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Abdalodon - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Burrowing behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burrowing_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon 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</nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Extinct genus of cynodonts</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Abdalodon</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Wuchiapingian" title="Wuchiapingian">Wuchiapingian</a><br />~<span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">259–254 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:132.33846153846px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg/220px-Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg/330px-Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg/440px-Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="424" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">A reconstruction of Abdalodon </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Abdalodon" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Charassognathidae" title="Charassognathidae">Charassognathidae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Subfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Abdalodontinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdalodontinae">Abdalodontinae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Abdalodon</i></a><br /><small>Kammerer, 2016</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Type_species" title="Type species">Type species</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><i>A. diastematicus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Kammerer, 2016</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Abdalodon</b></i> is an extinct <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of late <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">cynodonts</a>, known by its only species <i>A. diastematicus.</i> <i>Abdalodon</i> together with the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Charassognathus" title="Charassognathus">Charassognathus</a></i>, form the clade <a href="/wiki/Charassognathidae" title="Charassognathidae">Charassognathidae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This clade represents the earliest known cynodonts, and is the first known radiation of Permian cynodonts.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Abdalodon diastematicus</i> is known from one crushed fossil skull from the <a href="/wiki/Karoo_Supergroup" title="Karoo Supergroup">Karoo Basin</a> of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-J_2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of all Permian <a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">Therapsids</a>, cynodonts are among the most rare (<a href="/wiki/Biarmosuchia" title="Biarmosuchia">Biarmosuchians</a> being the only therapsids being of comparable rarity).<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossil record of Permian cynodonts is characterized by a long <a href="/wiki/Ghost_lineage" title="Ghost lineage">ghost lineage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Abdalodon</i> has been important for discerning the early evolution of cynodonts. <i>Abdalodon</i>, and its <a href="/wiki/Sister_group" title="Sister group">sister taxa</a> <i>Charassognathus</i> are both small bodied animals, <i>Abdalodon</i> having a skull around six centimeters in length <sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i>Charassognathus</i> skull being slightly smaller.<sup id="cite_ref-BOTHA_2007_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOTHA_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suggests that early cynodont evolution occurred at small body size, which could explain the rarity of Permian cynodont fossils,<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because there is an inherent <a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">taphonomic</a> bias against the fossilization of small bodied animals.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus name <i>Abdalodon</i> means Abdala's Tooth. The genus was named for paleontologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fernando_Abdala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fernando Abdala (page does not exist)">Fernando Abdala</a> who has made significant contributions to understanding the evolution of the earliest cynodonts. The species epithet <i>diastematicus</i> refers to the characteristic tooth free gap between the canines and postcanines on both the upper and lower jaw.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology_and_paleoenvironment">Geology and paleoenvironment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology and paleoenvironment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Abdalodon</i> was discovered in rocks from the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Group" title="Beaufort Group">Beaufort group</a> of the Karoo Basin of South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-J_2008_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Permian, South Africa made up the southern edge of the supercontinent of <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a>. Today, the climate of the Karoo Basin is hot and dry, but during the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> it was cool and semi-arid. The Karoo Basin was situated between the ECCA<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> shallow sea to the north, and the enormous <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fold_Belt" title="Cape Fold Belt">Cape Fold Mountain belt</a> to the south. Flowing from the mountains into the shallow sea was a series of <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi size rivers</a>, carrying with them huge amounts of sediments. By the late Permian these sediments filled the shallow sea, leaving behind the <a href="/wiki/Ecca_Group" title="Ecca Group">ECCA group</a>. The resulting landscape was an extensive series of floodplains. These flood plains progressed farther northward during the late Permian and <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a>. The sediments deposited in these floodplains would become the Beaufort Group.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the Late Carboniferous, the climate had warmed dramatically, and grew wetter. The environment now supported a diverse array of flora and fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These floodplains were inhabited by the earliest reptiles and synapsids.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the Late Permian, they had become home to the earliest cynodonts, including <i>Abdalodon</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only known existing <i>Abdalodon</i> specimen (a single skull), was originally described as a juvenile specimen of <i><a href="/wiki/Procynosuchus" title="Procynosuchus">Procynosuchus delaharpeae</a></i> in 2008. Any variation between this skull and other existing <i>Procynosuchus delaharpeae</i> specimens was explained as <a href="/wiki/Ontogeny" title="Ontogeny">ontogenetic</a> variation. Classifying the skull as <i>P. delaharpeae</i> extended the stratigraphic range of <i>Procynosuchus</i> a few million years earlier into the Permian.