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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Pengkalan Kempas Historical Complex</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="ms">Kompleks Sejarah Pengkalan Kempas</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A collection of small shelters holding various large rocks or structures" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex.jpg/220px-Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex.jpg/330px-Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex.jpg/440px-Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The complex in 2024</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Malaysia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pengkalan Kempas Historical Complex is located in Peninsular Malaysia"><img alt="Pengkalan Kempas Historical Complex is located in Peninsular Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/West_Malaysia_location_map.svg/250px-West_Malaysia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/West_Malaysia_location_map.svg/375px-West_Malaysia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/West_Malaysia_location_map.svg/500px-West_Malaysia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="457" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:69.372%;left:43.071%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Pengkalan Kempas Historical Complex"><img alt="Pengkalan Kempas Historical Complex" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Peninsular Malaysia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alternative name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Keramat Sungai Udang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Kempas" title="Pengkalan Kempas">Pengkalan Kempas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Dickson_District" title="Port Dickson District">Port Dickson District</a>, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&params=2_27_1_N_102_0_54_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">2°27′1″N</span> <span class="longitude">102°0′54″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">2.45028°N 102.01500°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">2.45028; 102.01500</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megaliths</a> and tomb</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Material</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">Granite</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1467 and earlier</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Excavation dates</th><td class="infobox-data">1919</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Archaeologists</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/I._H._N._Evans" title="I. H. N. Evans">I. H. N. Evans</a><br /><a href="/wiki/C._Boden_Kloss" title="C. Boden Kloss">C. Boden Kloss</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Restored</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ownership</th><td class="infobox-data">Public</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Management</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembaga_Muzium_Negeri_Sembilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembaga Muzium Negeri Sembilan (page does not exist)">Lembaga Muzium Negeri Sembilan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_Muzium_Negeri_Sembilan" class="extiw" title="ms:Lembaga Muzium Negeri Sembilan">ms</a>]</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Pengkalan Kempas Historical Complex</b> <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Kompleks Sejarah Pengkalan Kempas</i></span>, built on a location known as <i><b>Keramat Sungai Udang</b></i> (Prawn River Shrine), is an archeological site and museum located on the edge of the town of <a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Kempas" title="Pengkalan Kempas">Pengkalan Kempas</a>, within the <a href="/wiki/Port_Dickson_District" title="Port Dickson District">Port Dickson District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>. The site lies near the <a href="/wiki/Linggi_River" title="Linggi River">Linggi River</a>, not far from the western coast of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>. Within the complex there are a number of <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megaliths</a> of uncertain age, as well as an Islamic tomb from the 15th century. </p><p>The megaliths in Pengkalan Kempas are likely related to other megaliths in nearby areas of Peninsular Malaysia. The age of these megaliths is unknown, with some estimates being 1,000 years or older. One megalith in Pengkalan Kempas has an Islamic inscription, and is thus likely from <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam_in_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of Islam in Southeast Asia">the 15th century</a>, but others at the site may be older. The three most remarked upon megaliths have been likened in shape respectively to a rudder, a spoon, and a sword, and are situated closely together in a row. The "rudder" and "sword" stones have carvings, while the "spoon" stone is undecorated. Other stones of various sizes are located in different parts of the site. </p><p>Near the group of three megaliths is a large tomb. Inscriptions on a nearby stone identify the occupant as Ahmad Majnun. There are two inscriptions in two scripts, which contain different messages. The <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> inscription includes the date 1385 in the <a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a> calendar, approximately 1463. The <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> inscription includes the date 872 in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>, approximately 1467, and also notes that this was during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mansur Shah of Malacca">Mansur Shah</a>. While the Jawi script is easily translated, the interpretation of the Kawi script has proved more difficult. </p><p>Keramat Sungai Udang held cultural significance for nearby communities, having been a location where oaths were sworn. Archeological work at the site began in 1919, when the site was restored by <a href="/wiki/I._H._N._Evans" title="I. H. N. Evans">I. H. N. Evans</a>. Today, it is a registered natural heritage site of Malaysia, and is operated as a megalithic museum, containing the original tomb and stones as well as others brought from elsewhere. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Port_Dickson_District,_Negeri_Sembilan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of the Port Dickson district showing Pengkalan Kempas towards the east" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Port_Dickson_District%2C_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/220px-Map_of_Port_Dickson_District%2C_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Port_Dickson_District%2C_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/330px-Map_of_Port_Dickson_District%2C_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Map_of_Port_Dickson_District%2C_Negeri_Sembilan.svg/440px-Map_of_Port_Dickson_District%2C_Negeri_Sembilan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="635" /></a><figcaption>Pengkalan Kempas is in the southeast of the <a href="/wiki/Linggi" title="Linggi">Linggi</a> mukim of the <a href="/wiki/Port_Dickson_District" title="Port Dickson District">Port Dickson District</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Pengkalan Kempas Historical Complex (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Kompleks Sejarah Pengkalan Kempas</i></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-LMNSSeminar_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMNSSeminar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was built on a site known as <i>Keramat Sungai Udang</i> (Prawn River Shrine).