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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Integrative_Action_of_the_Nervous_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Integrative_Action_of_the_Nervous_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span><i>The Integrative Action of the Nervous System</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Integrative_Action_of_the_Nervous_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mammalian_Physiology:_a_Course_of_Practical_Exercises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mammalian_Physiology:_a_Course_of_Practical_Exercises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span><i>Mammalian Physiology: a Course of Practical Exercises</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mammalian_Physiology:_a_Course_of_Practical_Exercises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Assaying_of_Brabantius_and_other_Verse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Assaying_of_Brabantius_and_other_Verse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span><i>The Assaying of Brabantius and other Verse</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Assaying_of_Brabantius_and_other_Verse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Man_on_His_Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Man_on_His_Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span><i>Man on His Nature</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Man_on_His_Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honours and awards</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours and awards subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eponyms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eponyms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Eponyms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eponyms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Scott Sherrington</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="تشارلز شرينغتون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز شرينغتون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_%C5%9Eerrinqton" title="Çarlz Şerrinqton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çarlz Şerrinqton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلز شرینگتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز شرینگتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="চার্লস শেরিংটন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চার্লস শেরিংটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%A8%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Скот Шэрынгтан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарлз Скот Шэрынгтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Шерингтън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлз Шерингтън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BB%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τσαρλς Σκοτ Σέρινγκτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσαρλς Σκοτ Σέρινγκτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلز شرینگتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز شرینگتون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%A7_%EC%85%B0%EB%A7%81%ED%84%B4" title="찰스 스콧 셰링턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 스콧 셰링턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%8D%D6%84%D5%B8%D5%A9_%D5%87%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Չարլզ Սքոթ Շերինգթոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլզ Սքոթ Շերինգթոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%98_%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="צ'ארלס סקוט שרינגטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'ארלס סקוט שרינגטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Скотт Шеррингтон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чарльз Скотт Шеррингтон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sherrington" title="Charles Sherrington – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Charles Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Scott_Sherrington" title="Carolus Scott Sherrington – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ სკოტ შერინგტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩარლზ სკოტ შერინგტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="تشارلز شرينجتون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز شرينجتون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلز شرینگتون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چارلز شرینگتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="チャールズ・シェリントン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・シェリントン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sherrington" title="Charles Sherrington – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%86" title="چارلز سکاٹ شیرنگٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چارلز سکاٹ شیرنگٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sherrington" title="Charles Sherrington – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82" title="Шеррингтон, Чарльз Скотт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шеррингтон, Чарльз Скотт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5%D8%B2_%D8%B4%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86" title="چارڵز شێرینگتۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چارڵز شێرینگتۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sherrington" title="Charles Sherrington – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charles Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D2%A3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Скотт Шерриңтон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чарлз Скотт Шерриңтон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ชาลส์ สก็อต เชอร์ริงตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาลส์ สก็อต เชอร์ริงตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Скотт Шеррінгтон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарлз Скотт Шеррінгтон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%B9_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%B9%D9%86" title="چارلس اسکاٹ شرنگ ٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چارلس اسکاٹ شرنگ ٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E7%81%B5%E9%A1%BF" title="查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charles Scott Sherrington" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E7%81%B5%E9%A1%BF" title="查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q213504#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English footballer, neurophysiologist and Nobel Prize recipient (1857–1952)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sir Charles Scott Sherrington</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire">GBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians">FRCP</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons">FRCS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Scott_Sherrington2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Charles_Scott_Sherrington2.jpg/220px-Charles_Scott_Sherrington2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Charles_Scott_Sherrington2.jpg/330px-Charles_Scott_Sherrington2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Charles_Scott_Sherrington2.jpg/440px-Charles_Scott_Sherrington2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="4544" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">43rd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1920–1925</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1857-11-27</span>)</span>27 November 1857<br /><a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 1952<span style="display:none">(1952-03-04)</span> (aged 94)<br /><a href="/wiki/Eastbourne" title="Eastbourne">Eastbourne</a>, Sussex, England, United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data">British</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich_School" title="Ipswich School">Ipswich School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> (1893)<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">Bacteriology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College, London">King's College, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">University of Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Foster_(physiologist)" title="Michael Foster (physiologist)">Michael Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Newport_Langley" title="John Newport Langley">John Newport Langley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Farquhar_Fulton" title="John Farquhar Fulton">John Farquhar Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carew Eccles">John Carew Eccles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Charles Scott Sherrington</b> (27 November 1857 – 4 March 1952) was a British <a href="/wiki/Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiologist</a>. His experimental research established many aspects of contemporary neuroscience, including the concept of the spinal reflex as a system involving connected neurons (the "<a href="/wiki/Neuron_doctrine" title="Neuron doctrine">neuron doctrine</a>"), and the ways in which signal transmission between neurons can be potentiated or depotentiated. Sherrington himself coined the word "<a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a>" to define the connection between two neurons. His book <i>The Integrative Action of the Nervous System</i> (1906)<sup id="cite_ref-Sherrington06_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherrington06-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a synthesis of this work, in recognition of which he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> in 1932 (along with <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPrize.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pearce-2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to his work in physiology, Sherrington did research in <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>. He was president of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in the early 1920s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Special:EditPage/Charles Scott Sherrington">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Charles+Scott+Sherrington%22">"Charles Scott Sherrington"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Charles+Scott+Sherrington%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Charles+Scott+Sherrington%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Charles+Scott+Sherrington%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Charles+Scott+Sherrington%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Charles+Scott+Sherrington%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years_and_education">Early years and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Official biographies claim Charles Scott Sherrington was born in <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>, London, England, on 27 November 1857, and that he was the son of James Norton Sherrington, a country doctor, and his wife, Anne Thurtell.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However James Norton Sherrington was an ironmonger and artist's colourman in Great Yarmouth, not a doctor, and died in Yarmouth in 1848, nearly 9 years before Charles was born.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1861 census, Charles is recorded as Charles Scott (boarder, 4, born India) with Anne Sherrington (widow) as the head and Caleb Rose (visitor, married, surgeon).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was brought up in this household with Caleb recorded as head in 1871,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Anne and Caleb did not marry until after the death of his wife in 1880.