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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cádiz" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cádiz"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Cádiz </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cádiz-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supply_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supply_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Supply situation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supply_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fleets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fleets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Fleets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fleets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fleets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fleets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 British </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franco-Spanish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franco-Spanish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Franco-Spanish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franco-Spanish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Battle </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Battle subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nelson's_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nelson's_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Nelson's plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nelson's_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Departure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Departure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Departure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Departure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Combat </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cosmao_and_MacDonnell_sortie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cosmao_and_MacDonnell_sortie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Cosmao and MacDonnell sortie </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cosmao_and_MacDonnell_sortie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_British_cast_off_the_prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_British_cast_off_the_prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 The British cast off the prizes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_British_cast_off_the_prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Casualties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Results </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-100th_anniversary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#100th_anniversary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 100th anniversary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-100th_anniversary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-200th_anniversary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#200th_anniversary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 200th anniversary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-200th_anniversary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Novels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 In other media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Battle of Trafalgar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" > 75 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeslag_van_Trafalgar" title="Seeslag van Trafalgar – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Seeslag van Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_S%C7%A3feoht" title="Trafalgar Sǣfeoht – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Trafalgar Sǣfeoht" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%BA%D8%B1" title="معركة الطرف الأغر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة الطرف الأغر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Trafalgar" title="Batalla de Trafalgar – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Batalla de Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Trafalgar" title="Batalla de Trafalgar – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Batalla de Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalqar_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Trafalqar döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Trafalqar döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A4%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ترافالقار دؤیوشو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترافالقار دؤیوشو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Трафальгарская бітва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Трафальгарская бітва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Битка при Трафалгар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Трафалгар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emgann_Trafalgar" title="Emgann Trafalgar – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emgann Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Trafalgar" title="Batalla de Trafalgar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Trafalgaru" title="Bitva u Trafalgaru – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Trafalgaru" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brwydr_Trafalgar" title="Brwydr Trafalgar – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brwydr Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Trafalgar" title="Slaget ved Trafalgar – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Trafalgar" title="Schlacht von Trafalgar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgari_lahing" title="Trafalgari lahing – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trafalgari lahing" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Ναυμαχία του Τραφάλγκαρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναυμαχία του Τραφάλγκαρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Trafalgar" title="Batalla de Trafalgar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalo_apud_Trafalgar" title="Batalo apud Trafalgar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Batalo apud Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgarko_gudua" title="Trafalgarko gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Trafalgarko gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="نبرد ترافالگار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نبرد ترافالگار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Trafalgar" title="Bataille de Trafalgar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cath_Trafalgar" title="Cath Trafalgar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cath Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Trafalgar" title="Batalla de Trafalgar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC%ED%8C%94%EA%B0%80%EB%A5%B4_%ED%95%B4%EC%A0%84" title="트라팔가르 해전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트라팔가르 해전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Տրաֆալգարի ճակատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրաֆալգարի ճակատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="ट्रफ़ैलगर का युद्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ट्रफ़ैलगर का युद्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Trafalgara" title="Bitka kod Trafalgara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bitka kod Trafalgara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Trafalgar" title="Batalio di Trafalgar – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Trafalgar" title="Pertempuran Trafalgar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pertempuran Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Trafalgar" title="Orrustan við Trafalgar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orrustan við Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Trafalgar" title="Battaglia di Trafalgar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A8" title="קרב טרפלגר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרב טרפלגר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="ტრაფალგარის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტრაფალგარის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgaris_Pugna" title="Trafalgaris Pugna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Trafalgaris Pugna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgaras_kauja" title="Trafalgaras kauja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Trafalgaras kauja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schluecht_vun_Trafalgar" title="Schluecht vun Trafalgar – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Schluecht vun Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgaro_m%C5%AB%C5%A1is" title="Trafalgaro mūšis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Trafalgaro mūšis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgari_csata" title="Trafalgari csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Trafalgari csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%98_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Битка кај Трафалгар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Битка кај Трафалгар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82" title="ട്രഫാൾഗർ യുദ്ധം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ട്രഫാൾഗർ യുദ്ധം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="ट्रफाल्गरची लढाई – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ट्रफाल्गरची लढाई" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B1" title="معركة الطرف الاغر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="معركة الطرف الاغر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertempuran_Trafalgar" title="Pertempuran Trafalgar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertempuran Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Трафальгарын тулаан – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Трафальгарын тулаан" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%96%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ထရာဖဲလဂါတိုက်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထရာဖဲလဂါတိုက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Trafalgar" title="Slag bij Trafalgar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%81%AE%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%A6" title="トラファルガーの海戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トラファルガーの海戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Trafalgar" title="Slaget ved Trafalgar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Slaget ved Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Trafalgar" title="Slaget ved Trafalgar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Slaget ved Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Trafalgar" title="Batalha de Trafalgar – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Batalha de Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_jangi" title="Trafalgar jangi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Trafalgar jangi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د ترافالګار جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ترافالګار جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Trafalgarem" title="Bitwa pod Trafalgarem – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Trafalgarem" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Trafalgar" title="Batalha de Trafalgar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Trafalgar" title="Bătălia de la Trafalgar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Трафальгарское сражение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трафальгарское сражение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beteja_e_Trafalgarit" title="Beteja e Trafalgarit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Beteja e Trafalgarit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Trafalgare" title="Bitka pri Trafalgare – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Trafalgare" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Trafalgarju" title="Bitka pri Trafalgarju – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Trafalgarju" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Битка код Трафалгара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Трафалгара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Trafalgara" title="Bitka kod Trafalgara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Trafalgara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgarin_taistelu" title="Trafalgarin taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Trafalgarin taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Trafalgar" title="Slaget vid Trafalgar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labanan_sa_Trafalgar" title="Labanan sa Trafalgar – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Labanan sa Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ยุทธนาวีที่ตราฟัลการ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยุทธนาวีที่ตราฟัลการ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_Muharebesi" title="Trafalgar Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Trafalgar Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_(1805)" title="Трафальгарська битва (1805) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трафальгарська битва (1805)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Trafalgar" title="Trận Trafalgar – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batreye_di_Trafalg%C3%A5r" title="Batreye di Trafalgår – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Batreye di Trafalgår" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-awayan_ha_Trafalgar" title="Pag-awayan ha Trafalgar – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pag-awayan ha Trafalgar" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8A%A0%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%98" title="特拉法加海战 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="特拉法加海战" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A3_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%90%D7%A8" title="קאמף פון טראפאלגאר – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאמף פון טראפאלגאר" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%B3%95%E5%8A%A0%E6%B5%B7%E6%88%B0" title="特拉法加海戰 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="特拉法加海戰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q171416#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Trafalgar&params=36.25_N_6.20_W_">36°15′N 6°12′W / 36.25°N 6.20°W / 36.25; -6.20</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1805 British naval victory in the Napoleonic Wars</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the painting, see <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(painting)" title="The Battle of Trafalgar (painting)">The Battle of Trafalgar (painting)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Trafalgar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_campaign" title="Trafalgar campaign">Trafalgar campaign</a> of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg/300px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg/450px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg/600px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_by_William_Clarkson_Stanfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5317" data-file-height="3048" /></a> The Battle of Trafalgar, 21 October 1805 by <a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Frederick_Stanfield" title="Clarkson Frederick Stanfield">Clarkson Frederick Stanfield</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>21 October 1805</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Trafalgar" title="Cape Trafalgar">Cape Trafalgar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Trafalgar&params=36.25_N_6.20_W_">36°15′N 6°12′W / 36.25°N 6.20°W / 36.25; -6.20</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931808)" title="History of Spain (1700–1808)">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthbert Collingwood">Cuthbert Collingwood</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire"><img alt="First French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Villeneuve" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Villeneuve">Pierre Villeneuve</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>) <a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Federico_Gravina" title="Federico Gravina">Federico Gravina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><abbr title="Died of wounds">DOW</abbr></a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 27 ships of the line 4 frigates 1 schooner 1 cutter 2,148 guns 17,000 men<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2002257-2">[2]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 33 ships of the line 5 frigates 2 brigs 2,632 guns 30,000 men<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2002257-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 458 killed 1,208 wounded<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2005524-3">[3]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4,395 killed 2,541 wounded 7,000–8,000 captured 17 ships of the line captured 1 ship of the line destroyed<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkins2004190-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Battle of Trafalgar is located in Europe"><img alt="Battle of Trafalgar is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/300px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/450px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/600px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:93.483%;left:6.351%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Battle of Trafalgar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" title="File:Europe relief laea location map.