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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Theologie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_de_Koran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_de_Koran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In de Koran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_de_Koran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kalam (islam)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 51 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81m" title="Kalām – Zwitserduits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kalām" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Zwitserduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="علم الكلام – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم الكلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calam" title="Calam – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Calam" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99lam" title="Kəlam – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəlam" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="کلام بیلگی‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلام بیلگی‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D0%BC" title="Кәләм – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Кәләм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="কালাম – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="کەلام – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەلام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81m" title="Kalām – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalām" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelam" title="Kelam – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kelam" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A6%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%89%DE%B0" title="ކަލާމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކަލާމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="علم کلام – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="علم کلام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%A2m" title="Kalâm – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kalâm" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9D" title="כלאם – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כלאם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE" title="इल्म अल-कलाम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इल्म अल-कलाम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%A1m" title="Kalám – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kalám" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B4" title="Քալամ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քալամ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_kalam" title="Ilmu kalam – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu kalam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C4%81m" title="Kalām – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Kalām" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="カラーム – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カラーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Калам – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Калам" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelam" title="Kelam – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kelam" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Келам – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Келам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_kalam" title="Ilmu kalam – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ilmu kalam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%A2m" title="Calâm – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calâm" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam_(doctrin%C4%83)" title="Kalam (doctrină) – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kalam (doctrină)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Калам – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="علم ڪلام – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علم ڪلام" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kal%C3%A1m" title="Kalám – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kalám" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kalam" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கலாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கலாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Калом – Tadzjieks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Калом" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadzjieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kel%C3%A2m" title="Kelâm – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kelâm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Кәлям – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәлям" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84%D9%85%D9%89_%D9%83%DB%95%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="ئىلمى كەلام – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىلمى كەلام" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Калам – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калам" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="علم کلام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="علم کلام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalom" title="Kalom – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kalom" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯兰教义学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q280817#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kalam</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamitische</a> term die <i>toespraak</i>, <i>verhandeling</i> of <i>discussie</i> betekent en verwijst naar de islamitische traditie van het streven naar theologische principes door <a href="/wiki/Dialectiek" title="Dialectiek">dialectiek</a>. De term wordt vaak gebruikt om de islamitische <a href="/wiki/Theologie" title="Theologie">theologie</a> te beschrijven. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theologie">Theologie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalam_(islam)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Theologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalam_(islam)&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Theologie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De ontwikkeling en de opkomst vanaf de achtste eeuw van de theologie binnen de islam zijn sterk beïnvloed door de <a href="/wiki/Antieke_filosofie" title="Antieke filosofie">klassieke Griekse filosofie</a> met haar rationele wijze van analyseren. Feitelijk wordt daardoor ook de scheiding met de islamitische <a href="/wiki/Filosofie" title="Filosofie">filosofie</a> (<i>falsafa</i>) vrijwel onmogelijk. Bij de ontwikkeling van de islamitische theologie speelde met name het godsbeeld een belangrijke rol; het gaat dan met name over interpretatie van de beschrijvingen in de Koran van menselijke eigenschappen en attributen die aan <a href="/wiki/God_(islam)" title="God (islam)">God</a> worden toegeschreven.<sup id="cite_ref-begrip_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begrip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Een belangrijk strijdpunt tussen de verschillende theologische opvattingen was het vraagstuk van de relatie tussen de <a href="/wiki/Rede" title="Rede">ratio</a> en de openbaring van God. Zo waren er opvattingen dat via het menselijk verstand men tot dezelfde kennis kon komen als via de openbaring. Verschillende geleerden hadden hierop scherpe kritiek, waarbij gesteld werd dat slechts middels de Koran en het <a href="/wiki/Soenna" title="Soenna">voorbeeld van Mohammed</a> tot kennis van het geloof kon komen. De ratio was daarbij weliswaar een hulpmiddel.