<sup id="cite_ref-J_2008_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-J_2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this result was questioned on the premise that the intermediate strata between, containing known <i>Procynosuchus delaharpe</i> specimens, and the formation in which this skull had been discovered, were well sampled and have not yielded any <i>Procynosuchus delaharpeae</i> specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The skull was re-examined, and it was concluded that the organism whence it came from was fully grown. This meant features previously explained as ontogenetic variation, were in fact unique characters, and that the skull actually belonged to a new genus of early cynodonts which was subsequently named <i>Abdalodon</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skull">Skull</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Skull"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynodont_skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cynodont_skull.png/220px-Cynodont_skull.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cynodont_skull.png/330px-Cynodont_skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cynodont_skull.png/440px-Cynodont_skull.png 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Skull of <i>Abdalodon</i> In left lateral view. Photo courtesy of Christian Kammerer.</figcaption></figure> <p>The only existing specimen for <i>Abdalodon</i> is an incomplete, dorsoventrally crushed skull, In which the lower jaws are tightly occluded to the palate.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Abdalodon diastematicus</i> is characterized by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Diastema" title="Diastema">diastema</a> between the canines and postcanines of the dentary, and on the maxilla, an even longer diastema between the canines and postcanines. The maxilla has an indentation behind the canine root, and in the same area possess several large foramina. These suggest that <i>Abdalodon</i> may have had whiskers. The posterior end of the maxilla bends medially, insetting the postcanines from the labial border of the snout. The dentary of <i>Abdalodon diastematicus</i> has a well defined masseteric fossa (a <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">synapomorphy</a> of cynodonts). It sits high on the coronoid process, and is where the <a href="/wiki/Masseter_muscle" title="Masseter muscle">masseter muscle</a> would have attached to the dentary. The postdentary bones, which are of particular importance since they form the ear bones in mammals, are absent or severely damaged. The nasal bone is relatively flat, and is separated from the maxilla at the anterior end of the snout by the septomaxilla (a therapsid synapomorphy). The lacrimal bone is smaller and narrower than is typical for early cynodonts. Additionally the skull has a significantly broader interorbital region, a shorter temporal region, and a broader snout than either of its closest known relatives: <i>Charassognathus gracilis</i> and <i>Procynosuchus delaharpe.</i> This gives the skull stout appearance comparatively. The dorsal side of the orbital margin is formed entirely by the prefrontal and postorbital bones. The zygomatic arch is nearly entirely formed from the jugal bone, which also makes up part of the postorbital bar.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The anterior region palatal surface of the skull is obscured by the lower jaw, which tightly fixed to the palate. The transverse processes of the pterygoid sweep laterally and posteriorly. When first described the skull was considered to have a triangular interpterygoid vacuity, however upon later examination, the status of a pterygoid vacuity was left ambiguous. The dentary symphysis is covered with foramina, suggesting there may have been whiskers there. The dentary symphysis is tall and sharply angled forming a distinct chin.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dentition">Dentition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dentition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 8 upper postcanines on <i>Abdalodon diastematicus</i> are tricuspid, with a large minimally curved main cusp, and two smaller accessory cusps. The accessory cusps are nearly symmetrical and sit anterior and posterior to the main cusp. The roots of the postcanines are thecodont, meaning that the teeth sit in sockets in the middle of the jaw. Four upper incisors are present on both sides of the skull, with the most posterior incisor being separated from the canine by short diastema. There is a tip of a new incisor emerging at the base of incisor number 4, on the left side of the jaw. It has been suggested that this was a fifth incisor, however, due to its position immediately under incisor 4, it is most likely a replacement tooth. The incisors are conical smooth teeth with no serrations. The canines, like the incisors, are smooth and conical, and are proportionally to the size of the skull, larger than those seen in <i>Procynosuchus delaharpae</i> or <i>Charassognathus gracilis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cynodont_Skull.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cynodont_Skull.png/220px-Cynodont_Skull.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Cynodont_Skull.png/330px-Cynodont_Skull.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Cynodont_Skull.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Skull of <i>Abdalodon</i> in several different views. Photo courtesy of Christian Kammerer.</figcaption></figure> <p>The dentition of <i>Abdalodon</i> has played a critical role in distinguishing it from <i>Procynosuchus</i>. There are 3 incisors on the lower jaw of <i>Abdalodon</i>, and the lower incisor count is not known to vary ontogenically in any early cynodont, helping to distinguish the genus from Procynosuchus which has 4. The 8 postcanines of <i>Abdalodon</i> are also outside of the range of ontengenic variation for <i>Procynosuchus,</i> which typically has 9 to 11 postcanines. The long diastema between the canine and the postcanines, in both the upper and lower jaw, is unique to <i>Abdalodon.</i> The main cusp of <i>Abdalodon's</i> postcanines is straighter than those of other early cynodonts. <i>Abdalodon's</i> accessory cusps are proportionally larger when compared to the main cusp than in other early cynodonts. The dentition of <i>Abdalodon</i> helps distinguish it from <i>Procynosuchus,</i> the genus to which it was originally attributed. <i>Charassognathus</i> however bears a similar dental formula to <i>Abdalodon,</i> which has been the basis behind grouping them into the clade Charassognathidae.<sup id="cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charrasognathus however lacks the substantial maxillary and dentary diastema found on <i>Abdalodon</i>, as well as the masseteric fossa, which distinguishes the two.<sup id="cite_ref-BOTHA_2007_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BOTHA_2007-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_cynodont_relations.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Early_cynodont_relations.jpg/250px-Early_cynodont_relations.