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within Europe</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Atlantic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Gulf of Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1797)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_26_April_1797" title="Action of 26 April 1797">Conil de la Frontera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_on_C%C3%A1diz" title="Assault on Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife_(1797)" title="Battle of Santa Cruz de Tenerife (1797)">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_October_1799" title="Action of 16 October 1799">Vigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_April_1800" title="Action of 7 April 1800">1st Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrol_Expedition" title="Ferrol Expedition">Ferrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_October_1804" title="Action of 5 October 1804">1st Cape Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_November_1804" title="Action of 25 November 1804">2nd Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_December_1804" title="Action of 7 December 1804">2nd Cape Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_4_April_1808" title="Action of 4 April 1808">3rd Cádiz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mediterranean</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_October_1796" title="Action of 13 October 1796">1st Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_19_December_1796" title="Action of 19 December 1796">Murcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Minorca_(1798)" title="Capture of Minorca (1798)">Menorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_July_1798" title="Action of 15 July 1798">2nd Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_19_January_1799" title="Action of 19 January 1799">1st Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_February_1799" title="Action of 6 February 1799">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_July_1799" title="Action of 7 July 1799">2nd Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_December_1800" title="Action of 10 December 1800">3rd Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_6_May_1801" title="Action of 6 May 1801">Barcelona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Algeciras" title="First Battle of Algeciras">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Algeciras" title="Second Battle of Algeciras">2nd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Oropesa" title="Raid on Oropesa">Oropesa del Mar</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Americas</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._George%27s_Caye" title="Battle of St. George's Caye">St. George's Caye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_out_of_the_Hermione" title="Cutting out of the Hermione">Puerto Cabello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">Río de la Plata</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Buenos Aires (page does not exist)">1st Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Perdriel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Perdriel (page does not exist)">Perdriel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reconquest_of_Buenos_Aires&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reconquest of Buenos Aires (page does not exist)">2nd Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capture_of_Maldonado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capture of Maldonado (page does not exist)">Maldonado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cardal" title="Battle of Cardal">Cardal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montevideo_(1807)" title="Battle of Montevideo (1807)">Montevideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento_(1807)" title="Battle of Colonia del Sacramento (1807)">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_June_1807" title="Action of 2 June 1807">Paraná Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_San_Pedro_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of San Pedro (1807) (page does not exist)">San Pedro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Miserere" title="Battle of Miserere">Miserere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Buenos_Aires_(1807)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Buenos Aires (1807) (page does not exist)">3rd Buenos Aires</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_23_August_1806" title="Action of 23 August 1806">Havana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/East_Indies_theatre_of_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="East Indies theatre of the French Revolutionary Wars">East Indies</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Manila" title="Raid on Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Incident_(1799)" title="Macau Incident (1799)">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_the_Third_Coalition" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Third_Coalition" title="Template:Campaignbox Third Coalition"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Third_Coalition" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Third Coalition"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Third_Coalition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Third Coalition"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_the_Third_Coalition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>German campaign</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_of_Bavaria_(1805)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasion of Bavaria (1805) (page does not exist)">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulm_campaign" title="Ulm campaign">Ulm campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Donauw%C3%B6rth" title="Battle of Donauwörth">Donauwörth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Memmingen" title="Battle of Memmingen">Memmingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mehrnbach" title="Battle of Mehrnbach">Mehrnbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lambach" title="Battle of Lambach">Lambach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steyr" title="Battle of Steyr">Steyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mariazell" title="Battle of Mariazell">Mariazell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Dornbirn" title="Capitulation of Dornbirn">Dornbirn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Expedition" title="Hanover Expedition">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wischau" title="Battle of Wischau">Wischau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Italian campaign</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forano" title="Battle of Forano">Forano</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pursuit_of_Armee_von_Italien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pursuit of Armee von Italien (page does not exist)">Caldiero pursuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castelfranco_Veneto" title="Battle of Castelfranco Veneto">Castelfranco Veneto</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Naples_(1806)" title="Invasion of Naples (1806)">Invasion of Naples</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calabrian_insurrection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calabrian insurrection (page does not exist)">Calabria</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_campaign" title="Trafalgar campaign">Trafalgar campaign</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">1st Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_10_August_1805" title="Action of 10 August 1805">2nd Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other battles</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_July_1805" title="Action of 15 July 1805">Chausey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blanc-Nez_and_Gris-Nez" title="Battle of Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez">Blanc-Nez and Gris-Nez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_occupation_of_Naples" title="Anglo-Russian occupation of Naples">Occupation of Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Wonau_and_Stecken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Wonau and Stecken (page does not exist)">Wonau and Stecken</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battles_of_Lippa_and_St._Mathia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battles of Lippa and St. Mathia (page does not exist)">Lippa and St. Mathia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_campaign_of_1806" title="Atlantic campaign of 1806">Atlantic campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaauwberg" title="Battle of Blaauwberg">Blaauwberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_March_1806" title="Action of 13 March 1806">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_21_April_1806" title="Action of 21 April 1806">Natal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_9_July_1806" title="Action of 9 July 1806">Ceylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The Battle of Trafalgar was a <a href="/wiki/Naval_engagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval engagement">naval engagement</a> that took place on 21 October 1805 between the <a href="/wiki/British_Royal_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="British Royal Navy">British Royal Navy</a> and the combined fleets of the <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Navy" title="Spanish Navy">Spanish Navies</a> during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> (August–December 1805) of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1803–1815).<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As part of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s plans to invade the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>, the French and Spanish fleets combined to take control of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> and provide the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> safe passage. The allied fleet, under the command of the French admiral, <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a>, sailed from the port of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> in the south of Spain on 18 October 1805. They encountered the British fleet under <a href="/wiki/Lord_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Nelson">Lord Nelson</a>, recently assembled to meet this threat, in the Atlantic Ocean along the southwest coast of Spain, off <a href="/wiki/Cape_Trafalgar" title="Cape Trafalgar">Cape Trafalgar</a>. Nelson was outnumbered, with 27 British <a href="/wiki/Ships_of_the_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Ships of the line">ships of the line</a> to 33 Franco-Spanish ships, including the largest warship in either fleet, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad" title="Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad">Santísima Trinidad</a>. To address this imbalance, Nelson sailed his fleet directly at the allied battle line's flank, hoping to break the line into pieces. Villeneuve had worried that Nelson might attempt this tactic, but for various reasons, failed to prepare for it. The plan worked almost perfectly; Nelson's columns split the Franco-Spanish fleet in three, isolating the rear half from Villeneuve's flag aboard <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)" title="French ship Bucentaure (1803)">Bucentaure</a>. The allied vanguard sailed off while it attempted to turn around, giving the British temporary superiority over the remainder of their fleet. In the ensuing fierce battle 20 allied ships were lost, while the British lost none. The offensive exposed the leading British ships to intense crossfire as they approached the Franco-Spanish lines. Nelson's own <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a> led the front column and was almost knocked out of action. Nelson was shot by a French musketeer during the battle, and died shortly before it ended. Villeneuve was captured along with his flagship Bucentaure. He attended Nelson's funeral while a captive on parole in Britain. The senior Spanish fleet officer, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Federico_Gravina" title="Federico Gravina">Federico Gravina</a>, escaped with the surviving third of the Franco-Spanish fleet; he died six months later of wounds sustained during the battle. The victory confirmed British naval supremacy, and was achieved in part through Nelson's departure from <a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics_in_the_Age_of_Sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval tactics in the Age of Sail">prevailing naval tactical orthodoxy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafalgar Campaign">Trafalgar Campaign</a></div> In 1805, the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>, was the dominant military land power on the European continent, while the British Royal Navy controlled the seas.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During the course of the war, the British imposed a naval <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> on France, which affected trade and kept the French from fully mobilising their naval resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStilwell200522–24-8">[8]</a> Despite several successful evasions of the blockade by the French navy, it failed to inflict a major defeat upon the British, who were able to attack French interests at home and abroad with relative ease.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2013247-9">[9]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Third_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a> declared war on France, after the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Amiens">Peace of Amiens</a>, Napoleon renewed his determination to invade Britain. To allow his invasion <a href="/wiki/Flotilla" title="Flotilla">flotilla</a> to reach England, he needed to wrest control of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> from the Royal Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkinsAdkins2006134-10">[10]</a> The main French <a href="/wiki/Naval_fleet" title="Naval fleet">fleets</a> were at <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> in Brittany and at <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> coast. Other ports on the French Atlantic coast harboured smaller <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">squadrons</a>. France and Spain were allied, so the Spanish fleet based in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrol, Galicia">Ferrol</a> was also available.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStilwell2005107-11">[11]</a> The British possessed an experienced and well-trained corps of naval officers.<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> By contrast, some of the best officers in the French navy had been executed or had left the service during the early part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStilwell2005104-13">[12]</a> Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a> had taken command of the French Mediterranean fleet following the death of <a href="/wiki/Latouche-Treville" class="mw-redirect" title="Latouche-Treville">Latouche Treville</a>. There had been more competent officers, but they had either been employed elsewhere or had fallen from Napoleon's favour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest200597-14">[13]</a> Villeneuve had shown a distinct reluctance for facing Nelson and the Royal Navy after the French defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Battle of the Nile</a> in 1798.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005121-15">[14]</a> Napoleon's naval plan in 1805 was for the French and Spanish fleets in the Mediterranean and Cádiz to break through the blockade and join forces in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. They would then return, assist the fleet in Brest to emerge from the blockade, and together clear the English Channel of Royal Navy ships, ensuring a safe passage for the invasion barges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavery2009171-16">[15]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">The admirals of the campaign</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 151.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 149.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:HoratioNelson1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vice Admiral Horatio, Lord Nelson, by Lemuel Francis Abbott"><img alt="Vice Admiral Horatio, Lord Nelson, by Lemuel Francis Abbott" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/224px-HoratioNelson1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/336px-HoratioNelson1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/HoratioNelson1.jpg/448px-HoratioNelson1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2074" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio, Lord Nelson</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Francis_Abbott" title="Lemuel Francis Abbott">Lemuel Francis Abbott</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cuthbert_Collingwood,_Baron_Collingwood_by_Henry_Howard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vice Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood"><img alt="Vice Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cuthbert_Collingwood%2C_Baron_Collingwood_by_Henry_Howard.jpg/216px-Cuthbert_Collingwood%2C_Baron_Collingwood_by_Henry_Howard.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cuthbert_Collingwood%2C_Baron_Collingwood_by_Henry_Howard.jpg/324px-Cuthbert_Collingwood%2C_Baron_Collingwood_by_Henry_Howard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cuthbert_Collingwood%2C_Baron_Collingwood_by_Henry_Howard.jpg/432px-Cuthbert_Collingwood%2C_Baron_Collingwood_by_Henry_Howard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3002" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthbert Collingwood">Cuthbert Collingwood</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Amiraldevilleneuve.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, the French admiral"><img alt="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve, the French admiral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Amiraldevilleneuve.jpg/217px-Amiraldevilleneuve.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Amiraldevilleneuve.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="276" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a>, the French admiral</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:FedericoGravinaYN%C3%A1poliAn%C3%B3nimoHacia1810.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Federico Gravina, the Spanish admiral"><img alt="Federico Gravina, the Spanish admiral" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FedericoGravinaYN%C3%A1poliAn%C3%B3nimoHacia1810.jpg/223px-FedericoGravinaYN%C3%A1poliAn%C3%B3nimoHacia1810.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FedericoGravinaYN%C3%A1poliAn%C3%B3nimoHacia1810.jpg/334px-FedericoGravinaYN%C3%A1poliAn%C3%B3nimoHacia1810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/FedericoGravinaYN%C3%A1poliAn%C3%B3nimoHacia1810.jpg/445px-FedericoGravinaYN%C3%A1poliAn%C3%B3nimoHacia1810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="2126" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Federico_Gravina" title="Federico Gravina">Federico Gravina</a>, the Spanish admiral</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pursuit_of_Villeneuve">Pursuit of Villeneuve</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pursuit of Villeneuve">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nelson%27s_Search_in_the_Mediterranean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nelson%27s_Search_in_the_Mediterranean.png/260px-Nelson%27s_Search_in_the_Mediterranean.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nelson%27s_Search_in_the_Mediterranean.png/390px-Nelson%27s_Search_in_the_Mediterranean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Nelson%27s_Search_in_the_Mediterranean.png/520px-Nelson%27s_Search_in_the_Mediterranean.png 2x" data-file-width="1777" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>Nelson's search in the Mediterranean</figcaption></figure> Early in 1805, <a href="/wiki/Vice_Admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice Admiral">Vice Admiral</a> Lord Nelson commanded the British fleet blockading the Mediterranean port of <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/William_Cornwallis" title="William Cornwallis">William Cornwallis</a>, who maintained a <a href="/wiki/Blockade#Close,_distant,_and_loose_blockades" title="Blockade">close blockade</a> off Brest with the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Fleet" title="Channel Fleet">Channel Fleet</a>, Nelson adopted a loose blockade in hope of luring the French out to battle, saying, "to be able to get at the enemy you must let them come out to you, if you cannot get at them."<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELavery2009171-16">[15]</a> However, Villeneuve's fleet successfully evaded Nelson's when the British were blown off station by storms. Nelson commenced a search of the Mediterranean, supposing that the French intended to make for <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, but Villeneuve instead took his fleet through the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, rendezvoused with the Spanish fleet in Cádiz, and sailed as planned for the Caribbean. Once Nelson realised that the French were crossing the Atlantic, he set off in pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Chase_to_the_West_Indies.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Chase_to_the_West_Indies.png/260px-The_Chase_to_the_West_Indies.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Chase_to_the_West_Indies.png/390px-The_Chase_to_the_West_Indies.