<sup id="cite_ref-NASMohamedanTomb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASMohamedanTomb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chandran1973_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandran1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> It is located on the outskirts of the small town of <a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Kempas" title="Pengkalan Kempas">Pengkalan Kempas</a>, itself 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the nearby city of <a href="/wiki/Port_Dickson" title="Port Dickson">Port Dickson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex sits in a valley close to the <a href="/wiki/Linggi_River" title="Linggi River">Linggi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1921_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155">: 155 </span></sup> </p><p>The most notable structure in the site is the large tomb of Sheikh Ahmud Majnun. Close to this tomb are a variety of megaliths, including the three most prominent (the "rudder", "spoon", and "sword"), which are grouped together off to one side. The "shield" megalith lies at one end of the tomb, while an inscribed tombstone is located near the opposite end.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3–4">: 3–4 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Megaliths">Megaliths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Megaliths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cluster of stones dominated by three prominent vertical stones, of which the left and right have obvious carvings" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths.jpg/220px-Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths.jpg/330px-Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths.jpg/440px-Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1707" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>The "rudder" (left), "spoon" (middle), and "sword" (right) stones</figcaption></figure> <p>Negeri Sembilan is thought to have around 300 megalith sites, which may contain multiple megaliths. Their age is uncertain, with estimates ranging from 200 years ago to the 2nd century AD, and different stones may have been erected at different times. Locally, they are referred to as "living stones" (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">batu hidup</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Azizi2017_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azizi2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Taha1982_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taha1982-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UKM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original purpose of the megaliths in this part of Peninsula Malaysia is not known, and does not appear to have survived in local folklore. One local belief is that the megaliths mark old graves, but no evidence of this has been found in excavations.<sup id="cite_ref-Taha1982_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taha1982-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, their label of "living stones" indicates some cultural or spiritual relevance.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandran1973_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandran1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup> </p><p>In the Pengkalan Kempas site, there is a prominent grouping of <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a> megaliths including three large menhirs thought to resemble a <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a> (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">kemudi</i></span>), spoon (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">sudu/payung</i></span>), and <a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">kris</a> sword (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">pedang/keris</i></span>). These would make them traditional symbols of leadership. Carved into the "rudder" stone are plants, the sun, a peacock, and a horse. Carved into the "sword" stone is another sun, various decorative geometric elements, and the word "<a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi</a> script.<sup id="cite_ref-UKM_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may contain an engraving of a bearded man, reflecting common decorations on Javanese Kris, as well as a <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a>. Given the presence of the word Allah in raised stone, it is likely that the "sword" megalith, at least, is no older than the arrival of Islam, likely being carved in the fifteenth century. This does not date the other stones, and may be part of a longer tradition of adding new stones to the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–10">: 9–10 </span></sup> The presence of other features on the "sword" stone indicates that, assuming the word Allah was not added later through the unlikely scenario of an existing area of rock being carved down to form the raised words, that animist and Hindu artistic elements continued to be carved after the arrival of Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandran1973_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandran1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98–99">: 98–99 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_rudder_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_rudder_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/115px-The_rudder_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg" decoding="async" width="115" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_rudder_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/173px-The_rudder_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/The_rudder_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/230px-The_rudder_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="3168" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The "rudder" stone carvings</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:71px;max-width:71px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_sword_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_sword_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/69px-The_sword_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_sword_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/104px-The_sword_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_sword_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/138px-The_sword_megalith_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="3795" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The "sword" stone carvings</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The "spoon" stone, positioned between the other two, has no carvings.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandran1973_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandran1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97">: 97 </span></sup> The names of the three main menhirs come from local tradition, explained as being the sword, spoon, and rudder of the buried saint.