkolepé. Nero nechal piesok svojho amfiteátra posypať šupinkami trblietavého mesačného kameňa a k Baltskému moru poslal výpravu, aby nazbierala jantár do sietí, ktoré chránili prvé rady. Nechýbala ani tematická hudba: mozaika z Líbye zobrazuje kompletnú kapelu pre arénu vrátane znudene vyzerajúcej ženy v parochni, ktorá hrá na vodnom organe.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="511" height="354" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Mosaique_Zliten.jpg" alt="Mosaique Zliten - Boli gladiátori tuční? Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy?" class="wp-image-24487" style="width:760px;height:auto"><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><sub>Mozaika nájdená v obci Nennig v rímskej vile. Zobrazuje kapelu, ktorá sprevádzala gladiátorské zápasy. Hráči hrajú na rohy (<em>cornua</em>), trúbku (<em>tuba</em>) a vodný orgán (<em>hydraulis</em>).</sub></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Na rozdiel od súbojov profesionálnych wrestlerov, gladiátorské zápasy neboli inscenované. Boli však starostlivo štylizované. Niektoré gladiátorské bojové štýly boli skopírované od nepriateľov Ríma; bojové vozy Galie a Británie napríklad inšpirovali <em>essedarii</em> – gladiátorov, ktorí bojovali z rýchlych vozov poháňaných otrokmi s nervami z ocele. Ďalšie boli vytvorené vyslovene pre arénu, ako napríklad <em>andabatae</em>, ktorí nosili prilby bez očných otvorov a bojovali len za pomoci zvuku. Všetky boli navrhnuté tak, aby bolo predstavenie čo najpôsobivejšie. Podvádzanie nebolo v starovekom športe neznáme. Viacero olympijských súťažiacich sa pokúšalo podplácať svojich súperov a papyrus z rímskeho Egypta opisuje zápas s vopred určeným výsledkom. Obvinenia z podvádzania si občas vynútili zastavenie pretekov dvojkolesových vozov v Circus Maximus a ich zopakovanie.</p> <p>Rôzne bojové štýly sa delili do skupín ľahkej a ťažkej zbroje. Keďže súboje medzi podobne vyzbrojenými mužmi zvykli byť nudné a dlhé – jeden rímsky básnik opisuje súboj medzi dvoma gladiátormi ťažkej zbroje, ktorý trval až do noci –, takmer vždy stavali v zápasoch bojovníka ľahkej zbroje proti ťažkému. V cisárskej ére bol najobľúbenejšou dvojicou zápas medzi <em>retiariusom</em> a <em>secutorom</em>. <em>Retiarius</em> bol gladiátor ľahkej zbroje vybavený zaťaženou sieťou a rybárskym trojzubcom. <em>Secutor</em> v ťažkej zbroji mal veľký obdĺžnikový štít, prilbu s úzkymi štrbinami na oči (ako ochranu proti úderom trojzubca) a bodný meč. <em>Retiarius</em> sa vrhal zo strany na stranu, snažil sa znehybniť súpera sieťou a zasiahnuť ho trojzubcom. <em>Secutor</em> odrážal hody a údery a pokúšal sa vmanévrovať svojho obratného protivníka do dosahu bodnutia mečom.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="688" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso-1024x688.jpg" alt="Jean Leon Gerome Pollice Verso - Boli gladiátori tuční? Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy?" class="wp-image-24488" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso-1024x688.jpg 1024w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso-768x516.jpg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso-1536x1032.jpg 1536w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso-2048x1377.jpg 2048w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso-280x189.jpg 280w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Jean-Leon_Gerome_Pollice_Verso-585x393.jpg 585w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><sub>Obraz Jeana-Léona Gérôma Pollice verso (palcom smerom nadol) z roku 1872.</sub></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Zápasy sa plánovali mesiace vopred. Keď sa cisár alebo miestny hodnostár rozhodol, že jeho hry potrebujú gladiátorov, obrátil sa na majstrov miestnych škôl a dohodli sa na prenájme určitého počtu ich bojovníkov. Aby boli zápasy napínavé, snažili sa spájať bojovníkov s podobnými zručnosťami. Počas ranej cisárskej éry vznikol šesť- až sedemstupňový systém hodnotenia gladiátorov. Akýmsi predstupeň v tejto hierarchii predstavovali <em>gregarii</em> (bojové gangy), divé davy väzňov a odsúdencov, ktorí bojovali medzi sebou pred súbojom jeden na jedného. Tieto krvavé bitky mohli byť obrovské. Caesar raz zinscenoval bitku, kde na každej strane stálo 500 mužov (a 20 bojových slonov). Takmer o storočie neskôr na predstavení, ktoré zorganizoval cisár Claudius, armáda odsúdených mužov zaútočila na špeciálne postavené „mesto“, ktoré bránili zajatci z Británie.