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/The_Chase_to_the_West_Indies.png/520px-The_Chase_to_the_West_Indies.png 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption>The Chase to the West Indies</figcaption></figure> He missed them by just days in the West Indies as a result of false information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah2021106-19">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cádiz">Cádiz</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cádiz">edit</a>]</div> Having lured the British to the West Indies, Villeneuve returned from the Caribbean to <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, intending to break the blockade at Brest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005121-15">[14]</a> Nelson, still in fear for Egypt, made to return to the Mediterranean. The fast sailing corvette taking word of his plans back to the admiralty spotted the French heading further north. On receiving this intelligence <a href="/wiki/Lord_Barham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Barham">Lord Barham</a> immediately ordered Admiral Cornwallis to combine his squadron with that of Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Robert_Calder" title="Robert Calder">Calder</a> off Ferrol and to stretch out thirty to forty leagues into the Atlantic to block the French from entering the Channel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah2021186-20">[18]</a> Calder intercepted the French resulting in an inconclusive engagement during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Battle of Cape Finisterre</a> in which two of the Spanish ships were captured. Villeneuve abandoned his plan and sailed back to <a href="/wiki/Ferrol,_Galicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrol, Galicia">Ferrol</a> in northern Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005137-21">[19]</a> There he received orders from Napoleon to return to Brest according to the main plan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005141-22">[20]</a> Napoleon's invasion plans for Britain depended on having a sufficiently large number of ships of the line protecting his port of <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a> on the English Channel. This would require Villeneuve's force of 33 ships to join Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Joseph_Antoine_Ganteaume" title="Honoré Joseph Antoine Ganteaume">Ganteaume</a>'s force of 21 ships at Brest, along with a squadron of five ships under Captain Allemand, which would have given him a combined force of 59 ships of the line. When Villeneuve set sail from Ferrol on 10 August, he was under orders from Napoleon to sail northward toward Brest. Instead, he worried that the British were observing his manoeuvres, so on 11 August, he sailed southward towards Cádiz on the southwestern coast of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005142-23">[21]</a> With no sign of Villeneuve's fleet, on 25 August, the three French army corps' invasion force near Boulogne broke camp and marched into Germany, where it was later engaged. This ended the immediate threat of invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStilwell200532-24">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005157-25">[23]</a> The same month, Admiral Lord Nelson returned home to Britain after two years of duty at sea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005145-26">[24]</a> He remained ashore for 25 days and was warmly received by his countrymen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005161–162-27">[25]</a> Word reached Britain on 2 September about the combined French and Spanish fleet in Cádiz harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2005268-28">[26]</a> Nelson had to wait until 15 September before his ship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>, was ready to sail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2005273-29">[27]</a> On 15 August, Cornwallis decided to detach 20 ships of the line from the fleet guarding the English Channel to sail southward to engage the French and Spanish forces in Spain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2005283-30">[28]</a> leaving the Channel with only 11 ships of the line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2005283–284-31">[29]</a> The detached force formed the nucleus of the British fleet at Trafalgar. This fleet, under the command of Vice-Admiral Calder, reached Cádiz on 15 September. Nelson joined the fleet on 28 September to take command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005170-32">[30]</a> Hoping to lure the combined Franco-Spanish force out from Cádiz harbor and engage it in a decisive battle, Nelson kept his main force out of sight approximately 50 miles (80 km) offshore<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2005288-33">[31]</a> and sent a squadron of <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a> (faster, but too small for the line of battle) to keep watch on the harbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2005288-33">[31]</a> This was led by Captain <a href="/wiki/Henry_Blackwood" title="Henry Blackwood">Blackwood</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Euryalus_(1803)" title="HMS Euryalus (1803)">HMS Euryalus</a>, with five frigates, a <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005190-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supply_situation">Supply situation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Supply situation">edit</a>]</div> Nelson's fleet badly needed provisioning. On 2 October, five ships of the line, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_(1769)" title="HMS Queen (1769)">HMS Queen</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Canopus_(1798)" title="HMS Canopus (1798)">Canopus</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Spencer_(1800)" title="HMS Spencer (1800)">Spencer</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Zealous_(1785)" title="HMS Zealous (1785)">Zealous</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Tigre_(1793)" title="French ship Tigre (1793)">Tigre</a>, and the frigate <a href="/wiki/HMS_Endymion_(1797)" title="HMS Endymion (1797)">HMS Endymion</a> were dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> under <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Louis" title="Thomas Louis">Rear-Admiral Sir Thomas Louis</a> for supplies.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Template:Harvard_citation_documentation#Wikilink_to_citation_does_not_work" title="Template:Harvard citation documentation">citation not found</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_Of_Trafalgar_By_William_Lionel_Wyllie,_Juno_Tower,_CFB_Halifax_Nova_Scotia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Battle_Of_Trafalgar_By_William_Lionel_Wyllie%2C_Juno_Tower%2C_CFB_Halifax_Nova_Scotia.jpg/300px-Battle_Of_Trafalgar_By_William_Lionel_Wyllie%2C_Juno_Tower%2C_CFB_Halifax_Nova_Scotia.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Battle_Of_Trafalgar_By_William_Lionel_Wyllie%2C_Juno_Tower%2C_CFB_Halifax_Nova_Scotia.jpg/450px-Battle_Of_Trafalgar_By_William_Lionel_Wyllie%2C_Juno_Tower%2C_CFB_Halifax_Nova_Scotia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Battle_Of_Trafalgar_By_William_Lionel_Wyllie%2C_Juno_Tower%2C_CFB_Halifax_Nova_Scotia.jpg/600px-Battle_Of_Trafalgar_By_William_Lionel_Wyllie%2C_Juno_Tower%2C_CFB_Halifax_Nova_Scotia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Trafalgar by <a href="/wiki/William_Lionel_Wyllie" title="William Lionel Wyllie">William Lionel Wyllie</a>, Juno Tower, <a href="/wiki/CFB_Halifax" title="CFB Halifax">CFB Halifax</a>, Nova Scotia, Canada</figcaption></figure> These ships were later diverted for convoy duty in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, although Nelson had expected them to return. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Superb_(1798)" title="HMS Superb (1798)">HMS Superb</a> under Captain <a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodwin_Keats" title="Richard Goodwin Keats">Richard Goodwin Keats</a> had been sent to the dockyard for a re-fit after four years at sea, including the chase of Villeneuve, and was expected to return to the fleet where Keats was to be Nelson's second, but the ship was not released in time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah2021120–124-36">[34]</a> Other British ships continued to arrive, and by 15 October the fleet was up to full strength for the battle. Nelson also lost Calder's <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a>, the 98-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(1794)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (1794)">Prince of Wales</a>, which he sent home as Calder had been recalled by the Admiralty to face a court-martial for his apparent lack of aggression during the engagement off Cape Finisterre on 22 July. Meanwhile, Villeneuve's fleet in Cádiz was also suffering from a serious supply shortage that could not be easily rectified by the cash-poor French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2005278-37">[35]</a> The blockade maintained by the British fleet had made it difficult for the Franco-Spanish allies to obtain stores, and their ships were ill-equipped. Villeneuve's ships were also more than two thousand men short of the force needed to sail. These were not the only problems faced by the Franco-Spanish fleet. The main French ships of the line had been kept in harbour for years by the British blockade with only brief sorties. The French crews included few experienced sailors, and, as most of the crew had to be taught the elements of seamanship on the few occasions when they got to sea, gunnery was neglected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay1911154-38">[36]</a> The hasty voyage across the Atlantic and back used up vital supplies. Villeneuve's supply situation began to improve in October, but news of Nelson's arrival made Villeneuve reluctant to leave port. His captains had held a vote on the matter and decided to stay in harbour. On 16 September, Napoleon gave orders for the French and Spanish ships at Cádiz to put to sea at the first favourable opportunity, join with seven Spanish ships of the line then at <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Spain" title="Cartagena, Spain">Cartagena</a>, go to <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and land the soldiers they carried to reinforce his troops there, then fight decisively if they met a numerically inferior British fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay1911153-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fleets">Fleets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fleets">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_battle_at_the_Battle_of_Trafalgar" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of battle at the Battle of Trafalgar">Order of battle at the Battle of Trafalgar</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British">British</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>British </th> <th>Franco- Spanish </th></tr> <tr> <td>First rates </td> <td>3 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Second rates </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Third rates </td> <td>20 </td> <td>29 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total ships of the line </td> <td>27 </td> <td>33 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other ships </td> <td>6 </td> <td>7 </td></tr></tbody></table> On 21 October, Admiral Nelson had 27 ships of the line with 2148 cannons, and a total of 17000 crewmen and marines under his command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2002259-40">[38]</a> Nelson's flagship, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a>, captained by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Masterman_Hardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Masterman Hardy">Thomas Masterman Hardy</a>, was one of three 100-gun <a href="/wiki/First-rate" title="First-rate">first-rates</a> in his fleet. He also had four 98-gun <a href="/wiki/Second-rate" title="Second-rate">second-rates</a> and 20 <a href="/wiki/Third-rate" title="Third-rate">third-rates</a>. One of the third-rates was an 80-gun vessel, and 16 were 74-gun vessels. The remaining three were 64-gun ships, which were being phased out of the Royal Navy at the time of the battle. Nelson also had four frigates of 38 or 36 guns, a 12-gun <a href="/wiki/Schooner" title="Schooner">schooner</a> and a 10-gun <a href="/wiki/Cutter_(boat)" title="Cutter (boat)">cutter</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franco-Spanish">Franco-Spanish</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Franco-Spanish">edit</a>]</div> Against Nelson, Vice-Admiral Villeneuve, sailing on his flagship Bucentaure, fielded 33 ships of the line, including some of the largest in the world at the time. The Spanish contributed four first-rates to the fleet – three of these ships, one at 130 guns (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad" title="Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad">Santísima Trinidad</a>) and two at 112 guns (Príncipe de Asturias, Santa Ana), were much larger than anything under Nelson's command. The fourth first-rate carried 100 guns. The fleet had six 80-gun third-rates (four French and two Spanish), and one Spanish 64-gun third-rate. The remaining 22 third-rates were 74-gun vessels, of which 14 were French and eight Spanish. In total, the Spanish contributed 15 ships of the line and the French 18 along with some 30000 men and marines manning 2632 cannons. The fleet also included five 40-gun frigates and two 18-gun <a href="/wiki/Brig" title="Brig">brigs</a>, all French.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2002257-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nelson's_plan">Nelson's plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nelson's plan">edit</a>]</div> The prevailing tactical orthodoxy at the time involved manoeuvring to approach the enemy fleet in a single <a href="/wiki/Line_of_battle" title="Line of battle">line of battle</a> and then engaging broadside in parallel lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes200766-41">[39]</a> In previous times, fleets had usually engaged in a mixed mêlée of chaotic one-on-one battles. One reason for the development of the line of battle formation was to facilitate control of the fleet: if all the ships were in line, signalling during battle became possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIreland200052-42">[40]</a> The line also allowed either side to disengage by breaking away in formation; if the opponent chose to continue, their line would be broken as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFremont-Barnes200766-41">[39]</a> This often led to inconclusive battles, or allowed the losing side to minimise its losses. Facing a numerically superior Franco-Spanish line, Nelson wanted to break it into a chaotic mêlée which would force his opponents to fight his well-trained crews ship to ship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005154-43">[41]</a> Nelson's solution was to cut the opposing line in three. Approaching in two columns sailing perpendicular to the Franco-Spanish fleet's line, one towards the centre of the opposing line and one towards the trailing end, his ships would surround the middle third, and force them to fight to the end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005182-44">[42]</a> Nelson hoped specifically to cut the line just in front of the French flagship, Bucentaure; the isolated ships in front of the break would not be able to see the flagship's signals, which he hoped would take them out of combat while they re-formed. This echoed the <a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics_in_the_Age_of_Sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval tactics in the Age of Sail">tactics</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Duncan,_1st_Viscount_Duncan" title="Adam Duncan, 1st Viscount Duncan">Admiral Duncan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camperdown" title="Battle of Camperdown">Battle of Camperdown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Jervis" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Jervis">Admiral Jervis</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1797)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1797)">Battle of Cape St. Vincent</a>, both in 1797.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2002238-45">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Trafalgar,_21_October_1805_RMG_BHC0550.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805_RMG_BHC0550.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805_RMG_BHC0550.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805_RMG_BHC0550.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805_RMG_BHC0550.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805_RMG_BHC0550.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805_RMG_BHC0550.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10739" data-file-height="6860" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Trafalgar painted by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Drummond" title="Samuel Drummond">Samuel Drummond</a> in 1825</figcaption></figure> The plan had three principal advantages: <ul><li>First, the British fleet would close with the Franco-Spanish as quickly as possible, preventing their escape.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2005174-46">[44]</a></li> <li>Second, it would quickly bring on a mêlée and frantic battle by breaking the Franco-Spanish line and inducing a series of individual ship-to-ship actions, in which the British knew they were likely to prevail. Nelson knew that the superior seamanship, faster gunnery and better morale of his crews were great advantages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2005173-47">[45]</a></li> <li>Third, it would bring a decisive concentration on the rear of the Franco-Spanish fleet. The ships in the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard" title="Vanguard">van</a> of the French and Spanish fleet would have to turn back to support the rear, which would take a long time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005182-44">[42]</a> Additionally, once the line had been broken, their ships would be relatively defenceless against powerful broadsides from the British fleet, and it would take them a long time to reposition to return fire.</li></ul> The main drawback of attacking head-on was that as the leading British ships approached, the Franco-Spanish Combined Fleet would be able to direct <a href="/wiki/Raking_fire" title="Raking fire">raking</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(naval)" title="Broadside (naval)">broadside</a> fire at their bows, to which they would be unable to reply. To lessen the time the fleet was exposed to this danger, Nelson had his ships make all available sail (including <a href="/wiki/Studding_sail" title="Studding sail">stunsails</a>), yet another departure from the norm.<a href="#cite_note-NB215-48">[46]</a> He was also well aware that French and Spanish gunners were ill-trained and would have difficulty firing accurately from a moving gun platform. The Combined Fleet was sailing across a heavy <a href="/wiki/Swell_(ocean)" title="Swell (ocean)">swell</a>, causing the ships to roll heavily and exacerbate the problem. Nelson's plan was a carefully calculated gamble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillis2013266-49">[47]</a> During the blockade off the coast of Spain in October, Nelson instructed his captains, over two dinners aboard Victory, on his plan for the approaching battle. In an animated conversation with his favourite captain, Richard Goodwin Keats, who was expected to be his second in the forthcoming battle, Nelson explained a refined battle plan whilst the two were walking in the garden of Merton in August 1805.