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Security Courses on Treehouse
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<a data-filter-value="go-language"> <span class="topic-color" style="color:#0e8397"> • </span> Go Language </a> </li> <li class="android"> <a data-filter-value="android"> <span class="topic-color" style="color:#30826c"> • </span> Android </a> </li> <li class="learning-resources"> <a data-filter-value="learning-resources"> <span class="topic-color" style="color:#5fcf80"> • </span> Learning Resources </a> </li> <li class="college-credit"> <a data-filter-value="college-credit"> <span class="topic-color" style="color:#3887c8"> • </span> College Credit </a> </li> <li class="coding-for-kids"> <a data-filter-value="coding-for-kids"> <span class="topic-color" style="color:#F36C27"> • </span> Coding for Kids </a> </li> </ul><!-- /child --> </li><!-- /parent --> </ul><!-- /control-page-items --> </div><!-- /control-container --> <div id="library-pjax" data-featurette="truncate-tags"> <div class="topic-heading"> <h1>Security</h1> <div class="markdown-zone"><p>Keeping yourself, your users, and your data safe is important no matter what language or technology you use. Understanding what kinds of attacks exist and how to mitigate or prevent them will give you more control and peace of mind.</p></div> </div> <div class="grid-100 grid-parent related-topics"></div> <div data-featurette="upgrade-tooltip" data-hide-tooltip="true"> <ul class="card-list"> <li class="card course syllabus topic-security" data-location="library" data-activity="syllabus/4182" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Course" id="Syllabus-4182"> <a class="card-box" href="/library/introduction-to-application-security"> <div itemprop="offers" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Offer"> <meta itemprop="url" content="/library/introduction-to-application-security"> <meta itemprop="category" content="Security" /> <meta itemprop="availability" content="https://schema.org/InStock" /> </div> <div itemprop="provider" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <meta itemprop="name" content="Treehouse" /> <link itemprop="url" href="https://teamtreehouse.com" /> </div> <div itemprop="hasCourseInstance" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CourseInstance"> <meta itemprop="courseMode" content="Online" /> <meta itemprop="courseWorkload" content="PT72M" /> </div> <div class="card-progress"> <svg class="course-icon card-icon" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 18 18"> <path d="M0,1.1v13.3c0,0.6,0.5,1.1,1.1,1.2c1.9,0.2,5.5,0.6,6.8,1.5c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.2,0.3,0.3l0.4,0.4c0.2,0.2,0.6,0.2,0.8,0l0.4-0.4c0.1-0.1,0.2-0.2,0.3-0.3c1.3-1,4.9-1.4,6.8-1.5c0.6-0.1,1.1-0.6,1.1-1.2V1.1C18,0.5,17.5,0,16.9,0C14.9,0.1,11,0.5,9,1.9C7,0.5,3.1,0.1,1.1,0C0.5,0,0,0.5,0,1.1z M8,15c-2-0.9-4.5-1.2-6-1.3V2c1.8,0.1,4.5,0.6,6,1.7V15z M16,13.7c-1.5,0.1-4,0.4-6,1.3V3.7c0.6-0.5,1.5-0.8,2.4-1.1c0.8-0.2,1.6-0.4,2.4-0.5C15.2,2.1,15.6,2,16,2V13.7z"></path> </svg> <ul class="card-stages"> <li>1</li> <li>2</li> <li>3</li> </ul> <span class="card-estimate">72 min</span> </div> <strong class="card-type">Course</strong> <h3 itemprop="name" class="card-title">Introduction to Application Security</h3> <div class="rating-and-student-count"> <div class="star-rating-container"> <svg class="star-small-icon" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16,6.2c0,0.1-0.1,0.3-0.2,0.5l-3.5,3.6l0.8,5c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.2c0,0.1,0,0.3-0.1,0.4C12.9,16,12.8,16,12.7,16 