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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Grammar of the Marathi language, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Maharashtra, India</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/40px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/60px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg/80px-Example.of.complex.text.rendering.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="58" data-file-height="28" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Indic text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support_(Indic)" title="Help:Multilingual support (Indic)">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Mojibake" title="Mojibake">question marks or boxes</a>, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.</div></div> </div> <p>The <b>grammar of the <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a></b> shares similarities with other modern <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> or <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>. The first modern book exclusively about the grammar of <a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a> was printed in 1805 by <a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">Willam Carey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principal <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> in Marathi is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a> (subject–object–verb).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nouns <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">inflect</a> for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a> (masculine, feminine, neuter), <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a> (singular, plural), and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. Marathi preserves the <a href="/wiki/Neuter_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuter gender">neuter gender</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, a feature further distinguishing it from many Indo-Aryan languages. Typically, Marathi adjectives do not inflect unless they end in an <span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr">आ</span></span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aː/</span>) vowel, in which case they inflect for gender and number. Marathi verbs <a href="/wiki/Inflect" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflect">inflect</a> for tense (past, present, future). Verbs can agree with their subjects, yielding an active voice construction, or with their objects, yielding a passive voice construction. A third type of voice, not found in English for example, is produced when the verb agrees with neither subject nor object. Affixation is largely suffixal in the language and postpositions are attested.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An unusual feature of Marathi, as compared to other <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European languages</a>, is that it displays the <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_and_exclusive_we" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive and exclusive we">inclusive and exclusive we</a> feature, that is common to the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajasthani language">Rajasthani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a>. </p><p>The contemporary grammatical rules described by <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra_Sahitya_Parishad" title="Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad">Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad</a> and endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Maharashtra" title="Government of Maharashtra">Government of Maharashtra</a> are supposed to take precedence in standard written Marathi. These rules are described in <i>Marathi Grammar</i>, written by M. R. Walimbe. The book is widely referred to students in schools and colleges. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanskrit_influence">Sanskrit influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sanskrit influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditions of Marathi Linguistics and above mentioned rules give special status to ‘<a href="/wiki/Tatsama" title="Tatsama">tatsama</a>’ (तत्सम) words borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit language</a>. This special status expects the rules for ‘tatsama’ words be followed as of Sanskrit grammar.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parts_of_speech">Parts of speech</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Parts of speech"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marathi words can be classified in any of the following <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_speech" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts of speech">parts of speech</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Sanskrit </th></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></b> </td> <td><i>nāma </i>(नाम) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></b> </td> <td><i>sarvanāma (</i>सर्वनाम) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></b> </td> <td><i>vishheshaṇa </i>(विशेषण) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></b> </td> <td><i>kriyāpada </i>(क्रियापद) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></b> </td> <td><i>kriyāvishheshaṇa </i>(क्रियाविशेषण) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></b> </td> <td><i>ubhayanvayī avyaya </i>(उभयान्वयी अव्यय) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Preposition</a></b> </td> <td><i>shabdayogī avyaya</i><b> </b>(शब्दयोगी अव्यय) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">Interjection</a></b> </td> <td><i>kevalaprayogī avyaya </i>(केवलप्रयोगी अव्यय) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nominals">Nominals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nominals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns are primarily divided into three categories – proper nouns (विशेषनाम, <i>visheshnāma</i>), common nouns (सामान्यनाम, <i>samānyanāma</i>), and abstract nouns (भाववाचकनाम, <i>bhāvvāchaknāma</i>) – that are identical in definition to their counterparts in other languages (such as English), and are inflected for gender, number and case. They are also often categorized based on their ending vowel, which is especially useful in studying their inflection – those ending in the schwa (or inherent vowel) <i>a</i> (अ) are termed <i>akārānt </i>(अकारान्त), those ending in the vowel <i>ā</i> (आ) are termed <i>ākārānt </i>(आकारान्त), those ending in the vowel <i>ī </i>(ई) are termed <i>īkārānt </i>(ईकारान्त), and so on. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gender"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three genders in Marathi: masculine, feminine, and neuter. Some other modern Indo-European languages have lost these genders, completely, as in English and Persian, or in part, with either neuter and common gender (merging masculine and feminine), as in some Northern Germanic languages, or feminine and masculine (absorbing neuter), as in almost all Romance languages. </p><p>While there exist no concrete rules for determining the gender of a given noun, certain observations do help speakers in that regard: masculine nouns can only be <i>akārānt </i>or <i>ākārānt, </i>while neuter nouns can only be <i>akārānt, īkārānt, ukārānt </i>(उकारान्त, ending in <i>u</i>)<i>, </i>or <i>ekārānt </i>(एकारान्त, ending in <i>e</i>)<i>.</i> </p><p>The grammatical gender of common nouns referring to animated objects corresponds to their natural sex – for example, <i>mulagā</i> (मुलगा, 'boy') is a masculine noun, whereas <i>mulagī</i> (मुलगी, 'girl') is a feminine one. Given the masculine forms of such nouns, the feminine noun can often be determined using a set of rules: </p> <ul><li>Some <i>ākārānta </i>nouns have corresponding feminine forms as <i>īkārānt </i>with the same root – <i>mulagā/mulagī</i> (boy/girl), <i>kutrā/kutrī</i> (dog/bitch)<i>, ghoḍā/ghoḍī</i> (horse/mare).</li> <li>Some <i>akārānta </i>nouns also have their corresponding feminine forms as <i>īkārānt </i>with the same root – <i>hansa/hansī</i> (male and female swans), <i>vānar/vānrī</i> (male and female monkeys).</li> <li>Some nouns use the suffix <i>- iṇī</i> (इणी) to form their feminine forms – <i>vāgha/vāghīṇī</i> (tiger/tigress), <i>mālaka/mālakīṇī</i> (male and female owners).</li> <li>Some nouns have their feminine forms made out of entirely different words – <i>navrā/bāyko</i> (husband/wife), <i>bāp/āyī</i> (father/mother), <i>rājā/rāṇī</i> (king/queen).</li></ul> <p>Similarly, for masculine <i>ākārānt </i>common nouns referring to inanimate objects, the 'diminutive' (लघुत्वदर्शक, <i>laghutvadarshak</i>) forms are feminine, and are <i>īkārānt – danḍā/danḍī </i>(big/small stick)<i>, loṭā/loṭī </i>(big/small mug)<i>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Case">Case</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Case"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are differences of opinion regarding <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> in Marathi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200943–44_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200943–44-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one view, there are two cases: <a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">direct</a>, which is unmarked (e.g. Ram 'Ram') and <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a>, which is used before <a href="/wiki/Adpositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Adpositions">adpositions</a> (e.g. <i><span title="Marathi-language romanization"><i lang="mr-Latn">ram-<b>a</b>-la</i></span></i> 'to Ram', <i>-a</i> being the oblique case marker and <i>-la</i> the dative adposition) and <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a> (e.g. <i><span title="Marathi-language romanization"><i lang="mr-Latn">ram-<b>a</b>-pasun</i></span></i> 'from Ram',<i>-a</i> being the oblique case marker and <i>-pasun</i> the postposition). The form of the oblique suffix depends on the gender and the final vowel of the word it is suffixed to.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200945_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200945-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to this analysis, true postpositions (like <i><span title="Marathi-language romanization"><i lang="mr-Latn">-pasun</i></span></i> 'from') have a wide range of meanings and can be separated form the noun by <a href="/wiki/Clitic" title="Clitic">clitics</a> like <i><span title="Marathi-language romanization"><i lang="mr-Latn">-cya</i></span></i> (e.g. <i><span title="Marathi-language romanization"><i lang="mr-Latn">ram-a-<b>cya</b>-pasun</i></span></i>). Adpositions (like <i>-la</i>), on the other hand, are only used to mark nominal <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_argument" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical argument">arguments</a> of the verb in terms of their <a href="/wiki/Theta_role" title="Theta role">theta roles</a> and cannot be separated from the noun by clitics (<i>*<span title="Marathi-language romanization"><i lang="mr-Latn">ram-a-<b>cya</b>-la</i></span></i> is ungrammatical).