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id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>背景</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-定義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#定義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>定義</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-定義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-科學理論的必要属性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#科學理論的必要属性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>科學理論的必要属性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-科學理論的必要属性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">可证伪性</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。46种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">46种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vervalsbaarheid" title="Vervalsbaarheid – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vervalsbaarheid" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifikation" title="Falsifikation – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Falsifikation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B0%E1%88%A8%E1%89%BD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ተረችነት – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ተረችነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دحوضية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دحوضية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifikasiya_edilm%C9%99" title="Falsifikasiya edilmə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Falsifikasiya edilmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Фалсифицируемост – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фалсифицируемост" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsabilitat" title="Falsabilitat – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falsabilitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%BE%DB%95%DA%B5%DB%95_%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95" title="بەھەڵە خستنەوە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەھەڵە خستنەوە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falzifikovatelnost" title="Falzifikovatelnost – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Falzifikovatelnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifikationisme" title="Falsifikationisme – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Falsifikationisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifikation" title="Falsifikation – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Falsifikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Falsifiability" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malpruvebleco" title="Malpruvebleco – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malpruvebleco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsabilidad" title="Falsabilidad – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Falsabilidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifitseeritavus" title="Falsifitseeritavus – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Falsifitseeritavus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faltsabilitate" title="Faltsabilitate – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Faltsabilitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ابطال‌پذیری – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابطال‌پذیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiointi" title="Falsifiointi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Falsifiointi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9futabilit%C3%A9" title="Réfutabilité – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Réfutabilité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falseamento" title="Falseamento – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Falseamento" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%94" title="הפרכה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרכה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="मिथ्यापनीयता – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिथ्यापनीयता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D6%80%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Հերքելիություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հերքելիություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiabilitas" title="Falsifiabilitas – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Falsifiabilitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrekjanleiki" title="Hrekjanleiki – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hrekjanleiki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principio_di_falsificabilit%C3%A0" title="Principio di falsificabilità – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Principio di falsificabilità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%A8%BC%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E6%80%A7" title="反証可能性 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反証可能性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EC%A6%9D_%EA%B0%80%EB%8A%A5%EC%84%B1" title="반증 가능성 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반증 가능성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsp%C4%93kojam%C4%ABba" title="Atspēkojamība – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Atspēkojamība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifieerbaarheid" title="Falsifieerbaarheid – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Falsifieerbaarheid" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifikasjon" title="Falsifikasjon – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Falsifikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajifatummaa" title="Ajifatummaa – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ajifatummaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsyfikacja" title="Falsyfikacja – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Falsyfikacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%88_%D9%88%DA%93%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="د ابطالېدو وړتیا – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ابطالېدو وړتیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falseabilidade" title="Falseabilidade – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Falseabilidade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsificabilitate" title="Falsificabilitate – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Falsificabilitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Фальсифицируемость – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фальсифицируемость" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Falsifiability" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falzifik%C3%A1cia" title="Falzifikácia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Falzifikácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifikabilnost" title="Falsifikabilnost – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Falsifikabilnost" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsifierbarhet" title="Falsifierbarhet – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Falsifierbarhet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%88" title="การพิสูจน์ว่าเป็นเท็จ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การพิสูจน์ว่าเป็นเท็จ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanl%C4%B1%C5%9Flanabilirlik" title="Yanlışlanabilirlik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yanlışlanabilirlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Спростовуваність – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спростовуваність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%ADnh_kh%E1%BA%A3_ph%E1%BB%A7_ch%E1%BB%A9ng" title="Tính khả phủ chứng – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tính khả phủ chứng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%90%A6%E8%AD%89%E5%BA%A6" title="可否證度 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="可否證度" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q220888#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7%22">"可证伪性"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7%22">书籍</a>、<a 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class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b>（refutability），或譯<b>可反證性</b>、<b>可否证性</b>、<b>可检验性</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>（testability）等，是評估<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="科学理论">科學理論</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%AA%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="假說">假說</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%BB%8E%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演绎推理">演繹</a>標準，由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a>家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡爾·波普爾</a>在其1934年出版的論著《科學發現的邏輯》（<i>The Logic of Scientific Discovery</i>）中提出。