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id="toc-Frankenstein_and_the_Monster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Creature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Creature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 The Creature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Creature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_of_Victor_Frankenstein's_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_Victor_Frankenstein's_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Origin of Victor Frankenstein's name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_Victor_Frankenstein's_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Prometheus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Prometheus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Modern Prometheus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Prometheus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Publication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films,_plays,_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films,_plays,_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Films, plays, and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films,_plays,_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Editions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Editions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Editions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Editions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1818_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1818_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.1 1818 text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1818_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1831_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1831_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1.2 1831 text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1831_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differences_between_1818_and_1831_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differences_between_1818_and_1831_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Differences between 1818 and 1831 text </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differences_between_1818_and_1831_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Frankenstein</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" > 73 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%83%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="فرانكنشتاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرانكنشتاين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ফ্ৰেংকেনষ্টাইন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ফ্ৰেংকেনষ্টাইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein._El_Prometeo_modernu" title="Frankenstein. El Prometeo modernu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Frankenstein. El Prometeo modernu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franken%C5%9Fteyn" title="Frankenşteyn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Frankenşteyn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_(%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8)" title="ফ্রাঙ্কেনস্টাইন (উপন্যাস) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রাঙ্কেনস্টাইন (উপন্যাস)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Франкенщайн (роман) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Франкенщайн (роман)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_ili_moderni_Prometej" title="Frankenstein ili moderni Prometej – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Frankenstein ili moderni Prometej" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_o_el_Prometeu_modern" title="Frankenstein o el Prometeu modern – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Frankenstein o el Prometeu modern" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein,_or_The_Modern_Prometheus" title="Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometheus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(Roman)" title="Frankenstein (Roman) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frankenstein (Roman)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD_%CE%AE_%CE%BF_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Φρανκενστάιν ή ο Σύγχρονος Προμηθέας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φρανκενστάιν ή ο Σύγχρονος Προμηθέας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_o_El_moderno_Prometeo" title="Frankenstein o El moderno Prometeo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Frankenstein o El moderno Prometeo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franken%C5%9Dtejno" title="Frankenŝtejno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Frankenŝtejno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="فرانکنشتاین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانکنشتاین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_ou_le_Prom%C3%A9th%C3%A9e_moderne" title="Frankenstein ou le Prométhée moderne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Frankenstein ou le Prométhée moderne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_ou_o_moderno_Prometeo" title="Frankenstein ou o moderno Prometeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Frankenstein ou o moderno Prometeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%91%EC%BC%84%EC%8A%88%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B8" title="프랑켄슈타인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프랑켄슈타인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Ֆրանքենսթայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանքենսթայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8" title="फ्रैंकनस्टाइन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फ्रैंकनस्टाइन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_ili_moderni_Prometej" title="Frankenstein ili moderni Prometej – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Frankenstein ili moderni Prometej" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(novel)" title="Frankenstein (novel) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Frankenstein (novel)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_o_il_moderno_Prometeo" title="Frankenstein o il moderno Prometeo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Frankenstein o il moderno Prometeo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F_(%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8)" title="פרנקנשטיין (ספר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרנקנשטיין (ספר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಫ್ರಾಂಕೆನ್‌ಸ್ಟೈನ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಫ್ರಾಂಕೆನ್‌ಸ್ಟೈನ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფრანკენშტაინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრანკენშტაინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(suterot)" title="Frankenstein (suterot) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Frankenstein (suterot)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Франкенштейн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Франкенштейн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franken%C5%A1teins" title="Frankenšteins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Frankenšteins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franken%C5%A1teinas_(knyga)" title="Frankenšteinas (knyga) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Frankenšteinas (knyga)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD" title="Франкенштајн – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Франкенштајн" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB" title="ഫ്രാങ്കൻസ്റ്റീൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫ്രാങ്കൻസ്റ്റീൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(roman)" title="Frankenstein (roman) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Frankenstein (roman)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="フランケンシュタイン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランケンシュタイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_o_lo_Promet%C3%A8u_mod%C3%A8rne" title="Frankenstein o lo Prometèu modèrne – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Frankenstein o lo Prometèu modèrne" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenshteyn,_yoki_Zamonaviy_Prometey" title="Frankenshteyn, yoki Zamonaviy Prometey – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Frankenshteyn, yoki Zamonaviy Prometey" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਫਰੈਂਕਨਸਟਾਇਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਫਰੈਂਕਨਸਟਾਇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(roman)" title="Frankenstein (roman) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Frankenstein (roman)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Франкенштейн, или Современный Прометей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франкенштейн, или Современный Прометей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(rumanzu)" title="Frankenstein (rumanzu) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Frankenstein (rumanzu)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Франкенштајн или модерни Прометеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Франкенштајн или модерни Прометеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein,_or_The_Modern_Prometeus" title="Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometeus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Frankenstein, or The Modern Prometeus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="பிராங்கென்ஸ்டைன் (புதினம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிராங்கென்ஸ்டைன் (புதினம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="แฟรงเกนสไตน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟรงเกนสไตน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Франкенштайн, або Сучасний Прометей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Франкенштайн, або Сучасний Прометей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%80%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="科學怪人 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="科學怪人" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenstein" title="Frankenstein – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Frankenstein" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%80%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="科学怪人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="科学怪人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%80%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="科學怪人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="科學怪人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E6%80%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="科學怪人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科學怪人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q150827#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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For the Monster, see <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Frankenstein (disambiguation)">Frankenstein (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein%3B+or%2C+The+Modern+Prometheus&rft.author=%5B%5BMary+Shelley%5D%5D&rft.pub=Lackington%2C+Hughes%2C+Harding%2C+Mavor+%26+Jones&rft.place=England&rft.pages=280"></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankenstein_1818_edition_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Frankenstein_1818_edition_title_page.jpg/220px-Frankenstein_1818_edition_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Frankenstein_1818_edition_title_page.jpg/330px-Frankenstein_1818_edition_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Frankenstein_1818_edition_title_page.jpg/440px-Frankenstein_1818_edition_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="3200" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Volume I, first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic novel">Gothic novel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">horror fiction</a>, science fiction<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Set in</th><td class="infobox-data">England, Ireland, Italy, France, Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Old Swiss Confederacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>; late 18th century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1818; 207 years ago (1818-01-01)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor & Jones</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">280</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">823.7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PR5397 .F7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Text</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Frankenstein,_or_the_Modern_Prometheus" class="extiw" title="s:Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus is an 1818 <a href="/wiki/Gothic_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic novel">Gothic novel</a> written by English author <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>. Frankenstein tells the story of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</a>, a young scientist who creates a <a href="/wiki/Sapience" class="mw-redirect" title="Sapience">sapient</a> <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">creature</a> in an unorthodox scientific experiment. Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition was published anonymously in London on 1 January 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared in the second edition, which was published in Paris in 1821. Shelley travelled through Europe in 1815, moving along the river <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in Germany, and stopping in <a href="/wiki/Gernsheim" title="Gernsheim">Gernsheim</a>, 17 kilometres (11 mi) away from <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle" title="Frankenstein Castle">Frankenstein Castle</a>, where, about a century earlier, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Dippel" title="Johann Konrad Dippel">Johann Konrad Dippel</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Alchemist" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemist">alchemist</a>, had engaged in experiments.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> She then journeyed to the region of <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland, where much of the story takes place. <a href="/wiki/Galvanism" title="Galvanism">Galvanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">occult</a> ideas were topics of conversation for her companions, particularly for her lover and future husband <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>. In 1816, Mary, Percy, <a href="/wiki/John_Polidori" class="mw-redirect" title="John Polidori">John Polidori</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> had a competition to see who would write the best horror story.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> After thinking for days, Shelley was inspired to write Frankenstein after imagining a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made.<a href="#cite_note-introduction_11-13-6">[6]</a> Frankenstein is one of the best-known works of <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>. Infused with elements of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic novel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> movement, it has had a considerable influence on literature and on popular culture, spawning a complete genre of horror stories, films, and plays. Since the publication of the novel, the name "Frankenstein" has often been used to <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster#Names" title="Frankenstein's monster">refer to the monster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot_summary">Plot summary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot summary">edit</a>]</div> Victor Frankenstein, son of an upper-class <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Genevese</a> family, spends his youth obsessed with <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>. As he grows older, he develops an interest in modern sciences such as <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>. After his mother dies of <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a>, Victor leaves home to attend the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ingolstadt" title="University of Ingolstadt">University of Ingolstadt</a>. Through his studies, Victor discovers a new way to create life, which he uses to create a large and grotesque humanoid creature. When the creature awakens, Victor flees in terror. He returns to find the creature gone. The newly conscious creature runs away, discovers fire, and learns to avoid humans, who find him frightening. He finds a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hovel" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:hovel">hovel</a> attached to a small house, which lets him observe a family while remaining unseen. As the family teaches their language to a foreigner, the creature also learns to speak and write. He also finds a collection of books, including <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>, and learns to read. When he finally reveals himself to the family, they are horrified by his appearance and chase him away. The creature then saves a young girl from drowning, only to be shot by her father, who perceives his rescue as an attack. Angry at humanity, the creature returns to Geneva to find Victor, and instead meets Victor's brother William. Realizing that William belongs to the same family, the creature kills him, then frames the Frankensteins' servant Justine for his death. Victor suspects his creature was responsible, but does not intervene while Justine is tried and executed. Later, while hiking on <a href="/wiki/Mer_de_Glace" title="Mer de Glace">Mer de Glace</a>, Victor encounters the creature again. The creature relays his story and asks Victor to create a female companion, which he believes will be his only chance at happiness. Victor agrees. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "Oh, Frankenstein, be not equitable to every other, and trample upon me alone, to whom thy justice, and even thy clemency and affection, is most due. Remember, that I am thy creature; I ought to be thy <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>; but I am rather <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">the fallen angel</a>, whom thou drivest from joy for no misdeed. Everywhere I see bliss, from which I alone am irrevocably excluded. I was benevolent and good; misery made me a fiend. Make me happy, and I shall again be virtuous." — The Creature asks Victor Frankenstein to create a female companion. </blockquote> </div> Victor and his friend Henry leave the European mainland for <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, where Victor establishes a laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>. While working on the female creature, Victor worries about his creations giving birth, and decides to destroy the incomplete female instead. In retaliation, the original creature murders Henry. Victor suffers a mental breakdown, then returns home. Back in Geneva, Victor marries his childhood friend Elizabeth, only for the creature to kill her on the wedding night. Days later, Victor's father also dies. With no remaining family, Victor vows revenge and pursues the creature, eventually following him to the <a href="/wiki/Arctic" title="Arctic">Arctic</a>. Chasing the creature across Arctic ice, Victor nearly dies from exhaustion and <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>. He is rescued by Captain Walton, who leads an expedition to the North Pole. Victor recounts his story to the captain and encourages his crew to continue their expedition; instead, they decide to abandon their journey and turn back. Victor vows to continue chasing the creature, but in his weakened state he dies aboard the ship. As the ship leaves the Arctic, the creature comes onboard. He mourns Victor's death, tells the captain he plans to kill himself, then departs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Author's_background">Author's background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Author's background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-170px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-255px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-340px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Rothwell_(painter)" title="Richard Rothwell (painter)">Richard Rothwell</a> (1840–41)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s mother, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a>, died from infection eleven days after giving birth to her. Shelley grew close to her father, <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, having never known her mother. Godwin hired a nurse, who briefly cared for her and her half sister, before marrying his second wife <a href="/wiki/Mary_Jane_Godwin" title="Mary Jane Godwin">Mary Jane Clairmont</a>, who did not like the close bond between Shelley and her father. The resulting friction caused Godwin to favour his other children. Shelley's father was a famous author of the time, and her education was of great importance to him, although it was not formal. Shelley grew up surrounded by her father's friends, writers, and persons of political importance, who often gathered at the family home. This inspired her authorship at an early age. Mary, at the age of sixteen, met Percy Bysshe Shelley (who later became her husband) while he was visiting her father. Godwin did not approve of the relationship between his daughter and an older, married man, so they fled to France along with her stepsister, <a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a>. On 22 February 1815, Shelley gave birth prematurely to her first child, Clara, who died two weeks later.