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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Anjajavyforestrazorback.jpg/360px-Anjajavyforestrazorback.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Anjajavyforestrazorback.jpg/480px-Anjajavyforestrazorback.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>River in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> relatively free of sediment load</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>hydrological transport model</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical model</a> used to simulate the flow of rivers, <a href="/wiki/Stream_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream flow">streams</a>, groundwater movement or <a href="/wiki/Saffman%E2%80%93Taylor_instability" title="Saffman–Taylor instability">drainage front displacement</a>, and calculate <a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">water quality</a> parameters. These models generally came into use in the 1960s and 1970s when demand for numerical forecasting of water quality and drainage was driven by <a href="/wiki/Environmental_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental legislation">environmental legislation</a>, and at a similar time widespread access to significant computer power became available. Much of the original model development took place in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, but today these models are refined and used worldwide. </p><p>There are dozens of different transport models that can be generally grouped by <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">pollutants</a> addressed, complexity of pollutant sources, whether the model is steady state or dynamic, and time period modeled. Another important designation is whether the model is distributed (i.e. capable of predicting multiple points within a river) or lumped. In a basic model, for example, only one pollutant might be addressed from a simple point discharge into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Receiving_water&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Receiving water (page does not exist)">receiving waters</a>. In the most complex of models, various <a href="/wiki/Line_source" title="Line source">line source</a> inputs from <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> might be added to multiple <a href="/wiki/Point_source_(pollution)" class="mw-redirect" title="Point source (pollution)">point sources</a>, treating a variety of <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemicals</a> plus <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> in a dynamic environment including vertical river stratification and interactions of pollutants with in-stream <a href="/wiki/Biota_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Biota (ecology)">biota</a>. In addition <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">watershed</a> <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> may also be included. The model is termed "physically based" if its parameters can be measured in the field. </p><p>Often models have separate modules to address individual steps in the simulation process. The most common module is a <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutine</a> for calculation of surface runoff, allowing variation in <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> type, <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> type, <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetative cover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> and land management practice (such as the application rate of a <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>). The concept of hydrological modeling can be extended to other environments such as the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">oceans</a>, but most commonly (and in this article) the subject of a river watershed is generally implied. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrological_transport_model&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1850, T. J. Mulvany was probably the first investigator to use mathematical modeling in a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stream_hydrology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stream hydrology (page does not exist)">stream hydrology</a> context, although there was no chemistry involved.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1892 M.E. Imbeau had conceived an <a href="/wiki/Event_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Event model">event model</a> to relate runoff to peak rainfall, again still with no chemistry.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Horton" title="Robert E. Horton">Robert E. Horton</a>’s seminal work<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> along with his coupling of quantitative treatment of erosion<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> laid the groundwork for modern chemical transport hydrology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrological_transport_model&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physically_based_models">Physically based models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrological_transport_model&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Physically based models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physically based models (sometimes known as deterministic, comprehensive or process-based models) try to represent the physical processes observed in the real world. Typically, such models contain representations of surface runoff, subsurface flow, evapotranspiration, and channel flow, but they can be far more complicated. "Large scale simulation experiments were begun by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a> in 1953 for reservoir management on the main stem of the Missouri River". This,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other early work that dealt with the River Nile<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Columbia River<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are discussed, in a wider context, in a book published by the Harvard Water Resources Seminar, that contains the sentence just quoted.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another early model that integrated many submodels for basin chemical hydrology was the Stanford Watershed Model (SWM).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The SWMM (<a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management Model">Storm Water Management Model</a>), the HSPF (Hydrological Simulation Program – FORTRAN) and other modern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> derivatives are successors to this early work. </p><p>In Europe a favoured comprehensive model is the Système Hydrologique Européen (SHE),<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has been succeeded by <a href="/wiki/MIKE_SHE" title="MIKE SHE">MIKE SHE</a> and <a href="/wiki/SHETRAN" title="SHETRAN">SHETRAN</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIKE_SHE" title="MIKE SHE">MIKE SHE</a> is a watershed-scale physically based, spatially distributed model for water flow and <a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transport</a>. Flow and transport processes are represented by either finite difference representations of partial <a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">differential equations</a> or by derived empirical equations. The following principal submodels are involved: </p> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">Evapotranspiration</a>: <a href="/wiki/Penman-Monteith" class="mw-redirect" title="Penman-Monteith">Penman-Monteith</a> formalism</li> <li>Erosion: Detachment equations for raindrop and overland flow</li> <li>Overland and <a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a> Flow: Saint-Venant equations of continuity and <a href="/wiki/Momentum" title="Momentum">momentum</a></li> <li>Overland Flow <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sediment</a> Transport: 2D total sediment load conservation equation</li> <li>Unsaturated Flow: <a href="/wiki/Richards_equation" title="Richards equation">Richards equation</a></li> <li>Saturated Flow: <a href="/wiki/Darcy%27s_law" title="Darcy's law">Darcy's law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_mass" title="Conservation of mass">mass conservation</a> of 2D laminar flow</li> <li>Channel Sediment Transport 1D mass conservation equation.