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between Charles and his childhood family is unknown. During the 1860s the whole family moved to Anglesea Road, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>, reputedly because London exacerbated Caleb Rose's tendency to asthma.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherrington's origins have been discussed in several published sources: Chris Moss and Susan Hunter, in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Medical_Biography" title="Journal of Medical Biography">Journal of Medical Biography</a></i> of January 2018, presented an article discussing the potential origins of Charles Sherrington, i.e. whether he was born in India of unknown parents, or was the illegitimate child of Caleb Rose and Anne Sherrington.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erling Norrby, PhD, in <i>Nobel Prizes and Notable Discoveries</i> (2016) observed: "His family origin apparently is not properly given in his official biography. Considering that motherhood is a matter of fact and fatherhood a matter of opinion, it can be noted that his father was not James Norton Sherrington, from whom his family name was derived. Charles was born 9 years after the death of his presumed father. Instead Charles and his two brothers were the illegitimate sons of Caleb Rose, a highly regarded Ipswich surgeon."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i>Ipswich Town: A History</i>, Susan Gardiner writes: "George and William Sherrington, along with their older brother, Charles, were almost certainly the illegitimate sons of Anne Brookes, née Thurtell and Caleb Rose, a leading surgeon from Ipswich, with whom she was living in College Road, Islington at the time that all three boys were born. No father was named in the baptism register of St James' Church, Clerkenwell, and there is no official record of the registration of any of their births. It was claimed they were the sons of a country doctor, James Norton Sherrington. However, it was with Caleb Rose that Anne and the three Sherrington boys moved to Anglesea Road, Ipswich in 1860 and the couple were married in 1880 after Caleb's first wife had died."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Judith Swazey, in <i>Reflexes and Motor Integration: Sherrington's Concept of Integrative Action</i> (1969), quotes Charles Scott Sherrington's son, Carr Sherrington: "James N. Sherrington was always called Mr. and I have no knowledge that he was a Dr. either in law or in medicine... [He] was mainly interested in art and was a personal friend of J. B. Crone and other painters."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caleb Rose was noteworthy as both a classical scholar and an archaeologist. At the family's Edgehill House in Ipswich one could find a fine selection of paintings, books, and geological specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through Rose's interest in the <a href="/wiki/Norwich_School_of_Painters" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwich School of Painters">Norwich School of Painters</a>, Sherrington gained a love of art.<sup id="cite_ref-lesprixnobel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesprixnobel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intellectuals frequented the house regularly. It was this environment that fostered Sherrington's academic sense of wonder. Even before matriculation, the young Sherrington had read Johannes Müller's <i>Elements of Physiology</i>. The book was given to him by Caleb Rose. </p><p>Sherrington entered <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_School" title="Ipswich School">Ipswich School</a> in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ashe_(poet)" title="Thomas Ashe (poet)">Thomas Ashe</a>, a famous English poet, taught at the school. Ashe served as an inspiration to Sherrington, instilling a love of classics and the desire to travel. </p><p>Rose had pushed Sherrington towards medicine. Sherrington first began to study with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons of England</a>. He also sought to study at Cambridge, but a bank failure had devastated the family's finances. Sherrington elected to enroll at <a href="/wiki/St_Thomas%27_Hospital" title="St Thomas' Hospital">St Thomas' Hospital</a> in September 1876 as a "perpetual pupil".<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did so in order to allow his two younger brothers to do so ahead of him. The two studied law there. Medical studies at St. Thomas's Hospital were intertwined with studies at <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge" title="Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge">Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physiology was Sherrington's chosen major at Cambridge. There, he studied under the "father of British physiology," <a href="/wiki/Michael_Foster_(physiologist)" title="Michael Foster (physiologist)">Sir Michael Foster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jpmV50_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpmV50-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherrington played <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a> for his grammar school, and for <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Town_F.C." title="Ipswich Town F.C.">Ipswich Town Football Club</a>; he played <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a> for St. Thomas's, was on the rowing team at Oxford.<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During June 1875, Sherrington passed his preliminary examination in general education at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England">Royal College of Surgeons of England</a> (RCS). This preliminary exam was required for Fellowship, and also exempted him from a similar exam for the Membership. In April 1878, he passed his Primary Examination for the Membership of the RCS, and twelve months later the Primary for Fellowship. </p><p>In October 1879, Sherrington entered Cambridge as a <a href="/wiki/Fitzwilliam_College,_Cambridge" title="Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge">non-collegiate student</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Venn_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Venn-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year he entered <a href="/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonville and Caius College">Gonville and Caius College</a>. Sherrington was a first-rate student. In June 1881, he took Part I in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_Sciences_Tripos" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural Sciences Tripos">Natural Sciences Tripos</a> (NST) and was awarded a <i><a href="/wiki/Starred_first" class="mw-redirect" title="Starred first">Starred first</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>; there were nine candidates in all (eight men, one woman), of whom five gained <a href="/wiki/First-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class honours">First-class honours</a> (<i>Firsts</i>); in June 1883, in Part II of the NST, he also gained a First, alongside <a href="/wiki/William_Bateson" title="William Bateson">William Bateson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._H._Gaskell" title="W. H. Gaskell">Walter Holbrook Gaskell</a>, one of Sherrington's tutors, informed him in November 1881 that he had earned the highest marks for his year in botany, human anatomy, and physiology; second in zoology; and highest overall.<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Newport_Langley" title="John Newport Langley">John Newport Langley</a> was Sherrington's other tutor. The two were interested in how anatomical structure is expressed in physiological function.<sup id="cite_ref-jpmV50_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpmV50-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherrington earned his <a href="/wiki/Membership_of_the_Royal_College_of_Surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons">Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons</a> on 4 August 1884. In 1885, he obtained a First Class in the Natural Science Tripos with the mark of distinction. In the same year, Sherrington earned the degree of <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine_and_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery">M.B., Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery</a> from Cambridge. In 1886, Sherrington added the title of <a href="/wiki/Licentiate_of_the_Royal_College_of_Physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians">L.R.C.P., Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seventh_International_Medical_Congress">Seventh International Medical Congress</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Seventh International Medical Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg/220px-Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg/330px-Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg/440px-Prof._Charles_Scott_Sherrington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Charles Scott Sherrington</figcaption></figure> <p>The 7th <a href="/wiki/International_Medical_Congress" title="International Medical Congress">International Medical Congress</a> was held in London in 1881. It was at this conference that Sherrington began his work in neurological research. At the conference controversy broke out. <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Goltz" title="Friedrich Goltz">Friedrich Goltz</a> of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> argued that localized function in the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortex</a> did not exist. Goltz came to this conclusion after observing dogs who had parts of their brains removed. <a href="/wiki/David_Ferrier" title="David Ferrier">David Ferrier</a>, who became a hero of Sherrington's, disagreed. Ferrier maintained that there was localization of function in the brain. Ferrier's strongest evidence was a monkey who suffered from <a href="/wiki/Hemiplegia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemiplegia">hemiplegia</a>, paralysis affecting one side of the body only, after a cerebral lesion. </p><p>A committee, including Langley, was made up to investigate. Both the dog and the monkey were chloroformed. The right hemisphere of the dog was delivered to Cambridge for examination. Sherrington performed a histological examination of the hemisphere, acting as a junior colleague to Langley. In 1884, Langley and Sherrington reported on their findings in a paper. The paper was the first for Sherrington.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Travel">Travel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the winter of 1884–1885, Sherrington left England for Strasbourg. There, he worked with Goltz. Goltz, like many others, positively influenced Sherrington. Sherrington later said of Goltz that: "[h]e taught one that in all things only the best is good enough."<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A case of <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_cholera" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic cholera">asiatic cholera</a> had broken out in Spain in 1885. A Spanish doctor claimed to have produced a vaccine to fight the outbreak. Under the auspices of <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a>, and the Association for Research in Medicine, a group was put together to travel to Spain to investigate. