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class="sh-header-search-side-icon"> <i class="ti-search"></i> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div id="wrapper" class="layout-default"> <div class="content-container sh-page-layout-default"> <div class="container entry-content"> <div id="content-wrapper" class="content-wrapper-with-sidebar"> <div id="content" class="content-layout-sidebar-right content-with-sidebar-right"> <div class="blog-single blog-style-single blog-blockquote-style2 blog-style-post-standard"> <article id="post-11550" class="post-item post-item-single post-11550 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek tag-archeologia tag-kelti tag-mohyly tag-starovek tag-staroveke-civilizacie"> <meta content="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/8qq.jpg" itemprop="image"/> <div class="post-type-content"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <img src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/8qq.jpg" alt="Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu?"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/8qq.jpg" class="post-lightbox" data-rel="lightcase:post_gallery_11550"></a> </div> <div class="post-thumnail-caption sh-heading-font"> Keltskí bojovníci v 3. a v 2. storočí. </div> </div> <div class="post-copyrights"> Text bol pôvodne publikovaný na HistoryWeb.sk 30. marca 2020. </div> <div class="post-item-single-container"> <div class="post-single-meta"> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> <a class="post-title"> <h1> Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu? <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="11550"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h1> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date post-auhor-date-full"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-branislav-kovar-phd/"> <img alt='' src='https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar.jpg' srcset='https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar.jpg 2x' class='avatar avatar-28 photo post-author-image' height='28' width='28' decoding='async'/> </a> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-branislav-kovar-phd/" class="post-author">Mgr. Branislav Kovár, PhD.</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/mohol-virus-krymsko-konzskej-hemoragickej-horucky-sposobit-keltsku-expanziu/" class="post-date"> 30. marca 2020 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 9 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="11550"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content post-single-content"> <p><em>V 5. storočí pred Kr. sa v Európe objavili nové bojovné kmene. Pochádzali zo západu a aj antickí autori mali o nich len hmlisté predstavy. Neskôr, keď prekročili Alpy, prenikli hlboko na Balkánsky polostrov a obsadili väčšiu časť západnej Európy, ich Gréci začali nazývať Keltmi a Rimania Galmi. Dobyli Rím a Delfy, bojovali v Malej Ázii a v Egypte. Za ich expanziou mohla byť doteraz neznáma epidémia alebo preľudnenie.</em></p> <p><em> </em></p> <figure style="width: 350px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/mapa_upravena2.jpg" title="Mapa rozšírenia halštatskej kultúry." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1108944431" data-slb-internal="0"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" style="float: right;margin: 15px" title="Mapa rozšírenia halštatskej kultúry." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/mapa_upravena2.jpg" alt="mapa upravena2 - Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu?" width="350" height="705"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Mapa rozšírenia halštatskej kultúry.</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Pravlasťou Keltov bolo územie zaberajúce zhruba dnešné juhozápadné Nemecko, východné Francúzsko, Švajčiarsko a západnú časť Rakúska. Niektorí bádatelia sem zaraďujú aj západné Čechy. Kelti sa vyvinuli z prostredia západohalštatských kultúr staršej doby železnej, medzi tieto kultúry prenikali aj grécki či etruskí obchodníci.</p> <p>Na konci doby bronzovej vzniká v oblasti, ktorú sme označili ako pravlasť Keltov, viacero centier, ktoré profitovali z diaľkového obchodu s meďou a cínom. Okolo roku 1000 pred Kr. sa rozvinulo <a href="https://historyweb.dennikn.sk/clanky/detail/biele-zlato-sa-v-rakuskych-alpach-dolovalo-niekolko-tisicroci" target="_blank" rel="noopener">centrum pri dnešnom meste Hallstat v Rakúsku</a>. Nachádzali sa tu výnosné soľné bane. Soľ bola dôležitou surovinou pre uchovanie jedla. V prvej tretine 1. tisícročia pred Kr. sa v oblasti objavuje nová výrobná surovina – železo, ktoré zohralo kľúčovú úlohu v ďalšom vývoji. Začala sa doba staršia železná (približne 800 – 450 pred Kr.). Kontrola produkcie a distribúcie železa a hlavne soli hrala dôležitú úlohu pri vzniku nových centier moci.