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Syntactically, the latter behave the same as case markers corresponding to the traditional grammar. In this view, the cases are: <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a> (unmarked), <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a> (singular <i>-la</i>, plural <i>-na</i>), <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">ergative</a>, which is traditionally called 'instrumental' (sg. <i>-ne</i>, pl. <i>-ni</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>/possessive (<i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">-tsa</span></i>, <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">-tse</span></i>, <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">-tʃa</span></i>, <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">-tʃi</span></i>). </p><p>The class of true postpositions will then include <i>-hatun</i> 'through', <i>-hu(n)</i> 'from'/<a href="/wiki/Ablative" class="mw-redirect" title="Ablative">ablative</a>, <i>-t</i> <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a>, <i>-jagi</i> 'in place of' and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200944,_109–19_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200944,_109–19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genitive markers inflect to agree with the governing noun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Traditional_grammar">Traditional grammar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Traditional grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In traditional analyses which follow the pattern of Sanskrit grammatical tradition, case suffixes are referred to as (<i>vibhaktī pratyaya</i>) विभक्ती प्रत्यय. There are eight such (<i>vibhaktī</i>) विभक्ती (<b><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpscmarathi.in/vibhakti/">विभक्ती</a></b>) in Marathi. The form of the original word changes when such a suffix is to be attached to the word, and the new, modified root is referred to as <i>saamaanya ruup</i> of the original word. For example, the word (<i>ghodā</i>) घोडा (“horse”) gets transformed into (<i>ghodyā-</i>) घोड्या- when the suffix (<i>-var</i>) वर- (“on”) is attached to it to form (<i>ghodyāvar</i>) घोड्यावर (“on the horse”). The nominal suffixes are tabulated below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Sanskrit <p>Ordinal Number </p> </th> <th>English <p>Ordinal Number </p> </th> <th>Sanskrit <p>Case Description </p> </th> <th>English <p>Case Description </p> </th> <th>Singular Suffixes <p>(एकवचन) </p> </th> <th>Plural Suffixes <p>(अनेकवचन) </p> </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>prathamā</i> (प्रथमा) </td> <td>First </td> <td><i>kartā</i> (कर्ता) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">Nominative case</a> </td> <td><b>–</b> </td> <td><b>–</b> </td> <td>The nominative case uses the unmarked singular or plural form. The unmarked form may also mark certain <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct objects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unmarked_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unmarked-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p><i>dwitīyā</i> (द्वितीया) </p> </td> <td>Second </td> <td><i>karma</i> (कर्म) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">Accusative case</a> </td> <td>-<i>lā</i> (-ला),<sup id="cite_ref-schwa_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Nnā(न्ना)-<sup id="cite_ref-schwa_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>-<i>s</i> and -<i>te</i> are not typically used<sup id="cite_ref-s_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-te_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Direct objects may also be unmarked in some situations<sup id="cite_ref-unmarked_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unmarked-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>trutīyā</i> (तृतीया) </td> <td>Third </td> <td><i>karaṇa</i> (करण) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">Instrumental case</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Ergative_case" title="Ergative case">Ergative case</a>) </td> <td>-ṇī (-णी)</td> <td>-ṇṇī (ण्णी) </td> <td>-<i>shī</i> is not typically used as an instrumental, and never for the ergative case.<sup id="cite_ref-shi_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shi-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>caturthī</i> (चतुर्थी) </td> <td>Fourth </td> <td><i>sampradāna</i> (संप्रदान) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">Dative case</a> </td> <td>-<i>lā</i> (-ला), -<i>s</i> (-स)<sup id="cite_ref-schwa_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, -<i>te</i> (-ते)</td> <td>-<i>nā</i> (ना), -<i>s</i> (-स)<sup id="cite_ref-schwa_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, -<i>te</i> (-ते), -<i>lā</i> (-ला) </td> <td>-<i>s</i> and -<i>te</i> are not typically used<sup id="cite_ref-s_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-te_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-te-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pancamī</i> (पञ्चमी) </td> <td>Fifth </td> <td><i>apādāna</i> (अपादान) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">Ablative case</a> </td> <td>-<i>ūn</i> (-ऊन)<sup id="cite_ref-vowel_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, -<i>hūn</i> (हून)</td> <td>-<i>ūn</i> (-ऊन)<sup id="cite_ref-vowel_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, -<i>hūn</i> (हून) </td> <td>-<i>hūn</i> is used when the noun ends in a vowel. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>shhashhthī</i> (षष्ठी) </td> <td>Sixth </td> <td><i>sambandh</i> (संबंध) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">Genitive case</a> </td> <td>-<i>cā</i> (-चा), -<i>cī</i> (-ची), -<i>ce</i> (-चे)</td> <td>-<i>ce</i> (-चे), -<i>cyā</i> (-च्या), -<i>cī</i> (-ची) </td> <td>The specific suffix used depends on the gender of the noun. </td></tr> <tr> <td>saptamī (सप्तमी) </td> <td>Seventh </td> <td><i>adhikaran</i> (अधिकरण) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">Locative case</a> </td> <td>-<i>t</i> (-त)<sup id="cite_ref-schwa_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, -<i>i</i> (-इ)<sup id="cite_ref-vowel_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, -<i>ā</i> (-आ)<sup id="cite_ref-vowel_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>-<i>t</i> (-त)<sup id="cite_ref-schwa_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwa-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, -<i>ī</i> (-ई)<sup id="cite_ref-vowel_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, -<i>ā</i> (-आ)<sup id="cite_ref-vowel_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vowel-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>The specific suffix used depends on the morphology of the noun and the connotation desired<sup id="cite_ref-loc_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>sambhodan</i> (संबोधन) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">Vocative case</a> </td> <td><b>–</b> </td> <td><i>-no</i> (-नो) </td> <td>The vocative case cannot be used in the singular </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-unmarked-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unmarked_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-unmarked_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">In the case of indefinite and inanimate direct objects, Marathi exhibits <a href="/wiki/Differential_object_marking" title="Differential object marking">Differential object marking</a> (see below) and uses the unmarked form rather than the form with the accusative ending. <sup id="cite_ref-differential_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-differential-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> Despite being used for a direct object, such unmarked nouns are still considered to be प्रथमा/कर्ता in the traditional analysis and it common to still use the word "nominative" to refer to them.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwa-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schwa_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwa_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwa_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwa_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwa_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schwa_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Suffixes like -स and -त are pronounced -<i>s</i> and -<i>t</i>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a> form always ending in a non-<a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> vowel, resulting in a mandatory <a href="/wiki/Schwa_deletion" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa deletion">schwa deletion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-s_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-s_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">-<i>s</i>, while more prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Old_Marathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Marathi">Old Marathi</a>, is largely restricted to the formal written register, and typically used when talking about people. <sup id="cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandharipande-marathi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274">: 274 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-te-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-te_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-te_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">-<i>te</i> is obsolete in Modern Marathi but can be found in old poetry<sup id="cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandharipande-marathi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274">: 274 </span></sup> and was the primary marker in <a href="/wiki/Old_Marathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Marathi">Old Marathi</a><sup id="cite_ref-differential_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-differential-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5">: 5 </span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shi-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shi_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">-<i>ṣī</i> is only used as an instrumental suffix in northeastern varieties of Marathi but is recognized as such by other speakers<sup id="cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandharipande-marathi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274">: 274 </span></sup> Most speakers use this suffix as a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Adessive" class="mw-redirect" title="Adessive">adessive</a> postposition पाशी <i>pāṣi</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vowel-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vowel_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Vowel suffixes like -<i>i</i> and -<i>un</i> attach the vowel directly to the ending consonant, and are applied to the unmarked (<a href="/wiki/Direct_case" title="Direct case">direct</a>) singular form of the noun, as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Oblique_case" title="Oblique case">oblique</a> form. For example, <span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr">सकाळ</span></span> <i>sakāḷ</i> (morning) has a locative case of <span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr">सकाळी</span></span> <i>sakāḷī</i>, and <span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr">घर</span></span> <i>ghar</i> (house) has an ablative case of <span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr">घरून</span></span> <i>gharūn</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loc-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loc_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The -<i>ī</i> suffix must be used for some feminine stems that end in a consonant (e.g. <span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr">सकाळी</span></span> <i>sakāḷī</i>), and <i>may</i> be used for some masculine and neuter stems that end in a consonant (e.g. <span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr">हातात/हाती</span></span> <i>hātāt/hātī</i> and <span title="Marathi-language text"><span lang="mr">घरात/घरी</span></span> <i>gharāt/gharī</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandharipande-marathi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274">: 274 </span></sup> When ambiguous, the -<i>t</i> suffix has a connotation of location <i>inside</i> a well-defined area in space or time, whereas -<i>ī</i> has a connotation of location "at" a less well defined space, time, or concept. As a rough analogy, the difference between <i>gharāt</i> and <i>gharī</i>, both locative cases of <i>ghar</i> (house), is similar to the difference between "in (a) house" and "at (a) home".