c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.4-0.1L8,13.5l-4.3,2.4C3.5,16,3.4,16,3.3,16c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.3-0.1c-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.1-0.4c0,0,0-0.1,0-0.2l0.8-5 L0.2,6.7C0.1,6.5,0,6.3,0,6.2C0,6,0.2,5.8,0.5,5.7L5.4,5l2.2-4.6C7.7,0.1,7.8,0,8,0c0.2,0,0.3,0.1,0.5,0.4L10.6,5l4.8,0.7 C15.8,5.8,16,6,16,6.2L16,6.2z"></path> </svg> <svg class="star-small-icon active" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16,6.2c0,0.1-0.1,0.3-0.2,0.5l-3.5,3.6l0.8,5c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.2c0,0.1,0,0.3-0.1,0.4C12.9,16,12.8,16,12.7,16 c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.4-0.1L8,13.5l-4.3,2.4C3.5,16,3.4,16,3.3,16c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.3-0.1c-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.1-0.4c0,0,0-0.1,0-0.2l0.8-5 L0.2,6.7C0.1,6.5,0,6.3,0,6.2C0,6,0.2,5.8,0.5,5.7L5.4,5l2.2-4.6C7.7,0.1,7.8,0,8,0c0.2,0,0.3,0.1,0.5,0.4L10.6,5l4.8,0.7 C15.8,5.8,16,6,16,6.2L16,6.2z"></path> </svg> <svg class="star-small-icon active" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16,6.2c0,0.1-0.1,0.3-0.2,0.5l-3.5,3.6l0.8,5c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.2c0,0.1,0,0.3-0.1,0.4C12.9,16,12.8,16,12.7,16 c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.4-0.1L8,13.5l-4.3,2.4C3.5,16,3.4,16,3.3,16c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.3-0.1c-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.1-0.4c0,0,0-0.1,0-0.2l0.8-5 L0.2,6.7C0.1,6.5,0,6.3,0,6.2C0,6,0.2,5.8,0.5,5.7L5.4,5l2.2-4.6C7.7,0.1,7.8,0,8,0c0.2,0,0.3,0.1,0.5,0.4L10.6,5l4.8,0.7 C15.8,5.8,16,6,16,6.2L16,6.2z"></path> </svg> <svg class="star-small-icon active" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16,6.2c0,0.1-0.1,0.3-0.2,0.5l-3.5,3.6l0.8,5c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.2c0,0.1,0,0.3-0.1,0.4C12.9,16,12.8,16,12.7,16 c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.4-0.1L8,13.5l-4.3,2.4C3.5,16,3.4,16,3.3,16c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.3-0.1c-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.1-0.4c0,0,0-0.1,0-0.2l0.8-5 L0.2,6.7C0.1,6.5,0,6.3,0,6.2C0,6,0.2,5.8,0.5,5.7L5.4,5l2.2-4.6C7.7,0.1,7.8,0,8,0c0.2,0,0.3,0.1,0.5,0.4L10.6,5l4.8,0.7 C15.8,5.8,16,6,16,6.2L16,6.2z"></path> </svg> <svg class="star-small-icon active" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16,6.2c0,0.1-0.1,0.3-0.2,0.5l-3.5,3.6l0.8,5c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.2c0,0.1,0,0.3-0.1,0.4C12.9,16,12.8,16,12.7,16 c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.4-0.1L8,13.5l-4.3,2.4C3.5,16,3.4,16,3.3,16c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.3-0.1c-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.1-0.4c0,0,0-0.1,0-0.2l0.8-5 L0.2,6.7C0.1,6.5,0,6.3,0,6.2C0,6,0.2,5.8,0.5,5.7L5.4,5l2.2-4.6C7.7,0.1,7.8,0,8,0c0.2,0,0.3,0.1,0.5,0.4L10.6,5l4.8,0.7 C15.8,5.8,16,6,16,6.2L16,6.2z"></path> </svg> </div> | <span>1886 <small>students</small></span> </div> <p itemprop="description" class="card-description"> Welcome to the realm of web security, where millions of dollars and people’s lives are on the line. Well, not in all cases, but some! From protecting static web sites to the most complex of web services and APIs, every web developer should be aware of and adept at writing secure code and building systems that can stand up to the strongest of malicious users. In this course, we will lay the groundwork for what you need to know to get started