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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Majma-ul-Bahrain <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Majma-ul-Bahrain&rft.author=%5B%5BDara+Shukoh%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Majma-ul-Bahrain_page_Victoria_Memorial_view001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Majma-ul-Bahrain_page_Victoria_Memorial_view001.jpg/220px-Majma-ul-Bahrain_page_Victoria_Memorial_view001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Majma-ul-Bahrain_page_Victoria_Memorial_view001.jpg/330px-Majma-ul-Bahrain_page_Victoria_Memorial_view001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Majma-ul-Bahrain_page_Victoria_Memorial_view001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="362" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Majma-ul-Bahrain in the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memorial (India)">Victoria memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dara_Shukoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dara Shukoh">Dara Shukoh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa" dir="rtl">مجمع البحرین</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language#Classical_Persian" title="Persian language">Classical Persian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 1655</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Majma-ul-Bahrain</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">مجمع البحرین</span>, "The Confluence of the Two Seas" or "The Mingling of the Two Oceans") is a Sufi text on <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> authored by <a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a> <a href="/wiki/Shah#Shahzadeh" title="Shah">Shahzada</a> <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shukoh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dara Shukoh">Dara Shukoh</a> as a short treatise in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, c. 1655.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thewire_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thewire-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was devoted to a revelation of the mystical and pluralistic affinities between <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedantic</a> speculation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was one of the earliest works to explore both the diversity of religions and a <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Muslim_unity" title="Hindu–Muslim unity">unity of Islam and Hinduism</a> and other religions.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scroll_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scroll-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> version is called <i>Samudra Sangam Grantha</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-exoticindiaart_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-exoticindiaart-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pustak_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pustak-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> translation titled <i>Nūr-i-Ain</i> was lithographed in 1872. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majma-ul-Bahrain&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dara_Shikoh_With_Mian_Mir_And_Mulla_Shah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dara_Shikoh_With_Mian_Mir_And_Mulla_Shah.jpg/220px-Dara_Shikoh_With_Mian_Mir_And_Mulla_Shah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dara_Shikoh_With_Mian_Mir_And_Mulla_Shah.jpg/330px-Dara_Shikoh_With_Mian_Mir_And_Mulla_Shah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dara_Shikoh_With_Mian_Mir_And_Mulla_Shah.jpg/440px-Dara_Shikoh_With_Mian_Mir_And_Mulla_Shah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2769" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Shahzada Dara Shukoh seated with his spiritual master, <a href="/wiki/Mian_Mir" title="Mian Mir">Mian Mir</a>, c. 1635.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 16th century, the <i>Maktab Khana</i> (translation bureau of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, literally meaning <i>house of translation</i>) heavily contributed to altering the Muslim perception of Hinduism by translating works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i> into the <i><a href="/wiki/Razmn%C4%81ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Razmnāma">Razmnāma</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: رزم نامہ, lit. <i>Book of War</i>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vashishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga Vashishta">Yoga Vashishta</a></i> from ancient <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> into Persian, as the Emperor Akbar sought to "form a basis for a united search for truth" and "enable the people to understand the true spirit of their religion".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar's</a> efforts to cultivate <i><a href="/wiki/Din-i_Ilahi#Ṣulḥ-i-kul" title="Din-i Ilahi">Ṣulḥ-i-Kul</a></i> (literally meaning "peace with all", "universal peace", or "absolute peace", as inspired by Sufi mystic principles) throughout his <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">empire</a> continued in-spirit with his descendent, Shahzada Dara Shukoh.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With a <a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">perennial</a> worldview similar to <a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a> and his Mughal ancestor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Emperor Akbar</a>, Dara Shukoh sought to understand the similarities between the religions of the land around him. After his time as a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Mian_Mir" title="Mian Mir">Mian Mir</a> (witnessing events such as the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Golden Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>), Dara Shukoh began compiling his spiritual and mystical learnings in a series of books written between 1640 and 1653. The learning which resulted in Majma-ul-Bahrain occurred during this time, specifically encompassing nine years of researching and studying the <a href="/wiki/Brahmavidya" title="Brahmavidya">Brahmavidya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. Dara Shukoh's learning caused him to travel across 14,000 km of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, searching for mystical knowledge in places such as <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allahabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahabad">Allahabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Shahzada wrote the <i>Majma-ul-Bahrain</i> when he was 42 and it was the last text he wrote before the struggle for succession which resulted in his <a href="/wiki/Dara_Shikoh#Death_and_aftermath" title="Dara Shikoh">defeat, humiliation, and death</a> a few years later.