<sup id="cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandharipande-marathi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 335">: 335 </span></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> <p>English </p><p>Case </p><p>Description </p> </th> <th>Singular <p>(एकवचन) </p> </th> <th>Case Ending <p>Used </p> </th> <th>Plural <p>(अनेकवचन) </p> </th> <th>Case Ending <p>Used </p> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative case </td> <td><b>–</b> </td> <td><b>–</b></td> <td>विद्यार्थी अभ्यास करतात </td> <td><b>–</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Accusative case </td> <td>घरा<b>ला</b> रंग दिला </td> <td>-<i>lā</i> (-ला)</td> <td>घरां<b>ना</b> रंग दिला </td> <td>-<i>nā</i> (ना) </td></tr> <tr> <td>त्याने संस्थे<b>स</b> देणगी दिली </td> <td>-<i>sa</i> (-स)</td> <td>त्यांनी संस्थे<b>स</b> देणगी दिली </td> <td>-<i>sa</i> (-स) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Instrumental case </td> <td>विद्यार्थी लेखणी<b>ने</b> चित्र काढतो </td> <td>-<i>ne</i> (ने)</td> <td>विद्यार्थी लेखण्यां<b>नी</b> चित्र काढतात </td> <td>-<i>nī</i> (नी) </td></tr> <tr> <td>मुलगा दारा<b>शी</b> उभा होता </td> <td><i>-shī</i> (शी)</td> <td>मुले दारा<b>शी</b> उभी होती </td> <td><i>shī</i> (शी) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Dative case </td> <td>मी विद्यार्थ्या<b>ला</b> ओळखतो </td> <td>-<i>lā</i> (-ला)</td> <td>मी विद्यार्थ्यां<b>ना</b> ओळखतो </td> <td>-<i>nā</i> (ना) </td></tr> <tr> <td>मी मुला<b>स</b> ओळखतो </td> <td>-<i>sa</i> (-स)</td> <td>मी मुलां<b>ना</b> ओळखतो </td> <td>-<i>nā</i> (ना) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Ablative case </td> <td>मुलगा घ<b>रून</b> निघाला </td> <td>-<i>ūn</i> (-ऊन)</td> <td>मुले घ<b>रून</b> निघाली </td> <td>-<i>ūn</i> (-ऊन) </td></tr> <tr> <td>मुलगा गावा<b>हून</b> आला </td> <td>-<i>hūn</i> (हून)</td> <td>मुले गावा<b>हून</b> आली </td> <td>-<i>hūn</i> (हून) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Genitive case </td> <td>घरा<b>चा</b> दरवाजा सुंदर आहे </td> <td><i>-cā</i> (-चा)</td> <td>घरां<b>चे</b> दरवाजे सुंदर आहेत </td> <td>-<i>ce</i> (-चे) </td></tr> <tr> <td>मुलां<b>ची</b> तब्येत सुधारली आहे </td> <td>-<i>cī</i> (-ची)</td> <td>मुलां<b>च्या</b> तब्येती सुधारल्या आहेत </td> <td>-<i>cyā</i> (-च्या) </td></tr> <tr> <td>मुला<b>चे</b> प्रगती पत्रक मिळाले </td> <td>-<i>ce</i> (-चे)</td> <td>मुलां<b>ची</b> प्रगती पत्रके मिळाली </td> <td>-<i>cī</i> (-ची) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Locative case </td> <td>मुलगा घरा<b>त</b> होता </td> <td>-<i>ta</i> (-त)</td> <td>मुले घरा<b>त</b> होती </td> <td>-<i>ta</i> (-त) </td></tr> <tr> <td>मुलगा घ<b>री</b> होता </td> <td>-<i>ī</i> (-ई)</td> <td>मुले घ<b>री</b> होती </td> <td>-<i>ī</i> (-ई) </td></tr> <tr> <td>गाय घ<b>री</b> परतली </td> <td>-<i>ī</i> (-ई)</td> <td>गायी घ<b>रा</b> परतल्या </td> <td>-<i>ā</i> (-आ) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vocative case </td> <td><b>–</b> </td> <td><b>–</b> </td> <td>मुलां<b>नो</b> शांत बसा </td> <td><i>-no</i> (-नो) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Split_Ergativity">Split Ergativity</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Split Ergativity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marathi is considered a <a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">split ergative</a> language,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i.e. it uses both <a href="/wiki/Nominative%E2%80%93accusative_alignment" title="Nominative–accusative alignment">nominative-accusative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_alignment" title="Ergative–absolutive alignment">ergative-absolutive</a> alignment. In the latter type, the subject of a transitive verb takes the ergative marking (identical to that of the <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental case</a><sup id="cite_ref-wali-marathi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wali-marathi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) instead of having the same form as the subject of an intransitive verb. This change also results in the verb agreeing with the unmarked noun (usually the object) instead of its subject, as it would in nominative-accusative situations:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1209690778">.mw-parser-output .interlinear .bold{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .interlinear .smallcaps{text-transform:uppercase;font-size:smaller}</style><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">मुलगा</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">mulgā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">पुरी</p><p style="margin: 0px;">puri.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">purī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">खातो</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">khā-to</p></div><p style="display: none;">मुलगा पुरी खातो</p><p style="display: none;">boy.MASC.SG puri.FEM.SG eat-MASC.SG.PRS</p><p style="display: none;">mulgā purī khā-to</p><p style="clear: left;">"The boy eats puri"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">मुलाने</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">mulā-ne</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">पुरी</p><p style="margin: 0px;">puri.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">purī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">खाल्ली</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">khā-llī</p></div><p style="display: none;">मुलाने पुरी खाल्ली</p><p style="display: none;">boy.MASC.SG-ERG puri.FEM.SG eat-FEM.SG.PST</p><p style="display: none;">mulā-ne purī khā-llī</p><p style="clear: left;">"The boy ate puri"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>Note that it is possible for the unmarked noun to be a direct object despite Marathi having an accusative case: Marathi exhibits <a href="/wiki/Differential_object_marking" title="Differential object marking">Differential object marking</a> for direct objects, and the accusative declension is used in the case of definite or animate objects.<sup id="cite_ref-differential_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-differential-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 3">: 3 </span></sup> </p><p>In case there is no unmarked noun, the verb shows neutral agreement:<sup id="cite_ref-wali-marathi_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wali-marathi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">मुलाने</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">mulā-ne</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">चमच्याने</p><p style="margin: 0px;">spoon.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="instrument(al)" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">INST</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">camcyā-ne</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">खाल्ले</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="neuter gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">NEUT</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="past tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PST</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">khā-lle</p></div><p style="display: none;">मुलाने चमच्याने खाल्ले</p><p style="display: none;">boy.MASC.SG-ERG spoon.MASC.SG-INST eat-NEUT.SG.PST</p><p style="display: none;">mulā-ne camcyā-ne khā-lle</p><p style="clear: left;">"The boy ate with a spoon"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p>As in many Indo-Aryan languages, the ergative split in Marathi is primarily aspect-based, specifically triggered by the <a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a> for <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Transitive verbs">transitive verbs</a>, as seen in the examples above.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, subjects of <a href="/wiki/Intransitive_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Intransitive verbs">intransitive verbs</a> in the obligative <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive mood</a> are also marked as ergative, as are third-person subjects in the <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pandharipande-marathi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 44–51">: 44–51 </span></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">मुलाने</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">mulā-ne</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">पुरी</p><p style="margin: 0px;">puri.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">purī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">खाल्ली</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="perfective aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PFV</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">khā-llī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">पाहिजे</p><p style="margin: 0px;">should.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="third person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">3SG</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">pāhije</p></div><p style="display: none;">मुलाने पुरी खाल्ली पाहिजे</p><p style="display: none;">boy.MASC.SG-ERG puri.FEM.SG eat-FEM.SG.PFV should.3SG</p><p style="display: none;">mulā-ne purī khā-llī pāhije</p><p style="clear: left;">"The boy must (is obliged to) eat puri"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">मुलाने</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="masculine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">MASC</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="ergative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ERG</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">mulā-ne</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">पुरी</p><p style="margin: 0px;">puri.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">purī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">खावी</p><p style="margin: 0px;">eat-<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="feminine gender" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">FEM</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="optative mood" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">OPT</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">khā-vī</p></div><p style="display: none;">मुलाने पुरी खावी</p><p style="display: none;">boy.MASC.SG-ERG puri.FEM.SG eat-FEM.SG.OPT</p><p style="display: none;">mulā-ne purī khā-vī</p><p style="clear: left;">"(I suggest that) The boy should eat puri"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Differential_object_marking">Differential object marking</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Differential object marking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marathi, like many <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a>, exhibits <a href="/wiki/Differential_object_marking" title="Differential object marking">differential object marking</a>. <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">Direct objects</a> are marked according to <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a>, with unmarked objects representing indefinite nouns. As such, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> markings are not universally required. <sup id="cite_ref-differential_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-differential-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">मुलगा</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mulgā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">दगड</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rock</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dagaḍ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">फेकत आहे</p><p style="margin: 0px;">throw.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="continuous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONT</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">fekat āhe</p></div><p style="display: none;">मुलगा दगड {फेकत आहे}</p><p style="display: none;">boy rock throw.PRS.CONT</p><p style="display: none;">mulgā dagaḍ {fekat āhe}</p><p style="clear: left;">"The boy is throwing (some) rocks"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">मुलगा</p><p style="margin: 0px;">boy</p><p style="margin: 0px;">mulgā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">दगडाला</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rock.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="accusative case" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">ACC</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">dagaḍālā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">फेकत आहे</p><p style="margin: 0px;">throw.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="continuous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONT</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">fekat āhe</p></div><p style="display: none;">मुलगा दगडाला {फेकत आहे}</p><p style="display: none;">boy rock.ACC throw.PRS.CONT</p><p style="display: none;">mulgā dagaḍālā {fekat āhe}</p><p style="clear: left;">"The boy is throwing (the) rock"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><br /> Sentences with both unmarked <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct objects</a> and unmarked <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subjects</a> must follow the unmarked <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb_word_order" title="Subject–object–verb word order">SOV word order</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a> is typically unmarked, the only time this does not occur is when the subject is a pronoun or in the ergative case, allowing for the usage of marked word orders for emphasis: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">दगड</p><p style="margin: 0px;">rock</p><p style="margin: 0px;">dagaḍ</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">तो</p><p style="margin: 0px;">he</p><p style="margin: 0px;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">फेकत आहे</p><p style="margin: 0px;">throw.