<a href="#cite_note-:2-10">[10]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">summer of 1816</a>, Mary, Percy, and Claire took a trip to visit Claire's lover, Lord Byron, in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>. Poor weather conditions, more akin to winter, forced Byron and the visitors to stay indoors. To help pass time, Byron suggested that he, Mary, Percy, and Byron's physician, <a href="/wiki/John_Polidori" class="mw-redirect" title="John Polidori">John Polidori</a>, have a competition to write the best ghost story to pass time stuck indoors.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Mary was just eighteen years old when she won the contest with her creation of Frankenstein.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_influences">Literary influences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literary influences">edit</a>]</div> Shelley's work was heavily influenced by that of her parents. Her father was famous for <a href="/wiki/Enquiry_Concerning_Political_Justice" title="Enquiry Concerning Political Justice">Enquiry Concerning Political Justice</a> and her mother famous for <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_the_Rights_of_Woman" title="A Vindication of the Rights of Woman">A Vindication of the Rights of Woman</a>. Her father's novels also influenced her writing of Frankenstein. These novels included <a href="/wiki/Things_as_They_Are;_or,_The_Adventures_of_Caleb_Williams" title="Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams">Things as They Are; or, The Adventures of Caleb Williams</a>, St. Leon, and Fleetwood. All of these books were set in Switzerland, similar to the setting in Frankenstein. Some major themes of social affections and the renewal of life that appear in Shelley's novel stem from these works she had in her possession. Other literary influences that appear in Frankenstein are <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(mythology)" title="Pygmalion (mythology)">Pygmalion</a> et Galatée by Mme de Genlis, and <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>, with the use of individuals identifying the problems with society.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Ovid also inspires the use of <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a> in Shelley's title.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> The influence of <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a> are evident in the novel. In The Frankenstein of the French Revolution, author Julia Douthwaite posits that Shelley probably acquired some ideas for Frankenstein's character from <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a>'s book Elements of Chemical Philosophy, in which he had written that, <blockquote>science has ... bestowed upon man powers which may be called creative; which have enabled him to change and modify the beings around him ... </blockquote> References to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> run through the novel; a likely source is <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois-F%C3%A9lix_Nogaret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François-Félix Nogaret (page does not exist)">François-Félix Nogaret</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-F%C3%A9lix_Nogaret" class="extiw" title="fr:François-Félix Nogaret">fr</a>]'s Le Miroir des événemens actuels, ou la Belle au plus offrant (1790), a political parable about scientific progress featuring an inventor named Frankésteïn, who creates a life-sized automaton.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Both Frankenstein and the monster quote passages from Percy Shelley's 1816 poem, "<a href="/wiki/Mutability_(poem)" title="Mutability (poem)">Mutability</a>", and its theme of the role of the subconscious is discussed in prose. Percy Shelley's name never appeared as the author of the poem, although the novel credits other quoted poets by name. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>'s poem "<a href="/wiki/The_Rime_of_the_Ancient_Mariner" title="The Rime of the Ancient Mariner">The Rime of the Ancient Mariner</a>" (1798) is associated with the theme of guilt and <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Lines_Written_a_Few_Miles_above_Tintern_Abbey" title="Lines Written a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey">Tintern Abbey</a>" (1798) with that of innocence. Many writers and historians have attempted to associate several then-popular natural philosophers (now called physical scientists) with Shelley's work because of several notable similarities. Two of the most noted natural philosophers among Shelley's contemporaries were <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Aldini" title="Giovanni Aldini">Giovanni Aldini</a>, who made many public attempts at human reanimation through bio-electric Galvanism in London,<a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Dippel" title="Johann Konrad Dippel">Johann Konrad Dippel</a>, who was supposed to have developed chemical means to extend the life span of humans. While Shelley was aware of both of these men and their activities, she makes no mention of or reference to them or their experiments in any of her published or released notes. Ideas about life and death discussed by Percy and Byron were of great interest to scientists of that time. They discussed ideas from <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a> and the experiments of <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/James_Lind_(physician,_born_1736)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Lind (physician, born 1736)">James Lind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Mary joined these conversations and the ideas of Darwin, Galvani and perhaps Lind were present in her novel. Shelley's personal experiences also influenced the themes within Frankenstein. The themes of loss, guilt, and the consequences of defying nature present in the novel all developed from Mary Shelley's own life. The loss of her mother, the relationship with her father, and the death of her first child are thought to have inspired the monster and his separation from parental guidance. In a 1965 issue of The Journal of Religion and Health a psychologist proposed that the theme of guilt stemmed from her not feeling good enough for Percy because of the loss of their child.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition">Composition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrankensteinDraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/220px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/330px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/FrankensteinDraft.jpg/440px-FrankensteinDraft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="753" /></a><figcaption>Draft of Frankenstein ("It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld my man completed ...")</figcaption></figure> During the rainy summer of 1816, the "<a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">Year Without a Summer</a>", the world was locked in a long, cold <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">volcanic winter</a> caused by the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</a> in 1815.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Mary Shelley, aged 18, and her lover (and future husband), <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a>, visited <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva" title="Lake Geneva">Lake Geneva</a>, in Switzerland's <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. The weather was too cold and dreary that summer to enjoy the outdoor holiday activities they had planned, so the group retired indoors until dawn. Sitting around a log fire at Byron's villa, the company amused themselves by reading German ghost stories translated into French from the book <a href="/wiki/Fantasmagoriana" title="Fantasmagoriana">Fantasmagoriana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Byron proposed that they "each write a ghost story."<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Unable to think of a story, Mary Shelley became anxious. She recalled being asked "Have you thought of a story?" each morning, and every time being "forced to reply with a mortifying negative."<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> During one evening in the middle of summer, the discussions turned to the nature of the principle of life. "Perhaps a corpse would be re-animated," Mary noted, "<a href="/wiki/Galvanism" title="Galvanism">galvanism</a> had given token of such things".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It was after midnight before they retired and, unable to sleep, she became possessed by her imagination as she beheld the "grim terrors" of her "waking dream".<a href="#cite_note-introduction_11-13-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I saw the pale student of unhallowed arts kneeling beside the thing he had put together. I saw the hideous phantasm of a man stretched out, and then, on the working of some powerful engine, show signs of life, and stir with an uneasy, half vital motion. Frightful must it be; for supremely frightful would be the effect of any human endeavour to mock the stupendous mechanism of the Creator of the world.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></blockquote> In September 2011, astronomer Donald Olson, after a visit to the Lake Geneva villa the previous year and inspecting data about the motion of the moon and stars, concluded that her "waking dream" took place between 2 a.m. and 3 a.m. on 16 June 1816, several days after the initial idea by Lord Byron that they each write a ghost story.<a href="#cite_note-astro-26">[26]</a> Mary Shelley began writing what she assumed would be a short story, but with Percy Shelley's encouragement, she expanded the tale into a fully-fledged novel.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> She later described that summer in Switzerland as the moment "when I first stepped out from childhood into life."<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Shelley wrote the first four chapters in the weeks following the suicide of her half-sister Fanny.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> This was one of many personal tragedies that impacted Shelley's work. Shelley's first child died in infancy, and when she began composing Frankenstein in 1816, she was probably nursing her second child, who was also dead by the time of Frankenstein's publication.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Shelley wrote much of the book while residing in a lodging house in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a> in 1816.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Byron managed to write just a fragment based on the <a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">vampire</a> legends he heard while travelling the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, and from this <a href="/wiki/John_Polidori" class="mw-redirect" title="John Polidori">John Polidori</a> created <a href="/wiki/The_Vampyre" title="The Vampyre">The Vampyre</a> (1819), the progenitor of the romantic vampire literary genre. Thus two seminal horror tales originated from the conclave.<a href="#cite_note-BBC/b04nvq7q-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-era.org.uk/frankenstein-vampyre-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-films/96431-34">[34]</a> The group talked about <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlightenment (philosophy)">Enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a> ideas as well. Mary Shelley believed the Enlightenment idea that society could progress and grow if political leaders used their powers responsibly; however, she also believed the Romantic ideal that misused power could destroy society.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Shelley's manuscripts for the first three-volume edition in 1818 (written 1816–1817), as well as the <a href="/wiki/Fair_copy" class="mw-redirect" title="Fair copy">fair copy</a> for her publisher, are now housed in the <a href="/wiki/Bodleian_Library" title="Bodleian Library">Bodleian Library</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>. The Bodleian acquired the papers in 2004, and they belong now to the <a href="/wiki/Baron_Abinger" title="Baron Abinger">Abinger</a> Collection.<a href="#cite_note-:1-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-37">[37]</a> In 2008, the Bodleian published a new edition of Frankenstein, edited by Charles E. Robinson, that contains comparisons of Mary Shelley's original text with Percy Shelley's additions and interventions alongside.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frankenstein_and_the_Monster">Frankenstein and the Monster</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frankenstein and the Monster">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Creature">The Creature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Creature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_(1882)_Irish_Frankenstein_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Punch_Anti-Irish_propaganda_%281882%29_Irish_Frankenstein_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>An English editorial cartoonist conceives the Irish <a href="/wiki/Fenian" title="Fenian">Fenian movement</a> as akin to Frankenstein's creature, in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Park_murders" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix Park murders">Phoenix Park murders</a> in an 1882 issue of <a href="/wiki/Punch_(magazine)" title="Punch (magazine)">Punch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> Although the Creature was described in later works as a composite of whole body parts grafted together from cadavers and <a href="/wiki/Reanimation_(science_fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reanimation (science fiction)">reanimated</a> by the use of electricity, this description is not consistent with Shelley's work; both the use of electricity and the cobbled-together image of Frankenstein's monster were more the result of <a href="/wiki/James_Whale" title="James Whale">James Whale</a>'s popular 1931 <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">film adaptation of the story</a> and other early motion-picture works based on the creature. In Shelley's original work, Victor Frankenstein discovers a previously unknown but elemental principle of life, and that insight allows him to develop a method to imbue vitality into inanimate matter, though the exact nature of the process is left ambiguous. After a great deal of hesitation in exercising this power, Frankenstein spends two years painstakingly constructing the Creature's body (one anatomical feature at a time, from raw materials supplied by "the dissecting room and the slaughter-house"), which he then brings to life using his unspecified process. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:267px;max-width:267px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_Birmingham_Post-Herald,_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_Birmingham_Post-Herald%2C_1910.jpg/146px-Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_Birmingham_Post-Herald%2C_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_Birmingham_Post-Herald%2C_1910.jpg/219px-Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_Birmingham_Post-Herald%2C_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_Birmingham_Post-Herald%2C_1910.jpg/292px-Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_Birmingham_Post-Herald%2C_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2693" data-file-height="2644" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:115px;max-width:115px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:142px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_The_Cincinnati_Enquirer,_1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_The_Cincinnati_Enquirer%2C_1910.jpg/113px-Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_The_Cincinnati_Enquirer%2C_1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_The_Cincinnati_Enquirer%2C_1910.jpg/170px-Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_The_Cincinnati_Enquirer%2C_1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_The_Cincinnati_Enquirer%2C_1910.jpg/226px-Frankenstein_and_Monster_-_The_Cincinnati_Enquirer%2C_1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2896" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Newspaper illustrations from abridged versions of Frankenstein, 1910</div></div></div></div> Part of Frankenstein's rejection of his creation is the fact that he does not give him a name. Instead, Frankenstein's creation is referred to by words such as "wretch", "monster", "creature", "demon", "devil", "fiend", and "it". When Frankenstein converses with the creature, he addresses him as "vile insect", "abhorred monster", "fiend", "wretched devil", and "abhorred devil". In the novel, the creature is compared to <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:4-40">[40]</a> the <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_men_or_women_in_mythology_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first men or women in mythology and religion">first man</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a>. The monster also compares himself with the "fallen" angel. Speaking to Frankenstein, the monster says "I ought to be thy Adam, but I am rather the fallen angel". That angel would be <a href="/wiki/Lucifer" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a> (meaning "light-bringer") in Milton's <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a>, which the monster has read. Adam is also referred to in the epigraph of the 1818 edition:<a href="#cite_note-1818_edition-41">[41]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <dl><dd>Did I request thee, Maker, from my clay</dd> <dd>To mould Me man? Did I solicit thee</dd> <dd>From darkness to promote me?<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></dd></dl></blockquote> Some have posited the creature as a composite of Percy Shelley and Thomas Paine. If the creature's hatred for Victor and his desire to raise a child mirror Percy's filial rebelliousness and his longing to adopt children, his desire to do good and his persecution can be said to echo Paine's utopian visions and fate in England.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Creature has often been mistakenly called Frankenstein. In 1908, one author said "It is strange to note how well-nigh universally the term "Frankenstein" is misused, even by intelligent people, as describing some hideous monster."<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Reef_(novel)" title="The Reef (novel)">The Reef</a> (1916) describes an unruly child as an "infant Frankenstein".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Lindsay_(novelist)" title="David Lindsay (novelist)">David Lindsay</a>'s "The Bridal Ornament", published in The Rover, 12 June 1844, mentioned "the maker of poor Frankenstein". After the release of Whale's cinematic Frankenstein, the public at large began speaking of the Creature itself as "Frankenstein". This misnomer continued with the successful sequel <a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a> (1935), as well as in film titles such as <a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein">Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/170px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/255px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg/340px-Frontispiece_to_Frankenstein_1831.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="3636" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Theodor_von_Holst" title="Theodor von Holst">Theodor von Holst</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Book_frontispiece" title="Book frontispiece">frontispiece</a> of the 1831 edition<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_Victor_Frankenstein's_name">Origin of Victor Frankenstein's name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin of Victor Frankenstein's name">edit</a>]</div> Mary Shelley maintained that she derived the name Frankenstein from a dream-vision. This claim has since been disputed and debated by scholars that have suggested alternative sources for Shelley's inspiration.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The German name Frankenstein means "stone of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>", and is associated with various places in Germany, including <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle" title="Frankenstein Castle">Frankenstein Castle</a> (Burg Frankenstein) in <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, Hesse, and <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle,_Palatinate" title="Frankenstein Castle, Palatinate">Frankenstein Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Frankenstein, Rhineland-Palatinate">Frankenstein</a>, a town in the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a>. There is also a castle called Frankenstein in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Salzungen" title="Bad Salzungen">Bad Salzungen</a>, Thuringia, and a municipality called <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_Saxony" title="Frankenstein, Saxony">Frankenstein</a> in Saxony. The town of <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%85bkowice_%C5%9Al%C4%85skie" title="Ząbkowice Śląskie">Frankenstein</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> (now Ząbkowice, Poland) was the site of a <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_gravediggers_scandal" title="Frankenstein gravediggers scandal">scandal involving gravediggers</a> in 1606, and this has been suggested as an inspiration to the author.