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannah2021ch._9-50">[48]</a> The order of sailing, in which the fleet was arranged when the opposing fleet was first sighted, was to be the order of the ensuing action so that no time would be wasted in forming two lines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2002239-51">[49]</a> The first, led by his second-in-command Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuthbert Collingwood">Cuthbert Collingwood</a>, was to sail into the rear of the Franco-Spanish line, while the other, led by Nelson, was to sail into the centre and vanguard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2005174-46">[44]</a> In preparation for the battle, Nelson ordered the ships of his fleet to be painted in a distinctive yellow and black pattern (later known as the <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Chequer" title="Nelson Chequer">Nelson Chequer</a>) that would make them easy to distinguish from their opponents.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005182–183-52">[50]</a> Nelson was careful to point out that something had to be left to chance. Nothing is sure in a sea battle, so he left his captains free from all hampering rules by telling them that "No captain can do very wrong if he places his ship alongside that of the enemy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2002238-45">[43]</a> In short, <a href="/wiki/Emergence" title="Emergence">circumstances</a> would dictate the execution, subject to the guiding rule that the Franco-Spanish fleet's rear was to be cut off and superior force concentrated on that part of the line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay1911154-38">[36]</a> Admiral Villeneuve himself expressed his belief that Nelson would use some sort of unorthodox attack, presciently speculating that Nelson would drive right at his line. But his long game of <a href="/wiki/Cat_and_mouse" title="Cat and mouse">cat and mouse</a> with Nelson had worn him down, and he was suffering from a loss of nerve. Fearing that his inexperienced officers would be unable to maintain formation in more than one group, he chose to keep the single line that became Nelson's target.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStilwell2005115–116-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Departure">Departure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Departure">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Trafalgar">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22">"Battle of Trafalgar"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Combined Fleet of French and Spanish warships anchored in Cádiz under the leadership of Admiral Villeneuve was in disarray. On 16 September 1805 Villeneuve received orders from Napoleon to sail the Combined Fleet from Cádiz to Naples. At first, Villeneuve was optimistic about returning to the Mediterranean, but soon had second thoughts. A war council was held aboard his flagship, <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)" title="French ship Bucentaure (1803)">Bucentaure</a>, on 8 October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005178-54">[52]</a> While some of the French captains wished to obey Napoleon's orders, the Spanish captains and other French officers, including Villeneuve, thought it best to remain in Cádiz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBest2005179-55">[53]</a> Villeneuve changed his mind yet again on 18 October 1805, ordering the Combined Fleet to sail immediately even though there were only very light winds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchom1990301–06-56">[54]</a> The sudden change was prompted by a letter Villeneuve had received on 18 October, informing him that Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rosily" class="mw-redirect" title="François Rosily">François Rosily</a> had arrived in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> with orders to take command of the Combined Fleet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2005289–290-57">[55]</a> Stung by the prospect of being disgraced before the fleet, Villeneuve resolved to go to sea before his successor could reach Cádiz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay1911153-39">[37]</a> At the same time, he received intelligence that a detachment of six British ships (Admiral Louis' squadron), had docked at Gibraltar, thus weakening the British fleet. This was used as the pretext for sudden change. The weather, however, suddenly turned calm following a week of gales. This slowed the progress of the fleet leaving the harbour, giving the British plenty of warning. Villeneuve had drawn up plans to form a force of four squadrons, each containing both French and Spanish ships. Following their earlier vote on 8 October to stay put, some captains were reluctant to leave Cádiz, and as a result they failed to follow Villeneuve's orders closely and the fleet straggled out of the harbour in no particular formation. It took most of 20 October for Villeneuve to get his fleet organised; it eventually set sail in three columns for the Straits of Gibraltar to the southeast. That same evening, <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Achille_(1804)" title="French ship Achille (1804)">Achille</a> spotted a force of 18 British ships of the line in pursuit. The fleet began to prepare for battle and during the night, they were ordered into a single line. The following day, Nelson's fleet of 27 ships of the line and four frigates was spotted in pursuit from the northwest with the wind behind it. Villeneuve again ordered his fleet into three columns, but soon changed his mind and restored a single line. The result was a sprawling, uneven formation. At 5:40 a.m. on 21 October, the British were about 21 miles (34 km) to the northwest of Cape Trafalgar, with the Franco-Spanish fleet between the British and the Cape. About 6 a.m., Nelson gave the order to prepare for battle.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a> At 8 a.m., the British frigate Euryalus, which had been keeping watch on the Combined Fleet overnight, observed the British fleet still "forming the lines" in which it would attack.<a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">self-published source</a>] At 8 a.m., Villeneuve ordered the fleet to wear together (turn about) and return to Cádiz. This reversed the order of the allied line, placing the rear division under Rear-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Dumanoir_le_Pelley" title="Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley">Pierre Dumanoir le Pelley</a> in the vanguard. The wind became contrary at this point, often shifting direction. The very light wind rendered manoeuvring virtually impossible for all but the most expert seamen. The inexperienced crews had difficulty with the changing conditions, and it took nearly an hour and a half for Villeneuve's order to be completed. The French and Spanish fleet now formed an uneven, angular crescent, with the slower ships generally to <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a> and closer to the shore. By 11 a.m., Nelson's entire fleet was visible to Villeneuve, drawn up in two parallel columns. The two fleets would be within range of each other within an hour. Villeneuve was concerned at this point about forming up a line, as his ships were unevenly spaced in an irregular formation drawn out nearly 5 miles (8 km) long as Nelson's fleet approached. As the British drew closer, they could see that the combined French and Spanish fleet was not sailing in a tight order, but in irregular groups. Nelson could not immediately make out the French flagship as the French and Spanish were not flying command pennants. Nelson was outnumbered and outgunned, with the opposing fleet totalling nearly 30000 men and 2568 guns to Nelson's 17000 men and 2148 guns. The Franco-Spanish fleet also had six more ships of the line, and so could more readily combine their fire. There was no way for some of Nelson's ships to avoid being "doubled on" or even "trebled on". As the two fleets drew closer, anxiety began to build among officers and sailors; one British sailor described the approach thus: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">During this momentous preparation, the human mind had ample time for meditation, for it was evident that the fate of England rested on this battle.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2012)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkins2004a[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_February_2012]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(February_2012)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-60">[58]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat">Combat</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Combat">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Special:EditPage/Battle of Trafalgar">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22">"Battle of Trafalgar"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Battle+of+Trafalgar%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (October 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_expects...retouched.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/England_expects...retouched.jpg/220px-England_expects...retouched.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/England_expects...retouched.jpg/330px-England_expects...retouched.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/England_expects...retouched.jpg/440px-England_expects...retouched.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Nelson's signal, "<a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a>", flying from Victory on the bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:England_Expects_Signal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/England_Expects_Signal.svg/220px-England_Expects_Signal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/England_Expects_Signal.svg/330px-England_Expects_Signal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/England_Expects_Signal.svg/440px-England_Expects_Signal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="785" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Nelson's signal.<a href="#cite_note-SignalWasFamous-61">[59]</a></figcaption></figure> The battle progressed largely according to Nelson's plan. At 11:45, Nelson sent the flag signal, "<a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a>".<a href="#cite_note-SignalWasFamous-61">[59]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">His Lordship came to me on the <a href="/wiki/Poop_deck" title="Poop deck">poop</a>, and after ordering certain signals to be made, about a quarter to noon, he said, "Mr. <a href="/wiki/John_Pasco" title="John Pasco">Pasco</a>, I wish to say to the fleet, 'England confides that every man will do his duty'" and he added "You must be quick, for I have one more to make which is for close action." I replied, "If your Lordship will permit me to substitute 'expects' for 'confides' the signal will soon be completed, because the word 'expects' is in the vocabulary, and 'confides' must be spelt," His Lordship replied, in haste, and with seeming satisfaction, "That will do, Pasco, make it directly."<a href="#cite_note-NS-62">[60]</a></blockquote> The term "England" was widely used at the time to refer to the United Kingdom; the British fleet included significant contingents from Ireland, Scotland, and Wales. Unlike the photographic depiction above, this signal would have been shown on the <a href="/wiki/Mizzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizzen">mizzen</a> mast only and would have required 12 lifts. As the battle opened, the French and Spanish were in a ragged curved line headed north. As planned, the British fleet was approaching the Franco-Spanish line in two columns. Leading the northern, <a href="/wiki/Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Windward">windward</a> column in Victory was Nelson, while Collingwood in the 100-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_Sovereign_(1786)" title="HMS Royal Sovereign (1786)">Royal Sovereign</a> led the second, leeward, column. The two British columns approached from the west at nearly a right angle to the allied line. Nelson led his column into a feint toward the van of the Franco-Spanish fleet and then abruptly turned toward the actual point of attack. Collingwood altered the course of his column slightly so that the two lines converged at this line of attack. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg/220px-Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg/330px-Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg/440px-Trafalgar-Auguste_Mayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Artist's conception of <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sandwich_(1759)" title="HMS Sandwich (1759)">HMS Sandwich</a> fighting the French <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Bucentaure_(1803)" title="French ship Bucentaure (1803)">Bucentaure</a> (completely dismasted) at Trafalgar. Bucentaure is also fighting <a href="/wiki/HMS_Temeraire_(1798)" title="HMS Temeraire (1798)">HMS Temeraire</a> (on the left) and being fired into by <a href="/wiki/HMS_Victory" title="HMS Victory">HMS Victory</a> (behind her). In fact, this is a mistake by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Mayer">Auguste Mayer</a>, the painter; HMS Sandwich never fought at Trafalgar.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a></figcaption></figure> Just before his column engaged the allied forces, Collingwood said to his officers, "Now, gentlemen, let us do something today which the world may talk of hereafter."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Because the winds were very light during the battle, all the ships were moving extremely slowly, and the foremost British ships were under heavy fire from several of the allied ships for almost an hour before their own guns could bear. At noon, Villeneuve sent the signal "engage the enemy", and <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Fougueux_(1785)" title="French ship Fougueux (1785)">Fougueux</a> fired her first trial shot at Royal Sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser1906114,_211–213-64">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorbett1919440-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiers185045-66">[64]</a> Royal Sovereign had all sails out and, having recently had her bottom cleaned, outran the rest of the British fleet. As she approached the allied line, she came under fire from Fougueux, <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Indomptable_(1790)" title="French ship Indomptable (1790)">Indomptable</a>, San Justo, and San Leandro, before breaking the line just astern of Admiral Alava's flagship <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Santa_Ana_(1784)" title="Spanish ship Santa Ana (1784)">Spanish ship Santa Ana</a>, into which she fired a devastating <a href="/wiki/Double-shotted" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-shotted">double-shotted</a> raking broadside. On board Victory, Nelson pointed to Royal Sovereign and said, "See how that noble fellow Collingwood carries his ship into action!" At approximately the same moment, Collingwood remarked to his captain, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rotheram" title="Edward Rotheram">Edward Rotheram</a>, "What would Nelson give to be here?"<a href="#cite_note-Heathcote41-67">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar_1200hr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar_1200hr.svg/220px-Trafalgar_1200hr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar_1200hr.svg/330px-Trafalgar_1200hr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Trafalgar_1200hr.svg/440px-Trafalgar_1200hr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="735" /></a><figcaption>Artist's conception of the situation at noon as <a href="/wiki/HMS_Royal_Sovereign_(1786)" title="HMS Royal Sovereign (1786)">Royal Sovereign</a> was breaking into the Franco-Spanish line</figcaption></figure> The second ship in the British lee column, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Belleisle_(1795)" title="HMS Belleisle (1795)">Belleisle</a>, was engaged by <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Aigle_(1800)" title="French ship Aigle (1800)">Aigle</a>, Achille, <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Neptune_(1803)" title="French ship Neptune (1803)">Neptune</a>, and Fougueux; she was soon completely dismasted, unable to manoeuvre and largely unable to fight, as her sails blinded her batteries, but kept flying her flag for 45 minutes until the following British ships came to her rescue. For 40 minutes, Victory was under fire from <a href="/wiki/French_ship_H%C3%A9ros_(1801)" title="French ship Héros (1801)">Héros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad_(1769)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad (1769)">Santísima Trinidad</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Redoutable_(1795)" title="French ship Redoutable (1795)">Redoutable</a>, and Neptune; although many shots went astray, others killed and wounded a number of her crew and shot her wheel away, so that she had to be steered from her tiller belowdecks, all before she could respond. At 12:45, Victory cut the Franco-Spanish line between Villeneuve's flagship Bucentaure and Redoutable; she came close to Bucentaure with her guns loaded with double or treble shots each, and her 68-pounder carronades loaded with 500 musketballs, she unleashed a devastating treble-shotted raking broadside through Bucentaure's stern which killed and wounded some 200–400 men of the ship's 800-man complement and dismasted the ship.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] This volley of gunfire from the Victory immediately knocked the French flagship out of action. Villeneuve thought that boarding would take place, and with the <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Eagle" title="French Imperial Eagle">Eagle</a> of his ship in hand, told his men, "I will throw it onto the enemy ship and we will take it back there!" However, Victory engaged the 74-gun Redoutable; Bucentaure was left to the next three ships of the British windward column: <a href="/wiki/HMS_Temeraire_(1798)" title="HMS Temeraire (1798)">Temeraire</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Conqueror_(1801)" title="HMS Conqueror (1801)">Conqueror</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Neptune_(1797)" title="HMS Neptune (1797)">Neptune</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fall_of_Nelson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fall_of_Nelson.jpg/220px-Fall_of_Nelson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fall_of_Nelson.jpg/330px-Fall_of_Nelson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Fall_of_Nelson.jpg/440px-Fall_of_Nelson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Painter Denis Dighton's imagining of Nelson being shot on the quarterdeck of Victory</figcaption></figure> A general mêlée ensued. Victory locked masts with the French Redoutable, whose crew, including a strong infantry corps (with three captains and four lieutenants), gathered for an attempt to board and seize Victory. A <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">musket</a> bullet fired from the <a href="/wiki/Top_(sailing_ship)" title="Top (sailing ship)">mizzentop</a> of Redoutable struck Nelson in the left shoulder, passed through his spine at the sixth and seventh thoracic vertebrae, and lodged two inches below his right scapula in the muscles of his back. Nelson exclaimed, "They finally succeeded, I am dead." He was carried below decks. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Battle_of_Trafalgar,_21_October_1805-_Beginning_of_the_Action_RMG_BHC0548.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805-_Beginning_of_the_Action_RMG_BHC0548.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805-_Beginning_of_the_Action_RMG_BHC0548.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805-_Beginning_of_the_Action_RMG_BHC0548.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805-_Beginning_of_the_Action_RMG_BHC0548.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805-_Beginning_of_the_Action_RMG_BHC0548.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%2C_21_October_1805-_Beginning_of_the_Action_RMG_BHC0548.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6947" data-file-height="4826" /></a><figcaption>Painter Nicholas Pocock's conception of the situation at 1300h</figcaption></figure> Victory's gunners were called on deck to fight boarders, and she ceased firing. The gunners were forced back below decks by French <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a>. As the French were preparing to board Victory, Temeraire, the second ship in the British windward column, approached from the starboard bow of Redoutable and fired on the exposed French crew with a <a href="/wiki/Carronade" title="Carronade">carronade</a>, causing many casualties. At 13:55, the French <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_Etienne_Lucas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Etienne Lucas">Captain Lucas</a> of Redoutable, with 99 fit men out of 643 and severely wounded himself, surrendered. The French Bucentaure was isolated by Victory and Temeraire, and then engaged by Neptune, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Leviathan_(1790)" title="HMS Leviathan (1790)">Leviathan</a>, and Conqueror; similarly, Santísima Trinidad was isolated and overwhelmed, surrendering after three hours. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Trafalgar2.jpg/220px-Trafalgar2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Trafalgar2.jpg/330px-Trafalgar2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Trafalgar2.jpg/440px-Trafalgar2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Painter Nicholas Pocock's conception of the situation at 1700h</figcaption></figure> As more and more British ships entered the battle, the ships of the allied centre and rear were gradually overwhelmed. The allied van, after long remaining quiescent, made a futile demonstration and then sailed away.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHannay1911154-38">[36]</a> During the combat, Gravina was wounded, while <a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Alcal%C3%A1-Galiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionisio Alcalá-Galiano">Dionisio Alcalá-Galiano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cosme_Dami%C3%A1n_Churruca" title="Cosme Damián Churruca">Cosme Damián Churruca</a> – commanders of the Bahama and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_San_Juan_Nepomuceno" title="Spanish ship San Juan Nepomuceno">San Juan Nepomuceno</a>, respectively – were killed after ordering their ships not to surrender.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Gravina died from his wounds months later.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> The British took 20 vessels of the Franco-Spanish fleet and lost none. Among the captured French ships were Aigle, <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Alg%C3%A9siras_(1804)" title="French ship Algésiras (1804)">Algésiras</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Berwick_(1775)" title="HMS Berwick (1775)">Berwick</a>, Bucentaure, Fougueux, <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Intr%C3%A9pide_(1800)" title="French ship Intrépide (1800)">Intrépide</a>, Redoutable, and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Swiftsure_(1787)" title="HMS Swiftsure (1787)">Swiftsure</a>. The Spanish ships taken were Argonauta, Bahama, Monarca, Neptuno, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_San_Agust%C3%ADn_(1768)" title="Spanish ship San Agustín (1768)">San Agustín</a>, San Ildefonso, San Juan Nepomuceno, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Sant%C3%ADsima_Trinidad_(1769)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish ship Nuestra Señora de la Santísima Trinidad (1769)">Santísima Trinidad</a>, and Santa Ana. Of these, Redoutable sank, and Santísima Trinidad and Argonauta were scuttled by the British. Achille exploded, Intrépide and San Augustín burned, and Aigle, Berwick, Fougueux, and Monarca were wrecked in a gale following the battle. As Nelson lay dying, he ordered the fleet to anchor, as a storm was predicted. However, when the storm blew up, many of the severely damaged ships sank or ran aground on the <a href="/wiki/Shoals" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoals">shoals</a>. A few of them were recaptured, some by the French and Spanish prisoners overcoming the small prize crews, others by ships sallying from Cádiz. Surgeon <a href="/wiki/William_Beatty_(surgeon)" title="William Beatty (surgeon)">William Beatty</a> heard Nelson murmur, "Thank God I have done my duty"; when he returned, Nelson's voice had faded, and his pulse was very weak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1994376–377-72">[70]</a> He looked up as Beatty took his pulse, then closed his eyes. Nelson's chaplain, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_John_Scott" title="Alexander John Scott">Alexander Scott</a>, who remained by Nelson as he died, recorded his last words as "God and my country."<a href="#cite_note-Hayward_63-73">[71]</a> It has been suggested by Nelson historian Craig Cabell that Nelson was actually reciting his own prayer as he fell into his death coma, as the words 'God' and 'my country' are closely linked therein. Nelson died at half-past four, three hours after being hit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHibbert1994376–377-72">[70]</a> Towards the end of the battle, and with the combined fleet being overwhelmed, the still relatively un-engaged portion of the van under Rear-Admiral Dumanoir Le Pelley tried to come to the assistance of the collapsing centre. After failing to fight his way through, he decided to break off the engagement, and led four French ships, his flagship the 80-gun <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Formidable_(1795)" title="French ship Formidable (1795)">Formidable</a>, the 74-gun ships <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Scipion_(1801)" title="French ship Scipion (1801)">Scipion</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Implacable_(1805)" title="HMS Implacable (1805)">Duguay-Trouin</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Mont_Blanc_(1793)" title="French ship Mont Blanc (1793)">Mont Blanc</a> away from the fighting. He headed at first for the Straits of Gibraltar, intending to carry out Villeneuve's original orders and make for Toulon.<a href="#cite_note-Adkin530-74">[72]</a> On 22 October he changed his mind, remembering a powerful British squadron under Rear-Admiral Thomas Louis was patrolling the straits, and headed north, hoping to reach one of the French Atlantic ports. With a storm gathering in strength off the Spanish coast, he sailed westwards to clear <a href="/wiki/Cape_St._Vincent" title="Cape St. Vincent">Cape St. Vincent</a>, prior to heading north-west, swinging eastwards across the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a>, and aiming to reach the French port at <a href="/wiki/Rochefort,_Charente-Maritime" title="Rochefort, Charente-Maritime">Rochefort</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adkin530-74">[72]</a> These four ships remained at large until their encounter with and attempt to chase a British frigate brought them in range of a British squadron under <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Strachan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Richard Strachan">Sir Richard Strachan</a>, which captured them all on 4 November 1805 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Battle of Cape Ortegal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adkin530-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cosmao_and_MacDonnell_sortie">Cosmao and MacDonnell sortie</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Cosmao and MacDonnell sortie">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trafalgar,_ships_scattered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Trafalgar%2C_ships_scattered.jpg/220px-Trafalgar%2C_ships_scattered.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Trafalgar%2C_ships_scattered.jpg/330px-Trafalgar%2C_ships_scattered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e9/Trafalgar%2C_ships_scattered.jpg/440px-Trafalgar%2C_ships_scattered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1334" /></a><figcaption>The gale after Trafalgar, depicted by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Buttersworth" title="Thomas Buttersworth">Thomas Buttersworth</a>.</figcaption></figure> Only eleven allied ships escaped to Cádiz, and, of those, only five were considered seaworthy. The seriously wounded Admiral Gravina passed command of the remainder of the fleet over to Commodore <a href="/wiki/Julien_Cosmao" title="Julien Cosmao">Julien Cosmao</a> on 23 October. From shore, the allied commanders could see an opportunity for a rescue mission. Cosmao claimed in his report that the rescue plan was entirely his idea, but Vice-Admiral <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Esca%C3%B1o" title="Antonio de Escaño">Escaño</a> recorded a meeting of Spanish and French commodores at which a planned rescue was discussed and agreed upon. <a href="/wiki/Enrique_MacDonell" title="Enrique MacDonell">Enrique MacDonell</a> and Cosmao were of equal rank and both raised commodore's pennants before hoisting anchor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonCraig2004-75">[73]</a> Both sets of mariners were determined to make an attempt to recapture some of the prizes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClaytonCraig2004-75">[73]</a> Cosmao ordered the rigging of his ship, the 74-gun <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Pluton_(1805)" title="French ship Pluton (1805)">Pluton</a>, to be repaired and reinforced her crew (which had been depleted by casualties from the battle), with sailors from the French frigate <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Hermione_(1804)" title="French frigate Hermione (1804)">Hermione</a>. Taking advantage of a favourable northwesterly wind, Pluton, the 80-gun Neptune and Indomptable, the Spanish 100-gun <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Rayo_(1749)" title="Spanish ship Rayo (1749)">Rayo</a> and 74-gun <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_San_Francisco_de_Asis_(1767)" title="Spanish ship San Francisco de Asis (1767)">San Francisco de Asis</a>, together with five French frigates and two brigs, sailed out of the harbour towards the British.<a href="#cite_note-Yonge-p335-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes-p81-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_British_cast_off_the_prizes">The British cast off the prizes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The British cast off the prizes">edit</a>]</div> Soon after leaving port, the wind shifted to west-southwest, raising a heavy sea with the result that most of the British prizes broke their tow ropes, and drifting far to <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a>, were only partially resecured. The combined squadron came in sight at noon, causing Collingwood to summon his most battle-ready ships to meet the threat. In doing so, he ordered them to cast off towing their prizes. He had formed a defensive line of ten ships by three o'clock in the afternoon and approached the Franco-Spanish squadron, covering the remainder of their prizes which stood out to sea.<a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes-p81-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes-p82-78">[76]</a> The Franco-Spanish squadron, numerically inferior, chose not to approach within gunshot and then declined to attack.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a> Collingwood also chose not to seek action, and in the confusion of the powerful storm, the French frigates managed to retake two Spanish ships of the line which had been cast off by their British captors, the 112-gun Santa Ana and 80-gun <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Neptuno_(1795)" title="Spanish ship Neptuno (1795)">Neptuno</a>, taking them in tow and making for Cádiz.<a href="#cite_note-Yonge-p336-80">[78]</a> On being taken in tow, the Spanish crews rose up against their British prize crews, putting them to work as prisoners.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiers185045-66">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retour_a_Rota_Mayer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Retour_a_Rota_Mayer.jpg/220px-Retour_a_Rota_Mayer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Retour_a_Rota_Mayer.jpg/330px-Retour_a_Rota_Mayer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9c/Retour_a_Rota_Mayer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="271" /></a><figcaption>Painting depicting the French <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> <a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Th%C3%A9mis_(1799)" title="French frigate Thémis (1799)">Thémis</a> towing the re-taken Spanish <a href="/wiki/First-rate" title="First-rate">first-rate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ship of the line</a> Santa Ana into <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Mayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Auguste Mayer">Auguste Mayer</a>, 19th century.</figcaption></figure> Despite this initial success the Franco-Spanish force, hampered by battle damage, struggled in the heavy seas. Neptuno was eventually wrecked off <a href="/wiki/Rota,_Andalusia" title="Rota, Andalusia">Rota</a> in the gale, while Santa Ana reached port.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2005524–529-82">[80]</a> The French 80-gun ship Indomptable was wrecked on the 24th or 25th off the town of Rota on the northwest point of the bay of Cádiz.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At the time Indomptable had 1200 men on board, but no more than 100 were saved. San Francisco de Asís was driven ashore in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Cádiz Bay">Cádiz Bay</a>, near Fort Santa Catalina, although her crew was saved. Rayo, an old three-deck vessel with more than 50 years of service, anchored off <a href="/wiki/Sanl%C3%BAcar_de_Barrameda" title="Sanlúcar de Barrameda">Sanlúcar</a>, a few <a href="/wiki/League_(unit)" title="League (unit)">leagues</a> to the northwest of Rota. There, she lost her masts, already damaged in the battle.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Heartened by the approach of the squadron, the French crew of the former flagship Bucentaure also rose up and retook the ship from the British prize crew but she was wrecked later on 23 October. <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Aigle_(1800)" title="French ship Aigle (1800)">Aigle</a> escaped from the British ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Defiance_(1783)" title="HMS Defiance (1783)">HMS Defiance</a>, but was wrecked off the <a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Port of Santa María</a> on 23 October; while the French prisoners on Berwick cut the tow cables, but caused her to founder off Sanlúcar on 22 October. The crew of <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Alg%C3%A9siras_(1804)" title="French ship Algésiras (1804)">Algésiras</a> rose up and managed to sail into Cádiz.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiers185045-66">[64]</a> Observing that some of the leewardmost of the prizes were escaping towards the Spanish coast, Leviathan asked for and was granted permission by Collingwood to try to retrieve the prizes and bring them to anchor. Leviathan chased <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_Monarca_(1794)" title="Spanish ship Monarca (1794)">Monarca</a>, but on 24 October she came across Rayo, dismasted but still flying Spanish colours, at anchor off the shoals of Sanlúcar.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At this point the 74-gun <a href="/wiki/HMS_Donegal_(1798)" title="HMS Donegal (1798)">HMS Donegal</a>, en route from Gibraltar under Captain <a href="/wiki/Pulteney_Malcolm" title="Pulteney Malcolm">Pulteney Malcolm</a>, was seen approaching from the south on the <a href="/wiki/Larboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Larboard">larboard</a> tack with a moderate breeze from northwest-by-north and steered directly for the Spanish three-decker.<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] At about ten o'clock, just as Monarca had got within little more than a mile of Rayo, Leviathan fired a warning shot wide of Monarca, to oblige her to drop anchor. The shot fell between Monarca and Rayo. The latter, conceiving that it was probably intended for her, hauled down her colours, and was taken by HMS Donegal, who anchored alongside and took off the prisoners.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Leviathan resumed her pursuit of Monarca, eventually catching up and forcing her to surrender. On boarding her, her British captors found that she was in a sinking state, and so removed the British prize crew, and nearly all of her original Spanish crew members. The nearly empty Monarca parted her cable and was wrecked during the night. Despite the efforts of her British prize crew, Rayo was driven onshore on 26 October and wrecked, with the loss of 25 men. The remainder of the prize crew were made prisoners by the Spanish.<a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT">incomplete short citation</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Casualties">Casualties</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Trafalgar_Casualties.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Battle_of_Trafalgar_Casualties.svg/440px-Battle_of_Trafalgar_Casualties.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Battle_of_Trafalgar_Casualties.svg/660px-Battle_of_Trafalgar_Casualties.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Battle_of_Trafalgar_Casualties.svg/880px-Battle_of_Trafalgar_Casualties.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1326" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption>Casualties % by ship.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The number is the order in the line.      <a href="/wiki/HMS_Africa_(1781)" title="HMS Africa (1781)">HMS Africa</a> •      British weather column, led by <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Nelson</a> •      British lee column, led by <a href="/wiki/Cuthbert_Collingwood,_1st_Baron_Collingwood" title="Cuthbert Collingwood, 1st Baron Collingwood">Collingwood</a> •      French •      Spanish</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> In the aftermath of the storm, Collingwood wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The condition of our own ships was such that it was very doubtful what would be their fate. Many a time I would have given the whole group of our capture, to ensure our own ... I can only say that in my life I never saw such efforts as were made to save these [prize] ships, and would rather fight another battle than pass through such a week as followed it.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Vice-Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood to the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>, November 1805.