exploring the vast field of web security, and along the way you will begin to realize that security isn’t about checking boxes, but rather about embedding the thought process and principles of rock-solid security into every line of code you write. First, we will discuss why security matters to you as a web developer, then we will look at data security at an implementation level, then finally we will examine the art of maintaining your websites, apps, and services on a daily basis. </p> <div class="card-status"> <svg class="complete-icon card-status-icon" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="140 0 140 120" aria-labelledby="checkmark5853340" role="img"> <title id="checkmark5853340">Checkmark</title> <path d="M197.3,120l-52.8-52c-6-6-6-17,0-23c7-6,16.9-6,23.9,0l26.9,27l54.8-66c6-7,16-8,23.9-2c7,6,8,16,2,23 L197.3,120z"></path> </svg> <span class="card-status-title"></span> </div> </a> <ul class="card-tags tags"> <li class="topic-security topic topic"><a data-filter-list-val="topic:security" href="/library/topic:security"><span>Security</span></a></li><li class="difficulty"><span>Intermediate</span></li> <li class="truncated-tags"><span></span><ul></ul></li> </ul> </li> <li class="card course syllabus topic-security" data-location="library" data-activity="syllabus/3882" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Course" id="Syllabus-3882"> <a class="card-box" href="/library/security-literacy"> <div itemprop="offers" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Offer"> <meta itemprop="url" content="/library/security-literacy"> <meta itemprop="category" content="Security" /> <meta itemprop="availability" content="https://schema.org/InStock" /> </div> <div itemprop="provider" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <meta itemprop="name" content="Treehouse" /> <link itemprop="url" href="https://teamtreehouse.com" /> </div> <div itemprop="hasCourseInstance" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CourseInstance"> <meta itemprop="courseMode" content="Online" /> <meta itemprop="courseWorkload" content="PT83M" /> </div> <div class="card-progress"> <svg class="course-icon card-icon" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 18 18"> <path d="M0,1.1v13.3c0,0.6,0.5,1.1,1.1,1.2c1.9,0.2,5.5,0.6,6.8,1.5c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.2,0.3,0.3l0.4,0.4c0.2,0.2,0.6,0.2,0.8,0l0.4-0.4c0.1-0.1,0.2-0.2,0.3-0.3c1.3-1,4.9-1.4,6.8-1.5c0.6-0.1,1.1-0.6,1.1-1.2V1.1C18,0.5,17.5,0,16.9,0C14.9,0.1,11,0.5,9,1.9C7,0.5,3.1,0.1,1.1,0C0.5,0,0,0.5,0,1.1z M8,15c-2-0.9-4.5-1.2-6-1.3V2c1.8,0.1,4.5,0.6,6,1.7V15z M16,13.7c-1.5,0.1-4,0.4-6,1.3V3.7c0.6-0.5,1.5-0.8,2.4-1.1c0.8-0.2,1.6-0.4,2.4-0.5C15.2,2.1,15.6,2,16,2V13.7z"></path> </svg> <ul class="card-stages"> <li>1</li> <li>2</li> <li>3</li> </ul> <span class="card-estimate">83 min</span> </div> <strong class="card-type">Course</strong> <h3 itemprop="name" class="card-title">Security Literacy</h3> <div class="rating-and-student-count"> <div class="star-rating-container"> <svg class="star-small-icon" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16,6.2c0,0.1-0.1,0.3-0.2,0.5l-3.5,3.6l0.8,5c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.2c0,0.1,0,0.3-0.1,0.4C12.9,16,12.8,16,12.7,16 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c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.4-0.1L8,13.5l-4.3,2.4C3.5,16,3.4,16,3.3,16c-0.1,0-0.2,0-0.3-0.1c-0.1-0.1-0.1-0.2-0.1-0.4c0,0,0-0.1,0-0.2l0.8-5 L0.2,6.7C0.1,6.5,0,6.3,0,6.2C0,6,0.2,5.8,0.5,5.7L5.4,5l2.2-4.6C7.7,0.1,7.8,0,8,0c0.2,0,0.3,0.1,0.5,0.4L10.6,5l4.8,0.7 