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Early_cynodont_relations.jpg/330px-Early_cynodont_relations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Early_cynodont_relations.jpg/500px-Early_cynodont_relations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1371" /></a><figcaption>Early cynodont relations</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Abdalodon</i> belongs to clade Charassognathidae, a subclade nested within <a href="/wiki/Cynodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodonta">Cynodonta</a>. Cynodonta are most notable for having given rise to the clade <a href="/wiki/Mammalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammalia">Mammalia</a>. Cynodonta belongs to clade <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a>, which in turn is a clade within <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a>. Synapsida represents one of two major branches of the crown group <a href="/wiki/Amniota" class="mw-redirect" title="Amniota">Amniota</a>, (the other being <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a>, a clade which includes <a href="/wiki/Lepidosauria" title="Lepidosauria">Lepidosauria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosauria">Dinosauria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aves" class="mw-redirect" title="Aves">Aves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a>). Cynodonta embody the transition from mammal like reptiles into modern mammals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posture">Posture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Posture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since there is no postcranial skeleton for <i>Abdalodon</i>, the exact posture is unknown. However, assumptions about <i>Abdalodon’s</i> posture were made, based on data collected from other cynodonts. For most cynodonts the articular surface of the femoral head is oriented 55° from the axis of the femoral shaft, compared with 80° in <a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">pelycosaurs</a> and 25° in typical mammals. Additionally, the distal femoral condyles of cynodonts incline 45° from the long axis, but on the pelycosaur femur they run approximately parallel to the long axis. In mammals, the distal femoral condyles are perpendicular to the long axis. Cynodonts also possess a deeper acetabulum than pelycosaurs, and have an expanded ilium, and reduced ischium which is similar to the pelvic structure of modern mammals.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When taken into account this evidence, it has been suggested that cynodonts like <i>Abdalodon</i> had a semi-sprawling posture, somewhere between the upright posture of modern mammals, and the sprawling posture of pelycosaurs. It has also been suggested that therapsids including early cynodonts, could have a hind limb posture which could alternate between sprawling and upright posture, in a condition similar to modern <i>crocodilians</i>. This hypothesis is based on the shape of the femoral head, in addition to an ankle joint that seems suited for articulation in both upright and sprawled posture.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burrowing_behavior">Burrowing behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Burrowing behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though there is no direct evidence that <i>Abdalodon</i> burrowed, it is plausible that it did. There is clear evidence that the closely related <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> cynodonts <i><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Trirachodon" title="Trirachodon">Trirachodon</a></i>, also from the Karoo Basin of South Africa, were burrowers. This suggests a long history of burrowing behavior in cynodonts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diet">Diet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Abdalodon's</i> teeth do not appear well suited for chewing or grinding large quantities of plant matter. Therefore, <i>Abdalodon,</i> like most early cynodonts, was most likely an insectivore or carnivore which preyed upon most anything smaller than itself. It was not until the early to middle Triassic that cynodonts began to diversify their diets; some becoming omnivorous or herbivorous, while others remained carnivorous.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synapsids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of synapsids">List of synapsids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelycosaur" title="Pelycosaur">Pelycosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapsid" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapsid">Therapsids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynodont">Cynodonts</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abdalodon&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kammerer_2016-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kammerer_2016_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a 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(2003-08-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691433">"Earliest evidence of cynodont burrowing"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>270</b> (1525): <span class="nowrap">1747–</span>1751. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2427">10.1098/rspb.2003.2427</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1691433">1691433</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12965004">12965004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Earliest+evidence+of+cynodont+burrowing&rft.volume=270&rft.issue=1525&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1747-%3C%2Fspan%3E1751&rft.date=2003-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691433%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12965004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2003.2427&rft.aulast=Damiani&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Modesto%2C+S.&rft.au=Yates%2C+A.&rft.au=Neveling%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1691433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdalodon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRutaBotha-BrinkMitchellBenton2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ruta, Marcello; Botha-Brink, Jennifer; Mitchell, Stephen A.; Benton, Michael J. (2013-10-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768321">"The radiation of cynodonts and the ground plan of mammalian morphological diversity"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>280</b> (1769): 20131865. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2013.1865">10.1098/rspb.2013.1865</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0962-8452">0962-8452</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3768321">3768321</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23986112">23986112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+radiation+of+cynodonts+and+the+ground+plan+of+mammalian+morphological+diversity&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=1769&rft.pages=20131865&rft.date=2013-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3768321%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0962-8452&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23986112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2013.1865&rft.aulast=Ruta&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft.au=Botha-Brink%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Stephen+A.