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class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">分析哲學</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。70种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitiese_filosofie" title="Analitiese filosofie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Analitiese filosofie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فلسفة تحليلية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلسفة تحليلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Filosofía analítica – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Filosofía analítica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitik_f%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99" title="Analitik fəlsəfə – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Analitik fəlsəfə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="آنالیتیک فلسفه – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنالیتیک فلسفه" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аналітычная філасофія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аналітычная філасофія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитична философия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аналитична философия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8" title="বিশ্লেষণী দর্শন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিশ্লেষণী দর্শন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Filosofia analítica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Filosofia analítica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%95%D9%84%D8%B3%DB%95%D9%81%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="فەلسەفەی شیکارانە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فەلسەفەی شیکارانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytick%C3%A1_filozofie" title="Analytická filozofie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Analytická filozofie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athroniaeth_ddadansoddol" title="Athroniaeth ddadansoddol – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Athroniaeth ddadansoddol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytisk_filosofi" title="Analytisk filosofi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Analytisk filosofi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytische_Philosophie" title="Analytische Philosophie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Analytische Philosophie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefeyo_analitik" title="Felsefeyo analitik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Felsefeyo analitik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αναλυτική φιλοσοφία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναλυτική φιλοσοφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Analytic philosophy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiza_filozofio" title="Analiza filozofio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Analiza filozofio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Filosofía analítica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Filosofía analítica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%C3%BC%C3%BCtiline_filosoofia" title="Analüütiline filosoofia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Analüütiline filosoofia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_analitiko" title="Filosofia analitiko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filosofia analitiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="فلسفه تحلیلی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فلسفه تحلیلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analyyttinen_filosofia" title="Analyyttinen filosofia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Analyyttinen filosofia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophie_analytique" title="Philosophie analytique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Philosophie analytique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofi_analytik" title="Filozofi analytik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Filozofi analytik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosof%C3%ADa_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Filosofía analítica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Filosofía analítica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פילוסופיה אנליטית – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פילוסופיה אנליטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="विश्लेषी दर्शन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विश्लेषी दर्शन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Analitička filozofija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Analitička filozofija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitikus_filoz%C3%B3fia" title="Analitikus filozófia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Analitikus filozófia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վերլուծական փիլիսոփայություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վերլուծական փիլիսոփայություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վերլուծական Փիլիսոփայութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Վերլուծական Փիլիսոփայութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filsafat_analitik" title="Filsafat analitik – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Filsafat analitik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analizala_filozofio" title="Analizala filozofio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Analizala filozofio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6kgreiningarheimspeki" title="Rökgreiningarheimspeki – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rökgreiningarheimspeki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_analitica" title="Filosofia analitica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Filosofia analitica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="分析哲学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分析哲学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитикалық философия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аналитикалық философия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%84%9D%EC%B2%A0%ED%95%99" title="분석철학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분석철학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитикалык философия – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аналитикалык философия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophia_analytica" title="Philosophia analytica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Philosophia analytica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitin%C4%97_filosofija" title="Analitinė filosofija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Analitinė filosofija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal%C4%ABtisk%C4%81_filozofija" title="Analītiskā filozofija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Analītiskā filozofija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аналитичка филозофија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Аналитичка филозофија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsafah_analitik" title="Falsafah analitik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Falsafah analitik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="تحلیلی فلسفه – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تحلیلی فلسفه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytische_filosofie" title="Analytische filosofie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Analytische filosofie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytisk_filosofi" title="Analytisk filosofi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Analytisk filosofi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣੀ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣੀ ਫ਼ਲਸਫ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_analityczna" title="Filozofia analityczna – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Filozofia analityczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87" title="شننيزه فلسفه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شننيزه فلسفه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofia_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Filosofia analítica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Filosofia analítica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofie_analitic%C4%83" title="Filosofie analitică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Filosofie analitică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитическая философия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аналитическая философия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Analytic philosophy" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_filozofija" title="Analitička filozofija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Analitička filozofija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Analytic philosophy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytick%C3%A1_filozofia" title="Analytická filozofia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Analytická filozofia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dna_filozofija" title="Analitična filozofija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Analitična filozofija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofia_analitike" title="Filozofia analitike – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Filozofia analitike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Аналитичка филозофија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аналитичка филозофија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytisk_filosofi" title="Analytisk filosofi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Analytisk filosofi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பகுப்பாய்வு மெய்யியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பகுப்பாய்வு மெய்யியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Фалсафаи таҳлилӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Фалсафаи таҳлилӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitik_felsefe" title="Analitik felsefe – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Analitik felsefe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Аналітична філософія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аналітична філософія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analitik_falsafa" title="Analitik falsafa – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Analitik falsafa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tri%E1%BA%BFt_h%E1%BB%8Dc_ph%C3%A2n_t%C3%ADch" title="Triết học phân tích – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Triết học phân tích" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="分析哲学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="分析哲学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="分析哲學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:哲学">系列条目</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;padding-bottom:0.15em;"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a></b></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><span title="从左到右：柏拉图、康德、尼采、释迦牟尼、孔子、伊本·西那"><img alt="从左到右：柏拉图、康德、尼采、释迦牟尼、孔子、伊本·西那" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Philbar_4.png/220px-Philbar_4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Philbar_4.png/330px-Philbar_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Philbar_4.png/440px-Philbar_4.png 2x" data-file-width="660" data-file-height="440" usemap="#ImageMap_b14b2c0451708ba6" resource="/wiki/File:Philbar_4.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_b14b2c0451708ba6"><area href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" shape="rect" coords="0,0,73,73" alt="柏拉图" title="柏拉图" /><area href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" shape="rect" coords="73,0,147,73" alt="康德" title="康德" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" shape="rect" coords="147,0,220,73" alt="尼采" title="尼采" /><area href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" shape="rect" coords="0,73,73,147" alt="释迦牟尼" title="释迦牟尼" /><area href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" shape="rect" coords="73,73,147,147" alt="孔子" title="孔子" /><area href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" shape="rect" coords="147,73,220,147" alt="伊本·西那" title="伊本·西那" /></map><figcaption>从左到右：柏拉图、康德、尼采、释迦牟尼、孔子、伊本·西那</figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption" style="white-space:nowrap;border-bottom:1px #aaa solid;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">康德</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">尼采</a></li></ul></div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8A%E8%BF%A6%E7%89%9F%E5%B0%BC" title="释迦牟尼">释迦牟尼</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%AD%90" title="孔子">孔子</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3" title="伊本·西那">伊本·西那</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Category:哲学分支">分支</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形而上学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:各时期哲学">时期</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">古希腊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">古印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%B8%E5%AD%90%E7%99%BE%E5%AE%B6" title="诸子百家">古中国</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世紀</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="宋明理学">宋明理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="德国古典哲学">德国古典哲学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="现代哲学">当代</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">分析哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">欧陆哲学</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">地域</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="东方哲学">东方</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日本哲學">日本</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="美國哲學">美</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="英國哲學">英</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国哲学（页面不存在）">法</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="德国古典哲学">德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="意大利哲学">意</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄国哲学（页面不存在）">俄</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Russian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E6%9D%B1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中東哲學">中东</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰哲学</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%A0%E7%BB%9F" title="Category:哲学传统">传统</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="宗教信仰哲學">各宗教的哲学信仰</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教">印度教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99" title="耆那教">耆那教</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="猶太教哲學">猶太教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="基督教神學">基督教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰教</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:哲学文献">文献</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:美学文献">美学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C" title="Category:知识论著作">知识论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:伦理学文献">伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C" title="Category:逻辑学著作">逻辑学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE" title="Category:形而上学文献">形而上学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Category:政治哲学文献" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Category:Political