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Smart_Roy" title="Charles Smart Roy">C.S. Roy</a>, J. Graham Brown, and Sherrington formed the group. Roy was Sherrington's friend and the newly elected professor of pathology at Cambridge. As the three travelled to <a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Sherrington was skeptical of the Spanish doctor.<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon returning, the three presented a report to the Royal Society. The report discredited the Spaniard's claim. </p><p>Sherrington did <i>not</i> meet <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> on this trip. While Sherrington and his group remained in Toledo, Cajal was hundreds of miles away in <a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that year Sherrington travelled to <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> in Berlin to inspect the cholera specimens he procured in Spain. Virchow later on sent Sherrington to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> for a six weeks' course in technique. Sherrington ended up staying with Koch for a year to do research in bacteriology. Under these two, Sherrington parted with a good foundation in physiology, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jpmV50_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpmV50-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period he may have also studied with <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Gottfried_von_Waldeyer-Hartz" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Gottfried von Waldeyer-Hartz">Waldeyer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Zuntz" title="Nathan Zuntz">Zuntz</a>. </p><p>In 1886, Sherrington went to Italy to again investigate a cholera outbreak. While in Italy, Sherrington spent much time in art galleries. It was in this country that Sherrington's love for rare books became an obsession.<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment">Employment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Employment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roy_Sherrington_1893_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Roy_Sherrington_1893_01.jpg/220px-Roy_Sherrington_1893_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Roy_Sherrington_1893_01.jpg/330px-Roy_Sherrington_1893_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Roy_Sherrington_1893_01.jpg/440px-Roy_Sherrington_1893_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Smart_Roy" title="Charles Smart Roy">C.S. Roy</a> and Charles Scott Sherrington (right), at the door of the Old Pathological Laboratory, Cambridge, 1893</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1891, Sherrington was appointed as superintendent of the Brown Institute for Advanced Physiological and Pathological Research of the University of London, a center for human and animal physiological and pathological research.<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lesprixnobel_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lesprixnobel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherrington succeeded <a href="/wiki/Victor_Horsley" title="Victor Horsley">Sir Victor Alexander Haden Horsley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whonamedit_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whonamedit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Sherrington worked on segmental distribution of the spinal dorsal and ventral roots, he mapped the sensory dermatomes, and in 1892 discovered that muscle spindles initiated the <a href="/wiki/Stretch_reflex" title="Stretch reflex">stretch reflex</a>. The institute allowed Sherrington to study many animals, both small and large. The Brown Institute had enough space to work with large primates such as apes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Liverpool">Liverpool</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Liverpool"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Sherrington_Physiological_Society_plaque,_University_of_Liverpool.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Plaque reads "The Physiological Society. Sir Charles Sherrington (1857-1952). OM PRS. Physiologist and Nobel Laureate. George Holt Professor of Physiology, University of Liverpool from 1895-1913. Shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Edgar Adrian in 1932 for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons. Sherrington laid the foundation for our understanding of the central nervous system."" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Charles_Sherrington_Physiological_Society_plaque%2C_University_of_Liverpool.png/220px-Charles_Sherrington_Physiological_Society_plaque%2C_University_of_Liverpool.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Charles_Sherrington_Physiological_Society_plaque%2C_University_of_Liverpool.png/330px-Charles_Sherrington_Physiological_Society_plaque%2C_University_of_Liverpool.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Charles_Sherrington_Physiological_Society_plaque%2C_University_of_Liverpool.png/440px-Charles_Sherrington_Physiological_Society_plaque%2C_University_of_Liverpool.png 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Plaque dedicated to Sherrington at the University of Liverpool</figcaption></figure> <p>Sherrington's first job of full-professorship came with his appointment as Holt Professor of Physiology at <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> in 1895, succeeding Francis Gotch.<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his appointment to the Holt Chair, Sherrington ended his active work in pathology.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working on cats, dogs, monkeys, and apes that had been bereaved of their cerebral hemispheres, he found that reflexes must be considered integrated activities of the total organism, not just the result of activities of the so-called reflex-arcs, a concept then generally accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-whonamedit_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whonamedit-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he continued his work on reflexes and <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_innervation" title="Reciprocal innervation">reciprocal innervation</a>. His papers on the subject were synthesized into the <a href="/wiki/Croonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Croonian">Croonian</a> lecture of 1897. </p><p>Sherrington showed that muscle excitation was inversely proportional to the inhibition of an opposing group of muscles. Speaking of the excitation-inhibition relationship, Sherrington said "desistence from action may be as truly active as is the taking of action." Sherrington continued his work on reciprocal innervation during his years at Liverpool. Come 1913, Sherrington was able to say that "the process of excitation and inhibition may be viewed as polar opposites [...] the one is able to neutralize the other." Sherrington's work on reciprocal innervation was a notable contribution to the knowledge of the spinal cord.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxford">Oxford</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oxford"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As early as 1895, Sherrington had tried to gain employment at Oxford University. By 1913, the wait was over. Oxford offered Sherrington the <a href="/wiki/Waynflete_Professorships" class="mw-redirect" title="Waynflete Professorships">Waynflete Chair of Physiology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Magdalen_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalen College">Magdalen College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electors to that chair unanimously recommended Sherrington without considering any other candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherrington enjoyed the honor of teaching many bright students at Oxford, including <a href="/wiki/Wilder_Penfield" title="Wilder Penfield">Wilder Penfield</a>, who he introduced to the study of the brain. Several of his students were Rhodes scholars, three of whom – <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Eccles" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carew Eccles">Sir John Eccles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> – went on to be Nobel laureates.<sup id="cite_ref-gibson2001_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibson2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sherrington also influenced American pioneer brain surgeon <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Williams_Cushing" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvey Williams Cushing">Harvey Williams Cushing</a>. </p><p>Sherrington's philosophy as a teacher can be seen in his response to the question of what was the real function of Oxford University in the world. Sherrington said: </p> <blockquote><p> "After some hundreds of years of experience we think that we have learned here in Oxford how to teach what is known. But now with the undeniable upsurge of scientific research, we cannot continue to rely on the mere fact that we have learned how to teach what is known. We must learn to teach the best attitude to what is not yet known. This also may take centuries to acquire but we cannot escape this new challenge, nor do we want to."<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Charles_Sherrington%27s_histology_demonstration_slides_box.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sir_Charles_Sherrington%27s_histology_demonstration_slides_box.jpg/220px-Sir_Charles_Sherrington%27s_histology_demonstration_slides_box.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sir_Charles_Sherrington%27s_histology_demonstration_slides_box.jpg/330px-Sir_Charles_Sherrington%27s_histology_demonstration_slides_box.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Sir_Charles_Sherrington%27s_histology_demonstration_slides_box.jpg/440px-Sir_Charles_Sherrington%27s_histology_demonstration_slides_box.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2459" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>Box of microscope slides carrying the plaque: "Sir Charles Sherrington's Histology Demonstration Slides: St Thomas's Hospital: 1886–1895; Liverpool University: 1895–1915; Oxford University: 1914–1935"</figcaption></figure><p> While at Oxford, Sherrington kept hundreds of microscope slides in a specially constructed box labelled "Sir Charles Sherrington's Histology Demonstration Slides". As well as histology demonstration slides, the box contains slides which may be related to original breakthroughs such as cortical localization in the brain; slides from contemporaries such as <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Ruffini" title="Angelo Ruffini">Angelo Ruffini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Fritsch" title="Gustav Fritsch">Gustav Fritsch</a>; and slides from colleagues at Oxford such as <a href="/wiki/John_Burdon-Sanderson" title="John Burdon-Sanderson">John Burdon-Sanderson</a> – the first <a href="/wiki/Waynflete_Professorships" class="mw-redirect" title="Waynflete Professorships">Waynflete Chair of Physiology</a> – and <a href="/wiki/Derek_Denny-Brown" title="Derek Denny-Brown">Derek Denny-Brown</a>, who worked with Sherrington at Oxford (1924–1928)).<sup id="cite_ref-molnar2010_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-molnar2010-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherrington's teachings at Oxford were interrupted by <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. When the war started, it left his classes with only nine students. During the war, he laboured at a shell factory to support the war and to study fatigue in general, but specifically industrial fatigue. His weekday work hours were from 7:30am to 8:30pm; and from 7:30am to 6:00pm on the weekends.