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majma-ul-Bahrain&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The foremost focus of the treatise is to provide an <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> on what is common between <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Sanatana Dharma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, specifically in regards to <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufic</a> mysticism and the numerous concepts therein. Dara Shukoh utilizes many terms from both branches of religion to illuminate the similarities between the two, albeit while exhibiting a knowledge more thorough of Sufic terminology in order to illume the Vedantic. Many Sufi saints are mentioned in the eleventh section, including <a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayazid_Bastami" title="Bayazid Bastami">Bayazid al-Bastami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jal%C4%81l_ad-D%C4%ABn_Muhammad_R%C5%ABm%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī">Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi" title="Ibn Arabi">Ibn al-'Arabi</a>. The text begins with an introductory section and contains twenty sections with the following headings: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol><li>The Elements</li> <li>The Senses</li> <li>The Religious Exercises</li> <li>The Attributes</li> <li>The Wind</li> <li>The Four Worlds</li> <li>The Fire</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/N%C5%ABr_(Islam)" title="Nūr (Islam)">Light</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Beholding of God</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names of God, the Most High</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Apostle#Islam" title="Apostle">Apostleship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophetship</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Barhmand</a></li> <li>The Directions</li> <li>The Skies</li> <li>The Earths</li> <li>The Divisions of the Earth</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Barzakh" title="Barzakh">Barzakh</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Great Resurrection</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Jivanmukta" title="Jivanmukta">Mukt</a></li> <li>The Night and the Day</li></ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majma-ul-Bahrain&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There was no other major text written on the subject of comparative religions and universal truth contemporaneous with the <i>Majma-ul-Bahrain</i>. According to the <i>Siya-ul-Mutakherin</i> by the historian <a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Husain_Salim" title="Ghulam Husain Salim">Ghulam Husain Salim</a>, the <i>Majma-ul-Bahrain</i> brought about the death of its own author when it was presented to the imperial <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a>, who declared the work <a href="/wiki/Zandaqa" title="Zandaqa">blasphemous</a> and ordered the death of Shahzada Dara Shukoh, an <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">order</a> which was gladly carried out by his brother, <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Shahzada Aurangzeb</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#War_of_Succession" title="Aurangzeb">War of Succession</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being brought to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, Dara Shukoh was put in chains and <a href="/wiki/Public_humiliation" title="Public humiliation">paraded through the streets of the capital</a> whilst mounted atop an unclean elephant.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the official history of Aurangzib, the <i>Maathir-i-Alamgiri</i>, the official charge against Dara Shukoh is declared as the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">pillars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Establishment_of_Islamic_law" title="Aurangzeb">Canonical Law and Faith</a> apprehended many kinds of disturbances from his life. So the Emperor [e.g. Aurangzid], both out of necessity to protect the <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Holy Law</a>, and also for reasons of State, considered it unlawful to allow Dara to remain alive any longer as a destroyer of the public peace."<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 10 August 1659, Shahzada Dara Shukoh was beheaded on grounds of apostasy and his head was sent to his father, <a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chandra2005p272_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chandra2005p272-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Aurangzeb ascended to the imperial throne, he continued to execute others for political reasons (ex: his brother <a href="/wiki/Murad_Baksh" class="mw-redirect" title="Murad Baksh">Murad Baksh</a> and his nephew <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Shikoh" title="Sulaiman Shikoh">Sulaiman Shikoh</a>) and persecute denizens of his empire on grounds of heresy, including the beheading of the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> Sufi mystic, <a href="/wiki/Sarmad_Kashani" title="Sarmad Kashani">Sarmad Kashani</a>, for charges of <a href="/wiki/Antinomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomian">antinomian</a> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the ninth <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Guru" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Guru">Sikh