philosophy literature"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%96%87%E7%8D%BB" title="Category:政治哲學文獻">政治哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy_literature" class="extiw" title="en:Category:Political philosophy literature"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Category:Political philosophy literature</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:哲学家">哲学家</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="美學家列表">美学家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="知識論者列表">知识论者</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伦理学家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of ethicists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伦理学家列表（页面不存在）">伦理学家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ethicists" class="extiw" title="en:List of ethicists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of ethicists</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="逻辑学家">逻辑学家</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="形而上學學者列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List_of_metaphysicians"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%80%85%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形而上學學者列表（页面不存在）">形而上学学者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_metaphysicians" class="extiw" title="en:List of metaphysicians"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List_of_metaphysicians</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会和政治哲学家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%92%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会和政治哲学家列表（页面不存在）">社会和政治哲学家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociopolitical_thinkers" class="extiw" title="en:Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of sociopolitical thinkers</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学中的女性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学中的女性（页面不存在）">女哲学家</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_sociopolitical_thinkers" class="extiw" title="en:Index of sociopolitical thinkers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of sociopolitical thinkers</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0 0.6em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:#ddddff;"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="Category:哲學相關列表">列表</a></span></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Index of philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学概要">概要</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E9%91%91" title="哲學年鑑">年份</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的哲學問題">問題</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="重要哲学出版物列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of important publications in philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重要哲学出版物列表（页面不存在）">出版物</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_important_publications_in_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:List of important publications in philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of important publications in philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of philosophies"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学列表（页面不存在）">理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_philosophies" class="extiw" title="en:List of philosophies"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of philosophies</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哲学词汇表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学词汇表（页面不存在）">词汇表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學家列表">哲學家</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Socrates.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:哲学">哲学主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philosophy-sidebar" title="Template:Philosophy-sidebar"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy-sidebar" title="Template talk:Philosophy-sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Philosophy-sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Philosophy-sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>分析哲学</b>（英語：英語：<span lang="en">analytic philosophy/analytical philosophy</span>），為以<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="概念分析">概念分析</a>為主要方法的<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>派別，相對於<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">歐陸</a>傳統。二十世紀初興起，盛行於英美哲學界，提出對傳統哲學的挑戰與抗衡。分析哲學，重視於釐清語言與邏輯的語言，與分析現有知識。<sup id="cite_ref-Searle03P1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Searle03P1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 自二十世紀初至今，分析哲學是英語國家的大學哲學系主流，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="美國">美國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="澳洲">澳洲</a>等。<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>分析哲学通常重视语言的作用，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学史">哲学史</a>中被称为<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E8%BD%89%E5%90%91" title="語言學轉向">語言學轉向</a>。论证常使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="形式逻辑">形式逻辑</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a>、甚至<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="自然科学">自然科学</a>的方法<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。分析哲学傳統通常将将问题拆分成小部分，“通过以解答小问题来得出对更宏大问题的答案”<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史"><span id=".E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="邏輯原子論"><span id=".E9.82.8F.E8.BC.AF.E5.8E.9F.E5.AD.90.E8.AB.96"></span>邏輯原子論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：邏輯原子論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>奧地利哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="維根斯坦">維特根斯坦</a>于1921年發表《<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯哲學論">邏輯哲學論</a>》，提出所有语言能够表达的概念都可以被语言表达清楚。书中认为全部有認知意義的語句都有邏輯形式及真假值，而複雜語句可以分拆成更简单的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="原子句子">原子句子</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="邏輯實證論"><span id=".E9.82.8F.E8.BC.AF.E5.AF.A6.E8.AD.89.E8.AB.96"></span>邏輯實證論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：邏輯實證論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a></div> <p>逻辑实证論，是以验证原则为核心的哲学运动，一如早期<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="維根斯坦">維特根斯坦</a>，主张只有通过观察或逻辑可以验证的陈述才具有有意义的真理或事实内容。20世纪20年代末，<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="维也纳学派">维也纳學派</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="柏林學派 (哲学)">柏林學派</a>為核心，使哲学更接近<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="经验科学">经验科学</a>。1960年代末衰落，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學哲學">科學哲學</a>方面，引发了<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="科學實在論">科学實在論</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="工具主义">工具主义</a>間的辩论。邏輯實證論影響了英语世界的分析哲学傳統，及<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="社会科学">社会科学</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日常語言學派"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E5.B8.B8.E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80.E5.AD.B8.E6.B4.BE"></span>日常語言學派</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：日常語言學派"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日常語言哲學">日常語言哲學</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">二戰</a>結束後，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="維根斯坦">維特根斯坦</a>拋棄邏輯原子論，其《<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="哲学研究">哲學研究</a>》的立場傾向於<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日常語言哲學">日常語言哲學</a>，認為語言本身的意思並不重要，人亦不應該探究語言要如何使用才是正確的。他认为語言应该是觀察，人怎樣用語言，語言就有什麼意思，「意義即用法」<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。其导师<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="伯特蘭·羅素">伯特蘭·羅素</a>仍然堅持邏輯原子論，並認為日常語言论是荒謬的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="元倫理學"><span id=".E5.85.83.E5.80.AB.E7.90.86.E5.AD.B8"></span>元倫理學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：元倫理學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/G.E.%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="G.E.摩尔">G. E. 摩爾</a>在1903年發表《<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="倫理學原理">倫理學原理</a>》，以語義探究倫理學，開創<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%AD%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="後設倫理學">元倫理學</a>。摩尔探究倫理學的概念「好」（good），认为「好」的概念无法与任何<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="经验">经验</a>事实（例如令人愉悦）等价，因此认为「好」无法定义，並借此指出了伦理<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="自然主義">自然主義</a>的謬誤。<sup id="cite_ref-Warnock_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warnock-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/A.J.%E8%89%BE%E8%80%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="A.J.艾耶">A. J. 艾耶</a>1946年的著作《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E3%80%81%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%88%87%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="語言、真理與邏輯">語言、真理與邏輯</a>》提出<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="情緒主義">情緒主義</a>，用<a href="/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="邏輯實證主義">邏輯實證主義</a>的檢驗原則否定倫理學。该书認為道德價值「好」，不可以用經驗檢證。他指出道德句子表達的是<a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E7%B7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="情緒">情緒</a>，而非认知意义，因此非真非假，没有真值。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>不過，21世紀有哲學家質疑邏輯實證主義的基礎。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%81%AB%E6%97%BA" title="林火旺">林火旺</a>认为，艾耶情緒主義的論證基礎有問題。艾耶情緒主義的論證基礎是「檢證原則」，但「檢證原則」不可以檢證出「檢證原則」本身。因為「檢證原則」主張如果有意義的命題不是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="分析命題">分析命題</a>，就是可以檢證的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="綜合命題">綜合命題</a>。當「檢證原則」嘗試檢證「檢證原則」本身，就會得出「檢證原則」本身是沒有認知意義<sup id="cite_ref-W199_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-W199-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="認識論"><span id=".E8.AA.8D.E8.AD.98.E8.AB.96"></span>認識論</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：認識論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>美國哲學教授<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E6%A2%AF%E5%B0%94" title="爱德蒙德·葛梯尔">爱德蒙德·葛梯尔</a>1963年提出<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E6%A2%AF%E5%B0%94%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="葛梯尔问题">葛梯尔问题</a>，研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="知识论">「知」的定義</a>，什麼情況人才算「知」。他提出了如果一个人的结论的前提皆为假，但恰巧結論为真，那人算不算知道結論的问题。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="代表性人物"><span id=".E4.BB.A3.E8.A1.A8.E6.80.A7.E4.BA.BA.E7.89.A9"></span>代表性人物</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：代表性人物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="弗雷格">弗雷格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="伯特蘭·羅素">羅素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·爱德华·摩尔">喬治·愛德華·摩爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="维特根斯坦">维特根斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%99%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="卡尔纳普">卡尔纳普</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="威拉德·冯·奥曼·蒯因">威拉德·馮·奧曼·蒯因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="戴维森">戴维森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="克里普克">克里普克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·罗尔斯">罗尔斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9" title="迈克尔·达米特">迈克尔·达米特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="斯特劳森">斯特劳森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%88%98%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF" title="大卫·刘易斯">大卫·刘易斯</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參見"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.A6.8B"></span>參見</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：參見"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邏輯經驗論（页面不存在）">邏輯經驗論</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語言分析（页面不存在）">語言分析</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Searle03P1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Searle03P1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Without exception, the best philosophy departments in the United States are dominated by analytic philosophy, and among the leading philosophers in the United States, all but a tiny handful would be classified as analytic philosophers. Practitioners of types of philosophizing that are not in the analytic tradition—such as phenomenology, classical pragmatism, existentialism, or Marxism—feel it necessary to define their position in relation to analytic philosophy." <a href="/wiki/John_Searle" class="mw-redirect" title="John Searle">John Searle</a> (2003), <i>Contemporary Philosophy in the United States</i> in N. Bunnin and E. P. Tsui-James (eds.), <i>The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy</i>, 2nd ed., (Blackwell, 2003), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, e.g., Avrum Stroll, <i>Twentieth-Century Analytic Philosophy</i> (Columbia University Press, 2000), p. 5: "[I]t is difficult to give a precise definition of 'analytic philosophy' since it is not so much a specific doctrine as a loose concatenation of approaches to problems." Also, see Stroll (2000), p. 7: "I think Sluga is right in saying 'it may be hopeless to try to determine the essence of analytic philosophy.' Nearly every proposed definition has been challenged by some scholar. [...] [W]e are dealing with a family resemblance concept."