</p> <p>Až do 8. storočia pred Kr. poznáme z pravlasti Keltov hlavne menšie centrá, obkolesené dedinami a farmami. Práve vo 8. storočí nastala zmena. Spoločnosť sa stala komplexnejšou a miesto drobných náčelníckych centier začínajú vznikať väčšie útvary. Približne medzi rokmi 800 až 600 pred Kr. budovali „raní Kelti“ i opevnené centrá na strategických polohách. Dôkazom zmien sú aj bohaté mohylové hroby elity, ktoré sa vymykali zo „štandardu“ hrobov na vtedajších pohrebiskách. V hroboch sa mohli dokonca nachádzať štvorkolesové vozy. Medzi rokmi 600 až 500 pred Kr. sa bohaté hroby viac sústreďujú v oblasti dnešného juhozápadného Nemecka a východného Francúzska. Často sa nachádzali pri veľkých hradiskách, kde sídlila vtedajšia elita.</p> <figure style="width: 250px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/5q71.jpg" title="Rekonštrukcia hrobu v mohyle v Hochdorfe." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="813224596" data-slb-internal="0"><img decoding="async" style="float: left;margin: 15px" title="Rekonštrukcia hrobu v mohyle v Hochdorfe." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/5q71.jpg" alt="5q71 - Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu?" width="250" height="600"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Rekonštrukcia hrobu v mohyle v Hochdorfe.</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Okolo roku 600 pred Kr. vznikla grécka kolónia Massalia (dnes Marseille). Grécki obchodníci začali prenikať pozdĺž riek Rhôna, Rýn, Seina, Loire a horného toku Dunaja do pravlasti Keltov. Miestne kniežatá získali ďalší zdroj bohatstva a začali kontrolovať cesty s gréckym tovarom, o čom svedčia aj milodary v ich hroboch. Pravdepodobne to boli práve obchodníci z Massalie, ktorí ako prví použili pre miestne kmene pomenovanie <em>Keltoi</em>.</p> <p>V tomto čase sa objavujú aj spomínané mocné hradiská, kde pravdepodobne sídlili vtedajšie elity kontrolujúce obchod s gréckym tovarom, so soľou, so železom, prípadne s otrokmi – Asperg, Britzgyberg, Heuneburg, Mont Lassois a ďalšie. V okolí hradísk sa nachádzali bohaté hroby pod mohylami. Často sa v nich vyskytovala drevená komora a mŕtvy bol pochovaný spolu s vozom a s luxusným tovarom vrátane zlatých predmetov. Luxusný tovar pochádzal hlavne zo Stredomoria, ale našiel sa aj hodváb, ktorý mohol byť len z Číny. Typickými príkladmi sú hroby <a href="https://historyweb.dennikn.sk/clanky/detail/princezna-z-vix-mala-od-detstva-poskodenu-tvar" target="_blank" rel="noopener">vo Vix</a> a v Hochdorfe.</p> <p>Po Grékoch začali na sever prenikať aj konkurenční etruskí obchodníci. Okrem predmetov sa do oblasti importovalo aj víno, o čom svedčí napríklad obrovská bronzová nádoba – kratér (výška 1,64 m a objem 1150 l), ktorá sa našla v bohatom hrobe <a href="https://historyweb.dennikn.sk/clanky/detail/princezna-z-vix-mala-od-detstva-poskodenu-tvar" target="_blank" rel="noopener">princeznej vo Vix</a> a slúžila na miešanie vína.</p> <h2><strong>Sídlo moci – Heuneburg</strong></h2> <figure style="width: 250px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2qq4.jpg" title="Mohyla s vírusom sa našla neďaleko hradiska Heuneburg (rekonštrukcia Landesamt für Denkmalpege Baden-Württemberg)." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1122311193" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="float: right;margin: 15px" title="Mohyla s vírusom sa našla neďaleko hradiska Heuneburg (rekonštrukcia Landesamt für Denkmalpege Baden-Württemberg)." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/2qq4.jpg" alt="2qq4 - Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu?" width="250" height="576"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Mohyla s vírusom sa našla neďaleko hradiska Heuneburg.</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Medzi dôležité sídla spomínaných elít staršej doby železnej patrilo hradisko Heuneburg. Nachádza sa na hornom toku rieky Dunaj (dnes v nemeckej spolkovej krajine Bádensko-Württembersko). Podľa niektorých bádateľov spomína mesto aj slávny grécky historik Herodotos vo svojich dejinách ako keltské mesto, pri ktorom pramení Dunaj. Uvádza jeho názov Paréné (Pyrene; Herodotos 2,33). Hradisko kontrolovalo obchodný koridor vedúci zo západu na východ a zároveň malo dosah na alpské priesmyky. Existovalo od 7. storočia pred Kr. až do neskorého 5. storočia pred Kr. Osídlenie hradiska je doložené na ploche 3,2 ha. Posledné tri fázy osídlenia boli zničené ohňom.