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1921_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156">: 156 </span></sup> </p><p>A large stone located separately from the grouping of three but still near the tomb is said to be a shield due to its circular shape, and is referred to as the "Shield of the Saint".<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASMohamedanTomb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASMohamedanTomb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "shield" (<span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">perisai</i></span>) stone has shallow geometric carvings on one side.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1921_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 160">: 160 </span></sup> </p><p>This megaliths at Pengkalan Kempas are likely related to megaliths in nearby <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Pilah_District" title="Kuala Pilah District">Kuala Pilah District</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alor_Gajah_District" title="Alor Gajah District">Alor Gajah District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandran1973_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandran1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 93">: 93 </span></sup> The position of the central of the three main menhirs, the undecorated "spoon" stone, in relation to a small rock opposite it is similar to rock pairs found in those other areas. However, while such stone pairs elsewhere are usually orientated north-south, the two at Pengkalan Kempas are orientated northwest-southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandran1973_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandran1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96–97">: 96–97 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tomb">Tomb</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tomb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Syeikh_Ahmad_Majnun_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A rectangular stone tomb where the stones are held in place with cement" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tomb_of_Syeikh_Ahmad_Majnun_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Syeikh_Ahmad_Majnun_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tomb_of_Syeikh_Ahmad_Majnun_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Syeikh_Ahmad_Majnun_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Tomb_of_Syeikh_Ahmad_Majnun_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Syeikh_Ahmad_Majnun_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5712" data-file-height="4284" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of Sheikh Ahmad Majnun, viewed from the direction of the "shield" stone, with the inscribed tombstone at the far end</figcaption></figure> <p>A prominent part of the site is a tomb which is dedicated to a Sheikh Ahmad Majnun (or Ahmat Majanu), who per the inscriptions was an <a href="/wiki/Dawah" title="Dawah">Islamic missionary</a> who preached in the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a>. It is thought the tomb was created around 1467, making this one of the oldest Islamic graves in Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-UKM_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main tombstone has inscriptions formed by raised letters.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 15">: 15 </span></sup> An identical Jawi inscription has been carved on the east and west sides. These include the date 872 in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a>, a statement that the inscription was made during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Mansur_Shah_of_Malacca" title="Mansur Shah of Malacca">Mansur Shah</a>, and a standard Islamic call for God's blessing for the deceased.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1–2">: 1–2 </span></sup> </p><p>The north and south sides of the tombstone contain an inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi script</a>. They are separate parts of the same text, with the north side being followed by the south side. This inscription does not mention the tomb, but instead discusses the death of Ahmad Majnun.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> The translation of the Kawi inscription is uncertain, with some letters being unclear and some terms being ambiguous. Originally translated as implying treason, perhaps through the betrayal of some princes, it may instead refer to clever strategy used to rescue said princes.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 12–17">: 12–17 </span></sup> </p><p>The year given in the Kawi inscription (<a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a> 1385, falling within 1463 and 1464) is four years earlier than that in the Jawi inscription (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a> 872, falling within 1467 and 1468). If this is an error, it may be due to a mistaken letter, or reflect a mistake made during the shift from the Shaka era calendar to the Islamic calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6">: 6 </span></sup> However, according to <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gijsbertus_de_Casparis" title="Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis">Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis</a>, it is more likely that despite being on the same tombstone, the inscriptions were written at different times.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7">: 7 </span></sup> Other stones from what are today India and Indonesia are also known to have inscriptions from different periods, including the <a href="/wiki/Allahabad_Pillar" title="Allahabad Pillar">Allahabad Pillar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Padang_Roco_Inscription" title="Padang Roco Inscription">Padang Roco Inscription</a>/<a href="/wiki/Amoghapasa_inscription" title="Amoghapasa inscription">Amoghapasa inscription</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–11">: 10–11 </span></sup> </p><p>There is also a difference in the name of the deceased individual. The Kawi name can be transliterated to "Ahmat Majanu", while the Jawi name is "Ahmad Maj(e)nun". The Jawi inscription is also where the honourific "Sheikh" comes from, a title not used in the Kawi inscription.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 7–8">: 7–8 </span></sup> The origin of both names is unknown. "Majanu" likely derives from "janu", a poison made from a plant. This may have then been used as a now lost place name. "Majnun" may be a more arabic form of this original name, and may imply he was possessed or mad.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p><p>Until the 20th century, the tomb was a location where locals swore oaths. When doing so, an arm is placed through a hole in the tombstone, with the stone said to tighten around the arm if the person lies. This tradition likely developed over time, given the existence of a hole about the size of an arm, rather than being an intentional use by the carver.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The tombstone is made of a kind of sandstone not found in the local area. The hole may have been carved so the stone could be transported on a pole.