&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3768321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAbdalodon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cynodontia425" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cynodontia" title="Template:Cynodontia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cynodontia" title="Template talk:Cynodontia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cynodontia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cynodontia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cynodontia425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Clade:_Synapsida_*_Clade:_Therapsida_*_Clade:_Eutheriodontia425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size: 85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Therapsida" title="Therapsida">Therapsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Eutheriodontia" title="Eutheriodontia">Eutheriodontia</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Synapsida13" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synapsida" title="Synapsida">Synapsida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Synapsida" title="Template:Synapsida">Synapsida</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cynodontia425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cynodontia101" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Cynodontia" title="Cynodontia">Cynodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dvinia" title="Dvinia">Dvinia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanocynodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanocynodon (page does not exist)">Nanocynodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Madysaurus" title="Madysaurus">Madysaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uralocynodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uralocynodon (page does not exist)">Uralocynodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Charassognathidae" title="Charassognathidae">Charassognathidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Abdalodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charassognathus" title="Charassognathus">Charassognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nshimbodon" title="Nshimbodon">Nshimbodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Procynosuchidae" title="Procynosuchidae">Procynosuchidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Procynosuchus" title="Procynosuchus">Procynosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sludica" title="Sludica">Sludica</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Epicynodontia" title="Epicynodontia">Epicynodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bolotridon" title="Bolotridon">Bolotridon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cynosaurus" title="Cynosaurus">Cynosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanictosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanictosaurus (page does not exist)">Nanictosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nythosaurus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nythosaurus (page does not exist)">Nythosaurus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Platycraniellus" title="Platycraniellus">Platycraniellus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Thrinaxodon" title="Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Vetusodon" title="Vetusodon">Vetusodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Galesauridae" title="Galesauridae">Galesauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Galesaurus" title="Galesaurus">Galesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Progalesaurus" title="Progalesaurus">Progalesaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eucynodontia" title="Eucynodontia">Eucynodontia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kataigidodon" title="Kataigidodon">Kataigidodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Cynognathia" title="Cynognathia">Cynognathia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Cynognathia" title="Template:Cynognathia">Cynognathia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">Probainognathia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Abdalodon diastematicus"><img alt="Abdalodon diastematicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg/140px-Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg/210px-Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg/280px-Abdalodon_diastematicus_life_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="424" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Galesaurus planiceps"><img alt="Galesaurus planiceps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg/140px-Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg/210px-Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg/280px-Galesaurus_planiceps_life_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="972" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Probainognathia425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">Probainognathia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Probainognathia106" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Probainognathia" title="Probainognathia">Probainognathia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Agudotherium" title="Agudotherium">Agudotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Candelariodon" title="Candelariodon">Candelariodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Charruodon" title="Charruodon">Charruodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lumkuia" title="Lumkuia">Lumkuia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Protheriodon" title="Protheriodon">Protheriodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tessellatia" title="Tessellatia">Tessellatia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Chiniquodontidae" title="Chiniquodontidae">Chiniquodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aleodon" title="Aleodon">Aleodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chiniquodon" title="Chiniquodon">Chiniquodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cromptodon" title="Cromptodon">Cromptodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riojanodon" title="Riojanodon">Riojanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Probainognathidae" title="Probainognathidae">Probainognathidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bonacynodon" title="Bonacynodon">Bonacynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Probainognathus" title="Probainognathus">Probainognathus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Ecteniniidae" title="Ecteniniidae">Ecteniniidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Diegocanis" title="Diegocanis">Diegocanis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ecteninion" title="Ecteninion">Ecteninion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trucidocynodon" title="Trucidocynodon">Trucidocynodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Prozostrodontia" title="Prozostrodontia">Prozostrodontia</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Alemoatherium" title="Alemoatherium">Alemoatherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Deccanodon" title="Deccanodon">Deccanodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dromatherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dromatherium (page does not exist)">Dromatherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Inditherium" title="Inditherium">Inditherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microconodon (page does not exist)">Microconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Polonodon" title="Polonodon">Polonodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudotriconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudotriconodon (page does not exist)">Pseudotriconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rewaconodon" title="Rewaconodon">Rewaconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Santacruzgnathus" title="Santacruzgnathus">Santacruzgnathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Therioherpeton" title="Therioherpeton">Therioherpeton</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tricuspes" title="Tricuspes">Tricuspes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Prozostrodontidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Prozostrodontidae">Prozostrodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Prozostrodon" title="Prozostrodon">Prozostrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotherium" title="Pseudotherium">Pseudotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Tritheledontidae" title="Tritheledontidae">Tritheledontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaliminia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaliminia (page does not exist)">Chaliminia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diarthrognathus" title="Diarthrognathus">Diarthrognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elliotherium" title="Elliotherium">Elliotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irajatherium" title="Irajatherium">Irajatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pachygenelus" title="Pachygenelus">Pachygenelus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riograndia" title="Riograndia">Riograndia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tritheledon" title="Tritheledon">Tritheledon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammaliamorpha" title="Mammaliamorpha">Mammaliamorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Adelobasileus" title="Adelobasileus">Adelobasileus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Botucaraitherium" title="Botucaraitherium">Botucaraitherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Brasilodon" title="Brasilodon">Brasilodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sinoconodon" title="Sinoconodon">Sinoconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Tikiodon" title="Tikiodon">Tikiodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Tritylodontidae" title="Tritylodontidae">Tritylodontidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bienotherium" title="Bienotherium">Bienotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bienotheroides" title="Bienotheroides">Bienotheroides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bocatherium" title="Bocatherium">Bocatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dianzhongia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dianzhongia">Dianzhongia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dinnebitodon" title="Dinnebitodon">Dinnebitodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fossiomanus" title="Fossiomanus">Fossiomanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayentatherium" title="Kayentatherium">Kayentatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lufengia" title="Lufengia">Lufengia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Montirictus" title="Montirictus">Montirictus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuurtherium" title="Nuurtherium">Nuurtherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oligokyphus" title="Oligokyphus">Oligokyphus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Polistodon" title="Polistodon">Polistodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shartegodon" title="Shartegodon">Shartegodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereognathus" title="Stereognathus">Stereognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tritylodon" title="Tritylodon">Tritylodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenocretosuchus" title="Xenocretosuchus">Xenocretosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuanotherium" title="Yuanotherium">Yuanotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunnanodon" title="Yunnanodon">Yunnanodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Probelesodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chiniquodon theotonicus"><img alt="Chiniquodon theotonicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Probelesodon.jpg/140px-Probelesodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Probelesodon.jpg/210px-Probelesodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Probelesodon.jpg/280px-Probelesodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2295" data-file-height="866" /></a></span> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Riograndia_NT.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Riograndia guaibensis"><img alt="Riograndia guaibensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Riograndia_NT.jpg/140px-Riograndia_NT.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Riograndia_NT.jpg/210px-Riograndia_NT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Riograndia_NT.jpg/280px-Riograndia_NT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="319" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oligokyphus_BW.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oligokyphus triserialis"><img alt="Oligokyphus triserialis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oligokyphus_BW.jpg/250px-Oligokyphus_BW.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Oligokyphus_BW.jpg/330px-Oligokyphus_BW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="204" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Mammaliaformes425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mammaliaformes105" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position: absolute; transform: translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Mammaliaformes" title="Mammaliaformes">Mammaliaformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bocaconodon" title="Bocaconodon">Bocaconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brachyzostrodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brachyzostrodon (page does not exist)">Brachyzostrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Bridetherium" title="Bridetherium">Bridetherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cherwellia" title="Cherwellia">Cherwellia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Cifellilestes" title="Cifellilestes">Cifellilestes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Delsatia" title="Delsatia">Delsatia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dianoconodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dianoconodon (page does not exist)">Dianoconodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dinnetherium" title="Dinnetherium">Dinnetherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Dyskritodon" title="Dyskritodon">Dyskritodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Eozostrodon" title="Eozostrodon">Eozostrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Erythrotherium" title="Erythrotherium">Erythrotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gondwanadon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gondwanadon (page does not exist)">Gondwanadon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hadrocodium" title="Hadrocodium">Hadrocodium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Hallautherium" title="Hallautherium">Hallautherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helvetiodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helvetiodon (page does not exist)">Helvetiodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Indotherium" title="Indotherium">Indotherium</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Indozostrodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Indozostrodon (page does not exist)">Indozostrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Megazostrodon" title="Megazostrodon">Megazostrodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Morganucodon" title="Morganucodon">Morganucodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Paceyodon" title="Paceyodon">Paceyodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paikasigudodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paikasigudodon (page does not exist)">Paikasigudodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Purbeckodon" title="Purbeckodon">Purbeckodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Rosierodon" title="Rosierodon">Rosierodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Sinoconodon" title="Sinoconodon">Sinoconodon</a></i>?</li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Storchodon" title="Storchodon">Storchodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Stylidens" title="Stylidens">Stylidens</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Wareolestes" title="Wareolestes">Wareolestes</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Woutersia" title="Woutersia">Woutersia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Kuehneotheriidae" title="Kuehneotheriidae">Kuehneotheriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fluctuodon" title="Fluctuodon">Fluctuodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kotatherium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kotatherium (page does not exist)">Kotatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuehneon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuehneon (page does not exist)">Kuehneon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuehneotherium" title="Kuehneotherium">Kuehneotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Shuotheriidae" title="Shuotheriidae">Shuotheriidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Feredocodon" title="Feredocodon">Feredocodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itatodon" title="Itatodon">Itatodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paritatodon" title="Paritatodon">Paritatodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudotribos" title="Pseudotribos">Pseudotribos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuotherium" title="Shuotherium">Shuotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Docodonta" title="Docodonta">Docodonta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agilodocodon" title="Agilodocodon">Agilodocodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Borealestes" title="Borealestes">Borealestes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Castorocauda" title="Castorocauda">Castorocauda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cyrtlatherium" title="Cyrtlatherium">Cyrtlatherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dobunnodon" title="Dobunnodon">Dobunnodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Docodon" title="Docodon">Docodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Docofossor" title="Docofossor">Docofossor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dsungarodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dsungarodon (page does not exist)">Dsungarodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ergetiis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ergetiis (page does not exist)">Ergetiis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gondtherium" title="Gondtherium">Gondtherium</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haldanodon" title="Haldanodon">Haldanodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hutegotherium" title="Hutegotherium">Hutegotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Itatodon" title="Itatodon">Itatodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khorotherium" title="Khorotherium">Khorotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Krusatodon" title="Krusatodon">Krusatodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Microdocodon" title="Microdocodon">Microdocodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paritatodon" title="Paritatodon">Paritatodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peraiocynodon" title="Peraiocynodon">Peraiocynodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sibirotherium" title="Sibirotherium">Sibirotherium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Simpsonodon" title="Simpsonodon">Simpsonodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tashkumyrodon" title="Tashkumyrodon">Tashkumyrodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tegotherium" title="Tegotherium">Tegotherium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><a href="/wiki/Haramiyida" title="Haramiyida">Haramiyida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Avashishta" title="Avashishta">Avashishta</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hypsiprymnopsis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hypsiprymnopsis (page does not exist)">Hypsiprymnopsis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haramiyavia" title="Haramiyavia">Haramiyavia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalaallitkigun" title="Kalaallitkigun">Kalaallitkigun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kollikodon" title="Kollikodon">Kollikodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mojo_usuratus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mojo usuratus (page does not exist)">Mojo</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theroteinus" title="Theroteinus">Theroteinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomasia_(animal)" title="Thomasia (animal)">Thomasia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Euharamiyida" title="Euharamiyida">Euharamiyida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allostaffia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allostaffia (page does not exist)">Allostaffia</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arboroharamiya" title="Arboroharamiya">Arboroharamiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baidabatyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baidabatyr (page does not exist)">Baidabatyr</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butlerodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butlerodon (page does not exist)">Butlerodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cryoharamiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cryoharamiya (page does not exist)">Cryoharamiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kermackodon" title="Kermackodon">Kermackodon</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiopatagium" title="Maiopatagium">Maiopatagium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megaconus" title="Megaconus">Megaconus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qishou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qishou (page does not exist)">Qishou</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sharypovoia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sharypovoia (page does not exist)">Sharypovoia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshou" title="Shenshou">Shenshou</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sineleutherus" title="Sineleutherus">Sineleutherus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vilevolodon" title="Vilevolodon">Vilevolodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Woodeatonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Woodeatonia (page does not exist)">Woodeatonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xianshou" title="Xianshou">Xianshou</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gondwanatheria" title="Gondwanatheria">Gondwanatheria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hahnodontidae" title="Hahnodontidae">Hahnodontidae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cifelliodon" title="Cifelliodon">Cifelliodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Denisodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Denisodon (page does not exist)">Denisodon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hahnodon" title="Hahnodon">Hahnodon</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crown-<a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Mammalia" title="Template:Mammalia">Mammalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morganucodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morganucodon watsoni"><img alt="Morganucodon watsoni" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/140px-Morganucodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/210px-Morganucodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Morganucodon.jpg/280px-Morganucodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="978" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Docofossor brachydactylus"><img alt="Docofossor brachydactylus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg/140px-Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg/210px-Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg/280px-Docofossor_NT_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also425" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">Incertae sedis</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistecynodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cistecynodon (page does not exist)">Cistecynodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eoraetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eoraetia (page does not exist)">Eoraetia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaumia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaumia (page does not exist)">Gaumia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/%22Hahnia%22_obliqua" title=""Hahnia" obliqua">"Hahnia"</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Kunminia" title="Kunminia">Kunminia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Lepagia" title="Lepagia">Lepagia</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meurthodon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meurthodon (page does not exist)">Meurthodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Mitredon" title="Mitredon">Mitredon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/wiki/Panchetocynodon" title="Panchetocynodon">Panchetocynodon</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redondagnathus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redondagnathus (page does not exist)">Redondagnathus</a></i></li> <li><abbr title="Extinct" aria-label="Extinct" style="border: none; text-decoration: none; cursor: inherit; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal;">†</abbr><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saurodesmus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saurodesmus (page does not exist)">Saurodesmus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">Paraphyletic</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Polyphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyphyletic">Polyphyletic</a> groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dromatheriidae" title="Dromatheriidae">Dromatheriidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morganucodonta" title="Morganucodonta">Morganucodonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetrodonta" title="Symmetrodonta">Symmetrodonta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triconodonta" class="mw-redirect" title="Triconodonta">Triconodonta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cynodonts" title="Category:Cynodonts">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers1886" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers1886" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Abdalodon</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55221216" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q55221216">Q55221216</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/8718052">8718052</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11913116">11913116</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=375340">375340</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Thrinaxodon</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310940" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q310940">Q310940</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Thrinaxodon" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Thrinaxodon">Thrinaxodon</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/4529388">4529388</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4817702">4817702</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1063290">1063290</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4947268">4947268</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=39179">39179</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐f89f8ff74‐vjp4f Cached time: 20250326153423 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.813 seconds Real time usage: 1.270 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 17075/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 335653/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 22176/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 54900/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.536/10.000 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