波普爾指出，如果一個理論或假說可以在經<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="觀察研究">實證檢驗</a>後，被發現<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯">邏輯</a>上與實證檢驗結果存在相牴觸之處，它即是<b>可被證偽的</b>（或<b>可被反駁的</b>）（或理論的結論有邏輯上的反例存在）。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>波普爾強調普遍法則與基本觀察陳述之間的關係所造成的不對稱性，並將可證偽性與當時<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯實證主義">邏輯實證主義</a>中流行的直觀上相似的可驗證性（verifiability）概念進行比較。波普爾認為，驗證諸如「任何<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="天鵝">天鵝</a>都是白色的」之類的說法的唯一方法，是在理論上觀察每一隻天鵝，但實際上不可行。另一方面，異常實例的可證偽性要求，例如觀察到一隻黑天鵝，在理論上是合理的，並足以在邏輯上證偽前述主張。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>波普爾提出可證偽性作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="归纳问题">歸納問題</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="划界问题">劃界問題</a>的基礎解決方案。波普爾堅持認為，作為一個邏輯標準，他提出的可證偽性不同於<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%A7%86%E9%9B%B7" title="拉卡托什·伊姆雷">拉卡托斯</a>證偽主義（Lakatos's falsificationism）中討論的相關概念「被證明為錯誤的能力」。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 邏輯標準的目的是為了使理論具有可預測性和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E6%80%A7" title="可測試性">可檢驗性</a>，因此有助於有關實踐。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>相較之下，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E6%81%92-%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0%E8%AE%BA%E9%A2%98" title="杜恒-蒯因论题">杜恒-蒯因論題</a>認為，明確的實驗證偽不可能存在<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，且無任何科學假說本身能被用於預測，因為對假說的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%AF%9F%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="觀察研究">實證檢驗</a>需要一個或多個背景假定（background assumptions）。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 波普爾的回應是，可證偽性不存在此類問題，因為它是一個邏輯標準。實驗研究存在此類問題和其他問題，例如歸納問題。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 根據波普爾的說法，統計檢驗（statistical tests）只有在理論可證偽時才有可能被進行，但在<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="批判理性主义">批判性討論</a>中仍有助益。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>作為區分科學與非科學（non-science）和<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="偽科學">偽科學</a>的關鍵概念，可證偽性在許多科學爭議和應用中佔顯著地位，甚至被用作<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A4%E6%B1%BA%E5%85%88%E4%BE%8B" title="判決先例">法律先例</a>（legal precedent）。 </p><p>作为可<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="反证">反证</a>性对比的则包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="形式逻辑">形式</a>上的或数学的表述，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E7%9C%9F%E5%BC%8F" title="恆真式">恆真式</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E7%BE%A9%E5%8F%8D%E8%A6%86_(%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95)" class="mw-redirect" title="同義反覆 (文法)">同義反覆</a>（由于定义的原因它们总是是「真」的），数学公理和定理等表述不容许逻辑上反例的存在。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="定義"><span id=".E5.AE.9A.E7.BE.A9"></span>定義</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：定義"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>如果一个主张是可证伪的，则至少在理论上存在一种<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E6%B8%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="觀測">观测</a>的方法（即使实际上没有进行这项观测也无妨），来表明这个主张不符合重言式的标准（即这个主张不总是真的）。对某种描述进行观测的逻辑前提是它描述的事物是存在的。科學活動中要不斷思考、批判、否證，而且結果不能保證永遠正確。 </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑天鵝效應">黑天鵝效應</a></div> <p>例如“所有的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%B9%85" title="天鹅">天鹅</a>全都是白色的”这个主张可以被“存在黑色天鹅”的观测证伪，虽然这个观测并不一定会发生。一个可证伪的命题必须定义某些被禁止的情形。例如，在这个例子中，“所有的天鹅全都是白色的”这个主张禁止了“<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9%E9%B9%85" title="黑天鹅">黑天鹅</a>”的存在。由于理论上可能存在“观测到黑色天鹅”这个<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%BE%8B" title="反例">反例</a>，“所有的天鹅全都是白色的”这个主张是可证伪的。再比如假设现在有一个人宣称“我说的话一直都是对的”，那么我们考察他以前说过的话，如果有自相矛盾的地方，那么这句话肯定是个假命题。然而，即使这个人过去一直贯彻一种想法，在他自己的言论中没有自相矛盾之处，也不能作为足够的证据证明这句话是个真命题。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="科學理論的必要属性"><span id=".E7.A7.91.E5.AD.B8.E7.90.86.E8.AB.96.E7.9A.84.E5.BF.85.E8.A6.81.E5.B1.9E.E6.80.A7"></span>科學理論的必要属性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：科學理論的必要属性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>可证伪性是一個科學理論的必要属性<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。可证伪性是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="经验">经验</a>得来的主张的必要属性，却不是充分属性。一个主张需要更多的属性及證據使其成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="经验">经验</a>上有意义的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡尔·波普尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="本质主义">本质主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E4%BE%8B%E5%81%87%E8%A8%AD" title="特例假設">特例假設</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑天鵝效應">黑天鵝效應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E5%89%83%E5%88%80" title="奥卡姆剃刀">奥卡姆剃刀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科学方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%BA%B2%E9%A2%86" title="研究纲领">研究綱領</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B8%E7%AF%84%E8%BD%89%E7%A7%BB" title="典範轉移">典範轉移</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">戚进勤; 王淼洋. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&id=x9l-AAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=refutability">科学哲学手册</a>. 上海科学技术出版社. 1990: 263 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-02</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787532314126" title="Special:网络书源/9787532314126"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787532314126</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902055230/https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&id=x9l-AAAAIAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=refutability">存档</a>于2023-09-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&rft.au=%E6%88%9A%E8%BF%9B%E5%8B%A4&rft.btitle=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8C&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787532314126&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Dzh-TW%26id%3Dx9l-AAAAIAAJ%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3Drefutability&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">黄光国. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&id=-M8PAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=testability">社会科学的理路</a>. 中国人民大学出版社. 2006: 119 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-09-02</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787300071190" title="Special:网络书源/9787300071190"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787300071190</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902055231/https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=zh-TW&id=-M8PAQAAMAAJ&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=testability">存档</a>于2023-09-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&rft.au=%E9%BB%84%E5%85%89%E5%9B%BD&rft.btitle=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%90%86%E8%B7%AF&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787300071190&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Dzh-TW%26id%3D-M8PAQAAMAAJ%26focus%3Dsearchwithinvolume%26q%3Dtestability&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3"><sup><b>3.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Popper, Karl (1959). <i>The Logic of Scientific Discovery</i> (2002 pbk; 2005 ebook ed.). Routledge. ISBN <bdi>978-0-415-27844-7</bdi>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thornton, Stephen. Karl Popper. Zalta, Edward N. (编). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2017/entries/popper/">The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> Summer 2017. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&rft.atitle=Karl+Popper&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Thornton&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2017&rft.edition=Summer+2017&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fsum2017%2Fentries%2Fpopper%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Popper, Karl (1983) [Originally written in 1962]. Bartley, III (ed.). <i>Realism and the Aim of Science: From the Postscript to The Logic of Scientific Discovery</i>. London; New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203713969. ISBN <bdi>0-415-08400-8</bdi>. OCLC 25130665.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayo, Deborah G. (2018). <i>Statistical Inference as Severe Testing: How to Get Beyond the Statistics Wars</i>. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Harding, Sandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=Uwit8JTcLfAC&pg=PR9&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false">Can Theories be Refuted?: Essays on the Duhem-Quine Thesis</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. 1975-12-31. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-90-277-0630-0" title="Special:网络书源/978-90-277-0630-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-90-277-0630-0</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.btitle=Can+Theories+be+Refuted%3F%3A+Essays+on+the+Duhem-Quine+Thesis&rft.date=1975-12-31&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-90-277-0630-0&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com.tw%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUwit8JTcLfAC%26pg%3DPR9%26redir_esc%3Dy%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Greenland, S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9758105/">Induction versus Popper: substance versus semantics</a>. International Journal of Epidemiology. 1998-08, <b>27</b> (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0300-5771"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0300-5771</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9758105"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 9758105</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2F27.4.543"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/ije/27.4.543</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&rft.atitle=Induction+versus+Popper%3A+substance+versus+semantics&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.aulast=Greenland&rft.date=1998-08&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0300-5771&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.volume=27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F9758105%2F&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2F27.4.543&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9758105&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grayling, A.C. (2019). <i>The history of philosophy</i>. New York: Penguin. ISBN <bdi>978-0-241-30455-6</bdi>. OCLC 1054371393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">竹內薰. 假設與真理的關係是苦悶而悲哀的. 《99.9%都是假設》. 漫遊者文化. 2007-04-03. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-986-6858-07-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-986-6858-07-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-986-6858-07-9</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到中文（臺灣）网页">（中文（臺灣））</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&rft.atitle=%E5%81%87%E8%A8%AD%E8%88%87%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E7%9A%84%E9%97%9C%E4%BF%82%E6%98%AF%E8%8B%A6%E6%82%B6%E8%80%8C%E6%82%B2%E5%93%80%E7%9A%84&rft.au=%E7%AB%B9%E5%85%A7%E8%96%B0&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A99.9%25%E9%83%BD%E6%98%AF%E5%81%87%E8%A8%AD%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2007-04-03&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-986-6858-07-9&rft.pub=%E6%BC%AB%E9%81%8A%E8%80%85%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galilean-library.org/falsificationism.html">Problems with Falsificationism</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100507022017/http://www.galilean-library.org/falsificationism.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） explained at The Galilean Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sociologyindex.com/falsifiability_or_refutability.htm">FALSIFIABILITY OR REFUTABILITY</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20221005084458/http://sociologyindex.com/falsifiability_or_refutability.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） "FALSIFIABILITY OR REFUTABILITY" at Sociology Index</li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="哲學分析">分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-綜合區別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E8%88%87%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗與後驗">先驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="因果关系">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E9%80%9A%E7%BA%A6%E6%80%A7_(%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="可通约性 (科学哲学)">可通约性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%BA%E6%A7%8B" title="建構">建構</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="划界问题">划界问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81%E6%8D%AE" title="经验证据">经验证据</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="解釋力" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Explanatory power"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8A%E5%8A%9B" title="解释力">解釋力</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explanatory_power" class="extiw" title="en:Explanatory power"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Explanatory power</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E5%AF%A6" title="事實">事實</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">可证伪性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E5%80%91%E7%8F%BE%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93%EF%BC%8C%E5%B0%87%E4%BE%86%E4%B9%9F%E4%B8%8D%E7%9F%A5%E9%81%93" title="我們現在不知道，將來也不知道">我們現在不知道，將來也不知道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">归纳推理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="智巧" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ingenuity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%BA%E5%B7%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="智巧（页面不存在）">智巧</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingenuity" class="extiw" title="en:Ingenuity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ingenuity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="探究" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Inquiry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="探究（页面不存在）">探究</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inquiry" class="extiw" title="en:Inquiry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Inquiry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學探究模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Models of scientific inquiry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%8E%A2%E7%A9%B6%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學探究模型（页面不存在）">科學探究模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_scientific_inquiry" class="extiw" title="en:Models of scientific inquiry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Models of scientific inquiry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="本性 (哲學)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nature (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E6%80%A7_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本性 (哲學)（页面不存在）">本性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Nature (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nature (philosophy)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7" title="客觀性">客觀性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F" title="观察">观察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0_(%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA)" title="发现 (认识论)">发现</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E5%BC%8F" title="范式">范式</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歸納問題" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Problem of induction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="归纳问题">歸納問題</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_induction" class="extiw" title="en:Problem of induction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Problem of induction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學解釋" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Models of scientific inquiry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學解釋（页面不存在）">科學解釋</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Models_of_scientific_inquiry" class="extiw" title="en:Models of scientific inquiry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Models of scientific inquiry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%A7%84%E5%BE%8B" title="科学规律">定律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%B9%E6%B3%95" title="科学方法">科学方法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="科学革命">科学革命</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="科学理论">科学理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%B8%AC%E8%A9%A6%E6%80%A7" title="可測試性">可測試性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="选择理论">选择理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="不充分決定論">不充分決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA" title="科学统一论">科学统一论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5ECB1; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="Category:科學元理論">科學元理論</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="驗證整體論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Confirmation holism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%97%E8%AD%89%E6%95%B4%E9%AB%94%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="驗證整體論（页面不存在）">驗證整體論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_holism" class="extiw" title="en:Confirmation holism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Confirmation holism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B2%AB%E8%AB%96" title="真理融貫論">真理融貫論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="語境主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contextualism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="语境主义">語境主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextualism" class="extiw" title="en:Contextualism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Contextualism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傳統主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conventionalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="传统主义">傳統主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventionalism" class="extiw" title="en:Conventionalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conventionalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演繹的法則的" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Deductive-nomological model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87%E7%9A%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演繹的法則的（页面不存在）">演繹的法則的</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive-nomological_model" class="extiw" title="en:Deductive-nomological model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Deductive-nomological model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实证主义">实证主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E8%AE%BA" title="还原论">还原论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96" title="可謬論">可謬論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基礎主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Foundationalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基礎主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundationalism" class="extiw" title="en:Foundationalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Foundationalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="假設－演繹模型" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hypothetico-deductive model"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%87%E8%A8%AD%EF%BC%8D%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="假設－演繹模型（页面不存在）">假設－演繹模型</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypothetico-deductive_model" class="extiw" title="en:Hypothetico-deductive model"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hypothetico-deductive model</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="無限主義" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infinitism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E9%99%90%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無限主義（页面不存在）">無限主義</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism" class="extiw" title="en:Infinitism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infinitism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="工具主義">工具主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學理論的接受觀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Received view of theories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A5%E5%8F%97%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學理論的接受觀（页面不存在）">科學理論的接受觀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Received_view_of_theories" class="extiw" title="en:Received view of theories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Received view of theories</span></a></span>）</span></span> / <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學理論的語義觀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Semantic view of theories"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%A7%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學理論的語義觀（页面不存在）">語義觀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_view_of_theories" class="extiw" title="en:Semantic view of theories"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Semantic view of theories</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="科學實在論">科學實在論</a> / <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反實在論" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anti-realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反實在論（页面不存在）">反實在論</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anti-realism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E8%AE%BA" title="怀疑论">怀疑论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%AE%8A%E8%AB%96" title="均變論">均變論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E5%8A%9B%E8%AB%96" title="活力論">活力論</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5ECB1; text-align:center;">科學哲學<br />相關條目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學哲學史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History and philosophy of science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學哲學史（页面不存在）">科學哲學史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_and_philosophy_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:History and philosophy of science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History and philosophy of science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="物理哲学">物理哲学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="熱力學和統計物理哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%92%8C%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="熱力學和統計物理哲學（页面不存在）">熱力學和統計物理哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_thermal_and_statistical_physics" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of thermal and statistical physics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="化学哲学">化学哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="演化思想史">演化思想史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="環境哲學">環境哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="時間和空間哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of space and time"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%92%8C%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="時間和空間哲學（页面不存在）">時間和空間哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_space_and_time" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of space and time"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of