<sup id="cite_ref-begrip_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begrip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Een ander heikel discussiepunt was de <a href="/wiki/Schepping" title="Schepping">geschapen</a> of ongeschapen Koran. Een geschapen Koran zou mogelijkerwijs de weg vrij maken voor een historische <a href="/wiki/Interpretatie" title="Interpretatie">interpretatie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-begrip_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begrip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De kalam heeft uiteindelijk nooit dezelfde positie verworven, zoals deze binnen de <a href="/wiki/Westerse_wereld" title="Westerse wereld">westerse</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerkgeschiedenis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerkgeschiedenis">christelijke</a> theologie. Na <a href="/wiki/1250" title="1250">1250</a> waren er nauwelijks nog hoogtepunten en trad een periode van stagnering in, tot een nieuwe ontwikkeling na <a href="/wiki/1850" title="1850">1850</a> van islamitische theologen, waarbij een sterke <a href="/wiki/Apologetiek" title="Apologetiek">apologetiek</a> tegen het westerse <a href="/wiki/Imperialisme" title="Imperialisme">imperialisme</a> werd ingezet.<sup id="cite_ref-begrip_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-begrip-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sommige moslims wijzen theologie af, omdat ze de woorden van de Koran en de <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Ahadith</a> accepteren, zoals ze er staan. Hierbij gaan zij voorbij aan het feit dat sommigen deze woorden anders kunnen lezen of interpreteren. Het uitleggen van een heilige tekst is immers niet hetzelfde als het letterlijk aanhalen. Wie dat wel doet geeft eigenlijk een tekstverklaring en wordt binnen de islam als onverstandig en soms zelfs als onoprecht beschouwd. Moslims hoeven echter geen amateurtheologen te worden om hun <a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">religie</a> te beleven; het voordeel van de islam ten opzichte van veel andere religies is dat er een korte lijst van eenvoudig te bevatten geloofspunten bestaat.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_de_Koran">In de Koran</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalam_(islam)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: In de Koran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalam_(islam)&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: In de Koran"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kalam</i>, in de zin van <i>Kalam Allah</i> (het <a href="/wiki/Woord_van_God" title="Woord van God">Woord van God</a>), moet worden onderscheiden van '<i>Ilm al-Kalam</i>, de wetenschap van het bespreken en beredeneren van God, en verschilt ook van <i>kalimat Allah</i>, een goddelijke uiting. <i>Kalam Allah</i> wordt ten minste drie keer in de <a href="/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koran</a> vermeld (<a href="/wiki/Soera_De_Koe" title="Soera De Koe">soera De Koe</a> 75, <a href="/wiki/Soera_Het_Berouw" title="Soera Het Berouw">soera Het Berouw</a> 6 en <a href="/wiki/Soera_Het_Succes" title="Soera Het Succes">soera Het Succes</a> 15).<sup id="cite_ref-leaman_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Het werkwoord <i>kallama</i> (spreken) wordt in de Koran in de volgende situaties gebruikt: wanneer God spreekt tot de <a href="/wiki/Profeet" title="Profeet">profeten</a> (soera De Koe 253), toen God duidelijk tot <a href="/wiki/Mozes" title="Mozes">Mozes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Soera_De_Vrouwen" title="Soera De Vrouwen">soera De Vrouwen</a> 164, <a href="/wiki/Soera_De_Kantelen" title="Soera De Kantelen">soera De Kantelen</a> 143, soera De Koe 254) sprak, die is gekozen om Zijn Woord over te brengen (soera De Kantelen 144) en wanneer wordt uitlegd dat God spreekt tot mensen, alleen door <a href="/wiki/Openbaring_(concept)" title="Openbaring (concept)">openbaringen</a> of door een <a href="/wiki/Aya" title="Aya">teken</a> (soera De Koe 118) en dat God spreekt nooit aan de goddelozen (soera De Koe 174 en <a href="/wiki/Soera_De_Partijscharen" title="Soera De Partijscharen">soera De Partijscharen</a> 77.<sup id="cite_ref-leaman_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De Koran maakt geen melding van <i>kalam</i> of <i>mutakallim</i>, maar in theologische beredeneringen wordt God beschreven als <i>mutakallim</i> (sprekend), omdat Hij de eigenschap van het spreken (<i>kalam</i>) bezit.<sup id="cite_ref-leaman_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-leaman-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalam_(islam)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalam_(islam)&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_van_islamitische_termen_in_het_Arabisch" title="Lijst van islamitische termen in het Arabisch">Lijst van islamitische termen in het Arabisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asharisme" title="Asharisme">Asharisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moetazilisme" title="Moetazilisme">Moetazilisme</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-begrip-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-begrip_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-begrip_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-begrip_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-begrip_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Islam, Personen en begrippen van A tot Z</i>, Inge Arends e.a., Uitgeverij Het Spectrum B.V., 2000, <i>Theologie</i>, blz. 173-174, <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9027465290" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90 274 6529 0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Islam voor Dummies</i>, Malcom Clark, Uitgeverij Addison Wesley, 2004, blz. 57, <a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9043008451" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-430-0845-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-leaman-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-leaman_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leaman_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-leaman_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>the Qur'an: an encyclopedia</i>, Oliver Leaman e.a., Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, 2006, blz. 338, <i>Kalam/Kalima/Kallama</i>, ISBN 97 80415 77529 8</span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output 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bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div class="navigatie-afb-rechts noviewer"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Star_and_Crescent.