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Finally, the name is borne by the aristocratic <a href="/wiki/House_of_Franckenstein" title="House of Franckenstein">House of Franckenstein</a> from <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radu_Florescu" title="Radu Florescu">Radu Florescu</a> argued that Mary and Percy Shelley visited Frankenstein Castle near Darmstadt in 1814, where alchemist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Dippel" title="Johann Konrad Dippel">Johann Konrad Dippel</a> had experimented with human bodies, and reasoned that Mary suppressed mention of her visit to maintain her public claim of originality.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> A literary essay by A.J. Day supports Florescu's position that Mary Shelley knew of and visited Frankenstein Castle before writing her debut novel.<a href="#cite_note-Day2008-50">[50]</a> Day includes details of an alleged description of the Frankenstein castle in Mary Shelley's "lost journals". However, according to Jörg Heléne, Day's and Florescu's claims cannot be verified.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> A possible interpretation of the name "Victor" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, a great influence on Shelley (a quotation from Paradise Lost is on the opening page of Frankenstein and Shelley writes that the monster reads it in the novel).<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Milton frequently refers to God as "the victor" in Paradise Lost, and Victor's creation of life in the novel is compared to God's creation of life in Paradise Lost. In addition, Shelley's portrayal of the monster owes much to the character of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a> in Paradise Lost; and, the monster says in the story, after reading the epic poem, that he empathizes with Satan's role. Parallels between Victor Frankenstein and Mary's husband, Percy Shelley, have also been drawn. Percy Shelley was the first-born son of a wealthy country squire with strong political connections and a descendant of Sir <a href="/wiki/Bysshe_Shelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Bysshe Shelley">Bysshe Shelley</a>, 1st Baronet of <a href="/wiki/Castle_Goring" title="Castle Goring">Castle Goring</a>, and Richard Fitzalan, 10th <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Arundel" title="Earl of Arundel">Earl of Arundel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Similarly, Victor's family is one of the most distinguished of that republic and his ancestors were counsellors and <a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">syndics</a>. Percy's sister and Victor's adopted sister were both named Elizabeth. There are many other similarities, from Percy's usage of "Victor" as a pen name for <a href="/wiki/Original_Poetry_by_Victor_and_Cazire" title="Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire">Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire</a>, a collection of poetry he wrote with Elizabeth,<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> to Percy's days at Eton, where he had "experimented with electricity and magnetism as well as with gunpowder and numerous chemical reactions," and the way in which Percy's rooms at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> were filled with scientific equipment.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Prometheus">Modern Prometheus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modern Prometheus">edit</a>]</div> The Modern Prometheus is the novel's subtitle (though modern editions now drop it, only mentioning it in introduction).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a>, in versions of Greek mythology, was the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan</a> who created humans in the image of the gods so that they could have a spirit breathed into them at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Prometheus then taught humans to hunt, but after he tricked Zeus into accepting "poor-quality offerings" from humans, Zeus kept fire from humankind. Prometheus took back the fire from Zeus to give to humanity. When Zeus discovered this, he sentenced Prometheus to be eternally punished by fixing him to a rock of <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, where each day an eagle pecked out his liver, only for the liver to regrow the next day because of his immortality as a god. As a <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagorean</a>, or believer in <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_Abstinence_from_Animal_Food,_as_a_Moral_Duty" title="An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty">An Essay on Abstinence from Animal Food, as a Moral Duty</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ritson" title="Joseph Ritson">Joseph Ritson</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:5-60">[60]</a> Mary Shelley saw Prometheus not as a hero but rather as something of a devil, and blamed him for bringing fire to humanity and thereby seducing the human race to the vice of eating meat.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Percy wrote several essays on what became known as vegetarianism including <a href="/wiki/A_Vindication_of_Natural_Diet" title="A Vindication of Natural Diet">A Vindication of Natural Diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankenstein1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Frankenstein1910.jpg/220px-Frankenstein1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Frankenstein1910.jpg/330px-Frankenstein1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Frankenstein1910.jpg/440px-Frankenstein1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>In 1910, <a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a> released the <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">first motion-picture adaptation</a> of Shelley's story.</figcaption></figure> Byron was particularly attached to the play <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Bound" title="Prometheus Bound">Prometheus Bound</a> by <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, and Percy Shelley soon wrote his own <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Unbound_(Shelley)" title="Prometheus Unbound (Shelley)">Prometheus Unbound</a> (1820). The term "Modern Prometheus" was derived from <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a> who described <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> as the "Prometheus of modern times" in reference to his experiments with electricity.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publication">edit</a>]</div> Shelley completed her writing in April/May 1817, and Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus was published on 1 January 1818<a href="#cite_note-Robinson1996-63">[63]</a> by the small London publishing house Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, & Jones.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> It was issued anonymously, with a preface written for Mary by Percy Bysshe Shelley and with a dedication to philosopher <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>, her father. It was published in an edition of just 500 copies in three volumes, the standard "<a href="/wiki/Three-volume_novel" title="Three-volume novel">triple-decker</a>" format for 19th-century first editions. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg/220px-Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg/330px-Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg/440px-Editions_of_Frankenstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2907" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>A variety of different editions</figcaption></figure> A French translation (Frankenstein: ou le Prométhée Moderne, translated by Jules Saladin) appeared as early as 1821. The second English edition of Frankenstein was published on 11 August 1823 in two volumes (by G. and W. B. Whittaker) following the success of the stage play <a href="/wiki/Presumption;_or,_the_Fate_of_Frankenstein" title="Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein">Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Peake" title="Richard Brinsley Peake">Richard Brinsley Peake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> This edition credited Mary Shelley as the book's author on its title page. On 31 October 1831, the first "popular" edition in one volume appeared, published by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Colburn" title="Henry Colburn">Henry Colburn</a> & <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bentley_(publisher)" title="Richard Bentley (publisher)">Richard Bentley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> This edition was heavily revised by Mary Shelley, partially to make the story less radical. It included a lengthy new preface by the author, presenting a somewhat embellished version of the genesis of the story. This edition is the one most widely published and read now, although a few editions follow the 1818 text.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Some scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Anne_K._Mellor" title="Anne K. Mellor">Anne K. Mellor</a> prefer the original version, arguing that it preserves the spirit of Mary Shelley's vision.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Contemporary critical reviews were mixed. <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/Blackwood%27s_Magazine" title="Blackwood's Magazine">Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine</a>, praised the novel as an "extraordinary tale, in which the author seems to us to disclose uncommon powers of poetic imagination," although he was less convinced about the way in which the monster gains knowledge about the world and language.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Belle_Assembl%C3%A9e" title="La Belle Assemblée">La Belle Assemblée</a> described the novel as "very bold fiction"<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Magazine_and_Literary_Miscellany" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany">Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany</a> hoped to see "more productions ... from this author".<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/John_Wilson_Croker" title="John Wilson Croker">John Wilson Croker</a>, writing anonymously in the <a href="/wiki/Quarterly_Review" title="Quarterly Review">Quarterly Review</a>, although conceding that "the author has powers, both of conception and language," described the book as "a tissue of horrible and disgusting absurdity."<a href="#cite_note-:6-73">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Critic" title="British Critic">British Critic</a> attacked the novel's flaws as the fault of the author: <blockquote>The writer of it is, we understand, a female; this is an aggravation of that which is the prevailing fault of the novel; but if our authoress can forget the gentleness of her sex, it is no reason why we should; and we shall therefore dismiss the novel without further comment.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </blockquote> The Literary Panorama and National Register attacked the novel as a "feeble imitation of <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Mr. Godwin</a>'s novels" produced by the "daughter of a celebrated living novelist."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Despite these reviews, Frankenstein achieved an almost immediate popular success. It became widely known, especially through melodramatic theatrical adaptations. Mary Shelley saw a production of Presumption; or The Fate of Frankenstein, a play by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Brinsley_Peake" title="Richard Brinsley Peake">Richard Brinsley Peake</a>, in 1823. Critical reception of Frankenstein has been largely positive since the mid-20th century.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Major critics such as M. A. Goldberg and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Harold Bloom</a> have praised the "aesthetic and moral" relevance of the novel,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> although there have also been critics, such as <a href="/wiki/Germaine_Greer" title="Germaine Greer">Germaine Greer</a>, who criticized the novel for technical and narrative defects: for example, she claimed that its three narrators all speak in the same way.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In more recent years the novel has become a popular subject for psychoanalytic and feminist criticism: Lawrence Lipking states: "[E]ven the <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacanian</a> subgroup of psychoanalytic criticism, for instance, has produced at least half a dozen discrete readings of the novel".<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Frankenstein has frequently been recommended on Five Books, with literary scholars, psychologists, novelists, and historians citing it as an influential text.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Today, the novel is generally considered to be a landmark work as one of the greatest Romantic and Gothic novels, as well as one of the first science fiction novels.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a> has argued for regarding it as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">first true science-fiction</a> story. In contrast to previous stories with fantastical elements resembling those of later science fiction, Aldiss states, the central character "makes a deliberate decision" and "turns to modern experiments in the laboratory" to achieve fantastic results.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Film director <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_del_Toro" title="Guillermo del Toro">Guillermo del Toro</a> describes Frankenstein as "the quintessential teenage book", noting that the feelings that "You don't belong. You were brought to this world by people that don't care for you and you are thrown into a world of pain and suffering, and tears and hunger" are an important part of the story. He adds that "it's an amazing book written by a teenage girl. It's mind-blowing."<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2018-83">[83]</a> Professor of philosophy <a href="/wiki/Patricia_MacCormack" title="Patricia MacCormack">Patricia MacCormack</a> says that the Creature addresses the most fundamental human questions: "It's the idea of asking your maker what your purpose is. Why are we here, what can we do?"<a href="#cite_note-BBC_2018-83">[83]</a> On 5 November 2019, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> included Frankenstein in its list of the <a href="/wiki/BBC_list_of_100_%27most_inspiring%27_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC list of 100 'most inspiring' novels">100 most influential novels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bbc2019-11-05-84">[84]</a> In 2018, <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Post" title="Jersey Post">Jersey Post</a> released series of 8 stamps celebrating the 200th anniversary of Frankenstein.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> In 2021 it was one of six classic science fiction novels by British authors selected by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mail" title="Royal Mail">Royal Mail</a> to be featured on a <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_commemorative_stamps_2020%E2%80%932029#2021" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain commemorative stamps 2020–2029">series of UK postage stamps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films,_plays,_and_television">Films, plays, and television</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Films, plays, and television">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture">Frankenstein in popular culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster">List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">1931 film</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Boris_Karloff" title="Boris Karloff">Boris Karloff</a> playing the monster, is considered the most prominent portrayal of Frankenstein.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div 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<li><a href="/wiki/John_Murray_Spear" title="John Murray Spear">John Murray Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_based_on_dreams" title="List of works based on dreams">List of works based on dreams</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStableford1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Stableford, Brian (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anticipationsess00unse/page/47">"Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction"</a>. In Seed, David (ed.). Anticipations: Essays on Early Science Fiction and its Precursors. Syracuse University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anticipationsess00unse/page/47">47–49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815626404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815626404"><bdi>978-0815626404</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+and+the+Origins+of+Science+Fiction&rft.btitle=Anticipations%3A+Essays+on+Early+Science+Fiction+and+its+Precursors&rft.pages=47-49&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0815626404&rft.aulast=Stableford&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanticipationsess00unse%2Fpage%2F47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> Hobbler, Dorthy and Thomas. The Monsters: Mary Shelley and the Curse of Frankenstein. Back Bay Books; 20 August 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Garrett, Martin. Mary Shelley. Oxford University Press, 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Seymour, Miranda. Mary Shelley. 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The New Yorker. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X">0028-792X</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222230948/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/02/12/the-strange-and-twisted-life-of-frankenstein">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Strange+and+Twisted+Life+of+%22Frankenstein%22&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.issn=0028-792X&rft.aulast=Lepore&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2018%2F02%2F12%2Fthe-strange-and-twisted-life-of-frankenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/frankenstein-published">"Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" is published"</a>. History.com. Retrieved 11 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=Mary+Shelley%27s+%22Frankenstein%22+is+published&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Ffrankenstein-published&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition1.html">"Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature: The Birth of Frankenstein"</a>. nlm.nih.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181129054357/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/frankenstein/exhibition1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2018. 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Journal of Religion and Health. 45 (3): 419–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10943-006-9030-0">10.1007/s10943-006-9030-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-4197">0022-4197</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27512949">27512949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37615140">37615140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Religion+and+Health&rft.atitle=Why+did+Mary+Shelley+Write+Frankenstein&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0022-4197&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37615140%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27512949%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10943-006-9030-0&rft.aulast=Badalamenti&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/Articles/pollin.html">"Pollin, "Philosophical and Literary Sources""</a>. knarf.english.upenn.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190405185454/http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/Articles/pollin.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=knarf.english.upenn.edu&rft.atitle=Pollin%2C+%22Philosophical+and+Literary+Sources%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fknarf.english.upenn.edu%2FArticles%2Fpollin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollin1965" class="citation journal cs1">Pollin, Burton (Spring 1965). "Philosophical and Literary Sources of Frankenstein". 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Retrieved 25 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Public+Domain+Review&rft.atitle=The+Science+of+Life+and+Death+in+Mary+Shelley%27s+Frankenstein&rft.date=2015-11-25&rft.aulast=Ruston&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublicdomainreview.org%2F2015%2F11%2F25%2Fthe-science-of-life-and-death-in-mary-shelleys-frankenstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.person.bm000033179">"Lind, James (1736–1812) on JSTOR"</a>. plants.jstor.org. Retrieved 8 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plants.jstor.org&rft.atitle=Lind%2C+James+%281736%E2%80%931812%29+on+JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplants.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5555%2Fal.ap.person.bm000033179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall2020" class="citation web cs1">Marshall, Alan (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/did-a-volcanic-eruption-in-indonesia-really-lead-to-the-creation-of-frankenstein-130212">"Did a Volcanic Eruption in Indonesia Really Lead to the Creation of Frankenstein?"</a>. The Conversation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Did+a+Volcanic+Eruption+in+Indonesia+Really+Lead+to+the+Creation+of+Frankenstein%3F&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fdid-a-volcanic-eruption-in-indonesia-really-lead-to-the-creation-of-frankenstein-130212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Sunstein, 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Dr. <a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">John Polidori</a>, "The Vampyre" 1819, The New Monthly Magazine and Universal Register; London: H. Colburn, 1814–1820. Vol. 1, No. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> paragraph 7, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> paragraph 8, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> paragraph 10, Introduction, Frankenstein 1831 edition </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Quoted in Spark, 157, from Mary Shelley's introduction to the 1831 edition of Frankenstein. </li> <li id="cite_note-astro-26"><a href="#cite_ref-astro_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2011" class="citation web cs1">Radford, Tim (25 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/26/frankenstein-hour-creation-identified-astronomers">"Frankenstein's hour of creation identified by astronomers"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170302174254/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2011/sep/26/frankenstein-hour-creation-identified-astronomers">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Frankenstein%27s+hour+of+creation+identified+by+astronomers&rft.date=2011-09-25&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2011%2Fsep%2F26%2Ffrankenstein-hour-creation-identified-astronomers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Bennett, An Introduction, 30–31; Sunstein, 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Sunstein, 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Hay, 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepore2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Lepore, Jill (5 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/02/12/the-strange-and-twisted-life-of-frankenstein">"The Strange and Twisted Life of 'Frankenstein'"</a>. The New Yorker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180222230948/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/02/12/the-strange-and-twisted-life-of-frankenstein">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Strange+and+Twisted+Life+of+%27Frankenstein%27&rft.date=2018-02-05&rft.aulast=Lepore&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2018%2F02%2F12%2Fthe-strange-and-twisted-life-of-frankenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2018" class="citation web cs1">Kennedy, Mave (26 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/feb/26/a-200-year-old-secret-plaque-to-mark-baths-hidden-role-in-frankenstein">"'A 200-year-old secret': plaque to mark Bath's hidden role in Frankenstein"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181114060614/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/feb/26/a-200-year-old-secret-plaque-to-mark-baths-hidden-role-in-frankenstein">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27A+200-year-old+secret%27%3A+plaque+to+mark+Bath%27s+hidden+role+in+Frankenstein&rft.date=2018-02-26&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Mave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2018%2Ffeb%2F26%2Fa-200-year-old-secret-plaque-to-mark-baths-hidden-role-in-frankenstein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC/b04nvq7q-32"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC/b04nvq7q_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b04nvq7q">"Frankenstein and the Vampyre: A Dark and Stormy Night"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Retrieved 28 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Two&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+and+the+Vampyre%3A+A+Dark+and+Stormy+Night&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb04nvq7q&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-era.org.uk/frankenstein-vampyre-33"><a href="#cite_ref-era.org.uk/frankenstein-vampyre_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://era.org.uk/lit-resource/frankenstein-and-the-vampyre-a-dark-and-stormy-night/">"Frankenstein and the Vampyre: A Dark and Stormy Night - BBC Literary Archive"</a>. Educational Recording Agency Limited. Retrieved 28 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Educational+Recording+Agency+Limited&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+and+the+Vampyre%3A+A+Dark+and+Stormy+Night+-+BBC+Literary+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fera.org.uk%2Flit-resource%2Ffrankenstein-and-the-vampyre-a-dark-and-stormy-night%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-films/96431-34"><a href="#cite_ref-films/96431_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.films.com/id/96431">"Frankenstein and the Vampyre: A Dark and Stormy Night"</a>. Films Media Group. Retrieved 29 December 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Films+Media+Group&rft.atitle=Frankenstein+and+the+Vampyre%3A+A+Dark+and+Stormy+Night&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.films.com%2Fid%2F96431&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction, pp. 36–42. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-36"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/1500-1900/abinger/abinger.html">"OX.ac.uk"</a>. Bodley.ox.ac.uk. 15 December 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171205102149/http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/1500-1900/abinger/abinger.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OX.ac.uk&rft.pub=Bodley.ox.ac.uk&rft.date=2009-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodley.ox.ac.uk%2Fdept%2Fscwmss%2Fwmss%2Fonline%2F1500-1900%2Fabinger%2Fabinger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-37"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_37-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/Frankenstein-notebook-reader#page/1/mode/2up">"Shelley's Ghost – Reshaping the image of a literary family"</a>. shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810021645/http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/Frankenstein-notebook-reader#page/1/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 19 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Shelley%27s+Ghost+%E2%80%93+Reshaping+the+image+of+a+literary+family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk%2FFrankenstein-notebook-reader%23page%2F1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Shelley,_with_Percy_Shelley2008" class="citation book cs1">Mary Shelley, with Percy Shelley (2008). Charles E. Robinson (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134955/http://www.bodleianshop.co.uk/the-original-frankenstein.html">The Original Frankenstein</a>. Oxford: Bodleian Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-851-24396-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-851-24396-9"><bdi>978-1-851-24396-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodleianshop.co.uk/the-original-frankenstein.html">the original</a> on 25 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Original+Frankenstein&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Bodleian+Library&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-851-24396-9&rft.au=Mary+Shelley%2C+with+Percy+Shelley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bodleianshop.co.uk%2Fthe-original-frankenstein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160515180541/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/frankenstein/escaping.html">"Frankenstein:Celluloid Monster"</a>. National Library of Medicine of the National Institute of Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/frankenstein/escaping.html">the original</a> on 15 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Medicine+of+the+National+Institute+of+Health&rft.atitle=Frankenstein%3ACelluloid+Monster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fhmd%2Ffrankenstein%2Fescaping.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-40"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061204162542/http://www.ala.org/ala/ppo/currentprograms/frankenstein/exhibittext.pdf">"Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature / Exhibit Text"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a> and ALA Public Programs Office. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/ala/ppo/currentprograms/frankenstein/exhibittext.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 December 2006. Retrieved 31 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frankenstein%3A+Penetrating+the+Secrets+of+Nature+%2F+Exhibit+Text&rft.pub=National+Library+of+Medicine+and+ALA+Public+Programs+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ala.org%2Fala%2Fppo%2Fcurrentprograms%2Ffrankenstein%2Fexhibittext.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> from the travelling exhibition <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/ala/ppo/currentprograms/frankenstein/frankensteinpenetrating.cfm">Frankenstein: Penetrating the Secrets of Nature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109215920/http://www.ala.org/ala/ppo/currentprograms/frankenstein/frankensteinpenetrating.cfm">Archived</a> 9 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-1818_edition-41"><a href="#cite_ref-1818_edition_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley1818" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Mary (1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/41445/41445-h/41445-h.htm">Frankenstein</a> (1 ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.edition=1&rft.date=1818&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F41445%2F41445-h%2F41445-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost" title="Paradise Lost">Paradise Lost</a> (X. 743–45) </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Chiu, Frances A. "Reform, Revolution, and the relevance of Frankenstein in 2020" in Frankenstein Reanimated: Conversations with Artists in Dystopian Times, ed. by Marc Garrett and Yiannis Colakides. London: Torque, 2022, 33–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1908" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Rossiter (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/authorsdigestwo10johngoog">Author's digest : the world's great stories in brief. Vol. 16, Robert Louis Stevenson to Albion Winegar Tourgée</a>. unknown library. [New York] : Issued under the auspices of the Author's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Author%27s+digest+%3A+the+world%27s+great+stories+in+brief.+Vol.+16%2C+Robert+Louis+Stevenson+to+Albion+Winegar+Tourg%C3%A9e&rft.pub=%26%2391%3BNew+York%26%2393%3B+%3A+Issued+under+the+auspices+of+the+Author%27s+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Rossiter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fauthorsdigestwo10johngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Reef_(novel)" title="The Reef (novel)">The Reef</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> This illustration is reprinted in the frontispiece to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/098092104X">2008 edition of Frankenstein</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107023530/http://www.amazon.com/dp/098092104X">Archived</a> 7 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1979" class="citation news cs1">Gray, Paul (23 July 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,947086-3,00.html">"Books: The Man-Made Monster"</a>. Time. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-781X">0040-781X</a>. Retrieved 21 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Books%3A+The+Man-Made+Monster&rft.date=1979-07-23&rft.issn=0040-781X&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C947086-3%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFzapomniana2016" class="citation web cs1">zapomniana, Historia (24 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historiamniejznanaizapomniana.wordpress.com/2016/01/24/afera-grabarzy-z-frankenstein/">"Afera grabarzy z Frankenstein"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180203135121/https://historiamniejznanaizapomniana.wordpress.com/2016/01/24/afera-grabarzy-z-frankenstein/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Afera+grabarzy+z+Frankenstein&rft.date=2016-01-24&rft.aulast=zapomniana&rft.aufirst=Historia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistoriamniejznanaizapomniana.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F01%2F24%2Fafera-grabarzy-z-frankenstein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlorescu1996">Florescu 1996</a>, pp. 48–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-Day2008-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Day2008_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2005" class="citation book cs1">Day, A.J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=szyuBymktB4C&pg=PA150">Fantasmagoriana (Tales of the Dead)</a>. Fantasmagoriana Press. pp. 149–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-5291-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4116-5291-0"><bdi>978-1-4116-5291-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fantasmagoriana+%28Tales+of+the+Dead%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.pub=Fantasmagoriana+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4116-5291-0&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=A.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DszyuBymktB4C%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeléne2016" class="citation web cs1">Heléne, Jörg (12 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://darmundestat.wordpress.com/sonstiges/mary-shelleys-frankenstein-castle-frankenstein-and-the-alchemist-johann-conrad-dippel">"Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, Castle Frankenstein and the alchemist Johann Conrad Dippel"</a>. Darmstadt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161007001226/https://darmundestat.wordpress.com/sonstiges/mary-shelleys-frankenstein-castle-frankenstein-and-the-alchemist-johann-conrad-dippel/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Darmstadt&rft.atitle=Mary+Shelley%27s+Frankenstein%2C+Castle+Frankenstein+and+the+alchemist+Johann+Conrad+Dippel&rft.date=2016-09-12&rft.aulast=Hel%C3%A9ne&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdarmundestat.wordpress.com%2Fsonstiges%2Fmary-shelleys-frankenstein-castle-frankenstein-and-the-alchemist-johann-conrad-dippel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Articles/wade.html">"Wade, Phillip. "Shelley and the Miltonic Element in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein." Milton and the Romantics, 2 (December, 1976), 23–25"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110414014829/http://www.english.upenn.edu/Projects/knarf/Articles/wade.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wade%2C+Phillip.+%22Shelley+and+the+Miltonic+Element+in+Mary+Shelley%27s+Frankenstein.%22+Milton+and+the+Romantics%2C+2+%28December%2C+1976%29%2C+23%E2%80%9325.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.upenn.edu%2FProjects%2Fknarf%2FArticles%2Fwade.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones1952">Jones 1952</a>, pp. 496–97. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Shelley#Ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Shelley">Percy Shelley#Ancestry</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandy2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sandy, Mark (20 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3010">"Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Literary_Encyclopedia" title="The Literary Encyclopedia">The Literary Encyclopedia</a>. The Literary Dictionary Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061108135507/http://www.litencyc.com/php/sworks.php?rec=true&UID=3010">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2006. Retrieved 2 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Original+Poetry+by+Victor+and+Cazire&rft.btitle=The+Literary+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=The+Literary+Dictionary+Company&rft.date=2002-09-20&rft.aulast=Sandy&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.litencyc.com%2Fphp%2Fsworks.php%3Frec%3Dtrue%26UID%3D3010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dickinson.edu/~nicholsa/Romnat/pbshelley.htm">"Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792–1822)"</a>. Romantic Natural History. Department of English, <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_College" title="Dickinson College">Dickinson College</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060816015001/http://www.dickinson.edu/~nicholsa/Romnat/pbshelley.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2006. Retrieved 2 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romantic+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Percy+Bysshe+Shelley+%281792%E2%80%931822%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dickinson.edu%2F~nicholsa%2FRomnat%2Fpbshelley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoulding2002" class="citation journal cs1">Goulding, Christopher (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1279684">"The real Doctor Frankenstein?"</a>. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 95 (5): 257–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014107680209500514">10.1177/014107680209500514</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0141-0768">0141-0768</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1279684">1279684</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11983772">11983772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+real+Doctor+Frankenstein%3F&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1279684%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0141-0768&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11983772&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014107680209500514&rft.aulast=Goulding&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1279684&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> For example, the Longman study edition published in India in 2007 by Pearson Education </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> In the best-known versions of the Prometheus story, by Hesiod and Aeschylus, Prometheus merely brings fire to humankind, but in other versions, such as several of Aesop's fables (See in particular Fable 516), Sappho (Fragment 207), and Ovid's Metamorphoses, Prometheus is the actual creator of humanity. </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorton2006" class="citation book cs1">Morton, Timothy (21 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NXEytZwWziEC&q=mary+shelley+vegetarian&pg=PA196">The Cambridge Companion to Shelley</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139827072" title="Special:BookSources/9781139827072"><bdi>9781139827072</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Shelley&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft.isbn=9781139827072&rft.aulast=Morton&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNXEytZwWziEC%26q%3Dmary%2Bshelley%2Bvegetarian%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wolf" title="Leonard Wolf">Leonard Wolf</a>, p. 20). </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512063335/http://royalsociety.org/exhibitions/2006/benjamin-franklin/">"Benjamin Franklin in London"</a>. The Royal Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/exhibitions/2006/benjamin-franklin/">the original</a> on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 8 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Franklin+in+London&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fexhibitions%2F2006%2Fbenjamin-franklin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson1996-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Robinson1996_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1996" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Charles (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9q6tjgEACAAJ">The Frankenstein Notebooks: A Facsimile Edition</a>. Vol. 1. Garland Publishing, Inc. p. xxv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170316132025/https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Frankenstein_Notebooks.html?id=9q6tjgEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017. <q>She began that novel as Mary Godwin in June 1816 when she was eighteen years old, she finished it as Mary Shelley in April/May 1817 when she was nineteen . . . and she published it anonymously on 1 January 1818 when she was twenty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Frankenstein+Notebooks%3A+A+Facsimile+Edition&rft.pages=xxv&rft.pub=Garland+Publishing%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9q6tjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft. Shelley: An Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> D. L. Macdonald and Kathleen Scherf, "A Note on the Text", Frankenstein, 2nd ed., Peterborough: Broadview Press, 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollstonecraft_Shelley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Wollstonecraft Shelley, Mary</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qykBJvG0iJQC&pg=PA3">Frankenstein</a>. Bedford Publishing. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312227623" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312227623"><bdi>978-0312227623</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankenstein&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Bedford+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0312227623&rft.aulast=Wollstonecraft+Shelley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqykBJvG0iJQC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> See forward to Barnes and Noble classic edition.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> The edition published by Forgotten Books is the original text, as is the "Ignatius Critical Edition". Vintage Books has an edition presenting both versions. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor1990" class="citation book cs1">Mellor, Anne K. (1990). "Choosing a Text of Frankenstein to Teach". In Behrendt, Stephen C. (ed.). Approaches to Teaching Shelley's Frankenstein. New York: Modern Language Association of America. pp. 31–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87352-539-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87352-539-6"><bdi>0-87352-539-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Choosing+a+Text+of+Frankenstein+to+Teach&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Teaching+Shelley%27s+Frankenstein&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87352-539-6&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Anne+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> [Reprinted in the <a href="/wiki/Norton_Critical_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Norton Critical Edition">Norton Critical Edition</a>.] </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1818" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Walter (March 1818). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romantic-circles.org/reference/chronologies/mschronology/reviews/bemrev.html">"Remarks on Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus; A Novel"</a>. Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine: 613–620. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114230307/https://romantic-circles.org/reference/chronologies/mschronology/reviews/bemrev.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Blackwood%27s+Edinburgh+Magazine&rft.atitle=Remarks+on+Frankenstein%2C+or+the+Modern+Prometheus%3B+A+Novel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E613-%3C%2Fspan%3E620&rft.date=1818-03&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromantic-circles.org%2Freference%2Fchronologies%2Fmschronology%2Freviews%2Fbemrev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://romantic-circles.org/reference/chronologies/mschronology/reviews/barev.html">"Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus. 3 vols. 12mo. Lackington and Co"</a>. La Belle Assemblée. New Series. 1 February 1818. pp. 139–142. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114224740/http://romantic-circles.org/reference/chronologies/mschronology/reviews/barev.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=La+Belle+Assembl%C3%A9e&rft.atitle=Frankenstein%3B+or%2C+The+Modern+Prometheus.+3+vols.+12mo.+Lackington+and+Co.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E139-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=1818-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fromantic-circles.org%2Freference%2Fchronologies%2Fmschronology%2Freviews%2Fbarev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092547710&view=1up&seq=259">"Review – Frankenstein"</a>. The Edinburgh Magazine and Literary Miscellany. New Series. March 1818. pp. 249–253.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edinburgh+Magazine+and+Literary+Miscellany&rft.atitle=Review+%E2%80%93+Frankenstein&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E253&rft.date=1818-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044092547710%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-73"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044092624956;view=1up;seq=389">"Review of Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus"</a>. The Quarterly Review. 18: 379–85. 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Retrieved 18 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Frankenstein%2C+or+the+Modern+Prometheus&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E379-%3C%2Fspan%3E85&rft.date=1818-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dhvd.32044092624956%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romantic-circles.org/reference/chronologies/mschronology/reviews/bcrev.html">"Art. XII. Frankenstein: or the Modern Prometheus. 3 vols. 12mo. 16s. 6d. Lackington and Co. 1818"</a>. The British Critic. New Series. 9: 432–438. April 1818. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114224651/https://romantic-circles.org/reference/chronologies/mschronology/reviews/bcrev.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Critic&rft.atitle=Art.+XII.+Frankenstein%3A+or+the+Modern+Prometheus.+3+vols.+12mo.+16s.+6d.+Lackington+and+Co.+1818.&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E432-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.date=1818-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fromantic-circles.org%2Freference%2Fchronologies%2Fmschronology%2Freviews%2Fbcrev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romantic-circles.org/reference/chronologies/mschronology/reviews/lprev.html">"Frankenstein; or, the modern Prometheus. 3 vols. Lackington and Co. 1818"</a>. The Literary Panorama and National Register. New Series. 8: 411–414. June 1818. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114225926/https://romantic-circles.org/reference/chronologies/mschronology/reviews/lprev.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Literary+Panorama+and+National+Register&rft.atitle=Frankenstein%3B+or%2C+the+modern+Prometheus.+3+vols.+Lackington+and+Co.+1818&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E411-%3C%2Fspan%3E414&rft.date=1818-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fromantic-circles.org%2Freference%2Fchronologies%2Fmschronology%2Freviews%2Flprev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enotes.com/nineteenth-century-criticism/frankenstein-modern-prometheus-mary-wollstonecraft">"Enotes.com"</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006091847/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/apr/09/gender.books">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Yes%2C+Frankenstein+really+was+written+by+Mary+Shelley.+It%27s+obvious+%E2%80%93+because+the+book+is+so+bad&rft.date=2007-04-09&rft.au=Germaine+Greer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2007%2Fapr%2F09%2Fgender.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> L. Lipking. Frankenstein the True Story; or <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a> Judges Jean-Jacques. (Published in the <a href="/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company" title="W. W. 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Retrieved 10 November 2019. <q>The reveal kickstarts the BBC's year-long celebration of literature.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=100+%27most+inspiring%27+novels+revealed+by+BBC+Arts&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-50302788&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findyourstampsvalue.com/news/celebrating-the-200th-anniversary-of-frankenstein-eight-spooky-stamps-introduced-by-jersey-post">"Celebrating the 200th anniversary of Frankenstein! Eight spooky stamps introduced by Jersey Post"</a>. findyourstampsvalue.com. 8 May 2018. 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"On the Origin of Species: Mary Shelley". Speculations on Speculation: Theories of Science Fiction. Eds. James Gunn and Matthew Candelaria. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow, 2005.</li> <li>Baldick, Chris. In Frankenstein's Shadow: Myth, Monstrosity, and Nineteenth-Century Writing. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987.</li> <li>Bann, Stephen, ed. "Frankenstein": Creation and Monstrosity. London: Reaktion, 1994.</li> <li>Behrendt, Stephen C., ed. Approaches to Teaching Shelley's "Frankenstein". New York: MLA, 1990.</li> <li>Bennett, Betty T. and Stuart Curran, eds. Mary Shelley in Her Times. Baltimore: <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University_Press" title="Johns Hopkins University Press">Johns Hopkins University Press</a>, 2000.</li> <li>Bennett, Betty T. Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: An Introduction. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-5976-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-5976-X">0-8018-5976-X</a>.</li> <li>Bohls, Elizabeth A. "Standards of Taste, Discourses of 'Race', and the Aesthetic Education of a Monster: Critique of Empire in Frankenstein". Eighteenth-Century Life 18.3 (1994): 23–36.</li> <li>Botting, Fred. Making Monstrous: "Frankenstein", Criticism, Theory. New York: St. Martin's, 1991.</li> <li>Chapman, D. That Not Impossible She: A study of gender construction and Individualism in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, UK: Concept, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1480047617" title="Special:BookSources/978-1480047617">978-1480047617</a></li> <li>Clery, E. J. Women's Gothic: From Clara Reeve to Mary Shelley. Plymouth: Northcote House, 2000.</li> <li>Conger, Syndy M., Frederick S. Frank, and Gregory O'Dea, eds. Iconoclastic Departures: Mary Shelley after "Frankenstein": Essays in Honor of the Bicentenary of Mary Shelley's Birth. Madison, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Fairleigh_Dickinson_University_Press" title="Fairleigh Dickinson University Press">Fairleigh Dickinson University Press</a>, 1997.</li> <li>Donawerth, Jane. Frankenstein's Daughters: Women Writing Science Fiction. Syracuse: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>, 1997.</li> <li>Douthwaite, Julia V. "The Frankenstein of the French Revolution," chapter two of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo13265096.html">The Frankenstein of 1790 and other Lost Chapters from Revolutionary France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121116230136/http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/F/bo13265096.html">Archived</a> 16 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012.</li> <li>Dunn, Richard J. "Narrative Distance in Frankenstein". Studies in the Novel 6 (1974): 408–17.</li> <li>Eberle-Sinatra, Michael, ed. Mary Shelley's Fictions: From "Frankenstein" to "Falkner". New York: <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>, 2000.</li> <li>Ellis, Kate Ferguson. The Contested Castle: Gothic Novels and the Subversion of Domestic Ideology. Urbana: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>, 1989.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorescu1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Radu_Florescu" title="Radu Florescu">Florescu, Radu</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insearchoffranke0000flor">In Search of Frankenstein: Exploring the Myths Behind Mary Shelley's Monster</a> (2nd ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Robson_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Robson Books">Robson Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-861-05033-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-861-05033-5"><bdi>978-1-861-05033-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Frankenstein%3A+Exploring+the+Myths+Behind+Mary+Shelley%27s+Monster&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Robson+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-861-05033-5&rft.aulast=Florescu&rft.aufirst=Radu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsearchoffranke0000flor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Forry, Steven Earl. Hideous Progenies: Dramatizations of "Frankenstein" from Mary Shelley to the Present. Philadelphia: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>, 1990.</li> <li>Freedman, Carl. "Hail Mary: On the Author of Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction". Science Fiction Studies 29.2 (2002): 253–64.</li> <li>Gigante, Denise. "Facing the Ugly: The Case of Frankenstein". ELH 67.2 (2000): 565–87.</li> <li>Gilbert, Sandra and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1979.</li> <li>Hay, Daisy "Young Romantics" (2010): 103.</li> <li>Heffernan, James A. W. "Looking at the Monster: Frankenstein and Film". Critical Inquiry 24.1 (1997): 133–58.</li> <li>Hodges, Devon. "Frankenstein and the Feminine Subversion of the Novel". Tulsa Studies in Women's Literature 2.2 (1983): 155–64.</li> <li>Hoeveler, Diane Long. Gothic Feminism: The Professionalization of Gender from Charlotte Smith to the Brontës. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)" title="Richard Holmes (biographer)">Holmes, Richard</a>. Shelley: The Pursuit. 1974. London: Harper Perennial, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-720458-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-720458-2">0-00-720458-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1952" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, Frederick L. (1952). "Shelley and Milton". Studies in Philology. 49 (3): 488–519. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4173024">4173024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Philology&rft.atitle=Shelley+and+Milton&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E488-%3C%2Fspan%3E519&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4173024%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Frederick+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Knoepflmacher, U. C. and <a href="/wiki/George_Levine" title="George Levine">George Levine</a>, eds. The Endurance of "Frankenstein": Essays on Mary Shelley's Novel. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>, 1979.</li> <li>Lew, Joseph W. "The Deceptive Other: Mary Shelley's Critique of Orientalism in Frankenstein". Studies in Romanticism 30.2 (1991): 255–83.</li> <li>London, Bette. "Mary Shelley, Frankenstein, and the Spectacle of Masculinity". PMLA 108.2 (1993): 256–67.</li> <li>Mellor, Anne K. Mary Shelley: Her Life, Her Fiction, Her Monsters. New York: Methuen, 1988.</li> <li>Michaud, Nicolas, Frankenstein and Philosophy: The Shocking Truth, Chicago: Open Court, 2013.</li> <li>Miles, Robert. Gothic Writing 1750–1820: A Genealogy. London: Routledge, 1993.</li> <li>Milner, Andrew. Literature, Culture and Society. London: Routledge, 2005, ch.5.</li> <li>O'Flinn, Paul. "Production and Reproduction: The Case of Frankenstein". Literature and History 9.2 (1983): 194–213.</li> <li>Poovey, Mary. The Proper Lady and the Woman Writer: Ideology as Style in the Works of Mary Wollstonecraft, Mary Shelley, and Jane Austen. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, 1984.</li> <li>Rauch, Alan. "The Monstrous Body of Knowledge in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein". Studies in Romanticism 34.2 (1995): 227–53.</li> <li>Selbanev, Xtopher. "Natural Philosophy of the Soul", Western Press, 1999.</li> <li>Schor, Esther, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Mary Shelley. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2003.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2012" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Grant F. (April–June 2012). "Victor's Secret: Queer Gothic in Lynd Ward's Illustrations to Frankenstein (1934)". Word & Image. 28 (2): 206–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666286.2012.687545">10.1080/02666286.2012.687545</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154238300">154238300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Word+%26+Image&rft.atitle=Victor%27s+Secret%3A+Queer+Gothic+in+Lynd+Ward%27s+Illustrations+to+Frankenstein+%281934%29&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E206-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=2012-04%2F2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02666286.2012.687545&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154238300%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Grant+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Smith, Johanna M., ed. Frankenstein. Case Studies in Contemporary Criticism. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Spark" title="Muriel Spark">Spark, Muriel</a>. Mary Shelley. London: Cardinal, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7474-0318-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7474-0318-X">0-7474-0318-X</a>.</li> <li>Stableford, Brian. "Frankenstein and the Origins of Science Fiction". Anticipations: Essays on Early Science Fiction and Its Precursors. Ed. David Seed. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1995.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_W_Sunstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily W Sunstein">Sunstein, Emily W.</a> Mary Shelley: Romance and Reality. 1989. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4218-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4218-2">0-8018-4218-2</a>.</li> <li>Tropp, Martin. Mary Shelley's Monster. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976.</li> <li>Veeder, William. Mary Shelley & Frankenstein: The Fate of Androgyny. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986.</li> <li>Williams, Anne. The Art of Darkness: A Poetics of Gothic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes2017" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holmes_(biographer)" title="Richard Holmes (biographer)">Holmes, Richard</a> (21 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171214073411/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/12/21/frankenstein-out-of-control/">"Out of Control"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2017/12/21/frankenstein-out-of-control/">the original</a> on 14 December 2017. Retrieved 29 December 2024. <q>After two hundred years, how exactly are we to go back to Mary Shelley's 'Frankenstein' itself, as distinct from its proliferating, multimedia myth?</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Out+of+Control&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2017%2F12%2F21%2Ffrankenstein-out-of-control%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988">, review of:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus: Annotated for Scientists, Engineers, and Creators of All Kinds, edited by David H. Guston, Ed Finn, and Jason Scott Robert, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 277 pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, The New Annotated Frankenstein, edited and with a foreword and notes by <a href="/wiki/Leslie_S._Klinger" title="Leslie S. Klinger">Leslie S. Klinger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liveright" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveright">Liveright</a>, 352 pp.), <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, vol. LXIV, no. 20 (21 December 2017), pp. 38, 40–41.</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Editions">Editions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Editions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1818_text">1818 text</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1818 text">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Shelley, Mary Frankenstein: 1818 text (Oxford University Press, 2009). Edited with an introduction and notes by <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Butler" title="Marilyn Butler">Marilyn Butler</a>.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary Frankenstein: The 1818 Text (Penguin Books, 2018). Edited with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Gordon" title="Charlotte Gordon">Charlotte Gordon</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://direct.mit.edu/books/book/3542/FrankensteinAnnotated-for-Scientists-Engineers-and">Frankenstein, Or, The Modern Prometheus: Annotated for Scientists, Engineers, and Creators of All Kinds</a>, edited by David H. Guston, Ed Finn, and Jason Scott Robert, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 277 pp. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F10815.001.0001">10.7551/mitpress/10815.001.0001</a><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="open access publication – free to read"><img alt="Open access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/9px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/14px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg/18px-Open_Access_logo_PLoS_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1831_text">1831 text</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1831 text">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Fairclough, Peter (ed.) Three Gothic Novels: Walpole / Castle of Otranto, Beckford / Vathek, Mary Shelley / Frankenstein (Penguin English Library, 1968). With an introductory essay by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Praz" title="Mario Praz">Mario Praz</a>.