space and time</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神經科學哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neurophilosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神經科學哲學（页面不存在）">神經科學哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophilosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Neurophilosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neurophilosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">心灵哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感知哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of perception"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感知哲學（页面不存在）">感知哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of perception"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of perception</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="計算機科學哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of computer science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A8%88%E7%AE%97%E6%A9%9F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="計算機科學哲學（页面不存在）">計算機科學哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_computer_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of computer science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of computer science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊哲學">資訊哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="技術哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of technology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="技术哲学">技術哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_technology" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of technology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of technology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社會科學哲學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of social science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社會科學哲學（页面不存在）">社會科學哲學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of social science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学">伪科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教与科学">宗教与科学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學修辭學" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rhetoric of science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E4%BF%AE%E8%BE%AD%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學修辭學（页面不存在）">科學修辭學</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhetoric_of_science" class="extiw" title="en:Rhetoric of science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rhetoric of science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%AD%A6" title="科学知识社会学">科学知识社会学</a></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科學哲學條目列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of philosophy of science articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科學哲學條目列表（页面不存在）">更多...</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_science_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of philosophy of science articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of philosophy of science articles</span></a></span>）</span></span></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F5ECB1; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:科学哲学家">科学哲学家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">古典时期</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%A3%81%E9%B8%A0%E9%B2%81" title="伊壁鸠鲁">伊壁鸠鲁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義">斯多葛主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">中世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%E7%9A%84%E4%BC%91%E6%A0%BC" title="聖維克托的休格">聖維克托的休格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="罗吉尔·培根">罗吉尔·培根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E4%B8%96%E5%BE%B7" title="伊本·魯世德">伊本·魯世德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="多明尼库斯·贡狄萨利奴斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dominicus Gundissalinus"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%8E%E5%B0%BC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%A1%E7%8B%84%E8%90%A8%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%B4%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多明尼库斯·贡狄萨利奴斯（页面不存在）">多明尼库斯·贡狄萨利奴斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominicus_Gundissalinus" class="extiw" title="en:Dominicus Gundissalinus"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dominicus Gundissalinus</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅伯特·基爾沃比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Kilwardby"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%83%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·基爾沃比（页面不存在）">羅伯特·基爾沃比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Kilwardby" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Kilwardby"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Kilwardby</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8D%A1%E5%A7%86%E7%9A%84%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89" title="奥卡姆的威廉">奥卡姆的威廉</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">近代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%B9%E6%A0%B9" title="弗朗西斯·培根">弗朗西斯·培根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E6%A1%91%E7%8B%84" title="皮埃尔·伽桑狄">皮埃尔·伽桑狄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔">勒内·笛卡尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E7%95%A5%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E5%88%A9%E8%8E%B1" title="伽利略·伽利莱">伽利略·伽利莱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·霍布斯">托马斯·霍布斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">18~19世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努尔·康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E6%9E%97" title="弗里德里希·谢林">弗里德里希·谢林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE" title="威廉·惠威爾">威廉·惠威爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AD%94%E5%BE%B7" title="奥古斯特·孔德">奥古斯特·孔德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·斯图尔特·密尔">约翰·斯图尔特·密尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%BE%E5%A1%9E" title="赫伯特·斯宾塞">赫伯特·斯宾塞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·冯特">威廉·冯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB" title="查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士">查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%87%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E7%8F%AD" title="威廉·文德尔班">威廉·文德尔班</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%BE%90%E5%8A%A0%E8%90%8A" title="亨利·龐加萊">亨利·龐加萊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%98%82" title="皮埃尔·迪昂">皮埃尔·迪昂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E7%BA%B3" title="鲁道夫·施泰纳">鲁道夫·施泰纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="卡尔·皮尔逊">卡尔·皮尔逊</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">科学哲学创立</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡尔·波普尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查理·鄧巴·博爾德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="C. D. Broad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%C2%B7%E9%84%A7%E5%B7%B4%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查理·鄧巴·博爾德（页面不存在）">查理·鄧巴·博爾德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Broad" class="extiw" title="en:C. D. Broad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">C. D. Broad</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E6%81%A9" title="托马斯·库恩">托马斯·库恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%8D%A1%E6%89%98%E4%BB%80%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E5%A7%86%E9%9B%B7" title="拉卡托什·伊姆雷">拉卡托什·伊姆雷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FAFACA; text-align:center;">其他<br />现代哲学家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲學</a></b>：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E6%87%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%BB%91%E5%BE%B7" title="阿爾弗雷德·諾思·懷特黑德">阿爾弗雷德·諾思·懷特黑德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·亨普尔">卡尔·亨普尔</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9%E8%90%8A%E7%89%B9_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="南希·卡特萊特 (哲學家)">南希·卡特萊特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0" title="威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因">威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E6%A0%BC" title="马里奥·邦格">马里奥·邦格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="罗伊·巴斯卡">罗伊·巴斯卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%96%C2%B7%E7%B4%90%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="奧圖·紐拉特">奧圖·紐拉特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%99%AE" title="鲁道夫·卡尔纳普">鲁道夫·卡尔纳普</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E8%80%B6%E9%98%BF%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7" title="保罗·费耶阿本德">保罗·费耶阿本德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9" title="丹尼爾·丹尼特">丹尼爾·丹尼特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%90%8A%E5%85%8B" title="路德維克·弗萊克">路德維克·弗萊克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91" title="伊恩·哈金">伊恩·哈金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%BD%BB" title="菲利普·基彻">菲利普·基彻</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#F2DE79;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:科學哲學（页面不存在）">主題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:科學哲學">分類</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="认识论" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#ccaacc;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Template:认识论"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Template talk:认识论"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:认识论"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="认识论" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ccaacc;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="知識論者列表">学者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">托马斯·阿奎那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%B3%A2%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="希波的奥古斯丁">希波的奥古斯丁</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·阿尔斯顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Alston"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·阿尔斯顿（页面不存在）">威廉·阿尔斯顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alston" class="extiw" title="en:William Alston"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Alston</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伯特·奥迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Audi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·奥迪（页面不存在）">罗伯特·奥迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Audi" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Audi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Audi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94" title="阿尔弗雷德·朱尔斯·艾耶尔">A.J. 艾耶尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·贝叶斯">托马斯·贝叶斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1" title="乔治·贝克莱">乔治·贝克莱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="劳伦斯·邦久" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Laurence BonJour"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%82%A6%E4%B9%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劳伦斯·邦久（页面不存在）">劳伦斯·邦久</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laurence_BonJour" class="extiw" title="en:Laurence BonJour"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Laurence BonJour</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔">勒内·笛卡尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81" title="约翰·杜威">约翰·杜威</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="戈特洛布·弗雷格">戈特洛布·弗雷格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E6%A2%AF%E5%B0%94" title="爱德蒙德·葛梯尔">爱德蒙德·葛梯尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿尔文·戈德曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alvin Goldman"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔文·戈德曼（页面不存在）">阿尔文·戈德曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" class="extiw" title="en:Alvin Goldman"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alvin Goldman</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="纳尔逊·古德曼">纳尔逊·古德曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF" title="保羅·格萊斯">保罗·格莱斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努尔·康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E8%B2%9D%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%87%B1%E9%83%AD%E7%88%BE" title="索倫·奧貝·克爾凱郭爾">索伦·克尔凯郭尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E5%85%8B" title="索尔·阿伦·克里普克">索尔·克里普克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·洛克">约翰·洛克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·爱德华·摩尔">G.E. 摩尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E9%BD%8A%E5%85%8B" title="羅伯特·諾齊克">罗伯特·诺齐克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="阿尔文·普兰丁格">阿尔文·普兰丁格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·波普尔">卡尔·波普尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%97" title="希拉里·怀特哈尔·普特南">希拉里·普特南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7" title="托马斯·里德">托马斯·里德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%A3%AE" title="彼得·弗雷德里克·斯特劳森">P.F. 斯特劳森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0" title="威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因">W.V.O. 蒯因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">维特根斯坦</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉斯·沃特斯多夫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nicholas Wolterstorff"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉斯·沃特斯多夫（页面不存在）">尼古拉斯·沃特斯多夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Wolterstorff" class="extiw" title="en:Nicholas Wolterstorff"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nicholas Wolterstorff</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="维也纳学派">维也纳学派</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ccaacc;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Category:认识论理论">理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f6f0f6;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B2%AB%E8%AB%96" title="真理融貫論">真理融貫論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E7%AC%A6%E6%87%89%E8%AB%96" title="真理符應論">真理符應論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="建构主义认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constructivist epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建构主义认识论（页面不存在）">建构主义认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Constructivist epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constructivist epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="情境主义国际">情境主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="进化认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%9B%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="进化认识论（页面不存在）">进化认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96" title="可謬論">可谬论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="女性主义认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Feminist epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="女性主义认识论（页面不存在）">女性主义认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Feminist epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Feminist epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="信仰主義">信仰主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基础主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="发生认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Genetic epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发生认识论（页面不存在）">发生认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Genetic epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%85%A8%E8%A7%80" title="整全觀">整全观</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无限主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infinitism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E9%99%90%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无限主义（页面不存在）">无限主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism" class="extiw" title="en:Infinitism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infinitism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="固有观念说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Innatism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BA%E6%9C%89%E8%A7%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="固有观念说（页面不存在）">固有观念说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innatism" class="extiw" title="en:Innatism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Innatism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="内在主义与外在主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internalism_and_externalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内在主义与外在主义（页面不存在）">内在主义与外在主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" class="extiw" title="en:Internalism and externalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internalism_and_externalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朴素实在论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naïve realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B4%E7%B4%A0%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朴素实在论（页面不存在）">朴素实在论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_realism" class="extiw" title="en:Naïve realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naïve realism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然主义认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naturalized_epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然主义认识论（页面不存在）">自然主义认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naturalized_epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="现象主义">现象主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实证主义">实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E8%AE%BA" title="还原论">还原主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="可靠主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reliabilism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可靠主义（页面不存在）">可靠主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliabilism" class="extiw" title="en:Reliabilism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reliabilism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="表现实在论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="representative realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="表现实在论（页面不存在）">表现实在论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/representative_realism" class="extiw" title="en:representative realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">representative realism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E8%AE%BA" title="怀疑论">怀疑论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%9E%8B%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="理型論">理型论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="先验观念论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Transcendental idealism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%88%E9%AA%8C%E8%A7%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="先验观念论（页面不存在）">先验观念论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_idealism" class="extiw" title="en:Transcendental idealism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Transcendental idealism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%AE%8A%E8%AB%96" title="均變論">均变论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ccaacc;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="Category:認識論概念">概念</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E8%88%87%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗與後驗">先验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="哲學分析">分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-综合区别</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念">信念</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="信念度" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Credence (statistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5%E5%BA%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="信念度（页面不存在）">信念度</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credence_(statistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Credence (statistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Credence (statistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="因果关系">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E8%AD%98" title="常識">常识</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E8%BF%B0%E6%80%A7%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="陈述性知识">陈述性</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E6%80%A7%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="过程性知识">过程性知识</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="探索性思考" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Exploratory thought"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A2%E7%B4%A2%E6%80%A7%E6%80%9D%E8%80%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="探索性思考（页面不存在）">探索性思考</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploratory_thought" class="extiw" title="en:Exploratory thought"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Exploratory thought</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%A2%AF%E5%B0%94%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="葛梯尔问题">葛梯尔问题</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="正当化理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theory of justification"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E5%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正当化理论（页面不存在）">理由</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_justification" class="extiw" title="en:Theory of justification"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theory of justification</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识">知识</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">归纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7" title="客觀性">客观性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="归纳问题">归纳问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="划界问题">划界问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%96%E5%BF%83%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="他心問題">他心問題</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="感知">知觉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A2%98" title="命题">命题</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="回溯论证" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Regress argument"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%9E%E6%BA%AF%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="回溯论证（页面不存在）">回溯论证</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regress_argument" class="extiw" title="en:Regress argument"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Regress argument</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E9%99%90%E5%80%92%E9%80%80" title="无限倒退">无限倒退</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="简单" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Simplicity"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AE%80%E5%8D%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="简单（页面不存在）">简单</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity" class="extiw" title="en:Simplicity"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Simplicity</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="思辨理性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Speculative reason"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E8%BE%A8%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="思辨理性（页面不存在）">思辨理性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_reason" class="extiw" title="en:Speculative reason"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Speculative reason</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86" title="真理">真理</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#ccaacc;">相关条目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#f6f0f6;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Alethiology" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alethiology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alethiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alethiology（页面不存在）">Alethiology</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alethiology" class="extiw" title="en:Alethiology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alethiology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理性与信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Faith