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Criza din Timorul de Est din 1999 - Wikipedia

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Disponibil în 25 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9_1999" title="أزمة تيمور الشرقية 1999 – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أزمة تيمور الشرقية 1999" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_del_Timor_Oriental_(1999)" title="Crisi del Timor Oriental (1999) – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Crisi del Timor Oriental (1999)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Donner" title="Operation Donner – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Operation Donner" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="1999 East Timorese crisis" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orienttimora_krizo_de_1999" title="Orienttimora krizo de 1999 – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Orienttimora krizo de 1999" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisis_de_Timor_Oriental_de_1999" title="Crisis de Timor Oriental de 1999 – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Crisis de Timor Oriental de 1999" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999._aasta_Ida-Timori_kriis" title="1999. aasta Ida-Timori kriis – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="1999. aasta Ida-Timori kriis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4-Timorin_kriisi_1999" title="Itä-Timorin kriisi 1999 – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itä-Timorin kriisi 1999" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_timoraise_de_1999" title="Crise timoraise de 1999 – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Crise timoraise de 1999" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999-es_kelet-timori_konfliktus" title="1999-es kelet-timori konfliktus – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1999-es kelet-timori konfliktus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_Timor_Timur_1999" title="Krisis Timor Timur 1999 – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Krisis Timor Timur 1999" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisi_di_Timor_Est_del_1999" title="Crisi di Timor Est del 1999 – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crisi di Timor Est del 1999" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E7%B4%9B%E4%BA%89" title="東ティモール紛争 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="東ティモール紛争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%EB%85%84_%EB%8F%99%ED%8B%B0%EB%AA%A8%EB%A5%B4_%EC%9C%84%EA%B8%B0" title="1999년 동티모르 위기 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="1999년 동티모르 위기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ost-Timor" title="Ost-Timor – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Ost-Timor" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oos-Timorcrisis_(1999)" title="Oos-Timorcrisis (1999) – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oos-Timorcrisis (1999)" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_m._Ryt%C5%B3_Timoro_kriz%C4%97" title="1999 m. Rytų Timoro krizė – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="1999 m. Rytų Timoro krizė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krizin%27ny_Timaoro_Antsinanana_tamin%27ny_1999" title="Krizin&#039;ny Timaoro Antsinanana tamin&#039;ny 1999 – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Krizin&#039;ny Timaoro Antsinanana tamin&#039;ny 1999" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crise_de_Timor-Leste_de_1999" title="Crise de Timor-Leste de 1999 – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Crise de Timor-Leste de 1999" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="1999 East Timorese crisis" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisen_i_%C3%96sttimor_1999" title="Krisen i Östtimor 1999 – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Krisen i Östtimor 1999" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="วิกฤตการณ์ติมอร์ตะวันออก – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิกฤตการณ์ติมอร์ตะวันออก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krisis_sa_Silangang_Timor_noong_1999" title="Krisis sa Silangang Timor noong 1999 – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Krisis sa Silangang Timor noong 1999" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="1999年东帝汶危机 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="1999年东帝汶危机" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999%E5%B9%B4%E4%B8%9C%E5%B8%9D%E6%B1%B6%E5%8D%B1%E6%9C%BA" title="1999年东帝汶危机 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="1999年东帝汶危机" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q152848#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg/440px-INTERFET_12_Feb_2000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1990" /></a><figcaption>USS Blue Ridge, 12 februarie 2000, Dili, Timorul de Est -- Membri australieni ai Forțelor Internaționale din Timorul de Est (INTERFET), vorbesc cu un cetățean din Dili, Timorul de Est. </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Criza din Timorul de Est din 1999</b> a început cu atacuri ale militanților antiindependență asupra civililor, și a continuat cu generalizarea violențelor în toată <a href="/wiki/Timorul_de_Est" title="Timorul de Est">țara</a>, mai ales în capitala <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>. Violențele au izbucnit după ce majoritatea cetățenilor cu drept de vot din <a href="/wiki/Timorul_de_Est" title="Timorul de Est">Timorul de Est</a> au votat pentru independența față de <a href="/wiki/Indonezia" title="Indonezia">Indonezia</a>. Aproximativ 1.400 de civili au murit.