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans-Johann_Glock&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans-Johann Glock（页面不存在）">Hans-Johann Glock</a>, <i>What Is Analytic Philosophy</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 205: "The answer to the title question, then, is that analytic philosophy is a tradition held together <i>both</i> by ties of mutual influence <i>and</i> by family resemblances."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Trakakis, N. N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-9991.2012.00526.x">Doing Philosophy in Style: A New Look at the Analytic/Continental Divide</a>. Philosophy Compass. 2012-11-28, <b>7</b> (12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1747-9991"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 1747-9991</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1747-9991.2012.00526.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1747-9991.2012.00526.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Doing+Philosophy+in+Style%3A+A+New+Look+at+the+Analytic%2FContinental+Divide&rft.aufirst=N.+N.&rft.aulast=Trakakis&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=1747-9991&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+Compass&rft.volume=7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1111%2Fj.1747-9991.2012.00526.x&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1747-9991.2012.00526.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">sacrifice. [17] Philoneos’ concubine went along for the sacrifice. When they were in Peiraieus, Philoneos sacrificed, of course. And when he had completed the sacrifice, the female wondered how to administer the drug to them, before or after dinner. And as she considered the matter she concluded that after dinner was better; she was also acting on the instructions of this Klytaimestra, my brother’s mother. [18] The full account of the dinner would be too longwinded for me to tell and you to hear. I shall try to give as brief an account as I can of the rest, of how the poison was administered. After dinner, naturally, since one was sacrificing to Zeus of Possessions and entertaining the other, and one was about to go on a voyage and was dining with a close friend, they made a libation and offered incense for their future. [19] And while Philoneos’ concubine was pouring the libation for them – as they offered prayers which would never be fulfilled, gentlemen – she poured in the poison. Thinking she was being clever, she gave more to Philoneos in the belief perhaps that if she gave him more she would win more affection from him – she had no idea that she was my stepmother’s dupe until disaster struck – while she poured less in our father’s drink. [20] They for their part after pouring their libations took their final drink, holding in their hands their own killer. Philoneos died at once on the spot; our father was afflicted with a sickness from which he died after twenty days. For this the assistant who carried out the act has the reward she deserved, though she was not to blame – she was put on the wheel and then handed over to the public executioner; the guilty party, the one who planned it, will soon have hers, if you and the gods will it. [21] Note how much more just my plea is than my brother’s. I urge you to avenge the dead man, who is the victim of an irreparable wrong. For the dead man my brother will offer no request, though he deserves your pity and support and vengeance for having his life taken in a godless and inglorious manner before his time by the last people who should have done this. [22] His plea will be for the murderess, a plea which is unprincipled, unholy, which deserves neither fulfilment nor attention either from the gods or from you; he will seek with his plea (to induce you not to convict her for her crimes) though she could not induce herself not to devise them.* But you must give your support not to those who kill but to the victims of deliberate. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203130476-7">Trials from Classical Athens</a>. Routledge. 2002-09-11: 47–48. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-203-13047-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-203-13047-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-203-13047-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=sacrifice.+%5B17%5D+Philoneos%E2%80%99+concubine+went+along+for+the+sacrifice.+When+they+were+in+Peiraieus%2C+Philoneos+sacrificed%2C+of+course.+And+when+he+had+completed+the+sacrifice%2C+the+female+wondered+how+to+administer+the+drug+to+them%2C+before+or+after+dinner.+And+as+she+considered+the+matter+she+concluded+that+after+dinner+was+better%3B+she+was+also+acting+on+the+instructions+of+this+Klytaimestra%2C+my+brother%E2%80%99s+mother.+%5B18%5D+The+full+account+of+the+dinner+would+be+too+longwinded+for+me+to+tell+and+you+to+hear.+I+shall+try+to+give+as+brief+an+account+as+I+can+of+the+rest%2C+of+how+the+poison+was+administered.+After+dinner%2C+naturally%2C+since+one+was+sacrificing+to+Zeus+of+Possessions+and+entertaining+the+other%2C+and+one+was+about+to+go+on+a+voyage+and+was+dining+with+a+close+friend%2C+they+made+a+libation+and+offered+incense+for+their+future.+%5B19%5D+And+while+Philoneos%E2%80%99+concubine+was+pouring+the+libation+for+them+%E2%80%93+as+they+offered+prayers+which+would+never+be+fulfilled%2C+gentlemen+%E2%80%93+she+poured+in+the+poison.+Thinking+she+was+being+clever%2C+she+gave+more+to+Philoneos+in+the+belief+perhaps+that+if+she+gave+him+more+she+would+win+more+affection+from+him+%E2%80%93+she+had+no+idea+that+she+was+my+stepmother%E2%80%99s+dupe+until+disaster+struck+%E2%80%93+while+she+poured+less+in+our+father%E2%80%99s+drink.+%5B20%5D+They+for+their+part+after+pouring+their+libations+took+their+final+drink%2C+holding+in+their+hands+their+own+killer.+Philoneos+died+at+once+on+the+spot%3B+our+father+was+afflicted+with+a+sickness+from+which+he+died+after+twenty+days.+For+this+the+assistant+who+carried+out+the+act+has+the+reward+she+deserved%2C+though+she+was+not+to+blame+%E2%80%93+she+was+put+on+the+wheel+and+then+handed+over+to+the+public+executioner%3B+the+guilty+party%2C+the+one+who+planned+it%2C+will+soon+have+hers%2C+if+you+and+the+gods+will+it.+%5B21%5D+Note+how+much+more+just+my+plea+is+than+my+brother%E2%80%99s.+I+urge+you+to+avenge+the+dead+man%2C+who+is+the+victim+of+an+irreparable+wrong.+For+the+dead+man+my+brother+will+offer+no+request%2C+though+he+deserves+your+pity+and+support+and+vengeance+for+having+his+life+taken+in+a+godless+and+inglorious+manner+before+his+time+by+the+last+people+who+should+have+done+this.+%5B22%5D+His+plea+will+be+for+the+murderess%2C+a+plea+which+is+unprincipled%2C+unholy%2C+which+deserves+neither+fulfilment+nor+attention+either+from+the+gods+or+from+you%3B+he+will+seek+with+his+plea+%28to+induce+you+not+to+convict+her+for+her+crimes%29+though+she+could+not+induce+herself+not+to+devise+them.%2A+But+you+must+give+your+support+not+to+those+who+kill+but+to+the+victims+of+deliberate&rft.btitle=Trials+from+Classical+Athens&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-203-13047-6&rft.pages=47-48&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.4324%2F9780203130476-7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Glock, Hans-Johann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2004.00329.x">Was Wittgenstein an Analytic Philosopher?</a>. Metaphilosophy. 2004-07, <b>35</b> (4) <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2023-03-09</span>]</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0026-1068"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0026-1068</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9973.2004.00329.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1467-9973.2004.00329.x</span></a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309085753/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-9973.2004.00329.x">存档</a>于2023-03-09） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Was+Wittgenstein+an+Analytic+Philosopher%3F&rft.aufirst=Hans-Johann&rft.aulast=Glock&rft.date=2004-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0026-1068&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Metaphilosophy&rft.volume=35&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9973.2004.00329.x&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9973.2004.00329.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Contested concepts, family resemblances and tradition. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511841125.009">What is Analytic Philosophy?</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2001-01-01: 204–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Contested+concepts%2C+family+resemblances+and+tradition&rft.btitle=What+is+Analytic+Philosophy%3F&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pages=204-230&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511841125.009&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ludwig Wittgenstein. Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wittgenstein, Ludwig (2001) [1953]. Philosophical Investigations. Blackwell Publishing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warnock-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Warnock_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Warnock, Geoffrey. Honderich, Ted , 编. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond_270">The Oxford Companion to Philosophy</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1995: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00hond_270/page/n1495">585</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-866132-0" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-866132-0"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-866132-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=Warnock%2C+Geoffrey&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Philosophy&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-866132-0&rft.pages=585&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00hond_270&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ayer, A. J. (1952) [1936]. "Critique of Ethics and Theology". Language, Truth and Logic. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0486200108" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-486-20010-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-W199-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-W199_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E7%81%AB%E6%97%BA" title="林火旺">林火旺</a>. 《倫理學》. 臺灣: <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="五南文化">五南</a>. 2004: 199. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789571135090" title="Special:网络书源/9789571135090"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9789571135090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&rft.au=%E6%9E%97%E7%81%AB%E6%97%BA&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9789571135090&rft.pages=199&rft.place=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3&rft.pub=%E4%BA%94%E5%8D%97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGettier2020" class="citation">Gettier, Edmund, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01439314/file/2013%20Gettier%20Conocimiento.pdf">Is Justified True Belief Knowledge?</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, Arguing About Knowledge (Routledge), 2020-07-15: 14–15 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-03-22</span>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-003-06103-8" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-003-06103-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-1-003-06103-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781003061038-5"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.4324/9781003061038-5</span></a>, （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902025339/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01439314/file/2013%2520Gettier%2520Conocimiento.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-09-02）</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8&rft.atitle=Is+Justified+True+Belief+Knowledge%3F&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.aulast=Gettier&rft.date=2020-07-15&rft.genre=article&rft.isbn=978-1-003-06103-8&rft.jtitle=Arguing+About+Knowledge&rft.pages=14-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01439314%2Ffile%2F2013%2520Gettier%2520Conocimiento.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781003061038-5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="分析哲学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#999999;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:分析哲学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:分析哲学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Merrihew_Adams" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Merrihew Adams"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Merrihew Adams</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·阿尔斯顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Alston"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·阿尔斯顿（页面不存在）">威廉·阿尔斯顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alston" class="extiw" title="en:William Alston"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Alston</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="約翰·奧斯丁">約翰·奧斯丁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94" title="阿尔弗雷德·朱尔斯·艾耶尔">艾耶尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7%E5%A7%86" title="伊莉莎白·安斯康姆">伊莉莎白·安斯康姆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戴维·马利特·阿姆斯特朗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="David Malet Armstrong"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴维·马利特·阿姆斯特朗（页面不存在）">阿姆斯特朗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Malet_Armstrong" class="extiw" title="en:David Malet Armstrong"><span lang="en" dir="auto">David Malet Armstrong</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伯特·奥迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Audi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·奥迪（页面不存在）">罗伯特·奥迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Audi" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Audi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Audi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查理•邓巴•布劳德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="C. D. Broad"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E2%80%A2%E9%82%93%E5%B7%B4%E2%80%A2%E5%B8%83%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查理•邓巴•布劳德（页面不存在）">布劳德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._D._Broad" class="extiw" title="en:C. D. Broad"><span lang="en" dir="auto">C. D. Broad</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%90%89" title="泰勒·伯吉">泰勒·伯吉</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·P.