</p> <p>Najnižší stupeň gladiátorov bol určený pre tých, ktorí šli do boja prvýkrát. Do ďalšieho stupňa zaraďovali tých, ktorí prežili inauguračný zápas. Nad nimi bolo štyri alebo päť „tréningových skupín“. Členovia najvyššej skupiny, ktorí pravdepodobne vyhrali aspoň desať zápasov, mali vnútornú hierarchiu založenú na rekordoch. Zápasy medzi šampiónmi tohto kalibru boli vrcholom každých hier, ktoré si ich mohli dovoliť. Gladiátori dostali časť peňazí vyplatených majiteľovi školy bez ohľadu na to, či vyhrali alebo prehrali. Podľa jedného nápisu dostávali gladiátori otroci 20 % zo sumy ich prenájmu a slobodní gladiátori 25 %. Víťazní bojovníci dostávali navyše rôzne ceny od korún až po vrecia mincí.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="714" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Piranesi_Kolosseum-1024x714.jpg" alt="Piranesi Kolosseum - Boli gladiátori tuční? Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy?" class="wp-image-24491" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Piranesi_Kolosseum-1024x714.jpg 1024w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Piranesi_Kolosseum-768x536.jpg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Piranesi_Kolosseum-1536x1071.jpg 1536w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Piranesi_Kolosseum-585x408.jpg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Piranesi_Kolosseum.jpg 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><sub>Interiér Kolosea v Ríme na rytine Giovanniho Battistu Piranesiho z roku 1776.</sub></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="histo-display_v-obsahu histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; clear: both; " id="histo-561730734" data-histo-trackid="21127" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="5846102904" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><p>Gladiátori bojovali popoludní, často po dopoludňajších lovoch na šelmy. Denne sa odohralo asi tucet zápasov, každý trval priemerne desať až pätnásť minút. Zápasy sa konali pod pozorným dohľadom dvoch rozhodcov, pravdepodobne gladiátorov vo výslužbe, ktorí mali na sebe charakteristické pruhované tuniky a na signalizáciu faulov používali dlhé prúty. Rozhodcovia dbali na to, aby obaja bojovníci dodržiavali pravidlá a mohli dokonca nariadiť prestávku, ak bol niektorý z bojovníkov vážne zranený alebo viditeľne vyčerpaný.</p> <p>Niektoré zápasy končili smrteľným úderom. Niekoľko slávnych zápasov sa skončilo smrťou oboch gladiátorov. Keď sa to stalo počas vlády Claudia, na cisára to urobilo taký dojem, že si nechal vyrobiť sadu nožov z mečov oboch mužov pre svoju osobnú potrebu. Pri niektorých bola vyhlásená remíza, zvyčajne po tom, čo sa gladiátori vyrovnaných schopností dostali do slepého bodu. Väčšina zápasov však končila tým, že jeden z gladiátorov – odzbrojený, zranený alebo jednoducho neschopný pokračovať – zdvihol prst v geste vzdania sa. Hlavný rozhodca potom zastavil zápas a pozrel na sponzora hier. Sponzor sa na oplátku započúval do reakcií divákov. Tí, ktorí chceli ušetriť porazeného gladiátora, volali <em>missum</em>! (pardon!) a mávali vreckovkami. Tí, ktorí ho ušetriť nechceli, kričali <em>iugula</em>! (podrezať hrdlo!) a prechádzali si prstom po krku. Ak prevládali výkriky o smrti, víťazný gladiátor uštedril smrteľný úder. Niekoľko nešťastníkov bolo popravených teatrálnejšie. Otrok prezlečený za démona Charuna sa zhmotnil v aréne s kladivom v ruke. Prešiel okolo rozhodcov, zdvihol kladivo nad hlavu, chvíľku počkal pre efekt a kladivom roztrieštil lebku odsúdeného muža. Mŕtvolu potom odtiahol z arény otrok v kostýme Merkúra, sprievodcu mŕtvych.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="768" height="1024" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Roman_myrmillones_gladiator_helmet_with_relief_depicting_scenes_from_the_Trojan_War_from_Herculaneum_1st_century_CE_Bronze_01-768x1024.jpg" alt="Roman myrmillones gladiator helmet with relief depicting scenes from the Trojan War from Herculaneum 1st century CE Bronze 01 - Boli gladiátori tuční? Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy?" class="wp-image-24492" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Roman_myrmillones_gladiator_helmet_with_relief_depicting_scenes_from_the_Trojan_War_from_Herculaneum_1st_century_CE_Bronze_01-768x1024.jpg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Roman_myrmillones_gladiator_helmet_with_relief_depicting_scenes_from_the_Trojan_War_from_Herculaneum_1st_century_CE_Bronze_01-110x147.jpg 110w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Roman_myrmillones_gladiator_helmet_with_relief_depicting_scenes_from_the_Trojan_War_from_Herculaneum_1st_century_CE_Bronze_01-585x780.jpg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Roman_myrmillones_gladiator_helmet_with_relief_depicting_scenes_from_the_Trojan_War_from_Herculaneum_1st_century_CE_Bronze_01.jpg 1024w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 768px) 100vw, 768px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><sub>Gladiátorská helma <em>murmillo</em> nájdená v Herculaneu. Zdobili ju výjavi z Trójskej vojny.