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–3">: 2–3 </span></sup> If so, it was likely carved after the Kawi inscriptions were carved, hence its location directly below them.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:211px;max-width:211px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:250px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_north_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_north_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/209px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_north_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_north_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/314px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_north_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_north_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/418px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_north_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png 2x" data-file-width="1528" data-file-height="1830" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>North side</b> <ol><li>bismi 'llāhi 'l-rahmāni 'l-rahīmi</li> <li>dara buta buka ata-</li> <li>taḍa milikña aḥ-</li> <li>mat majanu barbawat</li> <li>daya/seda aḥmat</li> <li>pwan balat anak saḍang</li> <li>aḥmat majanu ma malaga</li> <li>pada alaḥ/</li></ol> <p><br /> </p> In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate! (?) (This tomb) belongs to Ahmat Majanu, (the hero) who carried out a stratagem. Ahmat fell (together with his) wife Balat (and his) son. While Ahmat Majanu was fighting (?) they all fell.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:250px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_south_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_south_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/175px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_south_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_south_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/263px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_south_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_south_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/350px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Kawi_script_south_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1828" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>South side</b> <ol><li>bismi 'llāhi 'l-raḥm̄āni ‘l-raḥīmi</li> <li>partama aḥmat maja-</li> <li>nu masuk kĕ jalan tat-</li> <li>kala raja-raja daṅan ba-</li> <li>tun barah talang katangkap</li> <li>lalagi phanā wassalam</li> <li>1385</li></ol> <p><br /> </p> In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate! Ahmat Majanu (was) the first (to) emerge on the road at the time when the princes, together with Tun (?) Barah Talang, were taken captives. Subsequently he vanished. Salute! (In the) Śaka year 1385.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a> inscriptions are intended to be read with the north side first, followed by the south side. These tentative transcriptions and translations were made by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gijsbertus_de_Casparis" title="Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis">Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 17–21">: 17–21 </span></sup></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:289px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_east_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_east_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/194px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_east_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png" decoding="async" width="194" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_east_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/291px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_east_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_east_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/388px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_east_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png 2x" data-file-width="1255" data-file-height="1876" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>East side</b></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:289px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_west_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_west_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/190px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_west_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_west_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/285px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_west_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_west_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png/380px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_Jawi_script_west_side_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.png 2x" data-file-width="1229" data-file-height="1872" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><b>West side</b></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Both sides: <ol><li>Bismi' llahi'r-Rahmani'r-Rahimi</li> <li>Hadza dar-u'l aman bog'at</li> <li>u'l-khairi maqam Shaikh Ahmad Majnun</li> <li>Mallaray bin ...</li> <li>... pada hijrah salla'</li> <li>Allahu' alaihi wa sallam, delapan</li> <li>ratus tujoh puloh.</li> <li>dua tahun pada zaman-nya Sultan</li> <li>Shah Mansur [?] nasarah ...</li> <li>u'llahu. Amin! Amin.</li></ol> <p><br /> </p> <ol><li>In the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate!</li> <li>This mansion of peace is a place</li> <li>of goodness, the grave of Shaikh Ahmad</li> <li>?</li> <li>? in the AH - may prayer</li> <li>and the peace of God be upon him,—eight</li> <li>hundred and seventy</li> <li>two years, in the time of Sultan</li> <li>Shah Mansur—may God aid him</li> <li>Amen! Amen!</li></ol> <p><br /> </p> The Jawi inscriptions on the east and west sides of the tombstone are the same. This transliteration and translation of the inscriptions was made by <a href="/wiki/C._Boden_Kloss" title="C. Boden Kloss">C. Boden Kloss</a> in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-Kloss1921_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kloss1921-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_history">Archaeological history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaeological history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Fallen menhirs surrounded by vegetation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg/220px-Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg/330px-Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg/440px-Pengkalan_Kempas_megaliths_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2733" data-file-height="1657" /></a><figcaption>The site in 1919, prior to restoration</figcaption></figure> <p>Keramat Sungai Udang was the site of the first dedicated research on Malaysian megaliths, with excavations carried out in 1919. This excavation found 3 large granite <a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhir</a> stones, along with a number of other granite and <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a> stones of various sizes, ceramics, <a href="/wiki/Celadon" title="Celadon">celadon</a>, glass, stone tools, and coins. Local tradition holds that the stones date back to the 2nd or 3rd century.