</p> <p>Najznámejšie osídlenie hradiska Heuneburg je pravdepodobne zo 6. storočia pred Kr., keď na severnej strane opevnenia vyrástlo 10 veží z nepálených tehál. Technika stavby bola cudzia, pravdepodobne importovaná z antického Grécka. Je otázne, či si bohatí vládcovia najali gréckych špecialistov, alebo stavebnú techniku „odkopírovali.“</p> <p>V blízkosti hradiska sa nachádza viacero pohrebísk s mohylovými hrobmi – Hohmichele a Gießübel-Talhau. Vyskytovali sa tu mohyly s centrálnymi hrobovými komorami, kde sa pochovávali vtedajšie elity. Mohyly sa používali dlhšie a do ich plášťa sa často pochovávalo aj v nasledujúcich obdobiach.</p> <h2><strong>Dve mohyly</strong></h2> <figure style="width: 270px" class="wp-caption alignleft"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/6q62.jpg" title="Mohyla T17 s chorým mužom (Zdroj: Bettina Arnold)" data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1992681138" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="" style="float: left;margin: 15px" title="Mohyla T17 s chorým mužom (Zdroj: Bettina Arnold)" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/6q62.jpg" alt="6q62 - Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu?" width="270" height="307"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Mohyla T17 s chorým mužom.</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Na pohrebisku v Hohmichele sa našlo 35 mohýl. V poslednom období zaujali archeológov hlavne dve mohyly v tzv. zoskupení Speckhau. Archeologický tím pod vedením Bettiny Arnoldovej a Matthewa L. Murra tu preskúmal dve mohyly – označujú sa ako T17 a T18.</p> <div class="histo-display_v-obsahu histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; clear: both; " id="histo-1763446229" data-histo-trackid="21127" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="5846102904" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><p>Obe mohyly obsahovali v centrálnom hrobe pohreb dvoch jedincov. V mohyle T17 sa v centrálnej komore našiel jeden spálený jedinec, pravdepodobne muž a jedna kostra ženy, ktorá však mohla byť do komory uložená až sekundárne. V mohyle T18 sa našli v centrálnej polohe spálené zvyšky dvoch jedincov, tak isto išlo pravdepodobne o muža a ženu. Okrem spomínaných hrobov boli v mohylách ďalšie pohreby v ich plášťoch. V prípade T18 to bolo až 16 jedincov pochovaných kostrovo (inhumačne), v prípade mohyly T17 to boli ešte traja jedinci (celkovo štyri inhumačné hroby).</p> <p>Možná prítomnosť páru muža a ženy v centrálnych pohreboch v oboch mohylách viedla archeológov <a href="https://www.academia.edu/37056782/The_grave_s_a_not-so-private_place_Elite_multiple_burials_in_Early_Iron_Age_West-Central_Europe_-_Germania_2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bettinu Arnoldovú a Manuela Fernadeza-Götza</a> k myšlienke, či sa tu nepraktizoval rituál <em>sati</em> alebo <em>sahagamana</em>. Obetovanie ženy po smrti manžela nebolo doménou len obyvateľov Indického polostrova, ale podobné pohrebné praktiky sa vyskytovali napr. aj (no nielen) u Vikingov, preto ich nemôžeme vylúčiť ani v tomto prípade. Ako však aj samotní autori výskumu priznávajú, môže ísť len o špekuláciu.</p> <figure style="width: 250px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/4q80.jpg" title="Pohreb s vozom." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1237597253" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="margin: 15px;float: right" title="Pohreb s vozom." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/4q80.jpg" alt="4q80 - Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu?" width="250" height="684"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Pohreb s vozom.</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Žiarové pochovávanie bolo v oblasti typické približne medzi rokmi 800 – 650 pred Kr., kostrové hroby môžu pochádzať z obdobia medzi rokmi 650 – 450 pred Kr. (Z archeologického hľadiska ide o dve fázy doby halštatskej.). Takéto datovanie centrálneho hrobu v mohyle T18 potvrdili aj nálezy keramiky. Rádiokarbónové vzorky a hrobová výbava posunuli datovanie susednej mohyly T17 skôr do obdobia medzi rokmi 600 až 450 pred Kr. Bádateľov na oboch mohylách zaujal fakt, že zatiaľ čo T18 obsahuje až 16 neskoršie pridaných hrobov, v T17 sa našli len tri (respektíve štyri). Nové hroby sa v plášti mohyly T17 objavili najskôr po 100 rokoch od jej postavenia. Prečo je to tak?