<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="present tense" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PRS</abbr>.<abbr class="gloss-abbr gloss-abbr-ambiguous" title="continuous aspect" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">CONT</abbr></p><p style="margin: 0px;">fekat āhe</p></div><p style="display: none;">दगड तो {फेकत आहे}</p><p style="display: none;">rock he throw.PRS.CONT</p><p style="display: none;">dagaḍ to {fekat āhe}</p><p style="clear: left;">"<i>He</i> is throwing (some) rocks"</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <p><br /> An alternate analysis of this situation is that Marathi does not mark the <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative case</a> at all, rather the -ला marker is shared between the <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative case</a> and definite <a href="/wiki/Differential_object_marking" title="Differential object marking">differential object marking</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-ia-alternate_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ia-alternate-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5, 9–10">: 5, 9–10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adjectives typically precede the noun (although in adjective phrases they can follow the noun) and are divided into <b>declinable</b> and <b>indeclinable</b> categories. Declinable adjectives end in the vowel -<i>ā</i> (आ) and must be declined for the gender, number and case of the nouns they qualify. Declining adjectives for case is easier compared to declining nouns, since a single ending applies to all cases; a complete table listing the different endings is given below, with the masculine nominative singular as the <a href="/wiki/Citation_form" class="mw-redirect" title="Citation form">citation form</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th>Nominative </th> <th>All else </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6">Declinable </td> <td rowspan="2">Masculine </td> <td>Singular </td> <td>-<i>ā</i> (आ) </td> <td rowspan="6"><i>-yā</i> (या) </td> <td rowspan="6">The <i>-yā</i> (या) ending requires the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a> from the final consonant. In other words, the adjective is transformed to its <i>saamaanya ruup.</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural </td> <td>-<i>e</i> (ए) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Feminine </td> <td>Singular </td> <td>-<i>ī</i> (-ई) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural </td> <td><i>-yā</i> (या) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Neuter </td> <td>Singular </td> <td>-<i>e</i> (ए) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plural </td> <td>-<i>ī</i> (-ई) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Indeclinable </td> <td colspan="5">– </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possessive">Possessive</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Possessive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Possessive adjectives in Marathi are slight modifications to the personal pronouns, suffixed with the genitive/possessive case markers – चा/ची/चे (<i>cā/cī/ce</i>)<i>,</i> for masculine, feminine and plural subjects respectively. However, in the first and second-person singular the case marking is different, as shown below. Possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they modify; for plural nouns, the markers change from चा/ची/चे to चे/च्या/ची (<i>ce/cyā/cī</i>), with a similar transformation for the first and second-person singular adjectives. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular noun </th> <th>Plural noun </th> <th>Singular noun </th> <th>Plural noun </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">1st person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">माझा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mājhā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">माझी</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mājhī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">माझे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mājhe</p></div><p style="display: none;">माझा / माझी / माझे</p><p style="display: none;">mājhā / mājhī / mājhe</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">माझे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mājhe</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">माझ्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mājhyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">माझी</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mājhī</p></div><p style="display: none;">माझे / माझ्या / माझी</p><p style="display: none;">mājhe / mājhyā / mājhī</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आमचा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āmchā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आमची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āmchī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आमचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āmche</p></div><p style="display: none;">आमचा / आमची / आमचे</p><p style="display: none;">āmchā / āmchī / āmche</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आमचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āmche</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आमच्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āmchyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आमची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āmchī</p></div><p style="display: none;">आमचे / आमच्या / आमची</p><p style="display: none;">āmche / āmchyā / āmchī</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुझा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tujhā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुझी</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tujhī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुझे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tujhe</p></div><p style="display: none;">तुझा / तुझी / तुझे</p><p style="display: none;">tujhā / tujhī / tujhe</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुझे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tujhe</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुझ्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tujhyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुझी</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tujhī</p></div><p style="display: none;">तुझे / तुझ्या / तुझी</p><p style="display: none;">tujhe / tujhyā / tujhī</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुमचा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumchā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुमची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumchī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुमचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumche</p></div><p style="display: none;">तुमचा / तुमची / तुमचे</p><p style="display: none;">tumchā / tumchī / tumche</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुमचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumche</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुमच्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumchyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुमची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumchī</p></div><p style="display: none;">तुमचे / तुमच्या / तुमची</p><p style="display: none;">tumche / tumchyā / tumchī</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">3rd person </th> <th>M </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याचा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāchā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāchī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāche</p></div><p style="display: none;">त्याचा / त्याची / त्याचे</p><p style="display: none;">tyāchā / tyāchī / tyāche</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāche</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याच्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāchyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāchī</p></div><p style="display: none;">त्याचे / त्याच्या / त्याची</p><p style="display: none;">tyāche / tyāchyā / tyāchī</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्यांचा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyānchā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्यांची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyānchī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्यांचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyānche</p></div><p style="display: none;">त्यांचा / त्यांची / त्यांचे</p><p style="display: none;">tyānchā / tyānchī / tyānche</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td rowspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्यांचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyānche</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्यांच्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyānchyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्यांची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyānchī</p></div><p style="display: none;">त्यांचे / त्यांच्या / त्यांची</p><p style="display: none;">tyānche / tyānchyā / tyānchī</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>F </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तिचा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tichā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तिची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tichī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तिचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tiche</p></div><p style="display: none;">तिचा / तिची / तिचे</p><p style="display: none;">tichā / tichī / tiche</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तिचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tiche</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तिच्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tichyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तिची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tichī</p></div><p style="display: none;">तिचे / तिच्या / तिची</p><p style="display: none;">tiche / tichyā / tichī</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>N </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याचा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāchā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāchī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāche</p></div><p style="display: none;">त्याचा / त्याची / त्याचे</p><p style="display: none;">tyāchā / tyāchī / tyāche</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāche</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याच्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāchyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyāchī</p></div><p style="display: none;">त्याचे / त्याच्या / त्याची</p><p style="display: none;">tyāche / tyāchyā / tyāchī</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demonstrative">Demonstrative</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demonstrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The adjectives हा (<i>hā</i>, this) and तो (<i>to</i>, that) serve as demonstrative adjectives and are always declined for the gender and number of the noun(s) that follows them. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Adjective </th> <th>Singular (M/F/N) </th> <th>Plural (M/F/N) </th></tr> <tr> <td>this/these </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">हा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ही</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">हे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he</p></div><p style="display: none;">हा / ही / हे</p><p style="display: none;">hā / hī / he</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">हे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">he</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ह्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ही</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hī</p></div><p style="display: none;">हे / ह्या / ही</p><p style="display: none;">he / hyā / hī</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>that/those </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">to</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ती</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ते</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p></div><p style="display: none;">तो / ती / ते</p><p style="display: none;">to / tī / te</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ते</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">te</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">ती</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tī</p></div><p style="display: none;">ते / त्या / ती</p><p style="display: none;">te / tyā / tī</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">grammatical persons</a> (पुरुष <i>purushh</i>) in Marathi. There is gender distinction in the first- and second-persons when the pronouns act as <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> markers on verbs; as independent pronouns this distinction in lost.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>English </th> <th>Sanskrit </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>First Person </td> <td>प्रथम पुरुष </td> <td>(<i>myā</i>) म्या “I” </td> <td>(<i>āmhī</i>) आम्ही “we” (exclusive) <p>(<i>āpaṇ</i>) आपण “we” (inclusive) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second Person </td> <td>द्वितीय पुरुष </td> <td>(<i>tū</i>) तू “you” </td> <td>(<i>tumhī</i>) तुम्ही “you” (formal) <p>(<i>āpaṇ</i>) आपण “you” (extremely formal) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third Person </td> <td>तृतीय पुरुष </td> <td>(<i>to</i>) तो “he” <p>(<i>tī</i>) ती “she” </p><p>(<i>te</i>) ते “it” </p> </td> <td>(<i>te</i>) ते “they” (masculine) or (“he”) हे (formal) <p>(<i>tyā</i>) त्या “they” (feminine) </p><p>(<i>tī</i>) ती “they” (neuter) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verb stems can end in a vowel (<i>ākārānt, īkārānt, </i>or <i>ekārānt</i>) or a consonant (a<i>kārānt</i>) and are declined for person, gender and number. They are usually listed in dictionaries in their infinitive forms, which consist of the verb stem with the suffix – <i>ṇe</i> (णे); for example खाणे (<i>khāṇē</i>, to eat), बोलणे (<i>bolaṇē</i>, to speak), चालणे (<i>cālaṇē</i>, to walk). Verbs are fairly regular, although the copula and other auxiliaries are notable exceptions. </p><p>The verbal system, much like in other Indo-Aryan languages, revolves around a combination of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> – there are 3 main aspects (perfect, imperfect, and habitual) and 3 main tenses (present, past, and future). Tenses are marked using conjugations, while aspects are marked using suffixes and by adding conjugations of a copula/auxiliary verb. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copula">Copula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Copula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The verb असणे (<i>asṇē</i>, to be) is an irregular verb that acts as the copula / auxiliary for all tenses and for the perfect and imperfect aspects; its conjugations are shown below. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>असणे (<i>asṇē</i>, to be) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Present tense </th> <th colspan="2">Past tense </th> <th colspan="2">Future tense </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आहे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āhe</p></div><p style="display: none;">आहे</p><p style="display: none;">āhe</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आहोत</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āhot</p></div><p style="display: none;">आहोत</p><p style="display: none;">āhot</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">होतो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hoto</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">होते</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hote</p></div><p style="display: none;">होतो / होते</p><p style="display: none;">hoto / hote</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">होतो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hoto</p></div><p style="display: none;">होतो</p><p style="display: none;">hoto</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असेन</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asen</p></div><p style="display: none;">असेन</p><p style="display: none;">asen</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असू</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asū</p></div><p style="display: none;">असू</p><p style="display: none;">asū</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आहेस</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āhes</p></div><p style="display: none;">आहेस</p><p style="display: none;">āhes</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आहात</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āhāt</p></div><p style="display: none;">आहात</p><p style="display: none;">āhāt</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">होतास</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hotās</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">होतीस</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hotīs</p></div><p style="display: none;">होतास / होतीस</p><p style="display: none;">hotās / hotīs</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">होता(त)</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hotā(t)</p></div><p style="display: none;">होता(त)</p><p style="display: none;">hotā(t)</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असशील</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asshīl</p></div><p style="display: none;">असशील</p><p style="display: none;">asshīl</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असाल</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāl</p></div><p style="display: none;">असाल</p><p style="display: none;">asāl</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आहे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āhe</p></div><p style="display: none;">आहे</p><p style="display: none;">āhe</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आहेत</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āhet</p></div><p style="display: none;">आहेत</p><p style="display: none;">āhet</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">होता</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hotā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">होती</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hotī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">होते</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hote</p></div><p style="display: none;">होता / होती / होते</p><p style="display: none;">hotā / hotī / hote</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">होते</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">hote</p></div><p style="display: none;">होते</p><p style="display: none;">hote</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असेल</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asel</p></div><p style="display: none;">असेल</p><p style="display: none;">asel</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असतील</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">astīl</p></div><p style="display: none;">असतील</p><p style="display: none;">astīl</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The habitual aspect uses a different set of conjugations of the same auxiliary verb (असणे); for present-tense and past-tense these conjugations are shown below. In future tense a different auxiliary verb, जाणे (<i>jāṇē,</i> to go), is typically used. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>असणे (<i>asṇē</i>, to be, habitual aspect) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Present tense </th> <th colspan="2">Past tense </th></tr> <tr> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th> <th>Singular </th> <th>Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>1st person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असतो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asto</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असते</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aste</p></div><p style="display: none;">असतो / असते</p><p style="display: none;">asto / aste</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असतो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asto</p></div><p style="display: none;">असतो</p><p style="display: none;">asto</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायचो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāyco</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāyce</p></div><p style="display: none;">असायचो / असायचे</p><p style="display: none;">asāyco / asāyce</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायचो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāyco</p></div><p style="display: none;">असायचो</p><p style="display: none;">asāyco</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असतोस</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">astos</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असतेस</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">astes</p></div><p style="display: none;">असतोस / असतेस</p><p style="display: none;">astos / astes</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असता</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">astā</p></div><p style="display: none;">असता</p><p style="display: none;">astā</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायचास</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāycās</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायचीस</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāycis</p></div><p style="display: none;">असायचास / असायचीस</p><p style="display: none;">asāycās / asāycis</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायचात</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāycā(t)</p></div><p style="display: none;">असायचात</p><p style="display: none;">asāycā(t)</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असतो</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asto</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असते</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">aste</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असतं</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asta</p></div><p style="display: none;">असतो / असते / असतं</p><p style="display: none;">asto / aste / asta</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असतात</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">astāt</p></div><p style="display: none;">असतात</p><p style="display: none;">astāt</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायचा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāycā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāyci</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायचं</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāyca</p></div><p style="display: none;">असायचा / असायची / असायचं</p><p style="display: none;">asāycā / asāyci / asāyca</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायचे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāyce</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायच्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāycyā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">असायची</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">asāyci</p></div><p style="display: none;">असायचे / असायच्या / असायची</p><p style="display: none;">asāyce / asāycyā / asāyci</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Causatives">Causatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Causatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Causatives are created from existing verb stems and typically follow the set of patterns listed below. </p> <ul><li>Attaching 'व' (<i>va</i>) to the stem of the verb; in modern literature 'व' is often replaced by 'वि' (<i>vi</i>). So हसणे (<i>hasaṇē</i>, to laugh) → हसवणे/हसविणे (<i>hasavṇē/hasviṇē</i>, to cause to laugh); चालणे (<i>cālaṇē</i>, to walk) → चालवणे/चालविणे (<i>cālavṇē</i>/<i>cālviṇē,</i> to cause to walk). <ul><li>For verbs with stems that have single syllables (खा, घे, दे; <i>khā, ghē, dē</i>), attach 'ववि' (<i>vavi</i>) instead of 'व'. Thus, खाणे (<i>khāṇē</i>, to eat) → खावविणे (<i>khāvaviṇē,</i> to cause to eat); देणे (<i>dēṇē,</i> to give) → देवविणे (<i>dēvaviṇē,</i> to cause to give).