伯吉斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John P. Burgess"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7P.%E4%BC%AF%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·P.伯吉斯（页面不存在）">伯吉斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_P._Burgess" class="extiw" title="en:John P. Burgess"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John P. Burgess</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%99%AE" title="鲁道夫·卡尔纳普">鲁道夫·卡尔纳普</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%87%E6%B3%BD%E5%A7%86" title="罗德里克·奇泽姆">罗德里克·奇泽姆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帕特丽夏·丘奇兰德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Patricia Churchland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%BD%E5%A4%8F%C2%B7%E4%B8%98%E5%A5%87%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕特丽夏·丘奇兰德（页面不存在）">帕特丽夏·丘奇兰德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Churchland" class="extiw" title="en:Patricia Churchland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Patricia Churchland</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="保罗·M.丘奇兰德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paul M. Churchland"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7M.%E4%B8%98%E5%A5%87%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保罗·M.丘奇兰德（页面不存在）">保罗·M.丘奇兰德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_M._Churchland" class="extiw" title="en:Paul M. Churchland"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paul M. Churchland</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF" title="戴维·查尔莫斯">戴维·查尔莫斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="诺姆·乔姆斯基">诺姆·乔姆斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%A3%AE" title="唐纳德·戴维森">唐纳德·戴维森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E7%89%B9" title="丹尼爾·丹尼特">丹尼爾·丹尼特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9" title="迈克尔·达米特">迈克尔·达米特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="戈特洛布·弗雷格">戈特洛布·弗雷格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E7%91%9E%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%A4%9A" title="杰瑞·福多">杰瑞·福多</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·吉奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter Geach"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·吉奇（页面不存在）">彼得·吉奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Geach" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Geach"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter Geach</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="A. C. 葛瑞林" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="A. C. Grayling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._C._%E8%91%9B%E7%91%9E%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. C. 葛瑞林（页面不存在）">葛瑞林</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Grayling" class="extiw" title="en:A. C. Grayling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">A. C. Grayling</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF" title="保羅·格萊斯">保羅·格萊斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿尔文·戈德曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alvin Goldman"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔文·戈德曼（页面不存在）">阿尔文·戈德曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_Goldman" class="extiw" title="en:Alvin Goldman"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alvin Goldman</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·范·因维根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter van Inwagen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%B4%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·范·因维根（页面不存在）">彼得·范·因维根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" class="extiw" title="en:Peter van Inwagen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter van Inwagen</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E5%85%8B" title="索尔·阿伦·克里普克">克里普克</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·哈克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter Hacker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·哈克（页面不存在）">彼得·哈克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Hacker" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Hacker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter Hacker</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91" title="伊恩·哈金">伊恩·哈金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·亨普尔">卡尔·亨普尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E6%8F%90%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="雅各·辛提卡">雅各·辛提卡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%88%98%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF" title="大卫·刘易斯">大卫·刘易斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%9F%BA" title="约翰·莱斯利·麦基">J·L·麦基</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="诺曼·马尔康姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Norman Malcolm"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%B7%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="诺曼·马尔康姆（页面不存在）">马尔康姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Malcolm" class="extiw" title="en:Norman Malcolm"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Norman Malcolm</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·麦克道威尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John McDowell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%81%93%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·麦克道威尔（页面不存在）">麦克道威尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_McDowell" class="extiw" title="en:John McDowell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John McDowell</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·爱德华·摩尔">G.E.摩尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E7%91%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%A7%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE" title="湯瑪斯·內格爾">湯瑪斯·內格爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%8F%B2%E7%89%B9" title="德里克·帕菲特">德里克·帕菲特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="D.Z.菲利浦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="D. Z. Phillips"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=D.Z.%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="D.Z.菲利浦（页面不存在）">菲利浦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._Z._Phillips" class="extiw" title="en:D. Z. Phillips"><span lang="en" dir="auto">D. Z. Phillips</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="阿尔文·普兰丁格">普兰丁格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%97" title="希拉里·怀特哈尔·普特南">普特南</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚瑟·普莱尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="A. N. Prior"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚瑟·普莱尔（页面不存在）">亚瑟·普莱尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._N._Prior" class="extiw" title="en:A. N. Prior"><span lang="en" dir="auto">A. N. Prior</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0" title="威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因">W.V.O.蒯因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%96%E6%AC%A3%E5%B7%B4%E5%93%88" class="mw-redirect" title="赖欣巴哈">赖欣巴哈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B5%96%E5%B0%94" title="吉尔伯特·赖尔">吉尔伯特·赖尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%91%9F%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·瑟尔">希尔勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="威尔弗里德·塞拉斯">威尔弗里德·塞拉斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E6%A0%BC" title="彼得·辛格">彼得·辛格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%A3%AE" title="彼得·弗雷德里克·斯特劳森">斯特劳森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%BA%AB%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9" title="理察·斯溫伯恩">理察·斯溫伯恩</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·昂格尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter Unger"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·昂格尔（页面不存在）">彼得·昂格尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Unger" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Unger"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter Unger</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="B.C.范·弗拉森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bas van Fraassen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=B.C.%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="B.C.范·弗拉森（页面不存在）">弗拉森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_van_Fraassen" class="extiw" title="en:Bas van Fraassen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bas van Fraassen</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E8%8E%AB%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="蒂莫西·威廉姆森">威廉姆森</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰•威兹德姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Wisdom"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E2%80%A2%E5%A8%81%E5%85%B9%E5%BE%B7%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰•威兹德姆（页面不存在）">威兹德姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Wisdom" class="extiw" title="en:John Wisdom"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Wisdom</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">维特根斯坦</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史蒂芬•亚布罗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stephen Yablo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%E2%80%A2%E4%BA%9A%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史蒂芬•亚布罗（页面不存在）">亚布罗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Yablo" class="extiw" title="en:Stephen Yablo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stephen Yablo</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分析哲学家列表（页面不存在）">更多...</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#999999;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Category:哲学理论">哲学理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#ebebeb;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E7%B4%A7%E7%BC%A9%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="真理紧缩理论">紧缩理论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="直接指称理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Direct reference theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E6%8E%A5%E6%8C%87%E7%A7%B0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直接指称理论（页面不存在）">直接指称理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Direct reference theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Direct reference theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B4%E5%85%A8%E8%A7%80" title="整全觀">整全觀</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%BA" title="逻辑原子论">逻辑原子论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naturalized_epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然主义知识论（页面不存在）">自然主义知识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naturalized_epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中性一元论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neutral monism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中性一元论（页面不存在）">中性一元论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutral_monism" class="extiw" title="en:Neutral monism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neutral monism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道德特殊主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moral_particularism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德特殊主义（页面不存在）">特殊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Moral particularism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moral_particularism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E8%AE%BA" title="还原论">还原论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E8%AE%BA" title="怀疑论">怀疑论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="验证论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Verificationism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="验证论（页面不存在）">验证论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificationism" class="extiw" title="en:Verificationism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Verificationism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分析哲学理论（页面不存在）">更多...</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#999999;">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="分析">分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-綜合區別</a></li> <li>封闭律、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演绎封闭律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Deductive closure"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E7%BB%8E%E5%B0%81%E9%97%AD%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演绎封闭律（页面不存在）">认知</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deductive_closure" class="extiw" title="en:Deductive closure"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Deductive closure</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="因果封闭律" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Causal closure"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E5%B0%81%E9%97%AD%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="因果封闭律（页面不存在）">因果</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_closure" class="extiw" title="en:Causal closure"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Causal closure</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E4%BA%8B%E5%AE%9E%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6" title="反事实条件">反事实</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意义与指称" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sense and Reference"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E6%8C%87%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意义与指称（页面不存在）">意义/指称</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_Reference" class="extiw" title="en:Sense and Reference"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sense and Reference</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="确定性描述" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Definite description"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A1%AE%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%8F%8F%E8%BF%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="确定性描述（页面不存在）">确定性描述</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Definite_description" class="extiw" title="en:Definite description"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Definite