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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Disorder of written expression</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dysgraphia1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dysgraphia1.jpg/220px-Dysgraphia1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dysgraphia1.jpg/330px-Dysgraphia1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dysgraphia1.jpg/440px-Dysgraphia1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3518" data-file-height="1337" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Example of handwriting in an adult with <a href="/wiki/Dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia">dysgraphia</a>, a disorder of written expression.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Disorder of written expression</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">learning disability</a> in which a person's writing ability falls substantially below normally expected range based on the individual's age, educational background, and measured intelligence. Poor writing skills must interfere significantly with academic progress or daily activities that involves written expression<sup id="cite_ref-a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punctuation" title="Punctuation">punctuation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Word_usage" title="Word usage">word usage</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-g_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-g-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This disorder is also generally concurrent with disorders of reading and/or mathematics, as well as disorders related to behavior. Since it is so often associated with other learning disorders and mental problems, it is uncertain whether it can appear by itself;<sup id="cite_ref-b_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia">dysgraphia</a> can be considered to be a specific form of the disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prevalence of disorder of written expression is estimated to be of a similar frequency to other learning disorders, between 3 - 5%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A diagnosis can be made based on results of several assessments.<sup id="cite_ref-c_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disorder_of_written_expression&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Multiple spelling mistakes</li> <li>Errors in grammar and punctuation</li> <li>Exceptionally poor or illegible writing</li> <li>Sentences that lack cohesion<sup id="cite_ref-e_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reluctance or refusal to complete writing tasks</li> <li>Anxiety or frustration (breaking pencils, tearing up homework assignments)<sup id="cite_ref-f_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-f-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disorder_of_written_expression&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specific causes of this disorder are unknown. The interaction of physical, psychological, and environmental factors is thought to contribute to the disorder of written expression. In neuropsychological and neurobiological research, some studies show evidence that abnormally high testosterone levels and abnormalities in cognitive processes (visual-motor, linguistic, attentional, and memory) are thought to play a role in learning disorder cases. The impact of brain injuries in both children and adults can impair any of these cognitive processes.<sup id="cite_ref-c_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_disabilities">Other disabilities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disorder_of_written_expression&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other disabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading_disability" title="Reading disability">Reading disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_language_disorder" title="Expressive language disorder">Expressive language disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematics disorder">Mathematics disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder" title="Developmental coordination disorder">Developmental coordination disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">Traumatic brain injury</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disorder_of_written_expression&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Oral and Written Language Scales (OWLS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_of_Adolescent_and_Adult_Language" title="Test of Adolescent and Adult Language">Test of Adolescent and Adult Language–3</a> (TOAL-3)</li> <li>Test of Early Written Language</li> <li>Test of Written Expression (TOWE)</li> <li>Test of Written Language–3 (TOWL-3)</li> <li>Woodcock Johnson Psychoeducational Battery–Revised, Tests of Achievement</li> <li>Weschler Individual Achievement Test (WIAT)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disorder_of_written_expression&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although disorder for written expressions skills can be difficult and an enduring problem all throughout childhood into adulthood, different types of treatment and support can help individuals who have this disorder to employ strategies and skills in the home and school environment. This includes remedial education tailored to improve specific skills, providing special academic services in the learning environment, and addressing concurrent health and mental issues. It is sometimes necessary to foster motivational techniques to maintain motivation and minimize negative thoughts or feelings. Using whatever modifications are necessary to overcome fears of failure in the early stages of writing mediation is strongly encouraged because children with learning disabilities often experience low self-esteem and confidence, which may further interfere with learning and academic success.<sup id="cite_ref-d_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disorder_of_written_expression&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dsm5.org/proposedrevision/pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=86">"A 15 Disorder of Written Expression"</a>. <i>American Psychiatric Association DSM-5 Development</i>. American Psychiatric Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Psychiatric+Association+DSM-5+Development&rft.atitle=A+15+Disorder+of+Written+Expression&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dsm5.org%2Fproposedrevision%2Fpages%2Fproposedrevision.aspx%3Frid%3D86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisorder+of+written+expression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-g-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-g_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychcentral.com/disorders/sx66.htm">"Disorder of Written Expression"</a>. <i>Psych Central</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psych+Central&rft.atitle=Disorder+of+Written+Expression&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychcentral.com%2Fdisorders%2Fsx66.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisorder+of+written+expression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-b_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835883-overview">"Written Expression Learning Disorder (Overview)"</a>. <i>Medscape Reference</i>. WebMD LLC. 28 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medscape+Reference&rft.atitle=Written+Expression+Learning+Disorder+%28Overview%29&rft.date=2022-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F1835883-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisorder+of+written+expression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimauroBevilacquaColizziPierro2020" class="citation journal cs1">Dimauro, G.; Bevilacqua, V.; Colizzi, L.; Pierro, D. Di (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2968367">"TestGraphia, a Software System for the Early Diagnosis of Dysgraphia"</a>. <i>IEEE Access</i>. <b>8</b>: 19564–19575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2968367">10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2968367</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-3536">2169-3536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Access&rft.atitle=TestGraphia%2C+a+Software+System+for+the+Early+Diagnosis+of+Dysgraphia&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=19564-19575&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FACCESS.2020.2968367&rft.issn=2169-3536&rft.aulast=Dimauro&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Bevilacqua%2C+V.