</p> <p>Mohyla T17 má priemer 20 m a jej pôvodná výška mohla byť 3 až 4 m. V centre sa nachádzala pohrebná komora s rozmermi 5 x 5 m. Pravdepodobne bola už v minulosti vykradnutá. Napriek tomu sa v komore zachovali fragmenty keramiky a kovových predmetov (napríklad dva oštepy a nôž). Vyšší status pochovaného dokladajú fragmenty štvorkolesového voza. Pozoruhodným nálezom sú zvyšky srsti medveďa, čo by len potvrdilo status pochovaného. Môžeme predpokladať, že pochovaný muž mal ešte bohatšiu výbavu, ktorá však bola v minulosti ukradnutá. Ako ukážeme nižšie, táto krádež sa s veľkou pravdepodobnosťou neodohrala v priebehu doby železnej.</p> <h2><strong>Príbeh chorého muža </strong></h2> <p>U muža sa náhle objavili znepokojivé symptómy: veľké podliatiny, citlivosť na svetlo, krvácanie z nosa a ďasien, vracanie, krvavá hnačka a krv v moči. Postihnutý príslušník elity zomrel. Jeho pozostalí, zatiaľ z neznámych príčin, vložili jeho orgány a krv do hlinenej nádoby, ktorú umiestnili do mohyly (T17).</p> <figure style="width: 658px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/7q45.jpg" title="Keltská expanzia." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="2107253561" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" class="" style="margin: 15px;float: left" title="Keltská expanzia." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/7q45.jpg" alt="7q45 - Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu?" width="658" height="410"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Keltská expanzia.</em></figcaption></figure> <p>Z tejto oblasti a z tohto obdobia sme doteraz nepoznali žiadne pozostatky ľudskej krvi a tkaniva. Zvyšky proteínov v nádobe analyzovali vedci z univerzity vo West Lafayette (USA) pod vedením Connera Wiktoricza. Podarilo sa im identifikovať vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky, na ktorý zomierajú ľudia ešte aj dnes. Riziko smrti medzi nakazenými sa dnes pohybuje medzi 10 a 40 percentami (!). Smrť prichádza 14 až 20 dní po nákaze. Proteíny tohto vírusu sa môžu zachovať až milión rokov. Dnes sa táto nákaza vyskytuje na Balkáne, na Ukrajine, na Kaukaze, na Strednom východe, v centrálnej Ázii, v západnej Číne a v Afrike. Prenášačmi vírusu sú hlavne kliešte. Nákaza sa väčšinou objavuje v jarných a v letných mesiacoch, pretože vtedy dospelé kliešte hľadajú svoju potravu. Podobný vírus bol identifikovaný u pštrosov, ale na človeka sa môže preniesť aj z ostatných domácich zvierat, napríklad z hovädzieho dobytka.</p> <p>Možno práve žena , ktorej kostra bola uložená v centrálnej časti mohyly, mala za úlohu postarať sa o umiestnenie krvi a tkanív nakazeného do nádob. Akoby sa súkmeňovci báli možnej nákazy prostredníctvom krvi pochovávaného. Výskyt mŕtveho nakazeného môže vysvetľovať menší počet neskoršie datovaných hrobov v plášti mohyly T17. V skupinovej pamäti zostala výstraha pred chorým.</p><div class="histo-obsah histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; clear: both; " id="histo-475014283" data-histo-trackid="21180" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block; text-align:center;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="6364977653" data-ad-layout="in-article" data-ad-format="fluid"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div> <p>Je otázne, kde sa muž vírusom nakazil. Prišiel už nakazený vírusom z nejakej obchodnej cesty? Zomrel ďaleko od domova a pozostalí len previezli jeho telo? Mohla jeho smrť spôsobiť epidémia, čo by vysvetľovalo neskorší strach pochovávať do mohyly?</p> <p>Na začiatku 5. storočia pred Kr. sa v keltskej spoločnosti muselo niečo odohrať. Mocné hradiská ako Heuneburg boli opustené. Prestali sa vyskytovať bohaté hroby, ako boli Vix alebo Hohmichele. Upadli obchodné kontakty údolím rieky Rhôna a presunuli sa na iné trasy. Centrom ďalšieho vývoja sa stali skôr severnejšie oblasti na strednom toku rieky Rýn a v dnešnom francúzskom kraji Champagne. Sem sa presmeroval aj obchod. Zmenili sa aj pohrebiská. Hroby síce nie sú chudobné, ale ich výbava je výrazne skromnejšia, ako bola v predchádzajúcom období.</p> <h2><strong>Keltská expanzia</strong></h2> <figure style="width: 250px" class="wp-caption alignright"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/8qq.jpg" title="Keltskí bojovníci v 3. a v 2. storočí (podľa Osprey, A. McBride)." data-slb-active="1" data-slb-asset="1405326834" data-slb-internal="0"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" style="float: right;margin: 15px" title="Keltskí bojovníci v 3. a v 2. storočí (podľa Osprey, A. McBride)." src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/8qq.jpg" alt="8qq - Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu?" width="250" height="538"></a><figcaption class="wp-caption-text"><em>Keltskí bojovníci v 3. a v 2. storočí.