and rationality"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%8E%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理性与信仰（页面不存在）">理性与信仰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" class="extiw" title="en:Faith and rationality"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Faith and rationality</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="形式认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Formal epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式认识论（页面不存在）">形式认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Formal epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Formal epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="元認識論">元認識論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感知哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of perception"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感知哲学（页面不存在）">感知哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_perception" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of perception"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of perception</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会认识论（页面不存在）">社会认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Social epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝叶斯认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bayesian epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%8F%B6%E6%96%AF%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝叶斯认识论（页面不存在）">贝叶斯认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Bayesian epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bayesian epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ccaacc;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Portal:认识论">主题</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="Category:知識論">分类</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span><a href="/w/index.php?title=WikiProject:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="WikiProject:哲学/认识论（页面不存在）">专题</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="历史上的今天"><img alt="历史上的今天" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/Template:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Special:链出更改/Template:认识论">历史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="实证主义" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Template:实证主义"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:实证主义（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:实证主义"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="实证主义" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实证主义">实证主义</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">视角</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反人文主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antihumanism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反人文主义（页面不存在）">反人文主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihumanism" class="extiw" title="en:Antihumanism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antihumanism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">演变</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法律实证主义">法律实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后实证主义">后实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivist_school_(criminology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivist school (criminology)（页面不存在）">Positivist school</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="sociological positivism" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q56112229"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociological_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociological positivism（页面不存在）">sociological positivism</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56112229" class="extiw" title="d:Q56112229"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q56112229</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Mach">Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rankean_historical_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rankean historical positivism（页面不存在）">Rankean historical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivism_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivism in Poland（页面不存在）">Polish positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Machism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Machism（页面不存在）">Russian Machism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">主要概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="归纳一致" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Consilience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="归纳一致（页面不存在）">归纳一致</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience" class="extiw" title="en:Consilience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Consilience</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="划界问题">划界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%81%E6%8D%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="证据">证据</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">归纳推理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="證成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Justification (epistemology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%89%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="證成（页面不存在）">證成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" class="extiw" title="en:Justification (epistemology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Justification (epistemology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学">伪科学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vienna_Circle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vienna Circle（页面不存在）">Critique of metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA" title="科学统一论">科学统一论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="檢證原則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Verificationism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AA%A2%E8%AD%89%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="檢證原則（页面不存在）">檢證原則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificationism" class="extiw" title="en:Verificationism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Verificationism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">反命题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反實證主義">反实证主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="整体主义确证论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Confirmation holism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%A1%AE%E8%AF%81%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="整体主义确证论（页面不存在）">整体主义确证论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_holism" class="extiw" title="en:Confirmation holism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Confirmation holism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="批判理论">批判理论</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">可证伪性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="精神科学">精神科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="詮釋學">诠释学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="历史主义">历史主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="历史主义学派">历史主义学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="人文科学">人文科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" title="人文学科">人文学科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Methodological dualism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Methodological dualism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodological_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methodological dualism（页面不存在）">Methodological dualism</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodological_dualism" class="extiw" title="en:Methodological dualism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Methodological dualism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="归纳问题">归纳问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反思主義">反思主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style 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