Guru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur#Execution_by_Aurangzeb" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a>, for refusing to <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion#India" title="Forced conversion">convert to Islam</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Grewal1998p71_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grewal1998p71-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making the murder of his brother Dara Shukoh the first in <a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb#Execution_of_opponents" title="Aurangzeb">a long line of executions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majma-ul-Bahrain&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Din-i_Ilahi" title="Din-i Ilahi">Din-i Ilahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopanishad" title="Allopanishad">Allopanishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganga-Jamuni_tehzeeb" title="Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb">Ganga–Jamuni Tehzeeb</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Majma-ul-Bahrain&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArora2015" class="citation news cs1">Arora, Nadeem Naqvisanjeev (20 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/prince-of-peace/article7015511.ece">"Prince of peace"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180506052603/http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/prince-of-peace/article7015511.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Prince+of+peace&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=Nadeem+Naqvisanjeev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmetroplus%2Fprince-of-peace%2Farticle7015511.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india/emperor-s-old-clothes/story-myjjDFPaNeS9JoLCrIY7NP.html">"Emperor's old clothes"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 12 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232614/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/emperor-s-old-clothes/story-myjjDFPaNeS9JoLCrIY7NP.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Emperor%27s+old+clothes&rft.date=2007-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Femperor-s-old-clothes%2Fstory-myjjDFPaNeS9JoLCrIY7NP.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thewire-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-thewire_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thewire.in/9549/why-we-should-oppose-the-aurangzebing-of-aurangzeb/">"Why We Should Oppose the Aurangzebing of Aurangzeb – The Wire"</a>. thewire.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224165843/https://thewire.in/9549/why-we-should-oppose-the-aurangzebing-of-aurangzeb/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+We+Should+Oppose+the+Aurangzebing+of+Aurangzeb+%E2%80%93+The+Wire&rft.pub=thewire.in&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2F9549%2Fwhy-we-should-oppose-the-aurangzebing-of-aurangzeb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/814923/lahores-iconic-mosque-stood-witness-to-two-historic-moments-where-tolerance-gave-way-to-brutality">"Lahore's iconic mosque stood witness to two historic moments where tolerance gave way to brutality"</a>. 26 August 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827183416/http://scroll.in/article/814923/lahores-iconic-mosque-stood-witness-to-two-historic-moments-where-tolerance-gave-way-to-brutality">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lahore%27s+iconic+mosque+stood+witness+to+two+historic+moments+where+tolerance+gave+way+to+brutality&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F814923%2Flahores-iconic-mosque-stood-witness-to-two-historic-moments-where-tolerance-gave-way-to-brutality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MAJMA' UL BAHARAIN or The Mingling Of Two Oceans, by Prince Muhammad Dara Shikoh, Edited in the Original Persian with English Translation, notes & variants by <b>M.Mahfuz-ul-Haq</b>, <i>published by</i> <b>The Asiatic Society, Kolkata</b>, Bibliotheca Indica Series no. 246, 1st. published 1929. See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianmuslims.in/dara-shikohs-two-oceans-book-review/">this</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909192744/http://indianmuslims.in/dara-shikohs-two-oceans-book-review/">Archived</a> 2009-09-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> book review by <a href="/wiki/Yoginder_Sikand" title="Yoginder Sikand">Yoginder Sikand</a>, indianmuslims.in.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dalhousie-delhi-road-name-change-dara-shikoh-mughal-emperor-islam-hinduism-4512963/">"On the road with the 'good' Mughal"</a>. 8 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420042025/http://indianexpress.com/article/explained/dalhousie-delhi-road-name-change-dara-shikoh-mughal-emperor-islam-hinduism-4512963/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-04-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-02-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+road+with+the+%27good%27+Mughal&rft.date=2017-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fexplained%2Fdalhousie-delhi-road-name-change-dara-shikoh-mughal-emperor-islam-hinduism-4512963%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/research/dalhousie-road-renamed-after-dara-shikoh-why-hindutva-right-wingers-favour-a-mughal-prince/">"Dalhousie Road renamed after Dara Shikoh: Why Hindutva right wingers favour a Mughal prince"</a>. 7 February 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419160020/http://indianexpress.com/article/research/dalhousie-road-renamed-after-dara-shikoh-why-hindutva-right-wingers-favour-a-mughal-prince/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dalhousie+Road+renamed+after+Dara+Shikoh%3A+Why+Hindutva+right+wingers+favour+a+Mughal+prince&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fresearch%2Fdalhousie-road-renamed-after-dara-shikoh-why-hindutva-right-wingers-favour-a-mughal-prince%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/a-dangerous-influence-modi-govt-under-rss-control/story-6CC2UwjPV8z4yw4EvzlbBO.html">"A dangerous influence: Modi govt under RSS control"</a>. 