</em></figcaption></figure> <p>V druhej polovici 5. storočia pred Kr. zmeny v keltskej spoločnosti pokračovali a keltské kmene sa dali do pohybu. Antický svet čoskoro okúsil silu ich bojovníkov. Doteraz sa keltská expanzia z pravlasti vysvetľovala hlavne preľudnením. V diele antického spisovateľa Tita Lívia sa zachovala legenda o synovcoch kráľa Ambigata z keltského kmeňa Biturgov – o Bellovesovi a o Segovesovi, ktorí sa postavili na čelo ozbrojených skupín a z preľudnenej krajiny sa vybrali hľadať nové sídla. Preľudnenie sa javí ako pravdepodobné vysvetlenie keltskej expanzie.</p> <p>Datovanie mohyly T17 je zatiaľ široké. Rovnako nie je zrejmé, či mŕtvy zomrel pri hradisku Heuneburg, alebo jeho telo priniesli z juhu, aj keď vzhľadom na priebeh choroby a uloženie jeho krvi do nádob je pravdepodobnejšia prvá možnosť. Klíma v období staršej dobe železnej nepriala rozšíreniu kliešťov, ktoré prenášali vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky. Navyše stále máme len jeden dôkaz výskytu vírusu, aj keď vzhľadom na to, ako často v archeologickom zázname nájdeme organické látky, by to istou indíciou mohlo byť.</p> <p>Vzhľadom na zistenia z mohyly T17 sa tak hypoteticky ponúka aj iná možnosť hľadania príčin keltskej expanzie. Je napriek všetkým pochybnostiam a sporným argumentom namieste otázka, či za zmenami v keltskej spoločnosti mohla stáť smrtiaca epidémia?</p> <p><strong> <span style="color: #5a5a5a;font-family: proxima-nova;font-size: 16.5px;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff;float: none"> </span></strong></p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px;color: #5a5a5a;line-height: 1.7em;font-size: 1.5em;font-family: proxima-nova;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff"><a style="color: #966035;font-weight: bold" href="https://www.martinus.sk/?uItem=747255&z=MN4KMH&utm_source=z%3DMN4KMH&utm_medium=url&utm_campaign=partner&fbclid=IwAR2wG6upKEtYz4LX1biNrxnaeHJJUaVO8uzkFsglCxtvhiOBHC9i79xd1yc" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><span style="color: #5a5a5a;font-family: proxima-nova;font-size: 16.5px;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff;float: none"><span style="color: #5a5a5a;font-family: proxima-nova;font-size: 16.5px;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff;float: none"><img decoding="async" style="border: 0px;vertical-align: middle;float: left;margin: 15px;max-width: 70%" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk//wp-content/uploads/2021/03/epidemie_v_dejinach1.jpg" alt="epidemie v dejinach1 - Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu?" width="100"></span></span></a></p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px;color: #5a5a5a;line-height: 1.7em;font-size: 1.5em;font-family: proxima-nova;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff"> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px;color: #5a5a5a;line-height: 1.7em;font-size: 1.5em;font-family: proxima-nova;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff"><span style="color: #5a5a5a;font-family: proxima-nova;font-size: 16.5px;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff;float: none"><span style="color: #5a5a5a;font-family: proxima-nova;font-size: 16.5px;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff;float: none">Text je súčasťou knihy <a style="color: #966035;font-weight: bold" href="https://www.martinus.sk/?uItem=747255&z=MN4KMH&utm_source=z%3DMN4KMH&utm_medium=url&utm_campaign=partner&fbclid=IwAR2wG6upKEtYz4LX1biNrxnaeHJJUaVO8uzkFsglCxtvhiOBHC9i79xd1yc" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Kovár, B./Zajac, O./Benediková, L. (Ed.): Epidémie v dejinách. Premedia : Bratislava 2020.</a></span></span></p> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px;color: #5a5a5a;line-height: 1.7em;font-size: 1.5em;font-family: proxima-nova;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff"> <p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px;color: #5a5a5a;line-height: 1.7em;font-size: 1.5em;font-family: proxima-nova;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff"><span style="color: #5a5a5a;font-family: proxima-nova;font-size: 16.5px;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff;float: none"><span style="color: #5a5a5a;font-family: proxima-nova;font-size: 16.5px;font-style: normal;font-weight: 400;letter-spacing: normal;text-align: start;text-indent: 0px;text-transform: none;background-color: #ffffff;float: none"> </span></span></p> <p><strong>Pramene:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Hérodotos: Dějiny aneb Devět knih dějin nazvaných MÚSY. Preložil J. Šonka. Praha 2004.