description</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%A8%AD" title="前設">叙实</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E6%97%8F%E7%9B%B8%E4%BC%BC%E6%80%A7" title="家族相似性">家族相似性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E8%A6%BA_(%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96)" title="直覺 (知識論)">直觉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%84%8F" title="語意">语意</a> (和<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A2%98" title="命题">命题</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E6%80%81%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="模态逻辑">模态</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然类" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Natural kind"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%A1%9E" title="自然類">自然类</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_kind" class="extiw" title="en:Natural kind"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Natural kind</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%85%E5%88%86%E5%BF%85%E8%A6%81%E6%9D%A1%E4%BB%B6" title="充分必要条件">充分必要条件</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分析悖论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Paradox of analysis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分析悖论（页面不存在）">分析悖论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_analysis" class="extiw" title="en:Paradox of analysis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Paradox of analysis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C" title="可能世界">可能世界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%98%E5%8E%9F%E8%AE%BA" title="还原论">还原</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反思平衡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reflective equilibrium"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%80%9D%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反思平衡（页面不存在）">反思平衡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflective_equilibrium" class="extiw" title="en:Reflective equilibrium"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reflective equilibrium</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="严格指示词" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rigid designator"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%A5%E6%A0%BC%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E8%AF%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="严格指示词（页面不存在）">严格与不严格指示词</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid_designator" class="extiw" title="en:Rigid designator"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rigid designator</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感觉材料" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sense data"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E8%A7%89%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感觉材料（页面不存在）">感觉材料</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_data" class="extiw" title="en:Sense data"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sense data</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%8F%E9%99%84%E6%80%A7" title="随附性">随附性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="思想實驗">思想實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E5%80%BC%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="真值函数">真值函数</a>、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="真值制造者" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Truthmaker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E5%80%BC%E5%88%B6%E9%80%A0%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真值制造者（页面不存在）">制造者</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truthmaker" class="extiw" title="en:Truthmaker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Truthmaker</span></a></span>）</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="真值载体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Truth-bearer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E5%80%BC%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真值载体（页面不存在）">载体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth-bearer" class="extiw" title="en:Truth-bearer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Truth-bearer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="类型–个例区分" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Type–token_distinction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E2%80%93%E4%B8%AA%E4%BE%8B%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="类型–个例区分（页面不存在）">类型–个例区分</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%E2%80%93token_distinction" class="extiw" title="en:Type–token distinction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Type–token_distinction</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#999999;">相关条目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#ebebeb;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥地利现实主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Australian realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥地利现实主义（页面不存在）">奥地利现实主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a 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title="Category:语言哲学家">哲学家</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a>（“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克拉底鲁篇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cratylus (dialogue)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E9%AD%AF%E7%AF%87" title="克拉底魯篇">克拉底鲁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)" class="extiw" title="en:Cratylus (dialogue)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cratylus (dialogue)</span></a></span>）</span></span>”）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E4%BA%9E" title="高爾吉亞">高爾吉亞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a></li> <li><a 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Noire"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路德维希·诺尔（页面不存在）">诺尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Noire" class="extiw" title="en:Ludwig Noire"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ludwig Noire</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1" title="威廉·馮·洪堡">洪堡</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joxe Azurmendi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%98%87%E7%88%BE%E9%96%80%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若克斯·阿蘇爾門迪（页面不存在）">阿蘇爾門迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joxe_Azurmendi" class="extiw" title="en:Joxe Azurmendi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joxe Azurmendi</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗里茨·毛特纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fritz Mauthner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%AF%9B%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗里茨·毛特纳（页面不存在）">毛特纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Mauthner" class="extiw" title="en:Fritz Mauthner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fritz Mauthner</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E7%A7%91" title="保罗·利科">保罗·利科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E7%BB%AA%E5%B0%94" title="费迪南·德·索绪尔">索绪尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="戈特洛布·弗雷格">弗雷格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%8C%B2%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E4%BA%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="法蘭茲·鮑亞士">博厄斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E7%94%B0%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%8B" title="保羅·田立克">田立克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E4%B8%95%E7%88%BE" title="愛德華·薩丕爾">萨丕尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%BE%99%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="伦纳德·布龙菲尔德">布龙菲尔德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%9F%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%A3%AE" title="亨利·柏格森">柏格森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%A9%E7%B6%AD%C2%B7%E7%B6%AD%E8%B0%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="利維·維谷斯基">維谷斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">维特根斯坦</a> <ul><li>“<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6" title="哲学研究">哲学研究</a>”</li> <li>“<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AE%BA" title="逻辑哲学论">逻辑哲学论</a>”</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%99%AE" title="鲁道夫·卡尔纳普">卡尔纳普</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%BE" title="雅克·德里达">德里达</a> <ul><li>“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="论文字学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Of Grammatology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="论文字学（页面不存在）">论文字学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Grammatology" class="extiw" title="en:Of Grammatology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Of Grammatology</span></a></span>）</span></span>”</li> <li>“<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Limited Inc" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Limited Inc"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limited_Inc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limited Inc（页面不存在）">Limited Inc</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_Inc" class="extiw" title="en:Limited Inc"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Limited Inc</span></a></span>）</span></span>”</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB" title="本杰明·李·沃夫">沃尔夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC" title="古斯塔夫·伯格曼">伯格曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81" title="約翰·奧斯丁">奧斯丁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="诺姆·乔姆斯基">乔姆斯基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF-%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E4%BC%BD%E8%BE%BE%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94" title="汉斯-格奥尔格·伽达默尔">伽达默尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E5%85%8B" title="索尔·阿伦·克里普克">克里普克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%80%B6%E5%B0%94" title="阿尔弗雷德·朱尔斯·艾耶尔">艾耶尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7%E5%A7%86" title="伊莉莎白·安斯康姆">安斯康姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9" title="迈克尔·达米特">迈克尔·达米特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%A3%AE" title="唐纳德·戴维森">戴维森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E6%96%AF" title="保羅·格萊斯">格莱斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B5%96%E5%B0%94" title="吉尔伯特·赖尔">吉尔伯特·赖尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%A3%AE" title="彼得·弗雷德里克·斯特劳森">斯特劳森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0" title="威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因">蒯因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%97" title="希拉里·怀特哈尔·普特南">普特南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%91%9F%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·瑟尔">希尔勒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Category:语言理论">理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="指称的因果理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Causal theory of reference"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%87%E7%A7%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="指称的因果理论（页面不存在）">指称的因果理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_theory_of_reference" class="extiw" title="en:Causal theory of reference"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Causal theory of reference</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="对比主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Contrastivism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="对比主义（页面不存在）">对比主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastivism" class="extiw" title="en:Contrastivism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Contrastivism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="因袭主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Conventionalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%A0%E8%A2%AD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="因袭主义（页面不存在）">因袭主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventionalism" class="extiw" title="en:Conventionalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Conventionalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克拉蒂卢斯主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cratylism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E8%92%82%E5%8D%A2%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克拉蒂卢斯主义（页面不存在）">克拉蒂卢斯主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratylism" class="extiw" title="en:Cratylism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cratylism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="解構主義">解構主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="名称的摹状词理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Descriptivist theory of names"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%B0%E7%9A%84%E6%91%B9%E7%8A%B6%E8%AF%8D%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="名称的摹状词理论（页面不存在）">名称的摹状词理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descriptivist_theory_of_names" class="extiw" title="en:Descriptivist theory of names"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Descriptivist theory of names</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="中介指称理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Direct reference theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E4%BB%8B%E6%8C%87%E7%A7%B0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中介指称理论（页面不存在）">中介指称理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_reference_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Direct reference theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Direct reference theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Dramatism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dramatism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dramatism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dramatism（页面不存在）">Dramatism</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatism" class="extiw" title="en:Dramatism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dramatism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="表现主义">表现主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语言决定论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Linguistic determinism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%86%B3%E5%AE%9A%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言决定论（页面不存在）">语言决定论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" class="extiw" title="en:Linguistic