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> O forță a <a href="/wiki/ONU" class="mw-redirect" title="ONU">Națiunilor Unite</a> constând mai ales din personal militar australian a fost desfășurată în Timorul de Est pentru stabilirea și menținerea păcii. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detalii">Detalii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_din_Timorul_de_Est_din_1999&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Detalii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_din_Timorul_de_Est_din_1999&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Detalii"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Referendumul">Referendumul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_din_Timorul_de_Est_din_1999&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referendumul" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_din_Timorul_de_Est_din_1999&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Referendumul"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>, guvernul indonezian a decis, în urma puternicelor presiuni internaționale, să organizeze un referendum asupra viitorului Timorului de Est. Portugalia începuse să câștige aliați politici pentru presiunile asupra Indoneziei, la început în cadrul <a href="/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83" title="Uniunea Europeană">UE</a>, și apoi în toată lumea. Referendumul s-a desfășurat la <a href="/wiki/30_august" title="30 august">30 august</a>, și 78,5% din alegători s-au pronunțat în favoarea independenței, respingând oferta alternativă de a organiza statul ca o provincie autonomă în cadrul Indoneziei, Regiunea Autonomă Specială a Timorului de Est (SARET). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violențele"><span id="Violen.C8.9Bele"></span>Violențele</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_din_Timorul_de_Est_din_1999&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Violențele" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_din_Timorul_de_Est_din_1999&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Violențele"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Imediat după aceasta, milițiile est-timoreze unioniste susținute de armata indoneziană, împreună cu soldați indonezieni au declanșat o campanie de violențe și terorism. Aproximativ 1.400 de timorezi au fost uciși și 300.000 s-au refugiat în Timorul de Vest. Majoritatea infrastructurii țării, inclusiv casele, sistemele de irigații, sistemele de aprovizionare electrică, și școlile, și aproape întreaga rețea de electricitate a țării au fost distruse. Conform lui <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, „Într-o singură lună, această operațiune militară masivă a dus la moartea a aproximativ 2.000 de oameni, sute de violuri comise asupra femeilor și fetelor, dislocarea a trei sferturi din populație, și demolarea a 75% din infrastructura țării”<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="InterFET">InterFET</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_din_Timorul_de_Est_din_1999&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: InterFET" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_din_Timorul_de_Est_din_1999&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: InterFET"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/20_septembrie" title="20 septembrie">20 septembrie</a> <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>, trupele de menținere a păcii preponderent australiene au fost desfășurate în țară și au oprit violențele. Activiști din Portugalia, Australia, Statele Unite, și din alte țări au pus presiune pe guvernele lor să ia atitudine, iar Președintele SUA <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> a amenințat Indonezia, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_financiar%C4%83_din_Asia&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Criza financiară din Asia — pagină inexistentă">care deja avea probleme economice</a>, cu retragerea împrumuturilor <a href="/wiki/FMI" class="mw-redirect" title="FMI">FMI</a>. Guvernul indonezian a acceptat să-și retragă trupele și să permită forței multinaționale din Timor să stabilizeze regiunea. A devenit clar că ONU nu avea suficiente resurse pentru a se confrunta direct cu forțele paramilitare. În schimb, ONU a autorizat înființarea unei forțe militare multinaționale cunoscută sub numele de <a href="/w/index.php?title=INTERFET&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="INTERFET — pagină inexistentă">INTERFET</a> (International Force for East Timor), în urma rezoluției nr. 1264 a Consiliului de Securitate. Trupele au fost formate din militari din 17 țări, aproximativ 9.900 în total. 4.400 au provenit din Australia, iar restul din alte țări din Asia de Sud-Est. Forța a fost condusă de general-maior <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Cosgrove&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Cosgrove — pagină inexistentă">Peter Cosgrove</a>. Trupele au pătruns în Timorul de Est la <a href="/wiki/20_septembrie" title="20 septembrie">20 septembrie</a> <a href="/wiki/1999" title="1999">1999</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_din_Timorul_de_Est_din_1999&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Criza_din_Timorul_de_Est_din_1999&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stephen Fitzpatrick (<time datetime="2008-07-16">16 iulie 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24027289-2703,00.html">„Jakarta 'regrets' E Timor atrocities”</a>. 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