</li> <li>Shelley, Mary Frankenstein (Oxford University Press, 2008). Edited with an introduction and notes by <a href="/wiki/M._K._Joseph" title="M. K. Joseph">M. K. Joseph</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differences_between_1818_and_1831_text">Differences between 1818 and 1831 text</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Differences between 1818 and 1831 text">edit</a>]</div> Shelley made several alterations in the 1831 edition including: <ul><li>The epigraph from Milton's Paradise Lost found in the 1818 original has been removed.</li> <li>Chapter one is expanded and split into two chapters.</li> <li>Elizabeth's origin is changed from Victor's cousin to being an orphan.</li> <li>Victor is portrayed more sympathetically in the original text. In the 1831 edition however, Shelley is critical of his decisions and actions.</li> <li>Shelley removed many references to scientific ideas which were popular around the time she wrote the 1818 edition of the book.</li> <li>Characters in the 1831 version have some dialogue removed entirely while others receive new dialogue.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frankenstein&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Frankenstein" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Frankenstein">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Frankenstein_(novel)" class="extiw" title="q:Frankenstein (novel)">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Frankenstein,_or_the_Modern_Prometheus" class="extiw" title="s:Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150827" class="extiw" title="d:Q150827">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510033706/http://www.rc.umd.edu/reference/chronologies/mschronology/mws.html">Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley: Chronology and Resources</a> at <a href="/wiki/Romantic_Circles" title="Romantic Circles">Romantic Circles</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drc.usask.ca/projects/frankenstein/mainindex.htm">"Frankenstein: a hypertext resource"</a>. English Department. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Saskatchewan" title="University of Saskatchewan">University of Saskatchewan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Department&rft.atitle=Frankenstein%3A+a+hypertext+resource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrc.usask.ca%2Fprojects%2Ffrankenstein%2Fmainindex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFrankenstein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sparknotes.com/lit/frankenstein/">Frankenstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/SparkNotes" title="SparkNotes">SparkNotes</a></li></ul> Editions <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/41445">Frankenstein 1818 edition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/42324">Frankenstein 1831 edition</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romantic-circles.org/index.php/editions/frankenstein/editions.2009.frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Romantic_Circles" title="Romantic Circles">Romantic Circles</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>online texts of 1818 and 1831 editions and copious annotations</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Frankenstein&author=Shelley&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced">Frankenstein</a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/mary-shelley/frankenstein">Frankenstein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li></ul> Sources <ul><li>Shelley's notebooks with her handwritten draft of Frankenstein</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/Frankenstein-notebook-reader#page/1/mode/2up">Volume one</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190810021645/http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/Frankenstein-notebook-reader#page/1/mode/2up">Archived</a> 10 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/Frankenstein-notebook-reader2#page/1/mode/2up">Volume two</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180130094927/http://shelleysghost.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/Frankenstein-notebook-reader2#page/1/mode/2up">Archived</a> 30 January 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul></dd></dl> Reception <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knarf.english.upenn.edu/PShelley/frankrev.html">On Frankenstein</a>, a review by <a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Mary_Shelley&#039;s_Frankenstein;_or,_The_Modern_Prometheus191" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a>'s <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="Frankenstein's monster">Frankenstein's monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein" title="Victor Frankenstein">Victor Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Waldman" title="Doctor Waldman">Doctor Waldman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Lavenza" title="Elizabeth Lavenza">Elizabeth Lavenza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_Frankenstein%27s_monster" title="List of films featuring Frankenstein's monster">Films</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Universal_film_series)" title="Frankenstein (Universal film series)">Universal series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1931_film)" title="Frankenstein (1931 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein" title="Bride of Frankenstein">Bride of Frankenstein</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_Frankenstein" title="Son of Frankenstein">Son of Frankenstein</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_of_Frankenstein" title="The Ghost of Frankenstein">The Ghost of Frankenstein</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Wolf_Man" title="Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man">Frankenstein Meets the Wolf Man</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(film)" title="House of Frankenstein (film)">House of Frankenstein</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Dracula" title="House of Dracula">House of Dracula</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_and_Costello_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein">Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein</a> (1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(character)" title="Igor (character)">Igor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Septimus_Pretorius" title="Doctor Septimus Pretorius">Doctor Septimus Pretorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Frankenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolf Frankenstein">Wolf Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Frankenstein_(character)" title="Bride of Frankenstein (character)">Bride of Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Frankenstein" title="Ludwig Frankenstein">Ludwig Frankenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Hammer_film_series)" title="Frankenstein (Hammer film series)">Hammer series</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Curse_of_Frankenstein" title="The Curse of Frankenstein">The Curse of Frankenstein</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revenge_of_Frankenstein" title="The Revenge of Frankenstein">The Revenge of Frankenstein</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Evil_of_Frankenstein" title="The Evil of Frankenstein">The Evil of Frankenstein</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Created_Woman" title="Frankenstein Created Woman">Frankenstein Created Woman</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Must_Be_Destroyed" title="Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed">Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horror_of_Frankenstein" title="The Horror of Frankenstein">The Horror of Frankenstein</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_and_the_Monster_from_Hell" title="Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell">Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell</a> (1974)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Toho series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._Baragon" title="Frankenstein vs. Baragon">Frankenstein vs. Baragon</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Gargantuas" title="The War of the Gargantuas">The War of the Gargantuas</a> (1966)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Monster_Party%3F" title="Mad Monster Party?">Mad Monster Party?</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Mad_Mad_Monsters" title="Mad Mad Mad Monsters">Mad Mad Mad Monsters</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein" title="Young Frankenstein">Young Frankenstein</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_all%27italiana_%E2%80%93_Prendimi,_straziami,_che_brucio_de_passion!" title="Frankenstein all'italiana – Prendimi, straziami, che brucio de passion!">Frankenstein all'italiana</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(1984_film)" title="Frankenweenie (1984 film)">Frankenweenie</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvania_6-5000_(1985_film)" title="Transylvania 6-5000 (1985 film)">Transylvania 6-5000</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Monster_Squad" title="The Monster Squad">The Monster Squad</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenhooker" title="Frankenhooker">Frankenhooker</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(1995_film)" title="Monster Mash (1995 film)">Monster Mash</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_and_the_Chipmunks_Meet_Frankenstein" title="Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein">Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Mash_(2000_film)" title="Monster Mash (2000 film)">Monster Mash</a> (2000)</li> <li>Frankenström (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumbs!" title="Thumbs!">Frankenthumb</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_(film)" title="Igor (film)">Igor</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scared_Shrekless" title="Scared Shrekless">The Bride of Gingy</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenweenie_(2012_film)" title="Frankenweenie (2012 film)">Frankenweenie</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooby-Doo!_Frankencreepy" title="Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy">Scooby-Doo! Frankencreepy</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Family" title="Monster Family">Monster Family</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Frankenstein" title="Lisa Frankenstein">Lisa Frankenstein</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munster,_Go_Home!" title="Munster, Go Home!">Munster, Go Home!</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters%27_Revenge" title="The Munsters' Revenge">The Munsters' Revenge</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_Come_the_Munsters" title="Here Come the Munsters">Here Come the Munsters</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters%27_Scary_Little_Christmas" title="The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas">The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters_(2022_film)" title="The Munsters (2022 film)">The Munsters</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_(franchise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotel Transylvania (franchise)">Hotel Transylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_(film)" title="Hotel Transylvania (film)">Hotel Transylvania</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_2" title="Hotel Transylvania 2">Hotel Transylvania 2</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania_3:_Summer_Vacation" title="Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation">Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania:_Transformania" title="Hotel Transylvania: Transformania">Hotel Transylvania: Transformania</a> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1910_film)" title="Frankenstein (1910 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Without_Soul" title="Life Without Soul">Life Without Soul</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_mostro_di_Frankenstein" title="Il mostro di Frankenstein">Il mostro di Frankenstein</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Was_a_Teenage_Frankenstein" title="I Was a Teenage Frankenstein">I Was a Teenage Frankenstein</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_1970" title="Frankenstein 1970">Frankenstein 1970</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Daughter" title="Frankenstein's Daughter">Frankenstein's Daughter</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Meets_the_Space_Monster" title="Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster">Frankenstein Meets the Space Monster</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_James_Meets_Frankenstein%27s_Daughter" title="Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter">Jesse James Meets Frankenstein's Daughter</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Monstruos_del_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Monstruos del Terror">Los Monstruos del Terror</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Frankenstein" title="Lady Frankenstein">Lady Frankenstein</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracula_vs._Frankenstein" title="Dracula vs. Frankenstein">Dracula vs. Frankenstein</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_%2780" title="Frankenstein '80">Frankenstein '80</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flesh_for_Frankenstein" title="Flesh for Frankenstein">Flesh for Frankenstein</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackenstein" title="Blackenstein">Blackenstein</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Castle_of_Freaks" title="Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks">Frankenstein's Castle of Freaks</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyoufu_Densetsu_Kaiki!_Frankenstein" title="Kyoufu Densetsu Kaiki! Frankenstein">Frankenstein Legend of Terror</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Island" title="Frankenstein Island">Frankenstein Island</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bride_(1985_film)" title="The Bride (1985 film)">The Bride</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vindicator_(film)" title="The Vindicator (film)">The Vindicator</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Unbound" title="Frankenstein Unbound">Frankenstein Unbound</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1992_film)" title="Frankenstein (1992 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_from_Death_(Frankenstein_2000)" title="Return from Death (Frankenstein 2000)">Return from Death (Frankenstein 2000)</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (film)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(film)" title="Van Helsing (film)">Van Helsing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._the_Creature_from_Blood_Cove" title="Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove">Frankenstein vs. the Creature from Blood Cove</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire_Girl_vs._Frankenstein_Girl" title="Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl">Vampire Girl vs. Frankenstein Girl</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Wolf_Man" title="House of the Wolf Man">House of the Wolf Man</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_Day_of_the_Beast" title="Frankenstein: Day of the Beast">Frankenstein: Day of the Beast</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Army" title="Frankenstein's Army">Frankenstein's Army</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Theory" title="The Frankenstein Theory">The Frankenstein Theory</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I,_Frankenstein" title="I, Frankenstein">I, Frankenstein</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Frankensteins" title="Army of Frankensteins">Army of Frankensteins</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_vs._The_Mummy" title="Frankenstein vs. The Mummy">Frankenstein vs. The Mummy</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2015_film)" title="Frankenstein (2015 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Frankenstein_(film)" title="Victor Frankenstein (film)">Victor Frankenstein</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Yokai_War:_Guardians" title="The Great Yokai War: Guardians">The Great Yokai War: Guardians</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Angry_Black_Girl_and_Her_Monster" title="The Angry Black Girl and Her Monster">The Angry Black Girl and Her Monster</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bride!" title="The Bride!">The Bride!</a> (2025)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2025_film)" title="Frankenstein (2025 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Frankenstein" title="Tales of Frankenstein">Tales of Frankenstein</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters" title="The Munsters">The Munsters</a> (1964–1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Jr._and_The_Impossibles" title="Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles">Frankenstein Jr. and The Impossibles</a> (1966–1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groovie_Goolies" title="Groovie Goolies">Groovie Goolies</a> (1970-1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(1973_film)" title="Frankenstein (1973 film)">Frankenstein</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_The_True_Story" title="Frankenstein: The True Story">Frankenstein: The True Story</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Squad" title="Monster Squad">Monster Squad</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struck_by_Lightning_(TV_series)" title="Struck by Lightning (TV series)">Struck by Lightning</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Munsters_Today" title="The Munsters Today">The Munsters Today</a> (1988-1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monster_Force" title="Monster Force">Monster Force</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Frankenstein_(miniseries)" title="House of Frankenstein (miniseries)">House of Frankenstein</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2004_film)" title="Frankenstein (2004 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2004 TV film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(miniseries)" title="Frankenstein (miniseries)">Frankenstein</a> (2004 miniseries)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2007_film)" title="Frankenstein (2007 film)">Frankenstein</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenhole" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenhole">Mary Shelley's Frankenhole</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_(TV_series)" title="Once Upon a Time (TV series)">Once Upon a Time</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_(Once_Upon_a_Time)" title="The Doctor (Once Upon a Time)">The Doctor</a>" (2012)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Name_of_the_Brother" title="In the Name of the Brother">In the Name of the Brother</a>" (2013)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny_Dreadful_(TV_series)" title="Penny Dreadful (TV series)">Penny Dreadful</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_MD" title="Frankenstein, MD">Frankenstein, MD</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Frankenstein_Chronicles" title="The Frankenstein Chronicles">The Frankenstein Chronicles</a> (2015–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chance_(2016_TV_series)" title="Second Chance (2016 TV series)">Second Chance</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel_Transylvania:_The_Series" title="Hotel Transylvania: The Series">Hotel Transylvania: The Series</a> (2017–2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code:_Realize#Anime" title="Code: Realize">Code:Realize − Guardian of Rebirth</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presumption;_or,_the_Fate_of_Frankenstein" title="Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein">Presumption; or, the Fate of Frankenstein</a> (1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein,_or_The_Vampire%27s_Victim" title="Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim">Frankenstein, or The Vampire's Victim</a> (1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_Webling#Frankenstein" title="Peggy Webling">Frankenstein</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortitude_(play)" title="Fortitude (play)">Fortitude</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joined_At_The_Heart" title="Joined At The Heart">Joined At The Heart</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_%E2%80%93_A_New_Musical" title="Frankenstein – A New Musical">Frankenstein – A New Musical</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein_(musical)" title="Young Frankenstein (musical)">Young Frankenstein</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(2011_play)" title="Frankenstein (2011 play)">Frankenstein</a> (2011 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Wedding" title="Frankenstein's Wedding">Frankenstein's Wedding</a> (2011 play)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt_(novel)" title="Frankenstein's Aunt (novel)">Frankenstein's Aunt</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Romance_(novel)" title="Gothic Romance (novel)">Gothic Romance</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Aunt_Returns" title="Frankenstein's Aunt Returns">Frankenstein's Aunt