</li> <li>Livius: Dějiny II – III (Knihy V – X). Preklad Pavel Kucharský. Praha 1972.</li> </ul> <p><strong>Literatúra:</strong></p> <ul> <li>Ellis, P. B.: Keltové. První tisíciletí keltských dějin, 1000 př. Kr.-51 po Kr. Praha 1996.</li> <li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/37056782/The_grave_s_a_not-so-private_place_Elite_multiple_burials_in_Early_Iron_Age_West-Central_Europe_-_Germania_2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fernández-Götz, M./Arnold, B.: The grave’s a not-so-private place: Elite multiple burials in Early Iron Age West-Central Europe. Germania 95,</a> <a href="https://www.academia.edu/37056782/The_grave_s_a_not-so-private_place_Elite_multiple_burials_in_Early_Iron_Age_West-Central_Europe_-_Germania_2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2017, 181 – 198.</a></li> <li class="Default"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/35108504/Elites_before_the_F%C3%BCrstensitze_Hallstatt_C_sumptuous_graves_between_Main_and_Danube" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Fernández-Götz, M./Arnold, B.: Elites before the Fürstensitze. Hallstatt C sumptuous graves between Main and Danube. In: R. Schumann/S. van der Vaart- Verschoof: Connecting elites and regions. Perspectives on contacts, relations and differentiation during the Early Iron Age Hallstatt C period in Northwest and Central Europe. Hamburg 2017, 183 – 199.</a></li> <li>James, S.: Exploring the World of the Celts. London 2005.</li> <li class="Pa01"><a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311092433_Hemorrhagic_fever_virus_human_blood_and_tissues_in_Iron_Age_mortuary_vessels" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Wiktorowicz, C. J./Bettina A./Wiktorowicz, J. E./Murray, M. L./Kurosky, A.: Hemorrhagic fever virus, human blood, and tissues in Iron Age mortuary vessels. Journal of Archaeological Science 78, 2017, 29 – 39</a></li> </ul> <p class="Pa01"> <p class="Pa01">Obrazová príloha: <a title="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311092433_Hemorrhagic_fever_virus_human_blood_and_tissues_in_Iron_Age_mortuary_vessels" href="https://www.academia.edu/37056782/The_grave_s_a_not-so-private_place_Elite_multiple_burials_in_Early_Iron_Age_West-Central_Europe_-_Germania_2017" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Arnold, B.</a>, <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311092433_Hemorrhagic_fever_virus_human_blood_and_tissues_in_Iron_Age_mortuary_vessels" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Journal of Archaeological Science 78</a>, <a href="https://www.denkmalpflege-bw.de/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Landesamt für Denkmalpege Baden-Württemberg</a>, wikipedia.org, Osprey, A. McBride, The Map Archive</p>   <div class="molongui-clearfix"></div><div id="mab-3004223817" class="m-a-box " data-box-layout="slim" data-box-position="below" data-multiauthor="false" data-author-id="176" data-author-type="user" data-author-archived=""><div class="m-a-box-container"><div class="m-a-box-tab m-a-box-content m-a-box-profile" data-profile-layout="layout-1" data-author-ref="user-176" itemscope itemid="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-branislav-kovar-phd/" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><div class="m-a-box-content-top"></div><div class="m-a-box-content-middle"><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-avatar" data-source="local"><a class="m-a-box-avatar-url" href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-branislav-kovar-phd/"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar-150x150.jpg" class="attachment-150x150 size-150x150" alt="Branislav Kovar - Mohol vírus krymsko-konžskej hemoragickej horúčky spôsobiť keltskú expanziu?" itemprop="image" srcset="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar-150x150.jpg 150w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar-80x80.jpg 80w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar-768x764.jpg 768w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar-70x70.jpg 70w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar-585x582.jpg 585w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar-220x220.jpg 220w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar-300x298.jpg 300w, https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/05/Branislav-Kovar.jpg 960w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px"></a></div><div class="m-a-box-item m-a-box-data"><div class="m-a-box-name m-a-box-title"><h5 itemprop="name"><a class="m-a-box-name-url " href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-branislav-kovar-phd/" itemprop="url"> Mgr. Branislav Kovár, PhD.