</li></ul></li> <li>Root vowel change: <i>a</i> → <i>ā</i> (अ → आ), <i>u/ū</i> → <i>o</i> (उ/ऊ → ओ), <i>i/ī</i> → <i>e</i> (इ/ई → ए); sometimes also accompanied by the root final consonant change 'ṭ' → 'ṛ' (ट → ड). So तुटणे (<i>tuṭaṇē</i>, to be broken) → तोडणे (<i>toṛaṇē</i>, to cause to broken/to break); गळणे (<i>gaḷaṇē</i>, to be buried) → गाळणे (<i>gāḷaṇē</i>, to cause to be buried/to bury).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imperatives">Imperatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Imperatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The imperative form of a verb (called आज्ञार्थ, <i>ādñārtha</i>) is formed by applying a simple set of rules to the stem of the verb, and has second-person singular (where there is a distinction between formal and informal) and second-person plural forms (which are the same as the second-person singular formal). </p> <ul><li>For <i>akārānt </i>verbs, the informal imperative form is the verb stem itself. The formal imperative is formed by utilizing the transformation <i>a</i> → <i>ā</i> (अ → आ) to the stem vowel.</li> <li>For <i>ākārānt </i>verbs, the imperative form (formal and informal) is the verb stem itself.</li> <li>For <i>īkārānt </i>and <i>ekārānt </i>verbs, the informal imperative is the verb stem itself. The formal imperative is formed by transforming the final vowel to the semi-vowel या (<i>yā</i>).</li> <li>Negative imperative forms are constructed by adding the suffix -ऊ (<i>ū</i>) to the verb stem, and then by adding a separate negative particle नकोस/नको (<i>nakosa/nako</i>, for informal imperative) or नका (<i>nakā</i>, for formal imperative).</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Imperative forms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Verb (infinitive) </th> <th> </th> <th>Second-person singular (informal) </th> <th>Second-person singular (formal) / <br />Second-person plural </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">बोलणे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bolaṇē</p></div><p style="display: none;">बोलणे</p><p style="display: none;">bolaṇē</p><p style="clear: left;">to speak</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>– </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तू</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">बोल</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bola</p></div><p style="display: none;">तू बोल</p><p style="display: none;">tū bola</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुम्ही</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumhī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">बोला</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bolā</p></div><p style="display: none;">तुम्ही बोला</p><p style="display: none;">tumhī bolā</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negative </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तू</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tu</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">बोलू</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bolū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">नकोस</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nakosa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">नको</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nako</p></div><p style="display: none;">तू बोलू नकोस / नको</p><p style="display: none;">tu bolū nakosa / nako</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुम्ही</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumhī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">बोलू</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">bolū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">नका</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nakā</p></div><p style="display: none;">तुम्ही बोलू नका</p><p style="display: none;">tumhī bolū nakā</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">खाणे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khāṇē</p></div><p style="display: none;">खाणे</p><p style="display: none;">khāṇē</p><p style="clear: left;">to eat</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td>– </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तू</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">खा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khā</p></div><p style="display: none;">तू खा</p><p style="display: none;">tū khā</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुम्ही</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumhī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">खा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khā</p></div><p style="display: none;">तुम्ही खा</p><p style="display: none;">tumhī khā</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negative </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तू</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">खाऊ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khāū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">नकोस</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nakosa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">नको</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nako</p></div><p style="display: none;">तू खाऊ नकोस / नको</p><p style="display: none;">tū khāū nakosa / nako</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुम्ही</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumhī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">खाऊ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khaū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">नका</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nakā</p></div><p style="display: none;">तुम्ही खाऊ नका</p><p style="display: none;">tumhī khaū nakā</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">देणे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dēṇē</p></div><p style="display: none;">देणे</p><p style="display: none;">dēṇē</p><p style="clear: left;">to give</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तू</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">दे</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">de</p></div><p style="display: none;">तू दे</p><p style="display: none;">tū de</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुम्ही</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumhī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">द्या</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">dyā</p></div><p style="display: none;">तुम्ही द्या</p><p style="display: none;">tumhī dyā</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Negative </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तू</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">देऊ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">deū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">नकोस</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nakosa</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">/</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">/</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">नको</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nako</p></div><p style="display: none;">तू देऊ नकोस / नको</p><p style="display: none;">tū deū nakosa / nako</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">तुम्ही</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tumhī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">देऊ</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">deū</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">नका</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nakā</p></div><p style="display: none;">तुम्ही देऊ नका</p><p style="display: none;">tumhī deū nakā</p><p class="mw-empty-elt"></p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Voice">Voice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Voice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional grammar distinguishes three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">grammatical voices</a> (प्रयोग, <i>prayog</i>) in Marathi. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Active_voice" title="Active voice">Active voice</a></b> (कर्तरी प्रयोग <i>kartarī prayog</i>) refers to a sentence construction in which the verb changes according to the subject</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">राम</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Rāma</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">म्हणतोय</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">mhantoya</p></div><p style="display: none;">राम म्हणतोय</p><p style="display: none;">Rāma mhantoya</p><p style="clear: left;">“Rām says”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">राम</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Rāma</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आम्बा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āmbā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">खातोय</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khātoya</p></div><p style="display: none;">राम आम्बा खातोय</p><p style="display: none;">Rāma āmbā khātoya</p><p style="clear: left;">“Rām eats a mango”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">Passive voice</a></b> (कर्मणी प्रयोग <i>karmanī prayog</i>) refers to a sentence construction in which the verb changes according to the object</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">रामाणी</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Rāmāṇī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">आम्बा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">āmbā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">खाल्ला</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">khāllā</p></div><p style="display: none;">रामाणी आम्बा खाल्ला</p><p style="display: none;">Rāmāṇī āmbā khāllā</p><p style="clear: left;">“The mango was eaten by Raam”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">रामाणी</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Rāmāṇī</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">साङ्गितले</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sāngitale</p></div><p style="display: none;">रामाणी साङ्गितले</p><p style="display: none;">Rāmāṇī sāngitale</p><p style="clear: left;">“It was told by Rām”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <ul><li><b>Bhāve prayog</b> (भावे प्रयोग) refers to a sentence construction in which the verb does not change according to either the subject or the object. This is used for <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">imperatives</a>.</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1209690778"><div class="interlinear" style="margin-left:3em"><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">माझा</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">Mājha</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">निरोप</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">nirop</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">त्याला</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">tyālā</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">जाऊन</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">jāūn</p></div><div style="float: left; margin-bottom: 0.3em;margin-right: 1em;"><p style="margin: 0px;">सांग</p><p style="margin: 0px;font-style: italic;">sāng</p></div><p style="display: none;">माझा निरोप त्याला जाऊन सांग</p><p style="display: none;">Mājha nirop tyālā jāūn sāng</p><p style="clear: left;">“Go tell him my message”</p><div style="clear: left; display: block;"></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sentence_structure">Sentence structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sentence structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Marathi sentence generally has three parts: subject (कर्ता <i>kartā</i>), object<i> </i>(कर्म <i>karma</i>), and<i> </i>verb (क्रियापद <i>kriyāpad</i>). In a Marathi sentence, the subject comes first, then the object, and finally the verb. However, in some sentences there is no object. </p><p>See also: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi language</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRao1994" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Goparaju Sambasiva (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207082805/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ben0lE61msC"><i>Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy</i></a>. Academic Foundation. pp. 48 and 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171880577" title="Special:BookSources/9788171880577"><bdi>9788171880577</bdi></a>. 