</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>This model can analyze effects of <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate changes</a> upon in-stream water quality, with consideration of <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> interactions. </p><p>Worldwide a number of basin models have been developed, among them RORB (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>), Xinanjiang (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>), Tank model (<a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>), ARNO (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>), TOPMODEL (<a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>), UBC (<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>) and <a href="/wiki/HBV_hydrology_model" title="HBV hydrology model">HBV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>), MOHID Land (<a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>). However, not all of these models have a chemistry component. Generally speaking, SWM, SHE and TOPMODEL have the most comprehensive stream chemistry treatment and have evolved to accommodate the latest data sources including <a href="/wiki/Remote_sensing" title="Remote sensing">remote sensing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">geographic information system</a> data. </p><p>In the United States, the Corps of Engineers, Engineer Research and Development Center in conjunction with a researchers at a number of universities have developed the Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis <a href="/wiki/GSSHA" title="GSSHA">GSSHA</a> model.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GSSHA" title="GSSHA">GSSHA</a> is widely used in the U.S. for research and analysis by U.S. Army Corps of Engineers districts and larger consulting companies to compute flow, water levels, distributed erosion, and sediment delivery in complex <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> designs. A distributed nutrient and contaminant fate and transport component is undergoing testing. <a href="/wiki/GSSHA" title="GSSHA">GSSHA</a> input/output processing and interface with <a href="/wiki/GIS" class="mw-redirect" title="GIS">GIS</a> is facilitated by the Watershed Modeling System (WMS).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another model used in the United States and worldwide is <a href="/wiki/Vflo" title="Vflo">V<i>flo</i></a>, a physics-based distributed hydrologic model developed by Vieux & Associates, Inc.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> V<i>flo</i> employs radar rainfall and GIS data to compute spatially distributed overland flow and channel flow. Evapotranspiration, inundation, infiltration, and snowmelt modeling capabilities are included. Applications include civil infrastructure operations and maintenance, stormwater prediction and emergency management, soil moisture monitoring, land use planning, water quality monitoring, and others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stochastic_models">Stochastic models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrological_transport_model&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stochastic models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These models based on data are <a href="/wiki/Black_box_(systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black box (systems)">black box</a> systems, using mathematical and statistical concepts to link a certain input (for instance <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>) to the model output (for instance <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>). Commonly used techniques are <a href="/wiki/Regression_analysis" title="Regression analysis">regression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer functions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">neural networks</a> and <a href="/wiki/System_identification" title="System identification">system identification</a>. These models are known as stochastic hydrology models. Data based models have been used within hydrology to simulate the rainfall-runoff relationship, represent the impacts of <a href="/wiki/Antecedent_moisture" title="Antecedent moisture">antecedent moisture</a> and perform real-time control on systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_components">Model components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrological_transport_model&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Model components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_runoff_modelling">Surface runoff modelling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrological_transport_model&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Surface runoff modelling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ColumbiarivergorgeJRH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ColumbiarivergorgeJRH.jpg/240px-ColumbiarivergorgeJRH.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ColumbiarivergorgeJRH.jpg/360px-ColumbiarivergorgeJRH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ColumbiarivergorgeJRH.jpg/480px-ColumbiarivergorgeJRH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Columbia_River" title="Columbia River">Columbia River</a>, which has <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> from <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A key component of a hydrological transport model is the <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">surface runoff</a> element, which allows assessment of sediment, <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">pesticide</a> and other chemical contaminants. Building on the work of Horton, the unit hydrograph theory was developed by Dooge in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It required the presence of the <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Policy_Act" title="National Environmental Policy Act">National Environmental Policy Act</a> and kindred other national legislation to provide the impetus to integrate water chemistry to hydrology model protocols. In the early 1970s the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">U.S. Environmental Protection Agency</a> (EPA) began sponsoring a series of water quality models in response to the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a>. An example of these efforts was developed at the Southeast Water Laboratory,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the first attempts to calibrate a surface runoff model with field data for a variety of chemical contaminants. </p><p>The attention given to surface runoff contaminant models has not matched the emphasis on pure hydrology models, in spite of their role in the generation of stream loading contaminant data. In the United States the EPA has had difficulty interpreting<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> diverse proprietary contaminant models and has to develop its own models more often than conventional resource agencies, who, focused on <a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">flood</a> forecasting, have had more of a centroid of common basin models.