<sup id="cite_ref-UKM_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research was carried out by <a href="/wiki/I._H._N._Evans" title="I. H. N. Evans">I. H. N. Evans</a>, who reported that the shrine was only discovered by locals "some two or three generations ago", based on discussions with older members of the community. Nonetheless, it had become an important local site, where prayers were made by both Chinese and Malays, and where celebrations were held when those prayers were answered. A palm-leaf structure had been erected over the tomb.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1921_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155–156">: 155–156 </span></sup> When Evans began his studies in 1919, much of the area was swampy and partly underwater.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1921_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 162">: 162 </span></sup> The excavations carried out showed no indication the ground underneath the stones had every been disturbed, indicating the megaliths did not mark graves as was sometimes suspected.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1921_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 172">: 172 </span></sup> </p><p>Although the records are unclear, and mostly focused on the three most prominent menhirs, in 1919 there were probably at least 15 other large carved stones scattered around the site, along with others which may have been undecorated.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandran1973_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandran1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> W. A. Wallace of the Federated Malay States Surveys created a map of the area as it was originally found in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1921_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155">: 155 </span></sup> At this time, the natural forest in the area had already been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">rubber plantations</a>, mostly run by ethnic Chinese and Malays.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1921_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155">: 155 </span></sup> Evans re-erected fallen stones during his study, and thus it is possible some may have shifted some from their original positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandran1973_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandran1973-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97–98">: 97–98 </span></sup> The "spoon" stone had reportedly been previously broken in half by a falling tree.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1921_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 156">: 156 </span></sup> A separate group of stones which lay away from the tomb, including one large menhir, was damaged by a Chinese rubber worker. This isolated menhir was reconstructed by Evans.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans1921_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans1921-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 161">: 161 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_positions_in_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing outlining each stone part of and near the tomb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_positions_in_1919.jpg/220px-Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_positions_in_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_positions_in_1919.jpg/330px-Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_positions_in_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_positions_in_1919.jpg/440px-Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_positions_in_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="984" /></a><figcaption>The positions of the stones on and around the tomb in 1919</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jawi inscriptions on the tombstone were translated in 1921 by <a href="/wiki/C._Boden_Kloss" title="C. Boden Kloss">C. Boden Kloss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1">: 1 </span></sup> In 1927, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pieter_Vincent_van_Stein_Callenfels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pieter Vincent van Stein Callenfels (page does not exist)">Pieter Vincent van Stein Callenfels</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Vincent_van_Stein_Callenfels" class="extiw" title="nl:Pieter Vincent van Stein Callenfels">nl</a>]</span> made the first transcription of the Kawi inscriptions, and translated their meaning as suggesting the buried individual was executed after attempting to assassinate Mansur Shah.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2">: 2 </span></sup> The apparent contradiction between the Jawi inscriptions which called for blessings for the deceased and the Kawi inscriptions which called the deceased a traitor led to further research. In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Richard_James_Wilkinson" title="Richard James Wilkinson">Richard James Wilkinson</a> proposed that Ahmad Majnun was killed unintentionally along with some tribesmen by a local noble, linking the event to a story about <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Ujong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sungai Ujong">Sungai Ujong</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sungai_Ujong" class="extiw" title="ms:Sungai Ujong">ms</a>]</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Annals" title="Malay Annals">Malay Annals</a>, thus reframing the supposed treason as the view of the local noble rather than the Sultan.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> In 1934, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Olaf_Winstedt" title="Richard Olaf Winstedt">Richard Olaf Winstedt</a> suggested that Ahmad Majnun was the leader of a <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> immigrant group.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 4">: 4 </span></sup> This is unlikely, as the Kawi inscription is similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Minye_Tujoh_inscription" title="Minye Tujoh inscription">Minye Tujoh inscription</a>, which has no links to Minangkabau. In 1949, <a href="/wiki/John_Gullick" title="John Gullick">John Gullick</a> noted that past interpretations did not fully explain why a monument would be erected to a traitor, suggesting that the rebels may have been allowed to erect a monument as a conciliatory gesture, but that this still would not explain why the inscriptions in the two scripts were different.