</a></h5></div><div class="m-a-box-bio" itemprop="description"><p>vyštudoval archeológiu a históriu na Filozofickej fakulte UK v Bratislave. Zúčastnil sa archeologických expedícií vo Francúzsku, v Kuvajte, v Guatemale a v Sudáne. Pracuje v Archeologickom ústave SAV v.v.i. Voľný čas venuje portálu HistoryLab.sk. Je spoluautorom a editorom kníh Kolaps očami archeológie, Archaeology of Failaka and Kuwaiti coast, História pre zaneprázdnených 1 a 2, Epidémie v dejinách a Klíma v dejinách. Napísal aj knihu Sila zániku: Kolapsy starovekých a stredovekých spoločností.</p></div></div></div><div class="m-a-box-content-bottom"></div></div></div></div><div class="histo-amp_random histo-target" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center; margin-top: 15px; margin-bottom: 15px; " id="histo-639665803" data-histo-trackid="21178" data-histo-trackbid="1"><script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-2045141860434227" crossorigin="anonymous"></script><ins class="adsbygoogle" style="display:block;" data-ad-client="ca-pub-2045141860434227" data-ad-slot="4732275943" data-ad-format="auto"></ins> <script> (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({}); </script> </div><script>( window.advanced_ads_ready || jQuery( document ).ready ).call( null, function() {var advads_content_p = jQuery("#histo-639665803").parent().children("p:not(table p):not(blockquote p):not(div.wp-caption p)").filter(function(){return jQuery.trim(this.innerHTML)!==""});var advads_content_random_p = advads_content_p.eq( Math.round(Math.random() * ( advads_content_p.length - 1) ) );if( advads_content_random_p.length ) { advads.move("#histo-639665803", advads_content_random_p, { method: "insertAfter" }); }});</script> </div> <div class="sh-page-links"></div> <div class="post-tags-container"> <div class="post-tags"> <a class="post-tags-item post-tags-item-title"> Tagy </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/archeologia/" class="post-tags-item"> #archeológia </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/kelti/" class="post-tags-item"> #Kelti </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/mohyly/" class="post-tags-item"> #mohyly </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/starovek/" class="post-tags-item"> #Starovek </a> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/tag/staroveke-civilizacie/" class="post-tags-item"> #staroveké civilizácie </a> </div> <div class="sh-clear"></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-related-title post-slide-arrows-container"> <h2 class="post-single-title"> Mohlo by sa vám páčiť </h2> </div> <div class="post-related"> <div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-8272" class="post-item post-8272 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek tag-kazdodennost tag-kelti tag-starovek tag-staroveke-civilizacie"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/1y70-420x265.jpg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/ako-sa-obliekali-keltske-zeny/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/ako-sa-obliekali-keltske-zeny/" class="post-title"> <h4> Ako sa obliekali keltské ženy? <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="8272"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-veronika-mikesova-puhacova/" class="post-author">Mgr. Veronika Mikešová-Puhačová</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/ako-sa-obliekali-keltske-zeny/" class="post-date"> 30. júla 2017 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 10 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="8272"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-3310" class="post-item post-3310 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek tag-alexander-velky tag-grecko tag-perzia tag-zeny-v-dejinach"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/800px-Il_Sodoma._Marriage_of_Alexander_and_Roxana._detail._Villa_Farnesina_Rome._fresco_3-420x265.jpg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/zeny-co-nenavidia-zeny/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/zeny-co-nenavidia-zeny/" class="post-title"> <h4> Ženy, čo nenávidia ženy <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="3310"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-diana-olexova/" class="post-author">Mgr. Diana Olexová</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/zeny-co-nenavidia-zeny/" class="post-date"> 25. apríla 2013 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 10 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="3310"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-2639" class="post-item