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Serampur [sic]: Serampore Mission Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108056311" title="Special:BookSources/9781108056311"><bdi>9781108056311</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammar+of+the+Marathi+Language&rft.place=Serampur+%5Bsic%5D&rft.pub=Serampore+Mission+Press&rft.date=1805&rft.isbn=9781108056311&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDryer2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Dryer" title="Matthew Dryer">Dryer, Matthew S.</a> (21 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141207223053/http://wals.info/valuesets/81A-mhi">"Datapoint Marathi / Order of Subject, Object and Verb"</a>. <i>WALS Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/valuesets/81A-mhi">the original</a> on 7 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WALS+Online&rft.atitle=Datapoint+Marathi+%2F+Order+of+Subject%2C+Object+and+Verb&rft.date=2008-04-21&rft.aulast=Dryer&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Fvaluesets%2F81A-mhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605044407/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=93&menu=004">"UCLA Language Materials Project- Marathi"</a>. <i>UCLA Language Materials Project</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=93&menu=004">the original</a> on 2011-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UCLA+Language+Materials+Project&rft.atitle=UCLA+Language+Materials+Project-+Marathi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lmp.ucla.edu%2FProfile.aspx%3FLangID%3D93%26menu%3D004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200943–44-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200943–44_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhongdeWali2009">Dhongde & Wali 2009</a>, p. 43–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200945-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200945_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhongdeWali2009">Dhongde & Wali 2009</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali2009[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhongdeWali2009">Dhongde & Wali 2009</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200944,_109–19-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDhongdeWali200944,_109–19_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDhongdeWali2009">Dhongde & Wali 2009</a>, pp. 44, 109–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-differential-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-differential_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-differential_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-differential_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-differential_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckButtDeo2021" class="citation web cs1">Beck, Christin; Butt, Miriam; Deo, Ashwini (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ling.sprachwiss.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/beck/presentations/Marathi_DOM.pdf">"Tracking Case Innovation: A Perspective from Marathi"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tracking+Case+Innovation%3A+A+Perspective+from+Marathi&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Christin&rft.au=Butt%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Deo%2C+Ashwini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fling.sprachwiss.uni-konstanz.de%2Fpages%2Fhome%2Fbeck%2Fpresentations%2FMarathi_DOM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pandharipande-marathi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pandharipande-marathi_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPandharipande1997" class="citation book cs1">Pandharipande, Rajeshwari (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1268273538"><i>Marathi</i></a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-16854-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-16854-7"><bdi>978-0-203-16854-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1268273538">1268273538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathi&rft.place=London&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1268273538&rft.isbn=978-0-203-16854-7&rft.aulast=Pandharipande&rft.aufirst=Rajeshwari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1268273538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+grammar" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wali-marathi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wali-marathi_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wali-marathi_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWali2005" class="citation book cs1">Wali, Kashi (2005). <i>Marathi</i>. Lincom Europa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathi&rft.pub=Lincom+Europa&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Wali&rft.aufirst=Kashi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegate2014" class="citation journal cs1">Legate, Julie Anne (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ling.upenn.edu/~jlegate/Legate2014Lingua.pdf">"Split ergativity based on nominal type"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lingua</i>. <b>148</b>: <span class="nowrap">183–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2014.06.002">10.1016/j.lingua.2014.06.002</a> – via Elsevier Science Direct.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Split+ergativity+based+on+nominal+type&rft.volume=148&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.lingua.2014.06.002&rft.aulast=Legate&rft.aufirst=Julie+Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.upenn.edu%2F~jlegate%2FLegate2014Lingua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ia-alternate-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ia-alternate_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobaljik2017" class="citation web cs1">Bobaljik, Jonathan David (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.harvard.edu/files/bobaljik/files/bobaljik_2017_caseagrdom.pdf">"In defense of a universal: A brief note on case, agreement, and differential object marking"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+defense+of+a+universal%3A+A+brief+note+on+case%2C+agreement%2C+and+differential+object+marking&rft.date=2017-03&rft.aulast=Bobaljik&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.harvard.edu%2Ffiles%2Fbobaljik%2Ffiles%2Fbobaljik_2017_caseagrdom.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bhat, D.N.S. 2004. <i>Pronouns.</i> Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 18–19</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDhongdeWali2009" class="citation book cs1">Dhongde, Ramesh Vaman; Wali, Kashi (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zVVOvi5C8uIC"><i>Marathi</i></a>. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-38139" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-38139"><bdi>978-90-272-38139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marathi&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-272-38139&rft.aulast=Dhongde&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Vaman&rft.au=Wali%2C+Kashi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzVVOvi5C8uIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarathi+grammar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div 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poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyukta_Maharashtra_Samiti" title="Samyukta Maharashtra Samiti">Samyukta Maharashtra Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra State</a></li> <li><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="mr:">Marathi Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi dialects">Marathi dialects</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Marathic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathic languages">Marathic languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharastri_Prakrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharastri Prakrit">Maharastri Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Marathi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan Marathi">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai_Marathi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mumbai Marathi language">East Indian (Mumbai dialect)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvani_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Malvani Konkani">Malvani Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Samvedi language">Samvedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanjavur_Marathi_dialect" title="Thanjavur Marathi dialect">Thanjavur Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a> (Varhadi-Nagpuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathi scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balbodh" title="Balbodh">Balbodh style</a> of <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathi Cinema">Marathi Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_theatre" title="Marathi theatre">Marathi theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_literature" title="Marathi literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_people" title="Marathi people">Marathi people</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi_people" title="List of Marathi people">List</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature#Awards" title="Indian literature">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahitya_Akademi_Award_winners_for_Marathi" title="List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Marathi">Sahitya Akademi Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnanpith_Award" title="Jnanpith Award">Jnanpith Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Marathi writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marathi-language_poets" title="List of Marathi-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_Award_for_Best_Marathi_Feature_Film" title="National Film Award for Best Marathi Feature Film">National Film Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_specific_South_Asian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><b>Sanskrit</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_grammars" title="Template talk:Language grammars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_grammars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language grammars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Grammars_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">Grammars</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><b>Grammars</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs">Verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_grammar" title="Afrikaans grammar">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_grammar" title="Danish grammar">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_grammar" title="Dutch grammar">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_grammar" title="Old English grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_grammar" title="Faroese grammar">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_grammar" title="Icelandic grammar">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language#Grammar" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_morphology" title="Old Norse morphology">Old Norse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colognian_grammar" title="Colognian grammar">Ripuarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_grammar" title="Swedish grammar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Frisian_grammar" title="West Frisian grammar">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_grammar" title="Yiddish grammar">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_grammar" title="Breton grammar">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_grammar" title="Cornish grammar">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_grammar" title="Irish grammar">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Irish_grammar" title="Old Irish grammar">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_grammar" title="Manx grammar">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_grammar" title="Scottish Gaelic grammar">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_grammar" title="Welsh