Returns</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Cat" title="Frankenstein's Cat">Frankenstein's Cat</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Koontz%27s_Frankenstein" title="Dean Koontz's Frankenstein">Dean Koontz's Frankenstein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prodigal_Son_(novel)" title="Prodigal Son (novel)">Prodigal Son</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Night_(Koontz_and_Gorman_novel)" title="City of Night (Koontz and Gorman novel)">City of Night</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_and_Alive_(Koontz_novel)" title="Dead and Alive (Koontz novel)">Dead and Alive</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Souls_(Koontz_novel)" title="Lost Souls (Koontz novel)">Lost Souls</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dead_Town" title="The Dead Town">The Dead Town</a> (2011)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_Baghdad" title="Frankenstein in Baghdad">Frankenstein in Baghdad</a> (2013)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Wrightson%27s_Frankenstein" title="Bernie Wrightson's Frankenstein">Bernie Wrightson's Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(DC_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (DC Comics)">Frankenstein (DC Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Dell_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (Dell Comics)">Frankenstein (Dell Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Frankenstein" title="Doc Frankenstein">Doc Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embalming_(manga)" title="Embalming (manga)">Embalming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Monster_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)">Frankenstein's Monster (Marvel Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Prize_Comics)" title="Frankenstein (Prize Comics)">Frankenstein (Prize Comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Frankenstein_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Frankenstein (comics)">Young Frankenstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Monster_(video_game)" title="Frankenstein's Monster (video game)">Frankenstein's Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(video_game)" title="Frankenstein (video game)">Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_The_Monster_Returns" title="Frankenstein: The Monster Returns">Frankenstein: The Monster Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Franken" title="Dr. Franken">Dr. Franken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley%27s_Frankenstein_(video_game)" title="Mary Shelley's Frankenstein (video game)">Mary Shelley's Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein:_Through_the_Eyes_of_the_Monster" title="Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster">Frankenstein: Through the Eyes of the Monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Helsing_(video_game)" title="Van Helsing (video game)">Van Helsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code:_Realize" title="Code: Realize">Code: Realize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_aspects_in_Frankenstein" title="Gothic aspects in Frankenstein">Gothic aspects in Frankenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Classic_Monsters" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Classic Monsters">Universal Classic Monsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture">Frankenstein in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Castle" title="Frankenstein Castle">Frankenstein Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Day" title="Frankenstein Day">Frankenstein Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein%27s_Promethean_dimension" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankenstein's Promethean dimension">Frankenstein's Promethean dimension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Konrad_Dippel" title="Johann Konrad Dippel">Johann Konrad Dippel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstrat" title="Frankenstrat">Frankenstrat</a> (guitar)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(instrumental)" title="Frankenstein (instrumental)">Frankenstein</a>" (1973 single)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dr._Stein" title="Dr. Stein">Dr. Stein</a>" (1988 single)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_(Death_Race)" title="Frankenstein (Death Race)">Frankenstein (Death Race)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mary_Shelley74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mary_Shelley" title="Template:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mary_Shelley" title="Template talk:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mary_Shelley" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mary Shelley"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mary_Shelley74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_bibliography" title="Mary Shelley bibliography">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_a_Six_Weeks%27_Tour" title="History of a Six Weeks' Tour">History of a Six Weeks' Tour</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathilda_(novella)" title="Mathilda (novella)">Mathilda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proserpine_(play)" title="Proserpine (play)">Proserpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas_(Shelley_play)" title="Midas (Shelley play)">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valperga_(novel)" title="Valperga (novel)">Valperga</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Maurice_(Shelley)" title="Maurice (Shelley)">Maurice</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Man" title="The Last Man">The Last Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fortunes_of_Perkin_Warbeck" title="The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck">The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Mortal_Immortal" title="The Mortal Immortal">The Mortal Immortal</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodore" title="Lodore">Lodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkner_(novel)" title="Falkner (novel)">Falkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rambles_in_Germany_and_Italy" title="Rambles in Germany and Italy">Rambles in Germany and Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Most_Eminent_Literary_and_Scientific_Men" title="Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men">Lives of the Most Eminent Literary and Scientific Men</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-82px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-123px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif/lossy-page1-164px-Mary_Wollstonecraft_Shelley_Rothwell.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2109" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> (husband)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Percy_Shelley,_3rd_Baronet" title="Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet">Sir Percy Shelley, 3rd Baronet</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanny_Imlay" title="Fanny Imlay">Fanny Imlay</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Clairmont" title="Claire Clairmont">Claire Clairmont</a> (stepsister)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portrayals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Poetry" title="Bloody Poetry">Bloody Poetry</a> (1984 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_(film)" title="Gothic (film)">Gothic (1986 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowing_with_the_Wind" title="Rowing with the Wind">Rowing with the Wind (1988 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haunted_Summer" title="Haunted Summer">Haunted Summer (1988 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley_(film)" title="Mary Shelley (film)">Mary Shelley (2017 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Haunting_of_Villa_Diodati" title="The Haunting of Villa Diodati">"The Haunting of Villa Diodati" (2020 TV episode)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mounseer_Nongtongpaw" title="Mounseer Nongtongpaw">Mounseer Nongtongpaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_in_popular_culture" title="Frankenstein in popular culture">Frankenstein in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Polidori" title="John William Polidori">John William Polidori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Hogg" title="Thomas Jefferson Hogg">Thomas Jefferson Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villa_Diodati" title="Villa Diodati">Villa Diodati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_Day" title="Frankenstein Day">Frankenstein Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150827#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1522" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150827#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1522" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q150827#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/185508590">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4220200-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84007242">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953887q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11953887q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35303735">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2016899668&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX2187643">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000324755&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007595000705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027515354">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/6006b489-47b9-49ba-b11f-236fe423d64e">MusicBrainz work</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Feminist_science_fiction226" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminist_science_fiction" title="Template:Feminist science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminist_science_fiction" title="Template talk:Feminist science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist_science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminist science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Feminist_science_fiction226" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Writers by time period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">14th–15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a> (1364–1430)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cavendish" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Cavendish">Margaret Cavendish</a> (1623–1673)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marie-Anne_de_Roumier-Robert" title="Marie-Anne de Roumier-Robert">Marie-Anne Robert</a> (1705–1771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Griffith_(writer)" title="Mary Griffith (writer)">Mary Griffith</a> (1772–1846)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Shelley" title="Mary Shelley">Mary Shelley</a> (1797–1851)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jane_Wells_Webb_Loudon" class="mw-redirect" title="Jane Wells Webb Loudon">Jane Wells Webb Loudon</a> (1807–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Denton_Cridge" title="Annie Denton Cridge">Annie Denton Cridge</a> (1825–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rhoda_Broughton" title="Rhoda Broughton">Rhoda Broughton</a> (1840–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bertha_von_Suttner" title="Bertha von Suttner">Bertha von Suttner</a> (1843–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_E._Bradley_Lane" title="Mary E. Bradley Lane">Mary E. Bradley Lane</a> (1844–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Burgoyne_Corbett" title="Elizabeth Burgoyne Corbett">Elizabeth Burgoyne Corbett</a> (1846–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Groner" title="Auguste Groner">Auguste Groner</a> (1850–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_Marie_Gouraud_d%27Ablancourt" title="Renée Marie Gouraud d'Ablancourt">Renée Marie Gouraud d'Ablancourt</a> (1853–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baty" title="Thomas Baty">Irene Clyde</a> (1869–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a> (1860–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rokeya_Sakhawat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain">Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain</a> (1880–1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Ros%C3%A0" title="Rosa Rosà">Rosa Rosà</a> (1884—1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Miriam_Allen_deFord" title="Miriam Allen deFord">Miriam Allen DeFord</a> (1888–1975)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia"><img alt="Catalonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Bertrana" title="Aurora Bertrana">Aurora Bertrana</a> (1892—1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anna_Banti" title="Anna Banti">Anna Banti</a> (1895—1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/L._Taylor_Hansen" title="L. Taylor Hansen">L. Taylor Hansen</a> (1897–1976)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karin_Boye" title="Karin Boye">Karin Boye</a> (1900—1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Stella_Gibbons" title="Stella Gibbons">Stella Gibbons</a> (1902–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_F._Stone" title="Leslie F. Stone">Leslie F. Stone</a> (1905–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Lucille_Moore" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Lucille Moore">C. L. Moore</a> (1911–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">James Tiptree Jr.</a> (1915—1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alice_Eleanor_Jones" title="Alice Eleanor Jones">Alice Eleanor Jones</a> (1916–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Jackson" title="Shirley Jackson">Shirley Jackson</a> (1916–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Mann_Borgese" title="Elisabeth Mann Borgese">Elisabeth Mann-Borgese</a> (1918—2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Madeleine_L%27Engle" title="Madeleine L'Engle">Madeleine L'Engle</a> (1918–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marlen_Haushofer" title="Marlen Haushofer">Marlen Haushofer</a> (1920–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_d%27Eaubonne" title="Françoise d'Eaubonne">Françoise d'Eaubonne</a> (1920–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carol_Emshwiller" title="Carol Emshwiller">Carol Emshwiller</a> (1921–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Kidd" title="Virginia Kidd">Virginia Kidd</a> (1921—2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Judith_Merril" title="Judith Merril">Judith Merril</a> (1923–1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Wilhelm" title="Kate Wilhelm">Kate Wilhelm</a> (1928—2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sonya_Dorman" title="Sonya Dorman">Sonya Dorman</a> (1924–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina"><img alt="Argentina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ang%C3%A9lica_Gorodischer" title="Angélica Gorodischer">Angélica Gorodischer</a> (1928–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kate_Wilhelm" title="Kate Wilhelm">Kate Wilhelm</a> (1928—018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1929–2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sheri_S._Tepper" title="Sheri S. Tepper">Sheri S. Tepper</a> (1929—2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sally_Miller_Gearhart" title="Sally Miller Gearhart">Sally Miller Gearhart</a> (1931—2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fay_Weldon" title="Fay Weldon">Fay Weldon</a> (1931—2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Bogen" title="Nancy Bogen">Nancy Bogen</a> <abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Behr" title="Sophie Behr">Sophie Behr</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marge_Piercy" title="Marge Piercy">Marge Piercy</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Joanna Russ</a> (1937–2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Atwood" title="Margaret Atwood">Margaret Atwood</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Suzy_McKee_Charnas" title="Suzy McKee Charnas">Suzy McKee Charnas</a> (1939–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jutta_Heinrich" title="Jutta Heinrich">Jutta Heinrich</a> (1940-2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Brantenberg" title="Gerd Brantenberg">Gerd Brantenberg</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Quinn_Yarbro" title="Chelsea Quinn Yarbro">Chelsea Quinn Yarbro</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Arnason" title="Eleanor Arnason">Eleanor Arnason</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Donna_Haraway" title="Donna Haraway">Donna Haraway</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Pollack" title="Rachel Pollack">Rachel Pollack</a> (1945–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_A._Lynn" title="Elizabeth A. Lynn">Elizabeth A. Lynn</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a> (1947–2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%ABlle_Wintrebert" title="Joëlle Wintrebert">Joëlle Wintrebert</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1949 )</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dubravka_Ugre%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Dubravka Ugrešić">Dubravka Ugrešić</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Roz_Kaveney" title="Roz Kaveney">Roz Kaveney</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karen_Joy_Fowler" title="Karen Joy Fowler">Karen Joy Fowler</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/L._Timmel_Duchamp" title="L. Timmel Duchamp">L. Timmel Duchamp</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Kerner" title="Charlotte Kerner">Charlotte Kerner</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Kennedy" title="Leigh Kennedy">Leigh Kennedy</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_Nicot" title="Stéphanie Nicot">Stéphanie Nicot</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Marleen_S._Barr" title="Marleen S. Barr">Marleen S. Barr</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Murphy_(writer)" title="Pat Murphy (writer)">Pat Murphy</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Kushner" title="Ellen Kushner">Ellen Kushner</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia"><img alt="Catalonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Montse_Watkins" title="Montse Watkins">Montse Watkins</a> (1955–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Slonczewski" title="Joan Slonczewski">Joan Slonczewski</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gentle" title="Mary Gentle">Mary Gentle</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Laura_J._Mixon" title="Laura J. Mixon">Laura J. Mixon</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luce_Basseterre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luce Basseterre (page does not exist)">Luce Basseterre</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luce_Basseterre" class="extiw" title="fr:Luce Basseterre">fr</a>] (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rieko_Matsuura" title="Rieko Matsuura">Rieko Matsuura</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ninni_Holmqvist" title="Ninni Holmqvist">Ninni Holmqvist</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mari_Kotani" title="Mari Kotani">Mari Kotani</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicoletta_Vallorani" title="Nicoletta Vallorani">Nicoletta Vallorani</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Maureen_F._McHugh" title="Maureen F. McHugh">Maureen F. McHugh</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lucie_Chenu" title="Lucie Chenu">Lucie Chenu</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Melissa_Scott" title="Melissa Scott">Melissa Scott</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica"><img alt="Jamaica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Jamaica.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jamaica.