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup> A posthumous publication by <a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_Damais" title="Louis-Charles Damais">Louis-Charles Damais</a> in 1968 affirmed the dates of both inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 6–7">: 6–7 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Stone tomb where the pillars on top have clearly subsided and leaned over time" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg/220px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg/330px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg/440px-Pengkalan_Kempas_tomb_in_1919_by_C._Boden_Kloss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2777" data-file-height="1673" /></a><figcaption>The tomb in 1919, prior to restoration</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gijsbertus_de_Casparis" title="Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis">Johannes Gijsbertus de Casparis</a> proposed that the two inscriptions were made by different people at different times, explaining the different dates and different names used. If true, this would suggest the tombstone was originally part of a larger structure that covered the sides later used for the Jawi inscriptions, possibly at a different location. The Jawi inscriptions may have been added at a later funeral, for which the tombstone was moved and repurposed as historical memory shifted the individual from being a warrior to being a respected saint. The hole in the stone, which lies below the Kawi inscriptions, may be a result of this move.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> It is not known why the current location was chosen for the tomb; it may be related to Ahmad Majnun, or may have been an existing holy site, as reflected by the presence of the megaliths.<sup id="cite_ref-Casparis1980_6-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casparis1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administration">Administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to 2005, the site was the responsibility of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Museums_and_Antiquities&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of Museums and Antiquities (page does not exist)">Department of Museums and Antiquities</a>. It was then taken over by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_of_National_Heritage_(Malaysia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department of National Heritage (Malaysia) (page does not exist)">Department of National Heritage</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jabatan_Warisan_Negara" class="extiw" title="ms:Jabatan Warisan Negara">ms</a>]</span>, who stopped maintaining the site in 2016 for budget reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-BHIfwan_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BHIfwan-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex is now one of five sites managed by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembaga_Muzium_Negeri_Sembilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembaga Muzium Negeri Sembilan (page does not exist)">Lembaga Muzium Negeri Sembilan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_Muzium_Negeri_Sembilan" class="extiw" title="ms:Lembaga Muzium Negeri Sembilan">ms</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was closed from 18 March to 16 June 2020 during the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_movement_control_order" title="Malaysian movement control order">movement control order</a> restrictions of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Malaysia" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site is registered under the National Heritage Act 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The complex also includes other donated megaliths, a gallery, and a <a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">surau</a>. There are proposals to further expand it into a larger megalith centre for Negeri Sembilan, or even to serve as a megalith museum for other states.<sup id="cite_ref-LMNSSeminar_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMNSSeminar-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is seen as a potential location to relocate other megaliths from Negeri Sembilan, collecting them in a single location and thus allowing for simple maintenance.<sup id="cite_ref-Azizi2017_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azizi2017-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_sword_megalith_in_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The carvings on the "sword" megalith in 1919"><img alt="The carvings on the "sword" megalith in 1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pengkalan_Kempas_sword_megalith_in_1919.jpg/76px-Pengkalan_Kempas_sword_megalith_in_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pengkalan_Kempas_sword_megalith_in_1919.jpg/113px-Pengkalan_Kempas_sword_megalith_in_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Pengkalan_Kempas_sword_megalith_in_1919.jpg/151px-Pengkalan_Kempas_sword_megalith_in_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The carvings on the "sword" megalith in 1919</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_rudder_megalith_in_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The carvings on the "rudder" megalith in 1919"><img alt="The carvings on the "rudder" megalith in 1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pengkalan_Kempas_rudder_megalith_in_1919.jpg/89px-Pengkalan_Kempas_rudder_megalith_in_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="89" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pengkalan_Kempas_rudder_megalith_in_1919.jpg/133px-Pengkalan_Kempas_rudder_megalith_in_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Pengkalan_Kempas_rudder_megalith_in_1919.jpg/178px-Pengkalan_Kempas_rudder_megalith_in_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="542" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The carvings on the "rudder" megalith in 1919</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_other_carved_stones_in_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Other carved stones in 1919"><img alt="Other carved stones in 1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pengkalan_Kempas_other_carved_stones_in_1919.jpg/120px-Pengkalan_Kempas_other_carved_stones_in_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pengkalan_Kempas_other_carved_stones_in_1919.jpg/180px-Pengkalan_Kempas_other_carved_stones_in_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pengkalan_Kempas_other_carved_stones_in_1919.jpg/240px-Pengkalan_Kempas_other_carved_stones_in_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Other carved stones in 1919</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_tomb_by_I._H._N._Evans.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The tomb after its 1919 restoration"><img alt="The tomb after its 1919 restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_tomb_by_I._H._N._Evans.png/87px-Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_tomb_by_I._H._N._Evans.