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETracy2008249-85">[83]</a></cite></div></blockquote> On balance, the allied counter-attack achieved little. In forcing the British to suspend their repairs to defend themselves, it influenced Collingwood's decision to sink or set fire to the most damaged of his remaining prizes.<a href="#cite_note-Yonge-p336-80">[78]</a> Cosmao retook two Spanish ships of the line, but it cost him one French and two Spanish vessels to do so. Fearing their loss, the British burnt or sank Santísima Trinidad, Argonauta, San Antonio, and <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Intr%C3%A9pide_(1800)" title="French ship Intrépide (1800)">Intrépide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiers185045-66">[64]</a> Only four of the British prizes, the French Swiftsure and the Spanish Bahama, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_ship_San_Ildefonso" title="Spanish ship San Ildefonso">San Ildefonso</a> and San Juan Nepomuceno survived to be taken to Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Yonge-p336-80">[78]</a> After the end of the battle and storm only nine ships of the line were left in Cádiz.<a href="#cite_note-Yonge-p335-76">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardProtheroLeathers1906234-86">[84]</a> Spanish military garrisons and civilians set out to rescue survivors from the numerous shipwrecks scattered along the Andalusian coast. British prize crews were captured and given good treatment. On 27 October, Collingwood offered the governor of Cádiz to put his Spanish wounded prisoners ashore and set them free. The governor and Gravina offered in exchange to release their British prisoners, who boarded the British fleet. The French later joined this humanitarian agreement.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> The disparity in losses has been attributed by some historians less to Nelson's daring tactics than to the difference in fighting readiness of the two fleets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson20059–10-88">[86]</a> Nelson's fleet was made up of ships of the line which had spent a considerable amount of sea time during the months of blockades of French ports, whilst the French fleet had generally been at anchor in port. However, Villeneuve's fleet had just spent months at sea crossing the Atlantic twice, which supports the proposition that the main difference between the two fleets' combat effectiveness was the morale of the leaders. The daring tactics employed by Nelson were to ensure a strategically decisive result. The results vindicated his naval judgement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Results">Results</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Results">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuseoNaval_Hispalois_bajas_espa%C3%B1olas_batalla_Trafalgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MuseoNaval_Hispalois_bajas_espa%C3%B1olas_batalla_Trafalgar.jpg/220px-MuseoNaval_Hispalois_bajas_espa%C3%B1olas_batalla_Trafalgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MuseoNaval_Hispalois_bajas_espa%C3%B1olas_batalla_Trafalgar.jpg/330px-MuseoNaval_Hispalois_bajas_espa%C3%B1olas_batalla_Trafalgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/MuseoNaval_Hispalois_bajas_espa%C3%B1olas_batalla_Trafalgar.jpg/440px-MuseoNaval_Hispalois_bajas_espa%C3%B1olas_batalla_Trafalgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3115" /></a><figcaption>Report of Spanish losses in the combat of 21 October.</figcaption></figure> When Rosily arrived in Cádiz, he found only five French ships, rather than the 18 he was expecting. The surviving ships remained bottled up in Cádiz until 1808 when <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleon invaded Spain</a>. The French ships were then <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rosily_Squadron" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Rosily Squadron">seized by the Spanish forces</a> and put into service against France. HMS Victory made her way to Gibraltar for repairs, carrying Nelson's body. She put into Rosia Bay, Gibraltar and after emergency repairs were carried out, returned to Britain. Many of the injured crew were taken ashore at Gibraltar and treated in the Naval Hospital. Men who subsequently died from injuries sustained at the battle are buried in or near the <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Cemetery" title="Trafalgar Cemetery">Trafalgar Cemetery</a>, at the south end of <a href="/wiki/Main_Street,_Gibraltar" title="Main Street, Gibraltar">Main Street, Gibraltar</a>. One <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marine" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Marine">Royal Marine</a> officer, Captain Charles Adair, was killed on board Victory, and Royal Marine Lieutenant Lewis Buckle Reeve was seriously wounded and laid next to Nelson.<a href="#cite_note-89">[c]</a> The battle took place the day after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Battle of Ulm</a>, and Napoleon did not hear about it for weeks—the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> had left Boulogne to fight Britain's allies before they could combine their armies. He had tight control over the Paris media and kept the defeat a closely guarded secret for over a month, at which point newspapers proclaimed it to have been a tremendous victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkins2004-90">[87]</a> In a counter-propaganda move, a fabricated text declaring the battle a "spectacular victory" for the French and Spanish was published in Herald and attributed to <a href="/wiki/Le_Moniteur_Universel" title="Le Moniteur Universel">Le Moniteur Universel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> Vice-Admiral Villeneuve was taken prisoner aboard his flagship and taken back to Britain. After his parole in 1806, he returned to France, where he was found dead in his inn room during a stop on the way to Paris, with six stab wounds in the chest from a dining knife. It was officially recorded that he had committed suicide. Despite the British victory over the Franco-Spanish navies, Trafalgar had negligible impact on the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a>. Less than two months later, Napoleon decisively defeated the Third Coalition at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>, knocking Austria out of the war and forcing the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>. Although Trafalgar meant France could no longer challenge Britain at sea, Napoleon proceeded to establish the <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a> in an attempt to deny Britain trade with the continent. Further during the War of the Third Coalition, the British Navy would experience defeats in both 1806 and 1807 against the Spanish in the <a href="/wiki/British_invasions_of_the_River_Plate" title="British invasions of the River Plate">British invasions of the River Plate</a>. The Napoleonic Wars continued for another ten years after Trafalgar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding199996–117-93">[90]</a> Nelson's body was preserved in a barrel of brandy for the trip home to a hero's funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkins2004a-94">[91]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Consequences">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Broadside_titled_%22The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Broadside_titled_%22The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%22.jpg/220px-Broadside_titled_%22The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="534" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Broadside_titled_%22The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%22.jpg/330px-Broadside_titled_%22The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Broadside_titled_%22The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%22.jpg/440px-Broadside_titled_%22The_Battle_of_Trafalgar%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="1336" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Broadside_(printing)" title="Broadside (printing)">broadside</a> from the 1850s recounts the story</figcaption></figure> Following the battle, the Royal Navy was never again seriously challenged by the French fleet in a large-scale engagement. Napoleon had already abandoned his plans of invasion before the battle and they were never revived. The battle did not mean, however, that the French naval challenge to Britain was over. First, as the French control over the continent expanded, Britain had to take active steps with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Battle of Copenhagen</a> in 1807 and elsewhere in 1808 to prevent the ships of smaller European navies from falling into French hands. This effort was largely successful, but did not end the French threat as Napoleon instituted a large-scale shipbuilding programme that had produced a fleet of 80 ships of the line at the time of his fall from power in 1814, with more under construction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover1967233–252-95">[92]</a> However, despite constituting a substantial <a href="/wiki/Fleet_in_being" title="Fleet in being">fleet in being</a>, these had no impact on Britain's naval superiority throughout the conflict. For almost 10 years after Trafalgar, the Royal Navy maintained a close blockade of French bases and observed the growth of the French fleet. In the end, Napoleon's Empire was destroyed by land before his ambitious naval build-up could be completed. The next naval battles between the British and Spanish would be the British Invasions of the River Plate in 1806 and 1807, where the British Navy would fail to capture <a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_Rio_de_la_Plata" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata">Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata</a>. The Royal Navy proceeded to dominate the sea until the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Although the victory at Trafalgar was typically given as the reason at the time, modern historical analyses suggest that relative economic strength was an important underlying cause of British naval mastery. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Trafalgar_Poster_1805.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Battle_of_Trafalgar_Poster_1805.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Trafalgar_Poster_1805.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Battle_of_Trafalgar_Poster_1805.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption>Detail from a modern reproduction of an 1805 poster commemorating the battle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Admiral_Horatio_Nelson,_Nelson%27s_Column,_Trafalgar_Square,_London.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Admiral_Horatio_Nelson%2C_Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_London.JPG/220px-Admiral_Horatio_Nelson%2C_Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_London.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Admiral_Horatio_Nelson%2C_Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_London.JPG/330px-Admiral_Horatio_Nelson%2C_Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_London.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Admiral_Horatio_Nelson%2C_Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_London.JPG/440px-Admiral_Horatio_Nelson%2C_Nelson%27s_Column%2C_Trafalgar_Square%2C_London.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1412" data-file-height="2043" /></a><figcaption>Nelson on top of <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> in London</figcaption></figure> Nelson became – and remains – Britain's greatest naval war hero, and an inspiration to the Royal Navy, yet his unorthodox tactics were seldom emulated by later generations. The first monument to be erected in Britain to commemorate Nelson may be that raised on <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Green" title="Glasgow Green">Glasgow Green</a> in 1806, albeit possibly preceded by a monument at <a href="/wiki/Taynuilt" title="Taynuilt">Taynuilt</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Oban" title="Oban">Oban</a> in Scotland dated 1805, both also commemorating the many Scots crew and captains at the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpicer2005-97">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[d]</a> The 144-foot-tall (44 m) Nelson Monument on Glasgow Green was designed by <a href="/wiki/David_Hamilton_(architect)" title="David Hamilton (architect)">David Hamilton</a> and paid for by public subscription. Around the base are the names of his major victories: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aboukir_Bay" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Aboukir Bay">Aboukir</a> (1798), <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1801)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1801)">Copenhagen</a> (1801) and Trafalgar (1805). <a href="/wiki/The_Nelson_Monument,_Portsdown_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="The Nelson Monument, Portsdown Hill">The Nelson Monument overlooking Portsmouth</a> was built in 1807–08 with money subscribed by sailors and marines who served at Trafalgar.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> In 1808, <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Pillar" title="Nelson's Pillar">Nelson's Pillar</a> was erected by leading members of the Anglo-Irish aristocracy in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> to commemorate Nelson and his achievements (between 10% and 20% of the sailors at Trafalgar had been from Ireland<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2005-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoppyland_staff2012-101">[97]</a>), and remained until it was destroyed in a bombing by "Old <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army_(1922%E2%80%931969)" title="Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)">IRA</a>" members in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpicer2005-97">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Monument,_Edinburgh" title="Nelson Monument, Edinburgh">Nelson's Monument</a> in Edinburgh was built between 1807 and 1815 in the form of an upturned <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a>, and in 1853 a <a href="/wiki/Time_ball" title="Time ball">time ball</a> was added which still drops at noon <a href="/wiki/GMT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMT">GMT</a> to give a time signal to ships in <a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>. In summer this coincides with the one o'clock gun being fired. The <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Monument" title="Britannia Monument">Britannia Monument</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a> was raised by 1819. <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column,_Montreal" title="Nelson's Column, Montreal">Nelson's Column, Montreal</a> began public subscriptions soon after news of the victory at Trafalgar arrived; the column was completed in the autumn of 1809 and still stands in <a href="/wiki/Place_Jacques_Cartier" class="mw-redirect" title="Place Jacques Cartier">Place Jacques Cartier</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Lord_Nelson,_Bridgetown" title="Statue of Lord Nelson, Bridgetown">statue of Lord Nelson</a> stood in Bridgetown, Barbados, in what was also once known as <a href="/wiki/National_Heroes_Square" title="National Heroes Square">Trafalgar Square</a>, from 1813 to 2020. London's <a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Square" title="Trafalgar Square">Trafalgar Square</a> was named in honour of Nelson's victory. At the centre of the square there is the 45.1 m (148 ft) <a href="/wiki/Nelson%27s_Column" title="Nelson's Column">Nelson's Column</a>, with a 5.5 m (18 ft) statue of Nelson on top. It was finished in 1843. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="100th_anniversary">100th anniversary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 100th anniversary">edit</a>]</div> In 1905, there were events up and down the country to commemorate the centenary, although none were attended by any member of the Royal Family, apparently to avoid upsetting the French, with whom the United Kingdom had recently entered the <a href="/wiki/Entente_cordiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente cordiale">Entente cordiale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> did support the Nelson Centenary Memorial Fund of the <a href="/wiki/British_and_Foreign_Sailors_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="British and Foreign Sailors Society">British and Foreign Sailors Society</a>, which sold Trafalgar centenary souvenirs marked with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">Royal cypher</a>. A gala was held on 21 October at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Albert_Hall" title="Royal Albert Hall">Royal Albert Hall</a> in aid of the fund, which included a specially commissioned film by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_West" title="Alfred John West">Alfred John West</a> entitled Our Navy.<a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> The event ended with <a href="/wiki/God_Save_the_King" title="God Save the King">God Save the King</a> and <a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> The first performance of Sir <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wood" title="Henry Wood">Henry Wood</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fantasia_on_British_Sea_Songs" title="Fantasia on British Sea Songs">Fantasia on British Sea Songs</a> occurred on the same day at a special <a href="/wiki/The_Proms" class="mw-redirect" title="The Proms">Promenade Concert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="200th_anniversary">200th anniversary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 200th anniversary">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Trafalgar_200" class="extiw" title="commons:Trafalgar 200">Trafalgar 200</a>.</div></div> </div> In 2005 a series of events around the UK, part of the Sea Britain theme, marked the bicentenary of the Battle of Trafalgar. The 200th anniversary of the battle was also commemorated on six occasions in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> during June and July, at <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a> (where Nelson is entombed), in Trafalgar Square in London in October (<a href="/w/index.php?title=T_Square_200&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="T Square 200 (page does not exist)">T Square 200</a>), and across the UK. On 28 June, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> was involved in the largest <a href="/wiki/International_Fleet_Review_2005" title="International Fleet Review 2005">Fleet Review</a> in modern times in the <a href="/wiki/Solent" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent">Solent</a>, in which 167 ships from 35 nations took part. The Queen inspected the international fleet from the Antarctic patrol ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Endurance_(A171)" title="HMS Endurance (A171)">HMS Endurance</a>. The fleet included six aircraft carriers (modern capital ships): <a href="/wiki/French_aircraft_carrier_Charles_de_Gaulle" title="French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Illustrious_(R06)" title="HMS Illustrious (R06)">Illustrious</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Invincible_(R05)" title="HMS Invincible (R05)">Invincible</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ocean_(L12)" title="HMS Ocean (L12)">Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_aircraft_carrier_Pr%C3%ADncipe_de_Asturias" title="Spanish aircraft carrier Príncipe de Asturias">Principe de Asturias</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Saipan_(LHA-2)" title="USS Saipan (LHA-2)">Saipan</a>. In the evening a symbolic re-enactment of the battle was staged with fireworks and various small ships playing parts in the battle. Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/John_Richards_Lapenoti%C3%A8re" title="John Richards Lapenotière">John Lapenotière</a>'s historic voyage in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Pickle_(1800)" title="HMS Pickle (1800)">HMS Pickle</a> bringing the news of the victory from the fleet to <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Cornwall" title="Falmouth, Cornwall">Falmouth</a> and thence by <a href="/wiki/Post_chaise" title="Post chaise">post chaise</a> to the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> in London was commemorated by the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/The_Trafalgar_Way" title="The Trafalgar Way">The Trafalgar Way</a> and further highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/New_Trafalgar_Dispatch" title="New Trafalgar Dispatch">New Trafalgar Dispatch</a> celebrations from July to September in which an actor played the part of Lapenotière and re-enacted parts of the historic journey. On the actual anniversary day, 21 October, naval manoeuvres were conducted in Trafalgar Bay near Cádiz involving a combined fleet from Britain, Spain, and France. Many descendants of people present at the battle, including members of Nelson's family, were at the ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmundo_staff2005-106">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turner,_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/220px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/330px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg/440px-Turner%2C_The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_%281822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1269" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(painting)" title="The Battle of Trafalgar (painting)">The Battle of Trafalgar</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._M._W._Turner" title="J. M. W. Turner">Turner</a> (oil on canvas, 1822–1824) combines events from several moments during the battle</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Novels">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Knight_of_Sainte-Hermine" title="The Knight of Sainte-Hermine">Le Chevalier de Sainte-Hermine</a> (1869), by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>, is an adventure story in which the main character is alleged to be the one who shot Nelson.</li> <li>Trafalgar (1873), a Spanish novel about the battle, written by <a href="/wiki/Benito_P%C3%A9rez_Gald%C3%B3s" title="Benito Pérez Galdós">Benito Pérez Galdós</a> and starting point of the historical cycle <a href="/wiki/Episodios_Nacionales" title="Episodios Nacionales">Episodios Nacionales</a>. It is a fictional account of a boy aboard the ship Santísima Trinidad.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/James_Clavell" title="James Clavell">James Clavell</a>'s 1966 novel <a href="/wiki/Tai-Pan_(novel)" title="Tai-Pan (novel)">Tai-Pan</a>, the Scots chieftain of Hong Kong, Dirk Struan, reflects on his experiences as a <a href="/wiki/Powder_monkey" title="Powder monkey">powder monkey</a> on board HMS Royal Sovereign at Trafalgar.</li> <li>In the unfinished novel <a href="/wiki/Hornblower_and_the_Crisis" title="Hornblower and the Crisis">Hornblower and the Crisis</a> (1967) in the <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Hornblower" title="Horatio Hornblower">Horatio Hornblower</a> series by <a href="/wiki/C._S._Forester" title="C. S. Forester">C. S. Forester</a>, Hornblower was to deliver false orders to Villeneuve causing him to send his fleet out of Cádiz and hence fight the battle. In Hornblower and the Atropos (1953), Hornblower is put in charge of Admiral Nelson's funeral in London.</li> <li>In Ramage at Trafalgar (1986), by <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Pope" title="Dudley Pope">Dudley Pope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Ramage" title="Lord Ramage">Ramage</a> commands the fictitious <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigate</a> HMS Calypso, which is attached to Nelson's fleet.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sharpe%27s_Trafalgar" title="Sharpe's Trafalgar">Sharpe's Trafalgar</a> (2000), by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell" title="Bernard Cornwell">Bernard Cornwell</a>, Sharpe finds himself at the battle aboard the fictitious HMS Pucelle.</li> <li>In the 2006 novel <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Dragon" title="His Majesty's Dragon">His Majesty's Dragon</a>, the first of the historical fantasy <a href="/wiki/Temeraire_(series)" title="Temeraire (series)">Temeraire series</a> by <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Novik" title="Naomi Novik">Naomi Novik</a>, in which aerial <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragon</a>-mounted combat units form major divisions of European militaries during the Napoleonic Wars, Trafalgar is actually a massive feint by Napoleon to distract British forces away from the aerial and seaborne invasion of Britain near <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>. Nelson survives, though he is burned by dragon fire.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_other_media">In other media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In other media">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Trafalgar_(1911_film)" title="The Battle of Trafalgar (1911 film)">The Battle of Trafalgar</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Lost_film" title="Lost film">lost</a> 1911 American <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent</a> short film directed by <a href="/wiki/J._Searle_Dawley" title="J. Searle Dawley">J. Searle Dawley</a> and produced by <a href="/wiki/Edison_Studios" title="Edison Studios">Edison Studios</a> in New York City. Some <a href="/wiki/Film_still" title="Film still">stills</a> from the production survive and show actor Sydney Booth performing as Nelson on <a href="/wiki/Film_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Film set">film sets</a> simulating various decks of Victory.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(1918_film)" title="Nelson (1918 film)">Nelson</a> (also cited as Nelson: The Story of England's Immortal Naval Hero) is a silent 1918 British <a href="/wiki/Historical_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical film">historical film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Elvey" title="Maurice Elvey">Maurice Elvey</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Donald_Calthrop" title="Donald Calthrop">Donald Calthrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malvina_Longfellow" title="Malvina Longfellow">Malvina Longfellow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivy_Close" title="Ivy Close">Ivy Close</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BFI-109">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Screenplay" title="Screenplay">screenplay</a>, which includes recreations of the battle, is based on <a href="/wiki/Robert_Southey" title="Robert Southey">Robert Southey</a>'s 1813 biography The Life of Horatio, Lord Viscount Nelson.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(1926_film)" title="Nelson (1926 film)">Nelson</a> is another silent British biographical film that depicts events in the battle. Released in 1926, it features <a href="/wiki/Sir_Cedric_Hardwicke" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Cedric Hardwicke">Sir Cedric Hardwicke</a> in the title role.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Hamilton_Woman" title="That Hamilton Woman">That Hamilton Woman</a> is a 1941 film about <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Horatio Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emma,_Lady_Hamilton" title="Emma, Lady Hamilton">Emma, Lady Hamilton</a> and also includes recreations of battle scenes.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bequest_to_the_Nation_(film)" title="Bequest to the Nation (film)">Bequest to the Nation</a> (released in the US as The Nelson Affair) is a 1973 British <a href="/wiki/Historical_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical film">historical</a> drama <a href="/wiki/Historical_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical film">film</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/James_Cellan_Jones" title="James Cellan Jones">James Cellan Jones</a>, and starring <a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Glenda Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Finch" title="Peter Finch">Peter Finch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jayston" title="Michael Jayston">Michael Jayston</a>. The majority of the film revolves around Nelson's shore leave with Lady Hamilton, followed by Nelson's recall to duty and the climactic Battle of Trafalgar.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Willcocks" title="Jonathan Willcocks">Jonathan Willcocks</a> composed a major choral work, A Great and Glorious Victory, to mark the bicentenary of the battle in October 2005.</li> <li>The BBC marked the bicentenary with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nelson%27s_Trafalgar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nelson's Trafalgar (page does not exist)">Nelson's Trafalgar</a>, a 2005 vivid drama-documentary which took full advantage of the computer-generated effects of the time. Presented by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Portillo" title="Michael Portillo">Michael Portillo</a>, the two-disc DVD version runs 76 minutes plus extras.</li> <li>"Admiral over the Oceans" is a song composed by Swedish <a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a> band, Civil War, detailing the battle from the point of view of a sailor and from Nelson himself.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/48px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/64px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Royal_Navy_ships" title="List of Royal Navy ships">List of Royal Navy ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_captured_in_the_19th_century#Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="List of ships captured in the 19th century">List of ships captured in the 19th century § Battle of Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_18th%E2%80%9319th_century_Royal_Naval_history" title="Bibliography of 18th–19th century Royal Naval history">Bibliography of 18th–19th century Royal Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trafalgar_Day" title="Trafalgar Day">Trafalgar Day</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> When offered his pick from the <a href="/wiki/Navy_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy List">Navy List</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lord_Barham" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Barham">Lord Barham</a> (the <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>), Nelson replied "Choose yourself, my lord, the same spirit actuates the whole profession; you cannot choose wrong" <a href="#CITEREFAllen1853">Allen (1853)</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Admirals of the time, due to the slowness of communications, were given considerable autonomy to make <a href="/wiki/Naval_strategy" title="Naval strategy">strategic</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Naval_tactics" title="Naval tactics">tactical</a> decisions. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Reeve's Naval General Service Medal with Trafalgar clasp and Muster List for HMS Victory are on show at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines_Museum" title="Royal Marines Museum">Royal Marines Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southsea" title="Southsea">Southsea</a>, Britain <a href="#CITEREFBBC_staff2008">BBC staff (2008)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Five of Nelson's 27 captains of the fleet were Scottish, as were almost 30% of the crew <a href="#CITEREFMercoPress_staff2005">MercoPress staff (2005)</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2020" class="citation web cs1">Harrison, Cy, ed. (26 April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_battle&id=15">"Battle of Trafalgar, 21st October 1805"</a>. Three Decks. Three Decks, Cy Harrison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603043559/https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_battle&id=157">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Three+Decks&rft.atitle=Battle+of+Trafalgar%2C+21st+October+1805&rft.date=2020-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthreedecks.org%2Findex.php%3Fdisplay_type%3Dshow_battle%26id%3D15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2002257-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2002257_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2002257_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoodwin2002257_2-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoodwin2002">Goodwin 2002</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkin2005524-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkin2005524_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkin2005">Adkin (2005)</a>, p. 524. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkins2004190-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkins2004190_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkins2004">Adkins (2004)</a>, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140728203458/http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Napoleonic%20Wars.aspx">"Napoleonic Wars"</a>. Westpoint.edu. U.S. Army. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westpoint.edu/history/SitePages/Napoleonic%20Wars.aspx">the original</a> on 28 July 2014. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Westpoint.edu&rft.atitle=Napoleonic+Wars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westpoint.edu%2Fhistory%2FSitePages%2FNapoleonic%2520Wars.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Bennet, Geoffrey (2004). The Battle of Trafalgar. England: Pen & Sword Books Limited, CPI UK, South Yorkshire. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKongstam2003" class="citation book cs1">Kongstam, Angus (2003). "The New Alexander". Historical Atlas of the Napoleonic Era. 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Espejo de Navegantes (in European Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181021151311/http://abcblogs.abc.es/espejo-de-navegantes/2015/10/20/el-epilogo-de-trafalgar/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2018. Retrieved 21 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Espejo+de+Navegantes&rft.atitle=El+ep%C3%ADlogo+de+Trafalgar&rft.date=2015-10-20&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Agust%C3%ADn+Ram%C3%B3n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabcblogs.abc.es%2Fespejo-de-navegantes%2F2015%2F10%2F20%2Fel-epilogo-de-trafalgar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENicolson20059–10-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENicolson20059–10_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNicolson2005">Nicolson (2005)</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkins2004-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkins2004_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkins2004">Adkins (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> See for example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNC_staff1805" class="citation journal cs1">NC staff (July–December 1805). "First Bulletin of the Grand Naval Army [From the Moniteur] As it appeared in the Herald. Battle of Trafalgar". Naval Chronicle. 14. Fleet Street, London: J. Gold.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+Chronicle&rft.atitle=First+Bulletin+of+the+Grand+Naval+Army+%5BFrom+the+Moniteur%5D+As+it+appeared+in+the+Herald.+Battle+of+Trafalgar&rft.volume=14&rft.date=1805-07%2F1805-12&rft.au=NC+staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> Cited by <a href="#CITEREFACS_staff2009">ACS staff (2009)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestmacottJones1806" class="citation book cs1">Westmacott, Charles Molloy; Jones, Stephen (1806). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xpp349sTMhwC&pg=PA322">The Spirit of the Public Journals</a>. Vol. 9. James Ridgeway. p. 322. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324110549/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xpp349sTMhwC&pg=PA322">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2015. <q>Being an impartial selection of the most exquisite essays and jeux d'esprits, principally prose, that appear in the newspapers and other publications ... Footnote of one claim: 'This turned out to be really asserted afterwards by the French newspapers.' The authors hence believe the rest to be a fabrication.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spirit+of+the+Public+Journals&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=James+Ridgeway&rft.date=1806&rft.aulast=Westmacott&rft.aufirst=Charles+Molloy&rft.au=Jones%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpp349sTMhwC%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding199996–117-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding199996–117_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarding1999">Harding (1999)</a>, pp. 96–117. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdkins2004a-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdkins2004a_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdkins2004a">Adkins (2004a)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlover1967233–252-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlover1967233–252_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlover1967">Glover (1967)</a>, pp. 233–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavery" class="citation book cs1">Lavery, Brian. Nelson's Navy: The ships, men, and organization, 1793–1815.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Navy%3A+The+ships%2C+men%2C+and+organization%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.aulast=Lavery&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpicer2005-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpicer2005_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpicer2005_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpicer2005">Spicer (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070503002811/http://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/history/207.htm">"Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson 1758–1805"</a>. visitportsmouth.co.uk. Economy, Culture, and Community Safety. Portsmouth City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitportsmouth.co.uk/history/207.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=visitportsmouth.co.uk&rft.atitle=Vice+Admiral+Horatio+Nelson+1758%E2%80%931805&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitportsmouth.co.uk%2Fhistory%2F207.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECowan2005-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECowan2005_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCowan2005">Cowan (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoppyland_staff2012-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPoppyland_staff2012_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPoppyland_staff2012">Poppyland staff (2012)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025095810/http://www.rjerrard.co.uk/royalnavy/broadside/broadside2008.htm">"Review of "Nelson Remembered – The Nelson Centenary 1905" by David Shannon"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rjerrard.co.uk/royalnavy/broadside/broadside2008.htm">the original</a> on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+%22Nelson+Remembered+%E2%80%93+The+Nelson+Centenary+1905%22+by+David+Shannon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rjerrard.co.uk%2Froyalnavy%2Fbroadside%2Fbroadside2008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://user29269.vs.easily.co.uk/Nelson.htm">"Sea Salts and Celluloid"</a>. user29269.vs.easily.