determinism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Linguistic determinism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%BA" title="逻辑原子论">逻辑原子论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="指称理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Mediated reference theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%87%E7%A7%B0%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="指称理论（页面不存在）">指称理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediated_reference_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Mediated reference theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Mediated reference theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AB%96" title="唯名論">唯名論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="非认知主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Non-cognitivism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="非認知主義">非认知主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-cognitivism" class="extiw" title="en:Non-cognitivism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Non-cognitivism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阳性中心主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Phallogocentrism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阳性中心主义（页面不存在）">阳性中心主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phallogocentrism" class="extiw" title="en:Phallogocentrism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Phallogocentrism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%82%E9%9D%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="寂靜主義">寂靜主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="关联理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Relevance theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B3%E8%81%94%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="关联理论（页面不存在）">关联理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relevance_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Relevance theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Relevance theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语义外在论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Semantic externalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语义外在论（页面不存在）">语义外在论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_externalism" class="extiw" title="en:Semantic externalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Semantic externalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="语义整体论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Semantic holism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语义整体论（页面不存在）">语义整体论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_holism" class="extiw" title="en:Semantic holism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Semantic holism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="指代理论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Supposition theory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8C%87%E4%BB%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="指代理论（页面不存在）">指代理论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supposition_theory" class="extiw" title="en:Supposition theory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Supposition theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="共生哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Symbiosism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%B1%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="共生哲学（页面不存在）">共生哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiosism" class="extiw" title="en:Symbiosism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Symbiosism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神学语言无认知上的意义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Theological noncognitivism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%97%A0%E8%AE%A4%E7%9F%A5%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神学语言无认知上的意义（页面不存在）">神学语言无认知上的意义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theological_noncognitivism" class="extiw" title="en:Theological noncognitivism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Theological noncognitivism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%91%B9%E7%8A%B6%E8%AF%8D%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="摹状词理论">摹状词理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%8C%E8%AF%81%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="验证理论">验证理论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A7%E7%BE%A9" title="歧義">歧義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="语言相对论">语言相对论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%84%8F" title="語意">語意</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="真值载体" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Truth-bearer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E5%80%BC%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真值载体（页面不存在）">真值载体</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth-bearer" class="extiw" title="en:Truth-bearer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Truth-bearer</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A2%98" title="命题">命题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8-%E6%8F%90%E5%8F%8A%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="使用-提及區別">使用-提及區別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="分类">分类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6)" title="集合 (数学)">集合</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="类 (哲学)">类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E6%B6%B5" title="内涵">内涵</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="逻辑形式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Logical form"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逻辑形式（页面不存在）">逻辑形式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logical_form" class="extiw" title="en:Logical form"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Logical form</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="元語言">元語言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E6%99%BA%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%B5" title="心智表徵">心理表征</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8D%E5%90%88%E6%80%A7%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="复合性原理">复合性原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="性质 (哲学)">性质</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="符号 (符号学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sign (semiotics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7_(%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="符号 (符号学)（页面不存在）">符号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics)" class="extiw" title="en:Sign (semiotics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sign (semiotics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意义和指称" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sense and reference"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89%E5%92%8C%E6%8C%87%E7%A7%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意义和指称（页面不存在）">意义和指称</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_and_reference" class="extiw" title="en:Sense and reference"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sense and reference</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%80%E8%AF%AD%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="言语行为理论">言语行为理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E5%8F%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="符号">符号</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="实体">实体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E5%AD%90" title="句子">句子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%99%88%E8%BF%B0_(%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="陈述 (逻辑)（页面不存在）">陈述</a></li> <li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="语言哲学索引（页面不存在）">更多...</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关条目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">分析哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="信息哲学">信息哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="哲学逻辑">哲学逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6" title="语言学">语言学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E7%94%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="语用学">语用学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E8%BE%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="修辞学">修辞学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="语义学">语义学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="形式语义学 (语言学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Formal semantics (linguistics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6_(%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式语义学 (语言学)（页面不存在）">形式语义学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_(linguistics)" class="extiw" title="en:Formal semantics (linguistics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Formal semantics (linguistics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:语言哲学">分类</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="历史上的今天"><img alt="历史上的今天" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/Template:%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:链出更改/Template:语言哲学">历史</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="实证主义" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Template:实证主义"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:实证主义（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:实证主义"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="实证主义" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实证主义">实证主义</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">视角</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反人文主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antihumanism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反人文主义（页面不存在）">反人文主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antihumanism" class="extiw" title="en:Antihumanism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antihumanism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">演变</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法律实证主义">法律实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">分析哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后实证主义">后实证主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivist_school_(criminology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivist school (criminology)（页面不存在）">Positivist school</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="sociological positivism" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q56112229"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sociological_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sociological positivism（页面不存在）">sociological positivism</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56112229" class="extiw" title="d:Q56112229"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q56112229</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Mach" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernst Mach">Machian positivism (empirio-criticism)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rankean_historical_positivism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rankean historical positivism（页面不存在）">Rankean historical positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Positivism_in_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Positivism in Poland（页面不存在）">Polish positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Russian_Machism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Russian Machism（页面不存在）">Russian Machism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">主要概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="归纳一致" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Consilience"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="归纳一致（页面不存在）">归纳一致</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilience" class="extiw" title="en:Consilience"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Consilience</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%92%E7%95%8C%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="划界问题">划界</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%81%E6%8D%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="证据">证据</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">归纳推理</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="證成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Justification (epistemology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%89%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="證成（页面不存在）">證成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" class="extiw" title="en:Justification (epistemology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Justification (epistemology)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学">伪科学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vienna_Circle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vienna Circle（页面不存在）">Critique of metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%BB%9F%E4%B8%80%E8%AE%BA" title="科学统一论">科学统一论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="檢證原則" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Verificationism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AA%A2%E8%AD%89%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="檢證原則（页面不存在）">檢證原則</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verificationism" class="extiw" title="en:Verificationism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Verificationism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">反命题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%AF%A6%E8%AD%89%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反實證主義">反实证主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="整体主义确证论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Confirmation holism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B4%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%A1%AE%E8%AF%81%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="整体主义确证论（页面不存在）">整体主义确证论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_holism" class="extiw" title="en:Confirmation holism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Confirmation