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_tomb_by_I._H._N._Evans.png/131px-Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_tomb_by_I._H._N._Evans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_tomb_by_I._H._N._Evans.png/174px-Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_tomb_by_I._H._N._Evans.png 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The tomb after its 1919 restoration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_megaliths_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The "rudder", "spoon", and "sword" stones after their 1919 restoration"><img alt="The "rudder", "spoon", and "sword" stones after their 1919 restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_megaliths_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png/93px-Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_megaliths_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_megaliths_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png/140px-Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_megaliths_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_megaliths_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png/187px-Pengkalan_Kempas_restoration_of_megaliths_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png 2x" data-file-width="1923" data-file-height="2472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "rudder", "spoon", and "sword" stones after their 1919 restoration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_shield_megalith_in_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The "shield" stone in 1919 after restoration"><img alt="The "shield" stone in 1919 after restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pengkalan_Kempas_shield_megalith_in_1919.jpg/87px-Pengkalan_Kempas_shield_megalith_in_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pengkalan_Kempas_shield_megalith_in_1919.jpg/131px-Pengkalan_Kempas_shield_megalith_in_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Pengkalan_Kempas_shield_megalith_in_1919.jpg/174px-Pengkalan_Kempas_shield_megalith_in_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="563" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The "shield" stone in 1919 after restoration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Isolated_menhir_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isolated menhir separate from the main tomb area"><img alt="Isolated menhir separate from the main tomb area" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Isolated_menhir_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/90px-Isolated_menhir_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Isolated_menhir_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/135px-Isolated_menhir_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Isolated_menhir_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg/180px-Isolated_menhir_at_Pengkalan_Kempas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4284" data-file-height="5712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Isolated menhir separate from the main tomb area</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_isolated_menhir_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The isolated menhir in 1919 after restoration"><img alt="The isolated menhir in 1919 after restoration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pengkalan_Kempas_isolated_menhir_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png/87px-Pengkalan_Kempas_isolated_menhir_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pengkalan_Kempas_isolated_menhir_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png/130px-Pengkalan_Kempas_isolated_menhir_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Pengkalan_Kempas_isolated_menhir_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png/174px-Pengkalan_Kempas_isolated_menhir_in_1919_by_I._H._N._Evans.png 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="2216" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The isolated menhir in 1919 after restoration</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_diagrams_from_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagrams from 1919 of some of the stones, including details of the "sword" and "shield" stones"><img alt="Diagrams from 1919 of some of the stones, including details of the "sword" and "shield" stones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_diagrams_from_1919.jpg/87px-Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_diagrams_from_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_diagrams_from_1919.jpg/131px-Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_diagrams_from_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_diagrams_from_1919.jpg/174px-Pengkalan_Kempas_stone_diagrams_from_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1408" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Diagrams from 1919 of some of the stones, including details of the "sword" and "shield" stones</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_wide_in_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Topography of the valley around the shrine in 1919"><img alt="Topography of the valley around the shrine in 1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_wide_in_1919.jpg/107px-Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_wide_in_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_wide_in_1919.jpg/160px-Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_wide_in_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_wide_in_1919.jpg/214px-Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_wide_in_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1069" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Topography of the valley around the shrine in 1919</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_narrow_in_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Topography of the shrine in 1919"><img alt="Topography of the shrine in 1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_narrow_in_1919.jpg/84px-Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_narrow_in_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_narrow_in_1919.jpg/126px-Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_narrow_in_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_narrow_in_1919.jpg/167px-Pengkalan_Kempas_topography_narrow_in_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1369" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Topography of the shrine in 1919</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LMNSSeminar-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LMNSSeminar_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LMNSSeminar_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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A Note"</a>. <i>Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>55</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">78–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41492913">41492913</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Excavation+of+the+Megalithic+Alignment+at+Kampong+Ipoh%2C+Tampin%2C+Negeri+Sembilan.+A+Note&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41492913%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Adi+Haji+Taha&rft.au=Abdul+Jalil+Osman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41492913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APengkalan+Kempas+Historical+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UKM-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UKM_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKM_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKM_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UKM_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukm.my/megalitiknegerisembilan/kompleks-sejarah-pengkalan-kempas/">"Kompleks Sejarah Pengkalan Kempas"</a> (in Malay). The National University of Malaysia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kompleks+Sejarah+Pengkalan+Kempas&rft.pub=The+National+University+of+Malaysia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukm.my%2Fmegalitiknegerisembilan%2Fkompleks-sejarah-pengkalan-kempas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APengkalan+Kempas+Historical+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kloss1921-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kloss1921_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFC._Boden_Kloss1921" class="citation