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nalo_Hopkinson" title="Nalo Hopkinson">Nalo Hopkinson</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Griffith" title="Nicola Griffith">Nicola Griffith</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gabriela_Bustelo" title="Gabriela Bustelo">Gabriela Bustelo</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lola_Robles" title="Lola Robles">Lola Robles</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hiroe_Suga" title="Hiroe Suga">Hiroe Suga</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jo_Walton" title="Jo Walton">Jo Walton</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Heidrun_J%C3%A4nchen" title="Heidrun Jänchen">Heidrun Jänchen</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tananarive_Due" title="Tananarive Due">Tananarive Due</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Dufour" title="Catherine Dufour">Catherine Dufour</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ann_Leckie" title="Ann Leckie">Ann Leckie</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Bergin" title="Virginia Bergin">Virginia Bergin</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Justine_Larbalestier" title="Justine Larbalestier">Justine Larbalestier</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Robson" title="Kelly Robson">Kelly Robson</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Yumiko_Shirai" title="Yumiko Shirai">Yumiko Shirai</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sara_Doke" title="Sara Doke">Sara Doke</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Annalee_Newitz" title="Annalee Newitz">Annalee Newitz</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Jane_Anders" title="Charlie Jane Anders">Charlie Jane Anders</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Yaszek" title="Lisa Yaszek">Lisa Yaszek</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbara_Kirchner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barbara Kirchner (page does not exist)">Barbara Kirchner</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Kirchner" class="extiw" title="fr:Barbara Kirchner">fr</a>] (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Sue_DeConnick" title="Kelly Sue DeConnick">Kelly Sue DeConnick</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Li-Cam" title="Li-Cam">Li-Cam</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fumi_Yoshinaga" title="Fumi Yoshinaga">Fumi Yoshinaga</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N. K. Jemisin</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sheree_Thomas" title="Sheree Thomas">Sheree R. Thomas</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Novik" title="Naomi Novik">Naomi Novik</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kiini_Ibura_Salaam" title="Kiini Ibura Salaam">Kiini Ibura Salaam</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sabrina_Calvo" title="Sabrina Calvo">Sabrina Calvo</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Juli_Zeh" title="Juli Zeh">Juli Zeh</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nnedi_Okorafor" title="Nnedi Okorafor">Nnedi Okorafor</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Catherynne_M._Valente" title="Catherynne M. Valente">Catherynne M. Valente</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kameron_Hurley" title="Kameron Hurley">Kameron Hurley</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Judith_C._Vogt" title="Judith C. Vogt">Judith C. Vogt</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Nghi_Vo" title="Nghi Vo">Nghi Vo</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tang_Fei_(writer)" title="Tang Fei (writer)">Tang Fei</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Amal_El-Mohtar" title="Amal El-Mohtar">Amal El-Mohtar</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hao_Jingfang" title="Hao Jingfang">Hao Jingfang</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Theresa_Hannig" title="Theresa Hannig">Theresa Hannig</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Becky_Chambers" title="Becky Chambers">Becky Chambers</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tamsyn_Muir" title="Tamsyn Muir">Tamsyn Muir</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Aline_Valek" title="Aline Valek">Aline Valek</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Akwaeke_Emezi" title="Akwaeke Emezi">Akwaeke Emezi</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique"><img alt="Martinique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/23px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/35px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag-of-Martinique.svg/45px-Flag-of-Martinique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadia_Chonville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadia Chonville (page does not exist)">Nadia Chonville</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadia_Chonville" class="extiw" title="fr:Nadia Chonville">fr</a>] (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Floriane_Soulas" title="Floriane Soulas">Floriane Soulas</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xiran_Jay_Zhao" title="Xiran Jay Zhao">Xiran Jay Zhao</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> 1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Benjanun_Sriduangkaew" title="Benjanun Sriduangkaew">Benjanun Sriduangkaew</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> ?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vandana_Singh" title="Vandana Singh">Vandana Singh</a> (<abbr title="born">b.</abbr> ?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable works by date</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_City_of_Ladies" title="The Book of the City of Ladies">The Book of the City of Ladies</a> (1405)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blazing_World" title="The Blazing World">The Blazing World</a> (1666)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Voyages_of_Lord_Seaton_to_the_Seven_Planets" title="The Voyages of Lord Seaton to the Seven Planets">The Voyages of Lord Seaton to the Seven Planets</a> (1765)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frankenstein</a> (1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27s_Rights;_Or,_How_Would_You_Like_It%3F" title="Man's Rights; Or, How Would You Like It?">Man's Rights; Or, How Would You Like It?</a> (1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizora" title="Mizora">Mizora</a> (1880)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Das_Maschinenalter_entsteht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Das Maschinenalter entsteht (page does not exist)">Das Maschinenalter entsteht</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Amazonia" title="New Amazonia">New Amazonia: A Foretaste of the Future</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iola_Leroy" title="Iola Leroy">Iola Leroy</a> (1892)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unveiling_a_Parallel" title="Unveiling a Parallel">Unveiling a Parallel</a> (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arqtiq" title="Arqtiq">Arqtiq</a> (1899)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NEQUA_or_The_Problem_of_the_Ages" title="NEQUA or The Problem of the Ages">NEQUA or The Problem of the Ages</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultana%27s_Dream" title="Sultana's Dream">Sultana's Dream</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_the_Sixteenth" title="Beatrice the Sixteenth">Beatrice the Sixteenth</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_the_Mountain_(novel)" title="Moving the Mountain (novel)">Moving the Mountain</a> (1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herland_(novel)" title="Herland (novel)">Herland</a> (1915)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shambleau" title="Shambleau">Shambleau</a>" (1933)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/That_Only_a_Mother" title="That Only a Mother">That Only a Mother</a>" (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Island_(novel)" title="Angel Island (novel)">Angel Island</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Survival_Ship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Survival Ship (page does not exist)">Survival Ship</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Vaisseau_Survie" class="extiw" title="fr:Le Vaisseau Survie">fr</a>] (1951)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Life,_Incorporated&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Life, Incorporated (page does not exist)">Life, Incorporated</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Wrinkle_in_Time" title="A Wrinkle in Time">A Wrinkle in Time</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoirs_of_a_Spacewoman" title="Memoirs of a Spacewoman">Memoirs of a Spacewoman</a> (1962)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_I_Was_Miss_Dow" title="When I Was Miss Dow">When I Was Miss Dow</a>" (1966)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aye,_and_Gomorrah" title="Aye, and Gomorrah">Aye, and Gomorrah</a>" (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/And_Chaos_Died" title="And Chaos Died">And Chaos Died</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kin_of_Ata_Are_Waiting_for_You" title="The Kin of Ata Are Waiting for You">The Kin of Ata Are Waiting for You</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_for_World_is_Forest" class="mw-redirect" title="The Word for World is Forest">The Word for World is Forest</a> (1972)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/When_It_Changed" title="When It Changed">When It Changed</a>" (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand_Light-Years_from_Home" title="Ten Thousand Light-Years from Home">Ten Thousand Light-Years from Home</a> (1973)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women_Men_Don%27t_See" title="The Women Men Don't See">The Women Men Don't See</a>" (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispossessed" title="The Dispossessed">The Dispossessed</a> (1974)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Was_Plugged_In" title="The Girl Who Was Plugged In">The Girl Who Was Plugged In</a>" (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holdfast_Chronicles" title="The Holdfast Chronicles">The Holdfast Chronicles</a> (1974-1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Man" title="The Female Man">The Female Man</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_on_the_Edge_of_Time" title="Woman on the Edge of Time">Woman on the Edge of Time</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston,_Houston,_Do_You_Read%3F" title="Houston, Houston, Do You Read?">Houston, Houston, Do You Read?</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Female_Man" title="The Female Man">The Female Man</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalia%27s_Daughters" title="Egalia's Daughters">Egalia's Daughters</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Walls_of_the_World" title="Up the Walls of the World">Up the Walls of the World</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eye_of_the_Heron" title="The Eye of the Heron">The Eye of the Heron</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Songs_of_an_Old_Primate" title="Star Songs of an Old Primate">Star Songs of an Old Primate</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindred_(novel)" title="Kindred (novel)">Kindred</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Marriages_Between_Zones_Three,_Four_and_Five" title="The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five">The Marriages Between Zones Three, Four and Five</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vampire_Tapestry" title="The Vampire Tapestry">The Vampire Tapestry</a> (1980)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Souls_(story)" title="Souls (story)">Souls</a>" (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Tongue_(Elgin_novel)" title="Native Tongue (Elgin novel)">Native Tongue</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Handmaid%27s_Tale" title="The Handmaid's Tale">The Handmaid's Tale</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brightness_Falls_from_the_Air" title="Brightness Falls from the Air">Brightness Falls from the Air</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Door_into_Ocean" title="A Door into Ocean">A Door into Ocean</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Days_(novel)" title="Golden Days (novel)">Golden Days</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilith%27s_Brood" title="Lilith's Brood">Lilith's Brood</a> (1987)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Rachel_in_Love" title="Rachel in Love">Rachel in Love</a>" (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gate_to_Women%27s_Country" title="The Gate to Women's Country">The Gate to Women's Country</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Her_Smoke_Rose_Up_Forever" title="Her Smoke Rose Up Forever">Her Smoke Rose Up Forever</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_(Tepper_novel)" title="Beauty (Tepper novel)">Beauty</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He,_She_and_It" title="He, She and It">He, She and It</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroniques_du_pays_des_m%C3%A8res" title="Chroniques du pays des mères">Chroniques du pays des mères</a> (1992)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Matter_of_Seggri" title="The Matter of Seggri">The Matter of Seggri</a>" (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parable_of_the_Sower_(novel)" title="Parable of the Sower (novel)">Parable of the Sower</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Sacred_Thing" title="The Fifth Sacred Thing">The Fifth Sacred Thing</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Girl_in_the_Ring_(novel)" title="Brown Girl in the Ring (novel)">Brown Girl in the Ring</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fresco" title="The Fresco">The Fresco</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tales_from_Earthsea" title="Tales from Earthsea">Tales from Earthsea</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Coku:_The_Inner_Chambers" title="Ōoku: The Inner Chambers">Ōoku: The Inner Chambers</a> (2004-2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_Bu_Jing_Xin" title="Bu Bu Jing Xin">Bu Bu Jing Xin</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fledgling_(Butler_novel)" title="Fledgling (Butler novel)">Fledgling</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Go%C3%BBt_de_l%27immortalit%C3%A9" title="Le Goût de l'immortalité">Le Goût de l'immortalité</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choir_Boy" title="Choir Boy">Choir Boy</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wombs_(manga)" title="Wombs (manga)">Wombs</a> (2009-2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hundred_Thousand_Kingdoms" title="The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms">The Hundred Thousand Kingdoms</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Fears_Death" title="Who Fears Death">Who Fears Death</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavinia_(novel)" title="Lavinia (novel)">Lavinia</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alchemy_of_Stone" title="The Alchemy of Stone">The Alchemy of Stone</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Method_(novel)" title="The Method (novel)">The Method</a> (2009)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Six_Months,_Three_Days" title="Six Months, Three Days">Six Months, Three Days</a>" (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancillary_Justice" title="Ancillary Justice">Ancillary Justice</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scale-Bright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scale-Bright (page does not exist)">Scale-Bright</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Automation" title="The Automation">The Automation</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Season_(novel)" title="The Fifth Season (novel)">The Fifth Season</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binti_(novella)" title="Binti (novella)">Binti</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obelisk_Gate" title="The Obelisk Gate">The Obelisk Gate</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxoplasma_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxoplasma (novel) (page does not exist)">Toxoplasma</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winterglass&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winterglass (page does not exist)">Winterglass</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_Birds_in_the_Sky" title="All the Birds in the Sky">All the Birds in the Sky</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Stars_Are_Legion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Stars Are Legion (page does not exist)">The Stars Are Legion</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_%C3%A9toiles_sont_l%C3%A9gion" class="extiw" title="fr:Les étoiles sont légion">fr</a>] (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_How_You_Lose_the_Time_War" title="This Is How You Lose the Time War">This Is How You Lose the Time War</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Empress_of_Salt_and_Fortune" title="The Empress of Salt and Fortune">The Empress of Salt and Fortune</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/When_the_Tiger_Came_Down_the_Mountain" title="When the Tiger Came Down the Mountain">When the Tiger Came Down the Mountain</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Future_of_Another_Timeline" title="The Future of Another Timeline">The Future of Another Timeline</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victories_Greater_Than_Death" title="Victories Greater Than Death">Victories Greater Than Death</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_Bigger_Than_Heartbreak" title="Dreams Bigger Than Heartbreak">Dreams Bigger Than Heartbreak</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Memory_Librarian:_And_Other_Stories_of_Dirty_Computer" title="The Memory Librarian: And Other Stories of Dirty Computer">The Memory Librarian: And Other Stories of Dirty Computer</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_Doctor_Moreau" title="The Daughter of Doctor Moreau">The Daughter of Doctor Moreau</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promises_Stronger_Than_Darkness" title="Promises Stronger Than Darkness">Promises Stronger Than Darkness</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyborg" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-gender_world" title="Single-gender world">Single-gender world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1adan" title="Láadan">Láadan</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_sexes_in_science_fiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of sexes in science fiction (page does not exist)">Battle of sexes in science fiction</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_des_sexes_en_science-fiction" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille des sexes en science-fiction">fr</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays, anthologies, critiques by year</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_Wonder" title="Women of Wonder">Women of Wonder</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora:_Beyond_Equality" title="Aurora: Beyond Equality">Aurora: Beyond Equality</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Language_of_the_Night" title="The Language of the Night">The Language of the Night</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_Women_of_Wonder" title="More Women of Wonder">More Women of Wonder</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_to_Suppress_Women%27s_Writing" title="How to Suppress Women's Writing">How to Suppress Women's Writing</a> (1983)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Cyborg_Manifesto" title="A Cyborg Manifesto">A Cyborg Manifesto</a>" (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Write_Like_a_Woman" title="To Write Like a Woman">To Write Like a Woman</a> (1995)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_Have_Always_Fought" title="We Have Always Fought">We Have Always Fought</a>" (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Geek_Feminist_Revolution" title="The Geek Feminist Revolution">The Geek Feminist Revolution</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_(prose_anthologies)" title="Dark Matter (prose anthologies)">Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=She%27s_Such_a_Geek!:_Women_Write_about_Science,_Technology_%26_Other_Nerdy_Stuff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="She's Such a Geek!: Women Write about Science, Technology & Other Nerdy Stuff (page does not exist)">She's Such a Geek!: Women Write about Science, Technology & Other Nerdy Stuff</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Never_Say_You_Can%27t_Survive:_How_to_Get_Through_Hard_Times_By_Making_Up_Stories&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Never Say You Can't Survive: How to Get Through Hard Times By Making Up Stories (page does not exist)">Never Say You Can't Survive: How to Get Through Hard Times By Making Up Stories</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Oiselle" title="L'Oiselle">L'Oiselle</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirel_of_Joiry" title="Jirel of Joiry">Jirel of Joiry</a> (1934)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishers, magazines, comics, podcasts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forerunner_(magazine)" title="Forerunner (magazine)">Forerunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Witch_and_the_Chameleon" title="The Witch and the Chameleon">The Witch and the Chameleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_Press" title="Aqueduct Press">Aqueduct Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_(science_fiction_magazine)" title="Janus (science fiction magazine)">Janus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitch_Planet" title="Bitch Planet">Bitch Planet</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Our_Opinions_Are_Correct&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Our Opinions Are Correct (page does not exist)">Our Opinions Are Correct</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_Gender_Awards" title="Sense of Gender Awards">Sense of Gender Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otherwise_Award" title="Otherwise Award">Otherwise Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda Literary Award">Lambda Literary Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events and conventions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wiscon" title="Wiscon">Wiscon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sad_Puppies" title="Sad Puppies">Sad Puppies</a> (2013–2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img 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