C15.8,5.8,16,6,16,6.2L16,6.2z"></path> </svg> </div> | <span>3106 <small>students</small></span> </div> <p itemprop="description" class="card-description"> The internet is an invaluable resource for information and entertainment, but it doesn’t always protect your privacy and identity. This course offers an overview on how to stay safe and secure when using your browser and beyond. We’ll introduce foundational concepts about how online activity translates to internet traffic. We’ll then explore some common ways that attackers can view and manipulate this traffic for their uses and how to protect against them. And finally, we’ll establish some industry-recommended habits to keep you and your data secure. </p> <div class="card-status"> <svg class="complete-icon card-status-icon" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="140 0 140 120" aria-labelledby="checkmark5339899" role="img"> <title id="checkmark5339899">Checkmark</title> <path d="M197.3,120l-52.8-52c-6-6-6-17,0-23c7-6,16.9-6,23.9,0l26.9,27l54.8-66c6-7,16-8,23.9-2c7,6,8,16,2,23 L197.3,120z"></path> </svg> <span class="card-status-title"></span> </div> </a> <ul class="card-tags tags"> <li class="topic-security topic topic"><a data-filter-list-val="topic:security" href="/library/topic:security"><span>Security</span></a></li><li class="difficulty"><span>Beginner</span></li> <li class="truncated-tags"><span></span><ul></ul></li> </ul> </li> <li class="card course syllabus topic-security" data-location="library" data-activity="syllabus/3762" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/Course" id="Syllabus-3762"> <a class="card-box" href="/library/introduction-to-data-security"> <div itemprop="offers" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Offer"> <meta itemprop="url" content="/library/introduction-to-data-security"> <meta itemprop="category" content="Security" /> <meta itemprop="availability" content="https://schema.org/InStock" /> </div> <div itemprop="provider" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"> <meta itemprop="name" content="Treehouse" /> <link itemprop="url" href="https://teamtreehouse.com" /> </div> <div itemprop="hasCourseInstance" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/CourseInstance"> <meta itemprop="courseMode" content="Online" /> <meta itemprop="courseWorkload" content="PT48M" /> </div> <div class="card-progress"> <svg class="course-icon card-icon" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 18 18"> <path d="M0,1.1v13.3c0,0.6,0.5,1.1,1.1,1.2c1.9,0.2,5.5,0.6,6.8,1.5c0.1,0.1,0.2,0.2,0.3,0.3l0.4,0.4c0.2,0.2,0.6,0.2,0.8,0l0.4-0.4c0.1-0.1,0.2-0.2,0.3-0.3c1.3-1,4.9-1.4,6.8-1.5c0.6-0.1,1.1-0.6,1.1-1.2V1.1C18,0.5,17.5,0,16.9,0C14.9,0.1,11,0.5,9,1.9C7,0.5,3.1,0.1,1.1,0C0.5,0,0,0.5,0,1.1z M8,15c-2-0.9-4.5-1.2-6-1.3V2c1.8,0.1,4.5,0.6,6,1.7V15z M16,13.7c-1.5,0.1-4,0.4-6,1.3V3.7c0.6-0.5,1.5-0.8,2.4-1.1c0.8-0.2,1.6-0.4,2.4-0.5C15.2,2.1,15.6,2,16,2V13.7z"></path> </svg> <ul class="card-stages"> <li>1</li> <li>2</li> </ul> <span class="card-estimate">48 min</span> </div> <strong class="card-type">Course</strong> <h3 itemprop="name" class="card-title">Introduction to Data Security</h3> <div class="rating-and-student-count"> <div class="star-rating-container"> <svg class="star-small-icon" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin meet" viewBox="0 0 16 16"> <path d="M16,6.2c0,0.1-0.1,0.3-0.2,0.5l-3.5,3.6l0.8,5c0,0,0,0.1,0,0.2c0,0.1,0,0.3-0.1,0.4C12.9,16,12.8,16,12.7,16 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