journal cs1">C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Tapak+arkeologi+terabai+kerana+JWN+tiada+bajet&rft.date=2016-08-19&rft.au=Ifwan+Tun+Tuah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bharian.com.my%2Fbhplus-old%2F2016%2F08%2F184571%2Ftapak-arkeologi-terabai-kerana-jwn-tiada-bajet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APengkalan+Kempas+Historical+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMohd_Amin_Jalil2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mohd Amin Jalil (8 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmetro.com.my/mutakhir/2020/06/587442/muzium-akan-dibuka-dalam-tempoh-terdekat">"Muzium akan dibuka dalam tempoh terdekat"</a>. <i>Harian Metro</i> (in Malay)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harian+Metro&rft.atitle=Muzium+akan+dibuka+dalam+tempoh+terdekat&rft.date=2020-06-08&rft.au=Mohd+Amin+Jalil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmetro.com.my%2Fmutakhir%2F2020%2F06%2F587442%2Fmuzium-akan-dibuka-dalam-tempoh-terdekat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APengkalan+Kempas+Historical+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorafidah_Assan2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norafidah Assan (16 June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sinarharian.com.my/article/88044/edisi/melaka-ns/lima-muzium-di-negeri-sembilan-dibuka-kepada-orang-ramai">"Lima muzium di Negeri Sembilan dibuka kepada orang ramai"</a>. <i>Sinar Harian</i> (in Malay)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sinar+Harian&rft.atitle=Lima+muzium+di+Negeri+Sembilan+dibuka+kepada+orang+ramai&rft.date=2020-06-16&rft.au=Norafidah+Assan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sinarharian.com.my%2Farticle%2F88044%2Fedisi%2Fmelaka-ns%2Flima-muzium-di-negeri-sembilan-dibuka-kepada-orang-ramai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APengkalan+Kempas+Historical+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMargaret_Ringgit2019" class="citation news cs1">Margaret Ringgit (28 September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205045346/https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/desiring-a-world-heritage-site-status/">"Desiring a World Heritage Site status"</a>. <i>New Sarawak Tribune</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsarawaktribune.com.my/desiring-a-world-heritage-site-status/">the original</a> on 5 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Sarawak+Tribune&rft.atitle=Desiring+a+World+Heritage+Site+status&rft.date=2019-09-28&rft.au=Margaret+Ringgit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsarawaktribune.com.my%2Fdesiring-a-world-heritage-site-status%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APengkalan+Kempas+Historical+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW._A._Wallace1921" class="citation journal cs1">W. A. Wallace (April 1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/129371">"Plans of the Negri Sembilan Grave and Megaliths with Notes (Plans 1-5)"</a>. <i>Journal of the Federated Malay States Museums</i>. <b>9</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Federated+Malay+States+Museums&rft.atitle=Plans+of+the+Negri+Sembilan+Grave+and+Megaliths+with+Notes+%28Plans+1-5%29&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=1921-04&rft.au=W.+A.+Wallace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F129371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APengkalan+Kempas+Historical+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_James_Wilkinson1931" class="citation journal cs1">Richard James Wilkinson (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sabrizain.org/malaya/library/jmbras/jmbrasvol09-1.pdf">"The Pengkalan Kempas "Saint"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">134–</span>135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Malaysian+Branch+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Pengkalan+Kempas+%22Saint%22&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=1931&rft.au=Richard+James+Wilkinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sabrizain.org%2Fmalaya%2Flibrary%2Fjmbras%2Fjmbrasvol09-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APengkalan+Kempas+Historical+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAmmar,_R.Izzaty,_N2023" class="citation web cs1">Ammar, R.; Izzaty, N (25 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roamthisway.com/post/heritage-series-the-mysterious-monuments-of-pengkalan-kempas">"Heritage Series - The Mysterious Monuments of Pengkalan Kempas"</a>. <i>Roam This Way</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Roam+This+Way&rft.atitle=Heritage+Series+-+The+Mysterious+Monuments+of+Pengkalan+Kempas&rft.date=2023-11-25&rft.au=Ammar%2C+R.&rft.au=Izzaty%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roamthisway.com%2Fpost%2Fheritage-series-the-mysterious-monuments-of-pengkalan-kempas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APengkalan+Kempas+Historical+Complex" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&oldid=1278092609">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pengkalan_Kempas_Historical_Complex&oldid=1278092609</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:15th-century_inscriptions" title="Category:15th-century inscriptions">15th-century inscriptions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1919_archaeological_discoveries" title="Category:1919 archaeological discoveries">1919 archaeological discoveries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_Malaysia" title="Category:Archaeology of Malaysia">Archaeology of Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Negeri_Sembilan" title="Category:History of Negeri Sembilan">History of Negeri Sembilan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inscriptions_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Inscriptions in Malaysia">Inscriptions in Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Islam in Malaysia">Islam in Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_inscriptions" title="Category:Islamic inscriptions">Islamic inscriptions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jawi_script" title="Category:Jawi script">Jawi script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kawi_script" title="Category:Kawi script">Kawi script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Malay_inscriptions" title="Category:Malay inscriptions">Malay inscriptions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Megalithic_monuments_in_Malaysia" title="Category:Megalithic monuments in Malaysia">Megalithic monuments in Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Steles" title="Category:Steles">Steles</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Malay-language_sources_(ms)" title="Category:CS1 Malay-language sources (ms)">CS1 Malay-language sources (ms)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2025" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2025">Use dmy dates from February 2025</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Malay_(macrolanguage)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text">Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 February 2025, at 12:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; 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