</sub></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Väčšina gladiátorov zabitých po prehratom súboji zomrela, pretože sa jej nepodarilo uspokojiť dav. Rimania boli znalcami boja. Niektorí fanúšikovia, ktorí uprednostňovali rýchlu prácu nôh a obratnosť gladiátorov ľahkej zbroje, boli „muži malých štítov“. Iní boli „muži veľkých štítov“ a fandili robustnej obrane a surovej sile mužov ťažkej zbroje. V niektorých mestách mali rôzne bojové štýly plnohodnotné fankluby. Počas zápasu sa obecenstvo vyburcovalo do šialenstva, povzbudzovalo, pokrikovalo rôzne rady, ako bojovať, a volalo <em>habet</em>! (skončil!), keď bol bojovník zranený. Diváci poznali dobrý zápas, keď ho videli – jedna postava v rímskom románe sa sťažuje na gladiátorov, ktorí „bojovali podľa pravidiel“ – a vážili si zručnosť a odvahu. Ak porazený gladiátor bojoval dobre, zvyčajne žiadali, aby ho ušetrili.</p> <p>Keď dav žiadal o milosť, sponzor hier ho zvyčajne vypočul. Gladiátorov najímali za malý zlomok – 5 až 10 % – ich odhadovanej hodnoty. Ak však zomreli v aréne, sponzor musel zaplatiť majstrovi školy plnú sumu. Iba mimoriadne bohatý človek si mohol dovoliť zabíjanie bez rozmyslu. Je pravda, že niekedy k nemu dochádzalo. Na jednom nápise sa spomína popoludnie, počas ktorého sa odohralo jedenásť zápasov a jedenásť gladiátorov zomrelo. Iný opisuje hry, pri ktorých každý gladiátor musel bojovať „o život“. Takéto krvavé kúpele však boli zriedkavé. Väčšina sponzorov uprednostňovala minimalizovanie obetí a niektorí zašli tak ďaleko, že pred zápasom dávali bojovníkom otupené zbrane.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="1024" height="768" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gladiator-1024x768.jpg" alt="gladiator - Boli gladiátori tuční? Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy?" class="wp-image-24493" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gladiator-1024x768.jpg 1024w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gladiator-768x576.jpg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gladiator-1536x1152.jpg 1536w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gladiator-585x439.jpg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/gladiator.avif 1731w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px" /><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><sub>Moderný záujem o historických gladiátorov nebol nikdy malý, no s filmom Ridley Scotta <em>Gladiátor</em> nastal nebývalý záujem o túto tematiku.</sub></figcaption></figure></div> <p>Široko rozšírené spájanie gladiátorov s odvahou a mužnosťou však ďaleko presahovalo arénu. Zvykom sa stalo napríklad prejsť oštepom namočeným v krvi gladiátora po vlasoch nevesty na základe teórie, že to podporí jej plodnosť. Krv gladiátorov sa považovala aj za liek na epilepsiu. Dokonca sa verilo, že aj zakrvavený piesok, na ktorom gladiátori bojovali, má magické a liečivé vlastnosti.</p> <p>Gladiátori sa však zdráhali zabíjať svojich protivníkov. Bolo to čiastočne prejavom kamarátstva, pretože bojovníci v zápase často pochádzali z rovnakej školy. Bola to však aj záležitosť profesionálnej hrdosti. V pohrebných nápisoch sa gladiátori chválili, že „zachránili mnoho duší“ alebo že „nikomu neublížili“. V epitafe jedného gladiátora sa v skutočnosti píše, že zabil protivníka, pretože bol naplnený „bezdôvodnou nenávisťou“ – inými slovami, zabíjal ľudí, ktorých nemusel. Aj diváci oceňovali bojovníkov, ktorí dokázali preukázať svoje schopnosti bez toho, aby zabili každého súpera. Istý rímsky básnik napísal epigram chváliaci gladiátora, ktorý „vždy víťazí, ale nikdy nezabíja“.</p> <div class="wp-block-image"> <figure class="aligncenter size-large is-resized"><a href="https://www.martinus.sk/?uItem=1665071&z=KJUYZY&utm_source=z%3DKJUYZY&utm_medium=url&utm_campaign=partner" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="638" height="1024" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Sochy-slony-gladiatori_1400px-638x1024.jpeg" alt="Sochy slony gladiatori 1400px - Boli gladiátori tuční? Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy?" class="wp-image-24494" style="width:758px;height:auto" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Sochy-slony-gladiatori_1400px-638x1024.jpeg 638w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Sochy-slony-gladiatori_1400px-768x1233.jpeg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Sochy-slony-gladiatori_1400px-957x1536.jpeg 957w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Sochy-slony-gladiatori_1400px-1276x2048.jpeg 1276w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Sochy-slony-gladiatori_1400px-585x939.jpeg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Sochy-slony-gladiatori_1400px.jpeg 1400w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 638px) 100vw, 638px" /></a></figure></div> <p>Porazení gladiátori boli skrátka často ušetrení. Súdiac podľa záznamov o zápasoch, ktoré sa zachovali na náhrobkoch gladiátorov, smrťou končil možno každý piaty zápas. Hoci niekoľkí šampióni si dokázali pripísať na vrub viac ako sto víťazstiev, typický gladiátor, ktorý prežil až do dôchodku, čelil celkovo desiatim alebo pätnástim súperom počas piatich alebo šiestich rokov svojej kariéry. Väčšina gladiátorov, ktorí zomreli v aréne, podľahla pravdepodobne v ich prvom alebo druhom zápase. Čím skúsenejší boli, tým pravdepodobnejšie bolo, že prežijú. Vysoko postavený gladiátor sa naučil vyhrávať; ak prehral, zabiť ho bolo veľmi drahé.</p><div class="histo-obsah histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; clear: both; " id="histo-300826354" data-histo-trackid="21180" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="6364977653" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <p>Text je súčasťou knihy:<br><strong><a href="https://www.martinus.sk/?uItem=1665071&z=KJUYZY&utm_source=z%3DKJUYZY&utm_medium=url&utm_campaign=partner" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Garrett Ryan. <em>Nahé sochy, bojové slony a tuční gladiátori. Zaujímavosti zo sveta starovekých Grékov a Rimanov</em>. Bratislava: Mamaš, 2022. 304 s.</a></strong></p>   <div class="molongui-clearfix"></div><div id="mab-7835390734" class="m-a-box " data-box-layout="slim" data-box-position="below" data-multiauthor="false" data-author-id="9" data-author-type="user" data-author-archived=""><div class="m-a-box-container"><div class="m-a-box-tab m-a-box-content m-a-box-profile" data-profile-layout="layout-1" data-author-ref="user-9" itemscope itemid="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-jozef-hyrja-m-a-phd/" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="m-a-box-content-top"></div><div class="m-a-box-content-middle"><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-avatar" data-source="local"><a class="m-a-box-avatar-url" href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-jozef-hyrja-m-a-phd/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jozef-Hyrja-1-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-150x150 size-150x150" alt="Jozef Hyrja 1 - Boli gladiátori tuční? Aké smrteľné boli gladiátorské zápasy?" itemprop="image" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jozef-Hyrja-1-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jozef-Hyrja-1-70x70.jpg 70w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jozef-Hyrja-1-80x80.jpg 80w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jozef-Hyrja-1-585x585.jpg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jozef-Hyrja-1-220x220.jpg 220w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jozef-Hyrja-1-300x300.jpg 300w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Jozef-Hyrja-1-100x100.jpg 100w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px"></a></div><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-data"><div class="m-a-box-name m-a-box-title"><h5 itemprop="name"><a class="m-a-box-name-url " href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-jozef-hyrja-m-a-phd/" itemprop="url"> Mgr. Jozef Hyrja, M.A., PhD.</a></h5></div><div class="m-a-box-bio" itemprop="description"><p>Vyštudoval odbor história na Filozofickej fakulte Prešovskej univerzity, ďalej študoval na European Institute for Jewish Studies in Sweden (Európsky inštitút pre židovské štúdiá vo Švédsku) aj na International School for Holocaust Studies (Medzinárodná škola pre výskum holokaustu) pri Jad Vašem v Jeruzaleme. V roku 2019 obhájil titul M.A. na Hochschule für Jüdische Studien (Vysoká škola pre židovské štúdiá) v nemeckom Heidelbergu. Doktorát obhájil na Historickom ústave SAV, kde sa zameral na Československo-Izraelské vzťahy po druhej svetovej vojne.</p></div></div></div><div class="m-a-box-content-bottom"></div></div></div></div><div class="histo-amp_random histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; " id="histo-1582620261" data-histo-trackid="21178" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="4732275943" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><script>( window.advanced_ads_ready || jQuery( document ).ready ).call( null, function() {var advads_content_p = jQuery("#histo-1582620261").parent().children("p:not(table p):not(blockquote p):not(div.wp-caption p)").filter(function(){return jQuery.trim(this.innerHTML)!