&rft.au=Colizzi%2C+L.&rft.au=Pierro%2C+D.+Di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252FACCESS.2020.2968367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisorder+of+written+expression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-c-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-c_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-c_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835883-clinical#showall">"Written Expression Learning Disorder (Presentation)"</a>. <i>Medscape Reference</i>. WebMD LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape+Reference&rft.atitle=Written+Expression+Learning+Disorder+%28Presentation%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F1835883-clinical%23showall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisorder+of+written+expression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minddisorders.com/Del-Fi/Disorder-of-written-expression.html#b">"Disorder of Written Expression"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders</i>. Advameg, Inc<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disorder+of+Written+Expression&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mental+Disorders&rft.pub=Advameg%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minddisorders.com%2FDel-Fi%2FDisorder-of-written-expression.html%23b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisorder+of+written+expression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-f-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-f_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835883-workup">"Written Expression Learning Disorder (Workup)"</a>. <i>Medscape Reference</i>. WebMD LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape+Reference&rft.atitle=Written+Expression+Learning+Disorder+%28Workup%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F1835883-workup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisorder+of+written+expression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wheeler, L., Nickerson, S., Long, K., & Silver, R. (2014). Expressive writing in people with traumatic brain injury and learning disability. Neurorehabilitation, 34(1), 29-37. doi:10.3233/NRE-131007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1835883-treatment">"Written Expression Learning Disorder (Treatment)"</a>. <i>Medscape Reference</i>. WebMD LLC<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medscape+Reference&rft.atitle=Written+Expression+Learning+Disorder+%28Treatment%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F1835883-treatment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADisorder+of+written+expression" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disorder_of_written_expression&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282510" class="extiw" title="d:Q5282510">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/F81.8">F81.8</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=315.2">315.2</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dyslexia_and_related_specific_developmental_disorders" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dyslexia_and_specific_developmental_disorders" title="Template:Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dyslexia_and_specific_developmental_disorders" title="Template talk:Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dyslexia_and_specific_developmental_disorders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dyslexia and specific developmental disorders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dyslexia_and_related_specific_developmental_disorders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a> and related <a href="/wiki/Specific_developmental_disorder" title="Specific developmental disorder">specific developmental disorders</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech_and_language_impairment" title="Speech and language impairment">Speech, language</a>, and <br /><a href="/wiki/Communication_disorder" title="Communication disorder">communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expressive_language_disorder" title="Expressive language disorder">Expressive language disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infantile_speech" title="Infantile speech">Infantile speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landau%E2%80%93Kleffner_syndrome" title="Landau–Kleffner syndrome">Landau–Kleffner syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_disorder" title="Language disorder">Language disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisp" title="Lisp">Lisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_receptive-expressive_language_disorder" title="Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder">Mixed receptive-expressive language disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specific_language_impairment" title="Specific language impairment">Specific language impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_and_language_impairment" title="Speech and language impairment">Speech and language impairment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">Speech disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_error" title="Speech error">Speech error</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_sound_disorder" title="Speech sound disorder">Speech sound disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">Stuttering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tip_of_the_tongue" title="Tip of the tongue">Tip of the tongue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">Dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia">Dyscalculia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgraphia" title="Dysgraphia">Dysgraphia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Disorder of written expression</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder" title="Developmental coordination disorder">Developmental coordination disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmental_verbal_dyspraxia" title="Developmental verbal dyspraxia">Developmental verbal dyspraxia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sensory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_processing_disorder" title="Auditory processing disorder">Auditory processing disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_processing_disorder" title="Sensory processing disorder">Sensory processing disorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dyslexia_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyslexia research">Dyslexia research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_Ally" title="Learning Ally">Learning Ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_problems_in_childhood_cancer" title="Learning problems in childhood cancer">Learning problems in childhood cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">Literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_dyslexia" title="Management of dyslexia">Management of dyslexia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multisensory_integration" title="Multisensory integration">Multisensory integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neuropsychology" title="Clinical neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_to_read" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning to read">Reading acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">Spelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artistic_depictions_of_dyslexia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of artistic depictions of dyslexia">Dyslexia in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_with_dyslexia" title="List of people with dyslexia">People with dyslexia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disorder_of_written_expression&oldid=1183661010">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disorder_of_written_expression&oldid=1183661010</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Neurodevelopmental_disorders" title="Category:Neurodevelopmental disorders">Neurodevelopmental disorders</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> 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