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Example_applications">Example applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrological_transport_model&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Example applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Liden applied the <a href="/wiki/HBV_hydrology_model" title="HBV hydrology model">HBV model</a> to estimate the riverine transport of three different substances, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suspended_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Suspended sediment">suspended sediment</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in four different countries: <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. The relation between internal hydrological model variables and <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrient</a> transport was assessed. A model for <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> sources was developed and analysed in comparison with a statistical method. A model for suspended sediment transport in <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> regions was developed and tested. It was shown that riverine total nitrogen could be well simulated in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic</a> climate and riverine suspended sediment load could be estimated fairly well in tropical and semi-arid climates. The HBV model for material transport generally estimated material transport loads well. The main conclusion of the study was that the HBV model can be used to predict material transport on the scale of the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drainage basin</a> during stationary conditions, but cannot be easily generalised to areas not specifically calibrated. In a different work, Castanedo et al. applied an evolutionary algorithm to automated watershed model calibration.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lake-tahoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Lake-tahoe.jpg/240px-Lake-tahoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/Lake-tahoe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="125" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Headwater">headwater</a> sub-basin of the <a href="/wiki/Truckee_River" title="Truckee River">Truckee River</a> watershed</figcaption></figure> <p>The United States EPA developed the <a href="/wiki/DSSAM_Model" title="DSSAM Model">DSSAM Model</a> to analyze <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water quality</a> impacts from <a href="/wiki/Land_use" title="Land use">land use</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> management decisions in the <a href="/wiki/Truckee_River" title="Truckee River">Truckee River</a> basin, an area which include the cities of <a href="/wiki/Reno,_Nevada" title="Reno, Nevada">Reno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sparks,_Nevada" title="Sparks, Nevada">Sparks, Nevada</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Lake_Tahoe" title="Lake Tahoe">Lake Tahoe</a> basin. The model<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> satisfactorily predicted nutrient, sediment and dissolved oxygen parameters in the river. It is based on a <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutant</a> loading <a href="/wiki/Metric_(mathematics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric (mathematics)">metric</a> called "Total Maximum Daily Load" (TMDL). The success of this model contributed to the EPA's commitment to the use of the underlying TMDL protocol in EPA's national policy for management of many river systems in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The DSSAM Model is constructed to allow dynamic decay of most pollutants; for example, total nitrogen and phosphorus are allowed to be consumed by <a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">benthic</a> <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algae</a> in each time step, and the algal communities are given a separate population dynamic in each river reach (e.g. based upon river temperature). Regarding <a href="/wiki/Stormwater_runoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormwater runoff">stormwater runoff</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washoe_County,_Nevada" title="Washoe County, Nevada">Washoe County</a>, the specific elements within a new <a href="/wiki/Xeriscape" class="mw-redirect" title="Xeriscape">xeriscape</a> ordinance were analyzed for efficacy using the model. For the varied agricultural uses in the watershed, the model was run to understand the principal sources of impact, and management practices were developed to reduce in-river pollution. Use of the model has specifically been conducted to analyze survival of two <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">endangered species</a> found in the <a href="/wiki/Truckee_River" title="Truckee River">Truckee River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyramid_Lake_(Nevada)" title="Pyramid Lake (Nevada)">Pyramid Lake</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Cui-ui" title="Cui-ui">Cui-ui</a> <a href="/wiki/Catostomidae" title="Catostomidae">sucker fish</a> (endangered 1967) and the <a href="/wiki/Lahontan_cutthroat_trout" title="Lahontan cutthroat trout">Lahontan cutthroat trout</a> (threatened 1970). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrological_transport_model&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_equation" title="Differential equation">Differential equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HBV_hydrology_model" title="HBV hydrology model">HBV model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrometry" title="Hydrometry">Hydrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management Model">Storm Water Management Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers" title="United States Army Corps of Engineers">United States Army Corps of Engineers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SWAT_model" title="SWAT model">SWAT model</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrological_transport_model&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMulvany1850" class="citation journal cs1">Mulvany, T.J. 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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Washington, DC.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrological_transport_model&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springerlink.com/(iaxnfy45xo4roa45unxg3lih)/app/home/contribution.asp?referrer=parent&backto=issue,6,14;journal,62,221;linkingpublic">HBV model applied to climate change in the Rhine River basin</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; 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