grammar">Welsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">colloquial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_grammar" title="Catalan grammar">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_grammar" title="Dalmatian grammar">Dalmatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_grammar" title="French grammar">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanian_grammar" title="Istro-Romanian grammar">Istro-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_grammar" title="Italian grammar">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_grammar" title="Latin grammar">Latin</a></li> <li>Lombard <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_grammar" title="Eastern Lombard grammar">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Lombard_grammar" title="Western Lombard grammar">Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_grammar" title="Portuguese grammar">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_grammar" title="Romanian grammar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_grammar" title="Spanish grammar">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_grammar" title="Venetian grammar">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_grammar" title="Latvian grammar">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_grammar" title="Lithuanian grammar">Lithuanian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_grammar" title="Belarusian grammar">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_grammar" title="Bulgarian grammar">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_language#Grammar" title="Czech language">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_grammar" title="Macedonian grammar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Church_Slavonic_grammar" title="Old Church Slavonic grammar">Old Church Slavonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_grammar" title="Polish grammar">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_grammar" title="Russian grammar">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_grammar" title="Silesian grammar">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_grammar" title="Serbo-Croatian grammar">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_language#Morphology" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_grammar" title="Slovene grammar">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincian_grammar" title="Slovincian grammar">Slovincian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_grammar" title="Ukrainian grammar">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_grammar" title="Kurdish grammar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_grammar" title="Pashto grammar">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_grammar" title="Persian grammar">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_grammar" title="Tajik grammar">Tajik</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_grammar" title="Bengali grammar">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_grammar" title="Bhojpuri grammar">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_grammar" title="Hindustani grammar">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_grammar" title="Maithili grammar">Maithili</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_grammar" title="Nepali grammar">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_grammar" title="Odia grammar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_grammar" title="Punjabi grammar">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_grammar" title="Sanskrit grammar">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit_grammar" title="Vedic Sanskrit grammar">Vedic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_language#Grammar" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_grammar" title="Modern Greek grammar">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_grammar" title="Ancient Greek grammar">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek_grammar" title="Koine Greek grammar">Koine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_grammar" title="Hittite grammar">Hittite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_grammar" title="Estonian grammar">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_grammar" title="Hungarian grammar">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrian_grammar" title="Ingrian grammar">Ingrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_grammar" title="Komi grammar">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_grammar" title="Livonian grammar">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_grammar" title="Udmurt grammar">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me%C3%A4nkieli_grammar" title="Meänkieli grammar">Meänkieli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language#Grammar" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_grammar" title="Turkish grammar">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_grammar" title="Turkmen grammar">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_grammar" title="Uyghur grammar">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language#Grammar" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language#Grammar" title="Yakut language">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language#Grammar" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_grammar" title="Adyghe grammar">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_grammar" title="Basque grammar">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_grammar" title="Georgian grammar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_grammar" title="Kabardian grammar">Kabardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_grammar" title="Laz grammar">Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_grammar" title="Mingrelian grammar">Mingrelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_grammar" title="Ubykh grammar">Ubykh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_grammar" title="Arabic grammar">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Atlas_Tamazight_grammar" title="Central Atlas Tamazight grammar">Central Atlas Tamazight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hebrew_grammar" title="History of Hebrew grammar">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_grammar" title="Kabyle grammar">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic_grammar" title="Levantine Arabic grammar">Levantine Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_grammar" title="Somali grammar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_grammar" title="Tigrinya grammar">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_grammar" title="Ugaritic grammar">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language#Morphology" title="Fula language">Fula</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pular_grammar" title="Pular grammar">Pular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otjiherero_grammar" title="Otjiherero grammar">Herero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesotho_grammar" title="Sesotho grammar">Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahili_grammar" title="Swahili grammar">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_grammar" title="Zulu grammar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_grammar" title="Kannada grammar">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_grammar" title="Malayalam grammar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_grammar" title="Tamil grammar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_grammar" title="Telugu grammar">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_grammar" title="Japanese grammar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Japanese_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Japanese grammar">Classical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_language#Grammar" title="Okinawan language">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachij%C5%8D_grammar" title="Hachijō grammar">Hachijō</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_grammar" title="Burmese grammar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzongkha grammar">Dzongkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok_grammar" title="Kokborok grammar">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Mandarin Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_grammar" title="Mizo grammar">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Tibetan_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Standard Tibetan grammar">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_grammar" title="Khmer grammar">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_grammar" title="Vietnamese grammar">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Has_Hlai_grammar" title="Has Hlai grammar">Has Hlai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_grammar" title="Lao grammar">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language#Grammar" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_grammar" title="Evenki grammar">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_grammar" title="Korean grammar">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language#Grammar" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_grammar" title="Cebuano grammar">Cebuano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_grammar" title="Hawaiian grammar">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_grammar" title="Ilocano grammar">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_grammar" title="Malay grammar">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_grammar" title="Tagalog grammar">Tagalog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusett_grammar" title="Massachusett grammar">Massachusett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munsee_grammar" title="Munsee grammar">Munsee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_grammar" title="Ojibwe grammar">Ojibwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nahuatl#Morphology_and_syntax" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Nahuatl_grammar" title="Classical Nahuatl grammar">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawat_grammar" title="Nawat grammar">Nawat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Native American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language#Grammar" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_grammar" title="Inuit grammar">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskito_grammar" title="Miskito grammar">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_grammar" title="Navajo grammar">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_grammar" title="Otomi grammar">Otomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language_grammar" title="American Sign Language grammar">American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artistic_language" title="Artistic language">artistic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_grammar" title="Klingon grammar">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%CA%BCvi_grammar" title="Naʼvi grammar">Naʼvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenya_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenya grammar">Quenya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_auxiliary_language" title="International auxiliary language">auxiliary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_grammar" title="Esperanto grammar">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingua_grammar" title="Interlingua grammar">Interlingua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlingue_grammar" title="Interlingue grammar">Interlingue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_Franca_Nova_grammar" title="Lingua Franca Nova grammar">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Constructed_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed languages">constructed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lojban_grammar" title="Lojban grammar">Lojban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Find More Detailed Information On <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marathigrammar.com">Marathi Grammar</a> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&oldid=1267527273">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marathi_grammar&oldid=1267527273</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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