<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1916, Sherrington fought for women to be admitted to the medical school at Oxford. </p><p>He lived at 9 <a href="/wiki/Chadlington_Road" title="Chadlington Road">Chadlington Road</a> in north Oxford from 1916 to 1934, and on 28 April 2022 an Oxfordshire blue plaque in his honour was unveiled on this house.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Charles Sherrington retired from Oxford in the year of 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then moved to his boyhood town of Ipswich, where he built a house.<sup id="cite_ref-jpmV50_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpmV50-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he kept up a large correspondence with pupils and others from around the world. He also continued to work on his poetic, historical, and philosophical interests.<sup id="cite_ref-gibson2001_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibson2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1944 until his death he was President of the <a href="/wiki/Ipswich_Museum" title="Ipswich Museum">Ipswich Museum</a>, on the committee he had previously served.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sherrington's mental faculties were crystal clear up to the time of his sudden death, which was caused by a sudden heart failure at age 94. His bodily health, however, did suffer in old age. Arthritis was a major burden.<sup id="cite_ref-jpmV50_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpmV50-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Speaking of his condition, Sherrington said "old age isn't pleasant[,] one can't do things for oneself."<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arthritis put Sherrington in a nursing home in the year before his death, in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-gibson2001_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibson2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 27 August 1891, Sherrington married Ethel Mary Wright (died 1933), daughter of John Ely Wright of Preston Manor, Suffolk, England. They had one child, a son named Charles ("Carr") E.R. Sherrington, who was born in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-jpmV50_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpmV50-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On weekends during the Oxford years the couple would frequently host a large group of friends and acquaintances at their house for an enjoyable afternoon.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Integrative_Action_of_the_Nervous_System"><i>The Integrative Action of the Nervous System</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Integrative Action of the Nervous System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Published in 1906,<sup id="cite_ref-Sherrington06_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherrington06-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this was a compendium of ten of Sherrington's <a href="/wiki/Silliman_lecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Silliman lecture">Silliman lectures</a>, delivered at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke-2007_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book discussed neuron theory, the "<a href="/wiki/Synapse" title="Synapse">synapse</a>" (a term he had introduced in 1897, the word itself suggested by <a href="/wiki/Classicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Classicist">classicist</a> <a href="/wiki/A._W._Verrall" title="A. W. Verrall">A. W. Verrall</a><sup id="cite_ref-Cowan_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), communication between neurons, and a mechanism for the reflex-arc function.<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce-2004_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The work effectively resolved the debate between neuron and <a href="/wiki/Reticular_theory" title="Reticular theory">reticular theory</a> in mammals, thereby shaping our understanding of the central nervous system.<sup id="cite_ref-Burke-2007_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burke-2007-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He theorized that the nervous system coordinates various parts of the body and that the reflexes are the simplest expressions of the interactive action of the nervous system, enabling the entire body to function toward a definite purpose. Sherrington pointed out that reflexes must be goal-directive and purposive. Furthermore, he established the nature of postural reflexes and their dependence on the anti-gravity <a href="/wiki/Stretch_reflex" title="Stretch reflex">stretch reflex</a> and traced the afferent stimulus to the <a href="/wiki/Proprioceptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprioceptive">proprioceptive</a> end organs, which he had previously shown to be sensory in nature ("proprioceptive" was another term he had coined<sup id="cite_ref-Pearce-2004_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pearce-2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The work was dedicated to Ferrier.<sup id="cite_ref-jpmV50_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jpmV50-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mammalian_Physiology:_a_Course_of_Practical_Exercises"><i>Mammalian Physiology: a Course of Practical Exercises</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mammalian Physiology: a Course of Practical Exercises"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The textbook was published in 1919 at the first possible moment after Sherrington's arrival at Oxford and the end of the War.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Assaying_of_Brabantius_and_other_Verse"><i>The Assaying of Brabantius and other Verse</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Assaying of Brabantius and other Verse"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This collection of previously published war-time poems was Sherrington's first major poetic release, published in 1925. Sherrington's poetic side was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>. Sherrington was fond of Goethe the poet, but not Goethe the scientist. Speaking of Goethe's scientific writings, Sherrington said "to appraise them is not a congenial task."<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Man_on_His_Nature"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xQ7AAAAIAAJ">Man on His Nature</a></i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Man on His Nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A reflection on Sherrington's philosophical thought. Sherrington had long studied the 16th century French physician <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fernel" title="Jean Fernel">Jean Fernel</a>, and grew so familiar with him that he considered him a friend. During the academic year 1937-38, Sherrington delivered the <a href="/wiki/Gifford_lectures" class="mw-redirect" title="Gifford lectures">Gifford lectures</a> at the University of Edinburgh. They focused on Fernel and his times, and formed the basis of <i>Man on His Nature.</i> The book was published in 1940, with a revised edition in 1951. It explores philosophical thoughts about the mind, human existence, and God, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the original edition, each of the twelve chapters begins with one of the twelve <a href="/wiki/Zodiac_signs" class="mw-redirect" title="Zodiac signs">zodiac signs</a>; Sherrington discusses astrology in Fernel's time in Chapter 2.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his ideas on mind and cognition, Sherrington introduced the idea that neurons work as groups in a "million-fold democracy" to produce outcomes rather than with central control.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours_and_awards">Honours and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Honours and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherrington-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sherrington-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg/220px-Sherrington-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="402" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sherrington-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg/330px-Sherrington-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Sherrington-stainedglass-gonville-caius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass window in the dining hall of Gonville and Caius College, in Cambridge (UK), commemorating Charles Scott Sherrington</figcaption></figure> <p>Sherrington was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1893" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1893">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1893</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>1899 Baly Gold Medal of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a> of London<sup id="cite_ref-eccles1979_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1905 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">Royal Society of London</a></li> <li>1922 <a href="/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Grand Cross">Knight Grand Cross</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Most Excellent Order of the British Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1922 President of the <a href="/wiki/British_Science_Association" title="British Science Association">British Association</a> for the year 1922–1923<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1924 <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit" title="Order of Merit">Order of Merit</a></li> <li>1927 Copley Medal</li> <li>1932 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> <p>At the time of his death Sherrington received <i>honoris causa</i> Doctors from twenty-two universities: Oxford, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Leuven_(1834%E2%80%931968)" title="Catholic University of Leuven (1834–1968)">Louvain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Lyon" title="University of Lyon">Lyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s_Lor%C3%A1nd_University" title="Eötvös Loránd University">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_and_Kapodistrian_University_of_Athens" title="National and Kapodistrian University of Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dublin" title="University of Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Montr%C3%A9al" title="Université de Montréal">Montreal</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">Liverpool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Brussels_(1834%E2%80%931969)" title="Free University of Brussels (1834–1969)">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bern" title="University of Bern">Bern</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales" title="University of Wales">University of Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eponyms">Eponyms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Eponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Special:EditPage/Charles Scott Sherrington">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dt>Liddell-Sherrington reflex</dt> <dd>Associated with Edward George Tandy Liddell and Charles Scott Sherrington, the Liddell-Sherrington reflex is the tonic contraction of muscle in response to its being stretched. When a muscle lengthens beyond a certain point, the myotatic reflex causes it to tighten and attempt to shorten. This can be felt as tension during stretching exercises.