==""});var advads_content_random_p = advads_content_p.eq( Math.round(Math.random() * ( advads_content_p.length - 1) ) );if( advads_content_random_p.length ) { advads.move("#histo-1582620261", advads_content_random_p, { method: "insertAfter" }); }});</script> </div> <div class="sh-page-links"></div> <div class="post-tags-container"> <div class="post-tags"> <a class="post-tags-item post-tags-item-title"> Tagy </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/gladiator/" class="post-tags-item"> #gladiator </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/rimania/" class="post-tags-item"> #Rimania </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/rimskarisa/" class="post-tags-item"> #rimskarisa </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/starovek/" class="post-tags-item"> #Starovek </a> </div> <div class="sh-clear"></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-related-title post-slide-arrows-container"> <h2 class="post-single-title"> Mohlo by sa vám páčiť </h2> </div> <div class="post-related"> <div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-3874" class="post-item post-3874 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek tag-archeologia tag-mayovia tag-objavy"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/Stukovy-relief-z-Holmulu-420x265.jpg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/velkolepa-mayska-plastika-najnovsie-objavy/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/velkolepa-mayska-plastika-najnovsie-objavy/" class="post-title"> <h4> Veľkolepá mayská plastika – najnovšie objavy <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="3874"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-branislav-kovar-phd/" class="post-author">Mgr. Branislav Kovár, PhD.</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/velkolepa-mayska-plastika-najnovsie-objavy/" class="post-date"> 21. augusta 2013 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 2 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="3874"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-3880" class="post-item post-3880 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek tag-orgie tag-rimska-risa tag-tiberius"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/emperor_tiberius_statue_from_priverno_museo_chiaramonti-420x265.webp);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/orgie-cisara-tiberia-1-cast/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/orgie-cisara-tiberia-1-cast/" class="post-title"> <h4> Orgie cisára Tiberia? (1. časť) <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="3880"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-adam-rada-phd/" class="post-author">Mgr. Adam Rada, PhD.</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/orgie-cisara-tiberia-1-cast/" class="post-date"> 23. augusta 2013 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 7 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="3880"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-3887" class="post-item post-3887 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek tag-orgie tag-ostrov-capri tag-rimska-risa tag-tiberius"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/statue-of-tiberius-in-capri-island-with-a-view-of-faraglioni-rocks-italy-1124848781-5c81fa5b46e0fb0001431953-420x265.jpeg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/orgie-cisara-tiberia-2-cast/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/orgie-cisara-tiberia-2-cast/" class="post-title"> <h4> Orgie cisára Tiberia? (2. časť) <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="3887"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-adam-rada-phd/" class="post-author">Mgr. Adam Rada, PhD.</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/orgie-cisara-tiberia-2-cast/" class="post-date"> 26. augusta 2013 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 7 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="3887"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-3973" class="post-item post-3973 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek tag-narodeniny tag-rimska-risa tag-starovek"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Najstarsia-pozvanka-na-narodeninovu-oslavu-420x265.jpg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/najstarsia-pozvanka-na-narodeninovu-oslavu/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/najstarsia-pozvanka-na-narodeninovu-oslavu/" class="post-title"> <h4> Najstaršia pozvánka na narodeninovú oslavu <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="3973"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-branislav-kovar-phd/" class="post-author">Mgr. 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