post-2639 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek tag-slovania tag-stredovek tag-stredoveka-spolocnost tag-velka-morava"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Hradisko_slovansky_objekt_s_kamennou_podmurovkoub-420x265.jpg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/hradisko-vo-svatom-jure-svedok-davnej-minulosti/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/hradisko-vo-svatom-jure-svedok-davnej-minulosti/" class="post-title"> <h4> Hradisko vo Svätom Jure – svedok dávnej minulosti <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="2639"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/phdr-julius-vavak-phd/" class="post-author">PhDr. Július Vavák, PhD.</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/hradisko-vo-svatom-jure-svedok-davnej-minulosti/" class="post-date"> 4. januára 2013 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 6 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="2639"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-17953" class="post-item post-17953 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek category-historia-pre-zaneprazdnenych tag-alexander-velky tag-grecko-2 tag-starovek"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/3_titulka2-420x265.jpg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/v-bitke-pri-ipse-slony-rozhodli-o-osude-alexandrovho-imperia/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/v-bitke-pri-ipse-slony-rozhodli-o-osude-alexandrovho-imperia/" class="post-title"> <h4> V bitke pri Ipse slony rozhodli o osude Alexandrovho impéria <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="17953"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-adam-rada-phd/" class="post-author">Mgr. Adam Rada, PhD.</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/v-bitke-pri-ipse-slony-rozhodli-o-osude-alexandrovho-imperia/" class="post-date"> 2. júna 2021 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 8 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="17953"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-4509" class="post-item post-4509 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek tag-otroctvo tag-rim tag-rimska-risa tag-starovek"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/todofondosdeseries.com-1209_-420x265.jpg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/10-najslavnejsich-gladiatorov-v-starom-rime/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/10-najslavnejsich-gladiatorov-v-starom-rime/" class="post-title"> <h4> 10 najslávnejších gladiátorov v starom Ríme <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="4509"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-branislav-kovar-phd/" class="post-author">Mgr. Branislav Kovár, PhD.</a></span>, <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/10-najslavnejsich-gladiatorov-v-starom-rime/" class="post-date"> 10. marca 2014 </a> </span> <span class="post-readtime"> <i class="icon icon-clock"></i> 7 min <span>čítania</span> </span> <span class="responsive-post-read-later">  <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="4509"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div><div class="post-related-item"> <article id="post-4485" class="post-item post-4485 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-starovek tag-rimska-risa tag-starovek tag-vojenska-historia"> <div class="post-container"> <div class="post-thumbnail"> <div class="sh-ratio"> <div class="sh-ratio-container"> <div class="sh-ratio-content" style="background-image: url( https://historylab.dennikn.sk/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Sarkofag-znazornujuci-boje-Gotov-a-Rimanov.-420x265.jpg);"></div> </div> </div> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/zaciatok-konca-velkej-rise-1-cast/" class="post-overlay"></a> <div class="post-categories-container"> <div class="post-categories"><a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/category/starovek/">Starovek</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content-container"> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/starovek/zaciatok-konca-velkej-rise-1-cast/" class="post-title"> <h4> Začiatok konca veľkej ríše (1. časť) <span class="post-read-later post-read-later-guest" href="#login-register" data-type="add" data-id="4485"><i class="fa fa-bookmark-o"></i></span> </h4> </a> <div class="post-meta"> <div class="post-meta-content"> <span class="post-auhor-date"> <span> <a href="https://historylab.dennikn.sk/author/mgr-adam-rada-phd/" class="post-author">Mgr. 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