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Schiff-Sherrington reflex</dt> <dd>Associated with Moritz Schiff and Charles Scott Sherrington, describes a grave sign in animals: rigid extension of the forelimbs after damage to the spine. It may be accompanied by paradoxical respiration – the intercostal muscles are paralysed and the chest is drawn passively in and out by the diaphragm.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Sherrington's First Law</dt> <dd>Every posterior spinal nerve root supplies a particular area of the skin, with a certain overlap of adjacent dermatomes.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Sherrington's Second Law</dt> <dd>The law of reciprocal innervation. When contraction of a muscle is stimulated, there is a simultaneous inhibition of its antagonist. It is essential for coordinated movement.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Vulpian-Heidenhain-Sherrington phenomenon</dt> <dd>Associated with <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Heidenhain" title="Rudolf Heidenhain">Rudolf Peter Heinrich Heidenhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vulpian" title="Alfred Vulpian">Edmé Félix Alfred Vulpian</a>, and Charles Scott Sherrington. Describes the slow contraction of denervated skeletal muscle by stimulating autonomic cholinergic fibres innervating its blood vessels.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">List of presidents of the Royal Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-onfrsV8-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-onfrsV8_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLiddell1952" class="citation journal cs1">Liddell, E. G. T. (1952). "Charles Scott Sherrington. 1857-1952". <i><a href="/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society">Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>8</b> (21): 241–270. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1952.0016">10.1098/rsbm.1952.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/768811">768811</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35977575">35977575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Charles+Scott+Sherrington.+1857-1952&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=241-270&rft.date=1952&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A35977575%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F768811%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1952.0016&rft.aulast=Liddell&rft.aufirst=E.+G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodman2008" class="citation journal cs1">Todman, Donald (2008). "Howard Florey and research on the cerebral circulation". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Clinical_Neuroscience" title="Journal of Clinical Neuroscience">Journal of Clinical Neuroscience</a></i>. <b>15</b> (6): 613–616. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jocn.2007.04.017">10.1016/j.jocn.2007.04.017</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18280740">18280740</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40353145">40353145</a>. <q>His mentor was the neurophysiologist and Nobel Laureate, Sir Charles Sherrington who directed him in neuroscience research. Florey's initial studies on the cerebral circulation represent an original contribution to medical knowledge and highlight his remarkable scientific method. The mentorship and close personal relationship with Sherrington was a crucial factor in Florey's early research career.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Howard+Florey+and+research+on+the+cerebral+circulation&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=613-616&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40353145%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18280740&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jocn.2007.04.017&rft.aulast=Todman&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherrington06-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherrington06_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherrington06_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherrington1906" class="citation book cs1">Sherrington, Charles Scott (1906). <i>The integrative action of the nervous system</i> (1st ed.). Oxford University Press: H. Milford. pp. xvi, 411 p., [19] leaves of plates.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+integrative+action+of+the+nervous+system&rft.place=Oxford+University+Press&rft.pages=xvi%2C+411+p.%2C+19+leaves+of+plates&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=H.+Milford&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Sherrington&rft.aufirst=Charles+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelPrize.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NobelPrize.org_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-lecture.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Sir Charles Sherrington – Nobel Lecture: Inhibition as a Coordinative Factor"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Sir+Charles+Sherrington+%E2%80%93+Nobel+Lecture%3A+Inhibition+as+a+Coordinative+Factor%22.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1932%2Fsherrington-lecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/article-9067325">"Sir Charles Scott Sherrington"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Charles+Scott+Sherrington&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fnobelprize%2Farticle-9067325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pearce-2004-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce-2004_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce-2004_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pearce-2004_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearce2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pearce, J. M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1739021">"Sir Charles Scott Sherrington (1857–1952) and the synapse"</a>. <i>Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry</i>. <b>75</b> (4): 544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjnnp.2003.017921">10.1136/jnnp.2003.017921</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1739021">1739021</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15026492">15026492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Neurology%2C+Neurosurgery%2C+and+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Scott+Sherrington+%281857%E2%80%931952%29+and+the+synapse&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=544&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1739021%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15026492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjnnp.2003.017921&rft.aulast=Pearce&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1739021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenfield1962" class="citation journal cs1">Penfield, W. (1962). "Sir Charles Sherrington, O.M., F.R.S. (1857–1952): An Appreciation". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 163–168. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1962.0015">10.1098/rsnr.1962.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145536063">145536063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Sherrington%2C+O.M.%2C+F.R.S.+%281857%E2%80%931952%29%3A+An+Appreciation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-168&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1962.0015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145536063%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Penfield&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/323">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213504#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>, accessed 11 October 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GRO index: 1848 Dec, Yarmouth 13, 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Will of James Norton Sherrington, proved at London 5 March 1849, National Archives Catalogue Reference:Prob 11/2090, image 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=gbc%2f1861%2f0000814743">"1861 England, Wales & Scotland Census Transcription"</a></span>. Findmypast. 1861<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1861+England%2C+Wales+%26+Scotland+Census+Transcription&rft.pub=Findmypast&rft.date=1861&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.findmypast.co.uk%2Frecord%3Fid%3Dgbc%252f1861%252f0000814743&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.findmypast.co.uk/record?id=gbc%2f1871%2f0007481271">"1871 England, Wales & Scotland Census Transcription"</a></span>. Findmypast. 1871<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1871+England%2C+Wales+%26+Scotland+Census+Transcription&rft.pub=Findmypast&rft.date=1871&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.findmypast.co.uk%2Frecord%3Fid%3Dgbc%252f1871%252f0007481271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">GRO marriages index: 1880 Dec, Ipswich 4a, 1377</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon1895" class="citation journal cs1">Anon (1895). "Obituary: Mr. Caleb Rose". <i>BMJ</i>. <b>2</b> (1820): 1266. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.2.1820.1266-a">10.1136/bmj.2.1820.1266-a</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220183796">220183796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Mr.+Caleb+Rose&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1820&rft.pages=1266&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.2.1820.1266-a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220183796%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Anon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMossHunter2020" class="citation journal cs1">Moss, Chris; Hunter, Susan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0967772017746271">"Charles Scott Sherrington's origins"</a>. <i>Journal of Medical Biography</i>. <b>28</b> (1): 3–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0967772017746271">10.1177/0967772017746271</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29998781">29998781</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51622906">51622906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Biography&rft.atitle=Charles+Scott+Sherrington%27s+origins&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-7&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51622906%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29998781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0967772017746271&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Hunter%2C+Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0967772017746271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nobel Prizes and Notable Discoveries, Erling Norrby, The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Sweden, World Scientific Publishing, 2016, p. 24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ipswich Town: A History, Susan Gardiner, Amberley Publishing, 2009, Chapter 2: Origins.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reflexes and Motor Integration: Sherrington's Concept of Integrative Action, Judith P. Swazey, Harvard University Press, 1969, p. 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eccles1979-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eccles1979_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEcclesGibson,_W.1979" class="citation book cs1">Eccles, J.; Gibson, W. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sherringtonhisli0000eccl/page/1"><i>Sherrington: His Life and Thought</i></a>. Berlin; New York: Springer International. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sherringtonhisli0000eccl/page/1">1–6, 15, 24–25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-09063-4"><bdi>978-0-387-09063-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherrington%3A+His+Life+and+Thought&rft.place=Berlin%3B+New+York&rft.pages=1-6%2C+15%2C+24-25&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-387-09063-4&rft.aulast=Eccles&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Gibson%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsherringtonhisli0000eccl%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lesprixnobel-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lesprixnobel_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lesprixnobel_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Grandin1932" class="citation web cs1">Karl Grandin, ed. (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1932/sherrington-bio.html">"Sir Charles Sherrington Biography"</a>. <i>Les Prix Nobel</i>. The Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Prix+Nobel&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Sherrington+Biography&rft.date=1932&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fmedicine%2Flaureates%2F1932%2Fsherrington-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jpmV50-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jpmV50_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpmV50_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpmV50_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpmV50_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpmV50_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpmV50_21-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jpmV50_21-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusurkar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Kusurkar, R. 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(1967). <i>Charles Scott Sherrington: An Appraisal</i>. Garden City, NY: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday</a>. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/573353">573353</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Scott+Sherrington%3A+An+Appraisal&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F573353&rft.aulast=Granit&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Venn-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Venn_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADSHRN879CS" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=SHRN879CS&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Sherrington, Charles Scott (SHRN879CS)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/2266.html-30k-">the original</a> on 7 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Who+Named+It%3F&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Scott+Sherrington&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whonamedit.com%2Fdoctor.cfm%2F2266.html-30k-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibson2001-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gibson2001_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibson2001_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibson2001_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2001" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, W.C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326160135/http://www.worldscibooks.com/medsci/etextbook/p210/p210_chap1.pdf">"Chapter 1: Sir Charles Sherrington, O.M., P.R.S. (1857–1952)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Twentieth Century Neurology: The British Contribution</i>. London: Imperial College Press. pp. 4–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-245-7"><bdi>978-1-86094-245-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscibooks.com/medsci/etextbook/p210/p210_chap1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Sir+Charles+Sherrington%2C+O.M.%2C+P.R.S.+%281857%E2%80%931952%29&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+Neurology%3A+The+British+Contribution&rft.place=London&rft.pages=4-6&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-245-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=W.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscibooks.com%2Fmedsci%2Fetextbook%2Fp210%2Fp210_chap1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-molnar2010-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-molnar2010_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolnarBrown,_Richard2010" class="citation journal cs1">Molnar, Zoltan; Brown, Richard (June 2010). "Insights into the life and work of Sir Charles Sherrington". <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. <b>11</b> (6): 429–436. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrn2835">10.1038/nrn2835</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20445541">20445541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5930858">5930858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Insights+into+the+life+and+work+of+Sir+Charles+Sherrington&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=429-436&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5930858%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20445541&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrn2835&rft.aulast=Molnar&rft.aufirst=Zoltan&rft.au=Brown%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxonblueplaques.org.uk/plaques/sherrington.html">"Sir Charles Sherrington"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Charles+Sherrington&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxonblueplaques.org.uk%2Fplaques%2Fsherrington.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ipswich Museum Records.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke-2007-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burke-2007_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burke-2007_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke2007" class="citation journal cs1">Burke, RE (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawm022">"Sir Charles Sherrington's the integrative action of the nervous system: a centenary appreciation"</a>. <i>Brain</i>. <b>130</b> (Pt 4): 887–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawm022">10.1093/brain/awm022</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17438014">17438014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Sherrington%27s+the+integrative+action+of+the+nervous+system%3A+a+centenary+appreciation&rft.volume=130&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.pages=887-94&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbrain%2Fawm022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17438014&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=RE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbrain%252Fawm022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cowan-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cowan_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowanSüdhofStevens2003" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, W. Maxwell; Südhof, Thomas C.; Stevens, Charles F. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FO5efrKGVQoC&q=Sherrington"><i>Synapses</i></a>. JHU Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801871184" title="Special:BookSources/9780801871184"><bdi>9780801871184</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synapses&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780801871184&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=W.+Maxwell&rft.au=S%C3%BCdhof%2C+Thomas+C.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+Charles+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFO5efrKGVQoC%26q%3DSherrington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giffordlectures.org/lectures/man-his-nature">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> R. Scott Spurlock, University of Edinburgh</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sherrington, <i>Man on his Nature</i> (Cambridge, 1940), pp. 51–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuiroga,_Rodrigo_Quian2013" class="citation journal cs1">Quiroga, Rodrigo Quian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.le.ac.uk/centres/csn/documents/gnostic-cells-in-the-xxi-century">"Gnostic cells in the 21st century"</a>. <i>Acta Neurobiol. Exp</i>. <b>73</b> (4): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24457638">24457638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Neurobiol.+Exp.&rft.atitle=Gnostic+cells+in+the+21st+century&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24457638&rft.au=Quiroga%2C+Rodrigo+Quian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.le.ac.uk%2Fcentres%2Fcsn%2Fdocuments%2Fgnostic-cells-in-the-xxi-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette32563" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/32563/supplement/10716">"No. 32563"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i> (Supplement). 31 December 1921. p. 10716.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+32563&rft.pages=10716&rft.date=1921-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F32563%2Fsupplement%2F10716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/reportofbritisha23adva#page/n37/mode/2up">Sherrington's Presidential Address to the British Association Meeting, held at Hull in 1922</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Scott_Sherrington&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charles_Scott_Sherrington" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Scott_Sherrington" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/323">Sir Charles Sherrington</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213504#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2001" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, W.C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326160135/http://www.worldscibooks.com/medsci/etextbook/p210/p210_chap1.pdf"><i>Twentieth Century Neurology, The British Contribution – first chapter</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Imperial College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-245-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-245-7"><bdi>978-1-86094-245-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscibooks.com/medsci/etextbook/p210/p210_chap1.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth+Century+Neurology%2C+The+British+Contribution+%E2%80%93+first+chapter&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-245-7&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=W.