holism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="批判理论">批判理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">可证伪性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="精神科学">精神科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%AE%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="詮釋學">诠释学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="历史主义">历史主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="历史主义学派">历史主义学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="人文科学">人文科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E7%A7%91" title="人文学科">人文学科</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="形而上学">形而上学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Methodological dualism" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Methodological dualism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodological_dualism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methodological dualism（页面不存在）">Methodological dualism</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodological_dualism" class="extiw" title="en:Methodological dualism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Methodological dualism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="归纳问题">归纳问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反思主義">反思主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="哲学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:哲学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:哲学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:哲学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="哲学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="分支（形而上学_·_认识论_·_逻辑学_·_伦理学_·_美学_·_價值論）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6#分支" title="哲学">分支</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形而上学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%AB%96" title="價值論">價值論</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;">哲学与……</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">艺术</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="设计哲学">设计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="音乐哲学">音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="电影哲学">电影</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">历史</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學人類學">人性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="语言哲学">语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学与文学">文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="文化哲學">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育哲學">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="人生哲学">人生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教哲学">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙学">宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">存在</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="元哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神</a></b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="痛苦（哲学）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pain (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%9B%E8%8B%A6%EF%BC%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="痛苦（哲学）（页面不存在）">痛苦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Pain (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pain (philosophy)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%BB%98%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="幽默理論">幽默</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="心理学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of psychology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_psychology" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of psychology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of psychology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神经哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neurophilosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经哲学（页面不存在）">神经哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophilosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Neurophilosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neurophilosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行动</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">数学</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊哲學">信息</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="时空哲学">时空</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="物理哲学">物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="化学哲学">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="地理哲學">地理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="環境哲學">环境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="技术哲学">技术</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="工程学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工程学哲学（页面不存在）">工程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of engineering</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医学哲学（页面不存在）">医学哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="醫療衛生哲學">醫療衛生哲學</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of sex"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性哲学（页面不存在）">性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_sex" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of sex"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of sex</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会科学的哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of social science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会科学的哲学（页面不存在）">社会科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of social science</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学与经济学">经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="正義">公正</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="法律哲学">法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="社会哲学">社会</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="戰爭哲學">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="哲学学派" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">哲学学派</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="哲學史">哲學史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世纪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="文艺复兴时期哲学">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="巴洛克时期哲学">巴洛克时期</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時代</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="19世纪哲学">19世紀</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#当代哲学" title="西方哲学史">当代</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">东方</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6" title="名家">名家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E7%8E%84%E5%AD%B8" title="魏晉玄學">魏晉玄學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="杨朱学说">杨朱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗">禅宗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">希腊-</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="希臘化哲學">希臘化哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="前苏格拉底哲学">前苏格拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="毕达哥拉斯主义">毕达哥拉斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%BE%A9%E5%AE%B6" title="智辩家">诡辩学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="柏拉图主义">柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="亞里斯多德主義">亞里斯多德主義</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8D%E9%81%99%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="逍遙學派">逍遙學派</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="犬儒學派">犬儒學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%B3%A9%E9%AD%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="伊比鳩魯學派">伊比鳩魯學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義">斯多亞學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E4%B8%96%E8%AE%BA" title="顺世论">顺世论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度教哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hindu philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教哲学（页面不存在）">印度教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Hindu philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hindu philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耆那教哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jain philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耆那教哲学（页面不存在）">耆那教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Jain philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jain philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iranian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲学（页面不存在）">波斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iranian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B" title="玛兹达克">玛兹达克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%90%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="琐罗亚斯德教">祆教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9B" title="祖尔宛">楚尔凡教义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世紀</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">9 – 16<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="基督教哲学">基督</a>欧洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">人文主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托马斯主义">托马斯主义</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">阿奎那</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">东亚</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宋明理學">宋明理學</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="程朱理学">程朱理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="心學">陆王心学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%98%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="永嘉学派">永嘉学派</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國儒學">韓國儒學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="日本朱子学">日本朱子学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">印度</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Navya-Nyāya"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" class="extiw" title="en:Navya-Nyāya"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Navya-Nyāya</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有保留的非二元论 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vishishtadvaita"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%9E%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有保留的非二元论 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">有保留的非二元论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" class="extiw" title="en:Vishishtadvaita"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vishishtadvaita</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二元论 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dvaita"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二元论 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">二元论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita" class="extiw" title="en:Dvaita"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dvaita</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿威罗伊主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Averroism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A8%81%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿威罗伊主义（页面不存在）">阿威罗伊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism" class="extiw" title="en:Averroism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Averroism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3#哲学思想" title="伊本·西那">阿维森纳</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="照明主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Illuminationism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="照明主义哲学（页面不存在）">照明主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism" class="extiw" title="en:Illuminationism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Illuminationism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">伊斯兰教义学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏菲主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sufi philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏菲主义哲学（页面不存在）">苏菲主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Sufi philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sufi philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="猶太教哲學">犹太教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="犹太-伊斯兰哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA-%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太-伊斯兰哲学（页面不存在）">犹太-伊斯兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" class="extiw" title="en:Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">17 – 19<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><b>人物</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新托马斯主义">新托马斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="笛卡尔主义">笛卡尔主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="康德主义">康德主义</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新康德主义">新康德主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="马克思主义哲学">马克思主义哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">唯物-唯心</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="辩证唯物主义">辩证唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="绝对唯心论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Absolute idealism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绝对唯心论（页面不存在）">绝对唯心论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_idealism" class="extiw" title="en:Absolute idealism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Absolute idealism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">效益主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古典自由主义">自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超验主义">超验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="日本國學">日本國學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%82%E9%9D%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="寂靜主義">寂静主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="改革宗知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reformed epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%AE%97%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="改革宗知识论（页面不存在）">改革宗知识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Reformed epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reformed epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="西方哲学史">当代</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">20 – 21<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分析女性主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Analytical feminism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分析女性主义（页面不存在）">分析女性主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_feminism" class="extiw" title="en:Analytical feminism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Analytical feminism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="分析马克思主义">分析马克思主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后分析哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postanalytic philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后分析哲学（页面不存在）">后分析哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Postanalytic philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postanalytic philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="结果论">结果论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">功利主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">道义论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·罗尔斯">罗尔斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">德性倫理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗哲學">實驗哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="内在主义与外在主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internalism and externalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内在主义与外在主义（页面不存在）">内在主义与外在主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" class="extiw" title="en:Internalism and externalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internalism and externalism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">证伪主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基础主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B4%AF%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="真理融贯论">真理融贯论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">维特根斯坦</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="维也纳学派">维也纳学派</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日常語言哲學">日常語言哲學</a>-<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naturalized epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然主义知识论（页面不存在）">蒯因的自然主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naturalized epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法律实证主义">法律实证主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">欧陆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新馬克思主義">新馬克思主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="西方马克思主义">西方马克思主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後馬克思主義">後馬克思主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="批判理論">批判理論</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="法蘭克福學派">法蘭克福學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後結構主義">後結構主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="解構主義">解構主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="女性主義">女性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6" title="精神分析学">精神分析学</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%A1" title="雅各·拉岡">拉康主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后殖民主义">后殖民主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后现代主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postmodern philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后现代主义哲学（页面不存在）">后现代主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Postmodern philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postmodern philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会建构主义">社会建构主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">非西方</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="京都學派">京都學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="俄罗斯宇宙主义">俄国宇宙主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">更多</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">领域</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形上學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="二元論">二元論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" title="一元论">一元论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="形而上自然主義">自然主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">本体论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="事件 (哲学)">事件</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="过程哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Process philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="过程哲学（页面不存在）">过程哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Process philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Process philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6" title="現實">現實</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反实在论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anti-realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反实在论（页面不存在）">反实在论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anti-realism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%AB%96" title="概念論">概念論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="唯物主义">唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AB%96" title="唯名論">唯名論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="實在論">實在論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="唯心主義認識論">唯心主義認識論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="建构主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constructivist epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建构主义知识论（页面不存在）">建构主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Constructivist epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constructivist epistemology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特殊主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epistemological particularism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特殊主义知识论（页面不存在）">特殊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Epistemological particularism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epistemological particularism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="怀疑主义哲学#知识论和怀疑主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophical skepticism#Epistemology and skepticism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怀疑主义哲学（页面不存在）">怀疑论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism#Epistemology_and_skepticism" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophical skepticism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophical skepticism#Epistemology and skepticism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E6%88%91%E8%AB%96" title="唯我論">唯我論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="信仰主義">信仰主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-disambig" title="行为主义">行为主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E6%B6%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="取消主义">取消主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="副现象主义">副现象主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="机能主义(精神哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89(%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机能主义(精神哲学)（页面不存在）">机能主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="extiw" title="en:Functionalism (philosophy of mind)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Functionalism (philosophy of mind)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7" title="客觀性">客观主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="主觀主義">主觀主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="结果论">结果论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">义务伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">德性倫理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自由意志</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相容论">相容论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由意志主义 (形而上学)">自由意志主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道德规范性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Norm (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德规范性（页面不存在）">规范性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Norm (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Norm (philosophy)</span></a></span>）</span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德绝对主义">绝对主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道德特殊主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moral particularism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德特殊主义（页面不存在）">特殊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Moral particularism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moral particularism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德相对主义">相对主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="道德虛無主義">虚无主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德怀疑主义">怀疑主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德普遍主义">普遍主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="形式主义">形式主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术制度论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Institutional theory of art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术制度论（页面不存在）">制度论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="extiw" title="en:Institutional theory of art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Institutional theory of art</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美学情感" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aesthetic emotions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美学情感（页面不存在）">美学回应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" class="extiw" title="en:Aesthetic emotions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aesthetic emotions</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="经典逻辑">经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="非經典邏輯">非经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="形式逻辑">形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="非形式逻辑">非形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" title="悖论">悖论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" title="謬誤">謬誤</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="各地区哲学哲学相关列表" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">各地区哲学</a></li><li>哲学相关列表</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">各地区哲学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="非洲哲学">非洲</a><small>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃塞俄比亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethiopian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃塞俄比亚哲学（页面不存在）">埃塞俄比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Ethiopian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethiopian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</small></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿兹特克哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aztec philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿兹特克哲学（页面不存在）">阿兹特克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Aztec philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aztec philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">东方</a><small>（<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日本哲學">日本</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朝韩哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Korean philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E9%9F%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝韩哲学（页面不存在）">朝韩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Korean philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Korean philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="香港哲學">香港</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="臺灣哲學">臺灣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iranian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲学（页面不存在）">伊朗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iranian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度尼西亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indonesian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度尼西亚哲学（页面不存在）">印尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Indonesian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indonesian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴基斯坦哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pakistani philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦哲学（页面不存在）">巴基斯坦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Pakistani philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pakistani philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a><small>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="American philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="美國哲學">美国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:American philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">American philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="英國哲學">英國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Danish philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦哲学（页面不存在）">丹麦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Danish philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Danish philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国哲学（页面不存在）">法国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國哲學">德国</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">希腊</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="意大利哲学">意大利</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波兰哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polish philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰哲学（页面不存在）">波兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Polish philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polish philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马尼亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Romanian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马尼亚哲学（页面不存在）">罗马尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Romanian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Romanian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄国哲学（页面不存在）">俄国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Russian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯洛文尼亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slovene philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛文尼亚哲学（页面不存在）">斯洛文尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Slovene philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slovene philosophy</span></a></span>）</span></span>）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;">列表</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%A6%81" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学概要">概要</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AA%E8%A7%A3%E6%B1%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" title="未解決的哲學問題">问题</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">学派</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%8D%E6%B1%87%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学词汇表（页面不存在）">词汇表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學概念列表">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="哲學家列表">哲学家</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学运动（页面不存在）">运动</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E8%A6%81%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重要哲学出版物列表（页面不存在）">出版物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><a 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