7 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180303060227/https://www.hindustantimes.com/columns/a-dangerous-influence-modi-govt-under-rss-control/story-6CC2UwjPV8z4yw4EvzlbBO.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+dangerous+influence%3A+Modi+govt+under+RSS+control&rft.date=2015-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fcolumns%2Fa-dangerous-influence-modi-govt-under-rss-control%2Fstory-6CC2UwjPV8z4yw4EvzlbBO.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scroll-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scroll_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSitaram_Yechury2016" class="citation web cs1">Sitaram Yechury (11 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scroll.in/article/813769/why-repeat-vjapayees-slogans-when-you-do-not-have-his-credibility-sitaram-yechury">"Why repeat Vajpayee's slogans when you do not have his credibility?: Sitaram Yechury"</a>. scroll.in. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170112132514/http://scroll.in/article/813769/why-repeat-vjapayees-slogans-when-you-do-not-have-his-credibility-sitaram-yechury">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+repeat+Vajpayee%27s+slogans+when+you+do+not+have+his+credibility%3F%3A+Sitaram+Yechury&rft.pub=scroll.in&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.au=Sitaram+Yechury&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F813769%2Fwhy-repeat-vjapayees-slogans-when-you-do-not-have-his-credibility-sitaram-yechury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-the-tradition-of-indo-persian-literature-1991974">"The Tradition of Indo-Persian Literature"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232645/https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/standpoint-the-tradition-of-indo-persian-literature-1991974">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tradition+of+Indo-Persian+Literature&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fanalysis%2Fstandpoint-the-tradition-of-indo-persian-literature-1991974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-exoticindiaart-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-exoticindiaart_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/majma-ul-bahrain-NZH404/">"मज्म 'उल बह् रैन' (समुद्र संगम:) -Majma Ul Bahrain"</a>. exoticindiaart.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153227/https://www.exoticindiaart.com/book/details/majma-ul-bahrain-NZH404/">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-10-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE+%27%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%27+%28%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE%3A%29+-Majma+Ul+Bahrain&rft.pub=exoticindiaart.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.exoticindiaart.com%2Fbook%2Fdetails%2Fmajma-ul-bahrain-NZH404%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pustak-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pustak_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pustak.org/books/bookdetails/87">"समुद्र संगम – भोला शंकर व्यास Samudra Sangam – Hindi book by – Bhola Shanker Vyas"</a>. pustak.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161120084637/http://www.pustak.org/books/bookdetails/87">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-11-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%AE+%E2%80%93+%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8+Samudra+Sangam+%E2%80%93+Hindi+book+by+%E2%80%93+Bhola+Shanker+Vyas&rft.pub=pustak.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pustak.org%2Fbooks%2Fbookdetails%2F87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShikuh1998" class="citation book cs1">Shikuh, Dara (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themathesontrust.org/papers/hinduism/darashikoh-majma.pdf"><i>The Mingling of the Two Oceans</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Calcutta: The Asiatic Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030133631/https://www.themathesontrust.org/papers/hinduism/darashikoh-majma.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mingling+of+the+Two+Oceans&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=The+Asiatic+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Shikuh&rft.aufirst=Dara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themathesontrust.org%2Fpapers%2Fhinduism%2Fdarashikoh-majma.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/finding-tolerance-in-akba_b_3031746">"Finding Tolerance in Akbar, the Philosopher-King"</a>. 10 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223212138/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/finding-tolerance-in-akba_b_3031746">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Finding+Tolerance+in+Akbar%2C+the+Philosopher-King&rft.date=2013-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.in%2Fentry%2Ffinding-tolerance-in-akba_b_3031746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArora2015" class="citation news cs1">Arora, Nadeem Naqvisanjeev (20 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/prince-of-peace/article7015511.ece">"Prince of peace"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230820114714/https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/prince-of-peace/article7015511.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span> – via www.thehindu.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Prince+of+peace&rft.date=2015-03-20&rft.aulast=Arora&rft.aufirst=Nadeem+Naqvisanjeev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Ffeatures%2Fmetroplus%2Fprince-of-peace%2Farticle7015511.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHansen1986" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Waldemar (9 September 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AV--abKg9GEC&q=jiwan+malik&pg=PA378"><i>The Peacock Throne: The Drama of Mogul India</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120802254" title="Special:BookSources/9788120802254"><bdi>9788120802254</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peacock+Throne%3A+The+Drama+of+Mogul+India&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ.&rft.date=1986-09-09&rft.isbn=9788120802254&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Waldemar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAV--abKg9GEC%26q%3Djiwan%2Bmalik%26pg%3DPA378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKhan2018" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Ghulam Husain (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EZ9RAAAAcAAJ"><i>The Siyar-Ul-Mutakherin, Vol. 1: A History of the Mahomedan Power in India During the Last Century</i></a>. London: Forgotten Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1330706077" title="Special:BookSources/978-1330706077"><bdi>978-1330706077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siyar-Ul-Mutakherin%2C+Vol.+1%3A+A+History+of+the+Mahomedan+Power+in+India+During+the+Last+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1330706077&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Ghulam+Husain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEZ9RAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChakravarty2017" class="citation web cs1">Chakravarty, Ipsita (11 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/828960/bad-muslim-good-muslim-out-with-aurangzeb-in-with-dara-shikoh">"Bad Muslim, good Muslim: Out with Aurangzeb, in with Dara Shikoh"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819063712/https://scroll.in/article/828960/bad-muslim-good-muslim-out-with-aurangzeb-in-with-dara-shikoh">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=Bad+Muslim%2C+good+Muslim%3A+Out+with+Aurangzeb%2C+in+with+Dara+Shikoh&rft.date=2017-02-11&rft.aulast=Chakravarty&rft.aufirst=Ipsita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F828960%2Fbad-muslim-good-muslim-out-with-aurangzeb-in-with-dara-shikoh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkar1947" class="citation web cs1">Sarkar, Jadunath (9 September 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.61973">"Maasir-i- Alamgiri (1947)"</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maasir-i-+Alamgiri+%281947%29&rft.date=1947-09-09&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=Jadunath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.61973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chandra2005p272-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chandra2005p272_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChandra2005" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC&pg=PA270"><i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals</i></a>. Vol. 2. Har-Anand Publications. p. 272. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110669" title="Special:BookSources/9788124110669"><bdi>9788124110669</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788124110669&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rm9MC4DDrcC%26pg%3DPA270&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071007/spectrum/book1.htm">"Votary of freedom: Maulana Abul Kalam Azad and Sarmad"</a>. <i>Tribune India</i>. 7 October 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930001110/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071007/spectrum/book1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribune+India&rft.atitle=Votary+of+freedom%3A+Maulana+Abul+Kalam+Azad+and+Sarmad&rft.date=2007-10-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2007%2F20071007%2Fspectrum%2Fbook1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grewal1998p71-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grewal1998p71_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._S._Grewal1998" class="citation book cs1">J. S. Grewal (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew"><i>The Sikhs of the Punjab</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sikhsofpunjab0000grew/page/71">71</a>–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-63764-0"><bdi>978-0-521-63764-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+of+the+Punjab&rft.pages=71-73&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-63764-0&rft.au=J.+S.+Grewal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsikhsofpunjab0000grew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMajma-ul-Bahrain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majma-ul-Bahrain&oldid=1275688584">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Majma-ul-Bahrain&oldid=1275688584</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_literature" title="Category:Mughal literature">Mughal literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_literature" title="Category:Medieval literature">Medieval literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1650s_in_India" title="Category:1650s in India">1650s in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_pluralism" title="Category:Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Religious_syncretism_in_Asia" title="Category:Religious syncretism in Asia">Religious syncretism in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Universalism" title="Category:Universalism">Universalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_India" title="Category:Culture of India">Culture of India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_Indian_books" title="Category:17th-century Indian books">17th-century Indian books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_religious_texts" title="Category:Indian religious texts">Indian religious texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sufi_literature" title="Category:Sufi literature">Sufi literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism_and_Islam" title="Category:Hinduism and Islam">Hinduism and Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_literature" title="Category:Indian literature">Indian literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Persian-language_literature" title="Category:Persian-language literature">Persian-language literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Works_of_Dara_Shikoh" title="Category:Works of Dara Shikoh">Works of Dara Shikoh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_Persian_books" title="Category:17th-century Persian books">17th-century Persian books</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Persian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Persian-language text">Articles containing Persian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 February 2025, at 13:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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