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldscibooks.com%2Fmedsci%2Fetextbook%2Fp210%2Fp210_chap1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.medsci.ox.ac.uk/cslide/collections/index/77">"Sir Charles Sherrington's Histology Demonstration Slides"</a>. <i>History of Medical Sciences</i>. University of Oxford<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Sir+Charles+Sherrington%27s+Histology+Demonstration+Slides&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.medsci.ox.ac.uk%2Fcslide%2Fcollections%2Findex%2F77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharles+Scott+Sherrington" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>43rd <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a> </b><br />1920–1925 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and 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aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil Behring</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Ross" title="Ronald Ross">Ronald Ross</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Ryberg_Finsen" title="Niels Ryberg Finsen">Niels Finsen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Louis_Alphonse_Laveran" title="Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran">Alphonse Laveran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Emil_Theodor_Kocher" title="Emil Theodor Kocher">Emil Kocher</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Kossel" title="Albrecht Kossel">Albrecht Kossel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Allvar_Gullstrand" title="Allvar Gullstrand">Allvar Gullstrand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Alexis Carrel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Richet" title="Charles Richet">Charles Richet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3bert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Róbert Bárány">Róbert Bárány</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1915</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1917</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1918</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Jules_Bordet" title="Jules Bordet">Jules Bordet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/August_Krogh" title="August Krogh">August Krogh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1921</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof" title="Otto Fritz Meyerhof">Otto Meyerhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Banting" title="Frederick Banting">Frederick Banting</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Macleod_(physiologist)" title="John Macleod (physiologist)">John Macleod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Willem_Einthoven" title="Willem Einthoven">Willem Einthoven</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1925</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wagner-Jauregg" title="Julius Wagner-Jauregg">Julius Wagner-Jauregg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nicolle" title="Charles Nicolle">Charles Nicolle</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Eijkman" title="Christiaan Eijkman">Christiaan Eijkman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Landsteiner" title="Karl Landsteiner">Karl Landsteiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1931: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburg" title="Otto Heinrich Warburg">Otto Warburg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Morgan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1934: <a href="/wiki/George_Whipple" title="George Whipple">George Whipple</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Minot" title="George Minot">George Minot</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_P._Murphy" title="William P. Murphy">William Murphy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Spemann" title="Hans Spemann">Hans Spemann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Dale</a> / <a href="/wiki/Otto_Loewi" title="Otto Loewi">Otto Loewi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Szent-Gy%C3%B6rgyi" title="Albert Szent-Györgyi">Albert Szent-Györgyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Corneille_Heymans" title="Corneille Heymans">Corneille Heymans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Dam" title="Henrik Dam">Henrik Dam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Adelbert_Doisy" title="Edward Adelbert Doisy">Edward Doisy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Erlanger" title="Joseph Erlanger">Joseph Erlanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasser" title="Herbert Spencer Gasser">Herbert Gasser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Hermann Muller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Houssay" title="Bernardo Houssay">Bernardo Houssay</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hermann_M%C3%BCller" title="Paul Hermann Müller">Paul Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Rudolf_Hess" title="Walter Rudolf Hess">Walter Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Calvin_Kendall" title="Edward Calvin Kendall">Edward Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philip_Showalter_Hench" title="Philip Showalter Hench">Philip Hench</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/Max_Theiler" title="Max Theiler">Max Theiler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Selman_Waksman" title="Selman Waksman">Selman Waksman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmann" title="Fritz Albert Lipmann">Fritz Lipmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Weller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Robbins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Theorell" title="Hugo Theorell">Hugo Theorell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cournand" title="André Frédéric Cournand">André Cournand</a> / <a href="/wiki/Werner_Forssmann" title="Werner Forssmann">Werner Forssmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dickinson_W._Richards" title="Dickinson W. Richards">Dickinson W. Richards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Tatum" title="Edward Tatum">Edward Tatum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Severo_Ochoa" title="Severo Ochoa">Severo Ochoa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Frank Burnet</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sy" title="Georg von Békésy">Georg von Békésy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/John_Eccles_(neurophysiologist)" title="John Eccles (neurophysiologist)">John Eccles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Bloch" title="Konrad Emil Bloch">Konrad Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Feodor_Lynen" title="Feodor Lynen">Feodor Lynen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob" title="François Jacob">François Jacob</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoff" title="André Michel Lwoff">André Lwoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monod" title="Jacques Monod">Jacques Monod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Francis_Peyton_Rous" title="Francis Peyton Rous">Francis Rous</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brenton_Huggins" title="Charles Brenton Huggins">Charles B. Huggins</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Granit" title="Ragnar Granit">Ragnar Granit</a> / <a href="/wiki/Haldan_Keffer_Hartline" title="Haldan Keffer Hartline">Haldan Hartline</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Wald" title="George Wald">George Wald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Holley" title="Robert W. Holley">Robert W. Holley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Khorana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberg" title="Marshall Warren Nirenberg">Marshall Nirenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Max_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Max Delbrück">Max Delbrück</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hershey" title="Alfred Hershey">Alfred Hershey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Luria" title="Salvador Luria">Salvador Luria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julius_Axelrod" title="Julius Axelrod">Julius Axelrod</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wilbur_Sutherland_Jr." title="Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.">Earl Sutherland Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Edelman" title="Gerald Edelman">Gerald Edelman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Robert_Porter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rodney Robert Porter">Rodney Porter</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Frisch" title="Karl von Frisch">Karl von Frisch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Claude" title="Albert Claude">Albert Claude</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christian_de_Duve" title="Christian de Duve">Christian de Duve</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Emil_Palade" title="George Emil Palade">George Palade</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/David_Baltimore" title="David Baltimore">David Baltimore</a> / <a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> / <a href="/wiki/Howard_Martin_Temin" title="Howard Martin Temin">Howard Temin</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg" title="Baruch Samuel Blumberg">Baruch Blumberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carleton_Gajdusek" title="Daniel Carleton Gajdusek">Daniel Gajdusek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Guillemin" title="Roger Guillemin">Roger Guillemin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schally" title="Andrew Schally">Andrew Schally</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn Yalow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Arber" title="Werner Arber">Werner Arber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nathans" title="Daniel Nathans">Daniel Nathans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_O._Smith" title="Hamilton O. Smith">Hamilton O. Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Allan_MacLeod_Cormack" title="Allan MacLeod Cormack">Allan Cormack</a> / <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Hounsfield" title="Godfrey Hounsfield">Godfrey Hounsfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Baruj_Benacerraf" title="Baruj Benacerraf">Baruj Benacerraf</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Dausset" title="Jean Dausset">Jean Dausset</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Davis_Snell" title="George Davis Snell">George Snell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wolcott_Sperry" title="Roger Wolcott Sperry">Roger Sperry</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_H._Hubel" title="David H. Hubel">David H. Hubel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Wiesel" title="Torsten Wiesel">Torsten Wiesel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bengt_I._Samuelsson" title="Bengt I. Samuelsson">Bengt I. Samuelsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Kaj_Jerne" title="Niels Kaj Jerne">Niels Jerne</a> / <a href="/wiki/Georges_J._F._K%C3%B6hler" title="Georges J. F. Köhler">Georges Köhler</a> / <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brown" title="Michael Stuart Brown">Michael Brown</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldstein" title="Joseph L. Goldstein">Joseph L. Goldstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)" title="Stanley Cohen (biochemist)">Stanley Cohen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Susumu_Tonegawa" title="Susumu Tonegawa">Susumu Tonegawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/James_Black_(pharmacologist)" title="James Black (pharmacologist)">James W. Black</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude B. Elion</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_H._Hitchings" title="George H. Hitchings">George H. Hitchings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Bishop" title="J. Michael Bishop">J. Michael Bishop</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Varmus" title="Harold E. Varmus">Harold E. Varmus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Murray" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Murray">Joseph Murray</a> / <a href="/wiki/E._Donnall_Thomas" title="E. Donnall Thomas">E. Donnall Thomas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Neher" title="Erwin Neher">Erwin Neher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bert_Sakmann" title="Bert Sakmann">Bert Sakmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Edmond_H._Fischer" title="Edmond H. Fischer">Edmond Fischer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Krebs" title="Edwin G. Krebs">Edwin G. Krebs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Roberts" title="Richard J. Roberts">Richard J. Roberts</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phillip_Allen_Sharp" title="Phillip Allen Sharp">Phillip Sharp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilman" title="Alfred G. Gilman">Alfred