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maan en ster"><img alt="Maan en ster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/24px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/36px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Star_and_Crescent.svg/48px-Star_and_Crescent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="216" /></a></span></div> <div id="Islam_(portaal)" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Portaal:Islam" title="Portaal:Islam">portaal</a>)</small></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Islam_van_A_tot_Z" title="Islam van A tot Z">Algemeen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Arabisch)" title="Adab (Arabisch)">Adab</a> · <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dawa" title="Dawa">Dawa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fitra" title="Fitra">Fitra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tawhied" title="Tawhied">Tawhied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ummah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ummah">Ummah</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zuilen_van_geloof" title="Zuilen van geloof">Zuilen van geloof</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Vijf_zuilen_van_de_islam" title="Vijf zuilen van de islam">Vijf zuilen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Sjahada" title="Sjahada">Sjahada</a> · <a href="/wiki/Salat_(islam)" title="Salat (islam)">Salat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Siyam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hadj" title="Hadj">Hadj</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Islamitische_kalender" title="Islamitische kalender">Kalender</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Dag_van_Arafat" title="Dag van Arafat">Arafat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Asjoera" title="Asjoera">Asjoera</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gezegende_Nachten" class="mw-redirect" title="Gezegende Nachten">Gezegende Nachten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitisch_Nieuwjaar" title="Islamitisch Nieuwjaar">Islamitisch Nieuwjaar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Offerfeest" title="Offerfeest">Offerfeest</a> · <a href="/wiki/Suikerfeest" title="Suikerfeest">Suikerfeest</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Moslim" title="Moslim">Personen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Asharatu_mubashirun" title="Asharatu mubashirun">10 mubashirun</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Boodschapper_(islam)" title="Boodschapper (islam)">Boodschappers</a> · <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Emigranten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ansaar" title="Ansaar">Helpers</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kinderen_van_Mohammed" title="Kinderen van Mohammed">Kinderen van Mohammed</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mahdi_(islam)" title="Mahdi (islam)">Mahdi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sahaba" title="Sahaba">Metgezellen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vrouwen_van_Mohammed" title="Vrouwen van Mohammed">Moeders der Gelovigen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mohammed" title="Mohammed">Mohammed</a> · <a href="/wiki/Profeten_in_de_islam" title="Profeten in de islam">Profeten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rechtgeleide kaliefen</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Stromingen_in_de_islam" title="Stromingen in de islam">Stromingen</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_(geloofsgemeenschap)" title="Ahmadiyya (geloofsgemeenschap)">Ahmadiyya</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kharidjisme" title="Kharidjisme">Kharidjisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Koranisme" title="Koranisme">Koranisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moetazilisme" title="Moetazilisme">Moetazilisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Qadarisme" title="Qadarisme">Qadarisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sjiisme" title="Sjiisme">Sjiisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Soefisme" title="Soefisme">Soefisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Soennisme" title="Soennisme">Soennisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Volksislam" title="Volksislam">Volksislam</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Wet en recht</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">Fatwa</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fikh" title="Fikh">Fikh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a> · <a href="/wiki/Halal_en_haram" title="Halal en haram">Halal en haram</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitisch_bankieren" title="Islamitisch bankieren">Islamitisch bankieren</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kalam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Koran" title="Koran">Koran</a> · <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ridda" title="Ridda">Ridda</a> · <a href="/wiki/Soenna" title="Soenna">Soenna</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Islamisme" title="Islamisme">Politiek</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Emiraat" title="Emiraat">Emiraat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Imamaat" title="Imamaat">Imamaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_monarchie" title="Islamitische monarchie">Islamitische monarchie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_republiek" title="Islamitische republiek">Islamitische republiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kalifaat" title="Kalifaat">Kalifaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sjeikdom" title="Sjeikdom">Sjeikdom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sultanaat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanaat">Sultanaat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wilaya" title="Wilaya">Wilaya</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_islam" title="Geschiedenis van de islam">Geschiedenis</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Beknopte_chronologie_van_de_islam" title="Beknopte chronologie van de islam">Beknopte chronologie van de islam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hidjra" title="Hidjra">Hidjra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_gouden_tijdperk" title="Islamitische gouden tijdperk">Islamitische gouden tijdperk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_veroveringen" title="Islamitische veroveringen">Islamitische veroveringen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oorsprong_van_de_islam" title="Oorsprong van de islam">Oorsprong van de islam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jahiliyya" title="Jahiliyya">Pre-islamitisch</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Wetenschap_in_de_middeleeuwse_islamitische_wereld" title="Wetenschap in de middeleeuwse islamitische wereld">Wetenschap</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Islamitische_architectuur" title="Islamitische architectuur">Architectuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabische_en_islamitische_astrologie" title="Arabische en islamitische astrologie">Astrologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabische_filosofie" title="Arabische filosofie">Filosofie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Huis_der_Wijsheid" title="Huis der Wijsheid">Huis der Wijsheid</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamitische_kunst" title="Islamitische kunst">Kunst</a> · <a href="/wiki/Islamologie" title="Islamologie">Islamologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Arabische_agrarische_revolutie" title="Arabische agrarische revolutie">Landbouw</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oelama" title="Oelama">Oelama</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Akhirah" title="Akhirah">Hiernamaals</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jahannam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahannam">Hel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Djannah" title="Djannah">Paradijs</a> · <a href="/wiki/As-Sir%C4%81t" title="As-Sirāt">Sirat</a> · <a 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