G. Gilman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Rodbell" title="Martin Rodbell">Martin Rodbell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Lewis" title="Edward B. Lewis">Edward B. Lewis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_F._Wieschaus" title="Eric F. Wieschaus">Eric F. Wieschaus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Doherty" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter C. Doherty">Peter C. Doherty</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rolf_M._Zinkernagel" title="Rolf M. Zinkernagel">Rolf M. Zinkernagel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgott" title="Robert F. Furchgott">Robert F. Furchgott</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ignarro" title="Louis Ignarro">Louis Ignarro</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferid_Murad" title="Ferid Murad">Ferid Murad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Blobel" title="Günter Blobel">Günter Blobel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Arvid_Carlsson" title="Arvid Carlsson">Arvid Carlsson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Greengard" title="Paul Greengard">Paul Greengard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eric_Kandel" title="Eric Kandel">Eric Kandel</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Leland_H._Hartwell" title="Leland H. Hartwell">Leland H. Hartwell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tim_Hunt" title="Tim Hunt">Tim Hunt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> / <a href="/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitz" title="H. Robert Horvitz">H. Robert Horvitz</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Sulston" title="John Sulston">John E. Sulston</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lauterbur" title="Paul Lauterbur">Paul Lauterbur</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mansfield" title="Peter Mansfield">Peter Mansfield</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linda_B._Buck" title="Linda B. Buck">Linda B. Buck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Marshall" title="Barry Marshall">Barry Marshall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robin_Warren" title="Robin Warren">Robin Warren</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Fire" title="Andrew Fire">Andrew Fire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Craig_Mello" title="Craig Mello">Craig Mello</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Smithies" title="Oliver Smithies">Oliver Smithies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Harald_zur_Hausen" title="Harald zur Hausen">Harald zur Hausen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Luc_Montagnier" title="Luc Montagnier">Luc Montagnier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Barr%C3%A9-Sinoussi" title="Françoise Barré-Sinoussi">Françoise Barré-Sinoussi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackburn" title="Elizabeth Blackburn">Elizabeth Blackburn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_W._Greider" title="Carol W. Greider">Carol W. Greider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_W._Szostak" title="Jack W. Szostak">Jack W. Szostak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edwards_(physiologist)" title="Robert Edwards (physiologist)">Robert G. Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beutler" title="Bruce Beutler">Bruce Beutler</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jules_A._Hoffmann" title="Jules A. Hoffmann">Jules A. Hoffmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a> (<i>posthumously</i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shinya_Yamanaka" title="Shinya Yamanaka">Shinya Yamanaka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/James_Rothman" title="James Rothman">James Rothman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Randy_Schekman" title="Randy Schekman">Randy Schekman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._S%C3%BCdhof" title="Thomas C. Südhof">Thomas C. Südhof</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a> / <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/William_C._Campbell_(scientist)" title="William C. Campbell (scientist)">William C. Campbell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Satoshi_%C5%8Cmura" title="Satoshi Ōmura">Satoshi Ōmura</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Yoshinori_Ohsumi" title="Yoshinori Ohsumi">Yoshinori Ohsumi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_C._Hall" title="Jeffrey C. Hall">Jeffrey C. Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Rosbash" title="Michael Rosbash">Michael Rosbash</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Young" title="Michael W. Young">Michael W. Young</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/James_P._Allison" title="James P. Allison">James P. Allison</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tasuku_Honjo" title="Tasuku Honjo">Tasuku Honjo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Gregg_L._Semenza" title="Gregg L. Semenza">Gregg L. Semenza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Ratcliffe" title="Peter J. Ratcliffe">Peter J. Ratcliffe</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Kaelin_Jr." title="William Kaelin Jr.">William Kaelin Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2021 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2021</a>: <a href="/wiki/David_Julius" title="David Julius">David Julius</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ardem_Patapoutian" title="Ardem Patapoutian">Ardem Patapoutian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2022 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2022</a>: <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>: <a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> / <a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Ambros" title="Victor Ambros">Victor Ambros</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gary_Ruvkun" title="Gary Ruvkun">Gary Ruvkun</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1932_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1932 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1932_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1932 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1932_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1932 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1932_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1932 Nobel Prize in Literature">1932</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>None</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1927_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1927 Nobel Prize winners">1927</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1928_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1928 Nobel Prize winners">1928</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1929_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1929 Nobel Prize winners">1929</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1930_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1930 Nobel Prize winners">1930</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1931_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1931 Nobel Prize winners">1931</a></dd> <dd><b>1932 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1933_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1933 Nobel Prize winners">1933</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1934_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1934 Nobel Prize winners">1934</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1935_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1935 Nobel Prize winners">1935</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1936_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1936 Nobel Prize winners">1936</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1937_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1937 Nobel Prize winners">1937</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template talk:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Brouncker,_2nd_Viscount_Brouncker" title="William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker">Viscount Brouncker</a> (1662)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Williamson_(English_politician)" title="Joseph Williamson (English politician)">Joseph Williamson</a> (1677)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1680)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hoskyns,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet">John Hoskyns</a> (1682)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Wyche" title="Cyril Wyche">Cyril Wyche</a> (1683)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> (1684)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan,_3rd_Earl_of_Carbery" title="John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery">Earl of Carbery</a> (1686)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a> (1689)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Southwell_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Southwell (diplomat)">Robert Southwell</a> (1690)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Charles Montagu</a> (1695)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">Lord Somers</a> (1698)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1703)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a> (1727)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a> (1741)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield">Earl of Macclesfield</a> (1752)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> (1764)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_West_(antiquary)" title="James West (antiquary)">James West</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pringle_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pringle (physician)">John Pringle</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> (1778)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a> (1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (1830)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_2nd_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton">Marquess of Northampton</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">Earl of Rosse</a> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wrottesley,_2nd_Baron_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley">Lord Wrottesley</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Spottiswoode" title="William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1895)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Lord Adrian</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Lord Todd</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Sir Michael Atiyah</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Sir Aaron Klug</a> (1995)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Lord May</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Lord Rees</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Sir Paul Nurse</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213504#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213504#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213504#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJk8YcHK96fmtK3gYkK8G3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118613839">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50024198">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12435321r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12435321r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621472">Japan</a></span></li><li><span 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