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023081423/http://user29269.vs.easily.co.uk/Nelson.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2012. Retrieved 12 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=user29269.vs.easily.co.uk&rft.atitle=Sea+Salts+and+Celluloid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuser29269.vs.easily.co.uk%2FNelson.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapet2008" class="citation web cs1">Capet, Antoine (22 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14022">"Review of Hoock, Holger, ed., History, Commemoration and National Preoccupation: Trafalgar 1805–2005"</a>. H-Albion, H-Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190718142851/https://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=14022">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 22 July 2019 – via www.h-net.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+Hoock%2C+Holger%2C+ed.%2C+History%2C+Commemoration+and+National+Preoccupation%3A+Trafalgar+1805%E2%80%932005&rft.pub=H-Albion%2C+H-Review&rft.date=2008-01-22&rft.aulast=Capet&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.h-net.org%2Freviews%2Fshowrev.php%3Fid%3D14022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2004" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Arthur (2004) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xFvkAAAAMAAJ&q=Trafalgar+Day+Concert+of+21+October+1905">Henry J. Wood: Maker of the Proms</a>. Methuen. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780413693402" title="Special:BookSources/9780413693402"><bdi>9780413693402</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL10185704M">10185704M</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324110615/https://books.google.com/books?id=xFvkAAAAMAAJ&q=Trafalgar+Day+Concert+of+21+October+1905">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+J.+Wood%3A+Maker+of+the+Proms&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL10185704M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=9780413693402&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxFvkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DTrafalgar%2BDay%2BConcert%2Bof%2B21%2BOctober%2B1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElmundo_staff2005-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElmundo_staff2005_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElmundo_staff2005">Elmundo staff (2005)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moviwor09chal/page/n711/mode/2up">"Scene from 'Trafalgar', by the Edison Company"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Moving_Picture_World" title="The Moving Picture World">The Moving Picture World</a> (New York), 9 September 1911, p. 695. Retrieved via the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, 30 November 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> La Roche, Edwin M. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/motionpicturesto02moti#page/n265/mode/2up">"The Battle of Trafalgar (Edison)"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Motion_Picture_Story_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="The Motion Picture Story Magazine">The Motion Picture Story Magazine</a> (New York), September 1911, p. 91. Retrieved via the Internet Archive, 30 November 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-BFI-109"><a href="#cite_ref-BFI_109-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-nelson-the-story-of-englands-immortal-naval-hero-1918-online">"Nelson; The Story of England's Immortal Naval Hero"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211130054900/https://player.bfi.org.uk/free/film/watch-nelson-the-story-of-englands-immortal-naval-hero-1918-online">Archived</a> 30 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Catalogue, <a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a> (BFI), London, UK. Retrieved 29 November 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Southey, Robert (1841) [originally published 1813]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015088602530&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021">The Life of Horatio, Lord Viscount Nelson</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211201183459/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015088602530&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021">Archived</a> 1 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. Retrieved via <a href="/wiki/HathiTrust" title="HathiTrust">HathiTrust</a> Digital Library, 1 December 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b158550">"Nelson (1926)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211129214700/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b158550">Archived</a> 29 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Catalogue, BFI, London, UK. Retrieved 29 November 2021. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_cited">Sources cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sources cited">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACS_staff2009" class="citation web cs1">ACS staff (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aandc.org/research/trafalgar_propaganda.html">"Battle of Trafalgar – propaganda"</a>. The Archives and Collections Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091024103051/http://www.aandc.org/research/trafalgar_propaganda.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Battle+of+Trafalgar+%E2%80%93+propaganda&rft.pub=The+Archives+and+Collections+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.au=ACS+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aandc.org%2Fresearch%2Ftrafalgar_propaganda.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkin2005" class="citation book cs1">Adkin, Mark (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trafalgarcompani0000adki">The Trafalgar Companion: A Guide to History's Most Famous Sea Battle and the Life of Admiral Lord Nelson</a>. London: Aurum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84513-018-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84513-018-9"><bdi>1-84513-018-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trafalgar+Companion%3A+A+Guide+to+History%27s+Most+Famous+Sea+Battle+and+the+Life+of+Admiral+Lord+Nelson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Aurum+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84513-018-9&rft.aulast=Adkin&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrafalgarcompani0000adki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkins2004" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Roy (2004). Trafalgar: The Biography of a Battle. Little Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-72511-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-72511-0"><bdi>0-316-72511-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar%3A+The+Biography+of+a+Battle&rft.pub=Little+Brown&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-316-72511-0&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkins2004a" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Roy (2004a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PuUe9Twa24MC">Nelson's Trafalgar, The Battle that changed the World</a> (1st ed.). London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780143037958" title="Special:BookSources/9780143037958"><bdi>9780143037958</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324110552/https://books.google.com/books?id=PuUe9Twa24MC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved 10 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Trafalgar%2C+The+Battle+that+changed+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780143037958&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPuUe9Twa24MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkinsAdkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Adkins, Roy; Adkins, Lesley (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warforalloceansf0000adki_f2i1">The War For All The World's Oceans</a>. Lancaster Place, London.: Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-316-72837-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-316-72837-3"><bdi>0-316-72837-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+For+All+The+World%27s+Oceans&rft.place=Lancaster+Place%2C+London.&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-316-72837-3&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Roy&rft.au=Adkins%2C+Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarforalloceansf0000adki_f2i1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen1853" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Joseph (1853). Life of Lord Viscount Nelson. George Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4EEBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA210">210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Lord+Viscount+Nelson&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=George+Routledge&rft.date=1853&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBBC_staff2008" class="citation news cs1">BBC staff (21 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/7681881.stm">"Hero's medal marks Trafalgar Day"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111174154/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/hampshire/7681881.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hero%27s+medal+marks+Trafalgar+Day&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft.au=BBC+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fengland%2Fhampshire%2F7681881.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest2005" class="citation book cs1">Best, Nicholas (2005). Trafalgar. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-84622-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-84622-1"><bdi>0-297-84622-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-297-84622-1&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaytonCraig2004" class="citation book cs1">Clayton, Tim; Craig, Phil (2004). Trafalgar: The Men, the Battle, the Storm. Hodder & Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-340-83028-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-340-83028-X"><bdi>0-340-83028-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL18807332M">18807332M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar%3A+The+Men%2C+the+Battle%2C+the+Storm&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL18807332M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-340-83028-X&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Craig%2C+Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbett1919" class="citation book cs1">Corbett, Sir Julian Stafford (1919). The campaign of Trafalgar. Vol. 2. Longmans, Green, and company. p. 538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+campaign+of+Trafalgar&rft.pages=538&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+company&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Corbett&rft.aufirst=Sir+Julian+Stafford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NG66mfh6l7kC">Url</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324110550/https://books.google.com/books?id=NG66mfh6l7kC">Archived</a> 24 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2005" class="citation web cs1">Cowan, Veronica (21 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611093606/http://c.org.uk/history+%26+heritage/war+%26+conflict/pre-20th+century+conflict/art32693">"First Sea Lord Admiral Sir Alan West on Trafalgar 2005"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Culture24" title="Culture24">Culture24</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c.org.uk/history+%26+heritage/war+%26+conflict/pre%2d20th+century+conflict/art32693">the original</a> on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 1 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+Sea+Lord+Admiral+Sir+Alan+West+on+Trafalgar+2005&rft.pub=Culture24&rft.date=2005-12-21&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c.org.uk%2Fhistory%2B%2526%2Bheritage%2Fwar%2B%2526%2Bconflict%2Fpre%252d20th%2Bcentury%2Bconflict%2Fart32693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElmundo_staff2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Elmundo staff (21 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/10/21/espana/1129885217.html">"Los países que combatieron en Trafalgar homenajean a sus caídos en el 200 aniversario de la batalla (Countries that fought at Trafalgar pay tribute to their fallen on the 200th anniversary of the battle)"</a> (in Spanish). Elmundo.es. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111019075245/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2005/10/21/espana/1129885217.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Los+pa%C3%ADses+que+combatieron+en+Trafalgar+homenajean+a+sus+ca%C3%ADdos+en+el+200+aniversario+de+la+batalla+%28Countries+that+fought+at+Trafalgar+pay+tribute+to+their+fallen+on+the+200th+anniversary+of+the+battle%29&rft.pub=Elmundo.es&rft.date=2005-10-21&rft.au=Elmundo+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmundo.es%2Felmundo%2F2005%2F10%2F21%2Fespana%2F1129885217.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1906" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, Edward (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemyattrafalgar00frasrich">The enemy at Trafalgar: ...</a> New York: E.P.Dutton & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemyattrafalgar00frasrich/page/114">114</a>, 211–13, 436.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+enemy+at+Trafalgar%3A+...&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=114%2C+211-13%2C+436&rft.pub=E.P.Dutton+%26+Co.&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenemyattrafalgar00frasrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/enemyattrafalgar00frasrich">Url</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont-Barnes2007" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2007). The Royal Navy, 1793–1815. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-138-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-138-0"><bdi>978-1-84603-138-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Navy%2C+1793%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-138-0&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFremont-Barnes2005" class="citation book cs1">Fremont-Barnes, Gregory (2005). Trafalgar 1805: Nelson's Crowning Victory. Hook, Christa (Illust.). Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-892-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-892-8"><bdi>1-84176-892-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar+1805%3A+Nelson%27s+Crowning+Victory&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84176-892-8&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlover1967" class="citation journal cs1">Glover, Richard (1967). "The French Fleet, 1807–1814; Britain's Problem; and Madison's Opportunity". <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a>. 39 (3): 233–52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F240080">10.1086/240080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143376566">143376566</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+French+Fleet%2C+1807%E2%80%931814%3B+Britain%27s+Problem%3B+and+Madison%27s+Opportunity&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=233-52&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F240080&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143376566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin2002" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Peter (2002). Nelson's Ships A History of the Vessels in which He Served 1771-1805. Conway Maritime. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780851777429" title="Special:BookSources/9780851777429"><bdi>9780851777429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Ships+A+History+of+the+Vessels+in+which+He+Served+1771-1805&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780851777429&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannah2021" class="citation book cs1">Hannah, Peter (2021). Keats, A Treasure to the Service. Green Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922629-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922629-73-9"><bdi>978-1-922629-73-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL39811024M">39811024M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keats%2C+A+Treasure+to+the+Service&rft.pub=Green+Hill&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL39811024M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-1-922629-73-9&rft.aulast=Hannah&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1999" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Richard (1999). "Naval Warfare 1453–1815". In Black, Jeremy (ed.). European Warfare 1453–1815. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 96–117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69223-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-69223-3"><bdi>978-0-333-69223-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Naval+Warfare+1453%E2%80%931815&rft.btitle=European+Warfare+1453%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.pages=96-117&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-333-69223-3&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayward2003" class="citation book cs1">Hayward, Joel S. (2003). For God and Glory: Lord Nelson and His Way of War. Naval Institute Press. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6125-1779-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6125-1779-7"><bdi>978-1-6125-1779-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+God+and+Glory%3A+Lord+Nelson+and+His+Way+of+War&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-6125-1779-7&rft.aulast=Hayward&rft.aufirst=Joel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1994" class="citation book cs1">Hibbert, Christopher (1994). Nelson: a personal history. Addison-Wesley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-62457-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-62457-1"><bdi>978-0-201-62457-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1113624M">1113624M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%3A+a+personal+history&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1113624M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-201-62457-1&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland2000" class="citation book cs1">Ireland, Bernard (2000). Naval Warfare in the Age of Sail. Hammersmith, London.: Harper Collins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-762906-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-762906-0"><bdi>0-00-762906-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naval+Warfare+in+the+Age+of+Sail&rft.place=Hammersmith%2C+London.&rft.pub=Harper+Collins+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-00-762906-0&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavery2009" class="citation book cs1">Lavery, Brian (2009). Empire of the Seas. London: Conway Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781844861095" title="Special:BookSources/9781844861095"><bdi>9781844861095</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+the+Seas&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Conway+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781844861095&rft.aulast=Lavery&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Christopher (2005). Nelson and Napoleon. London: Headline Book Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7553-1041-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7553-1041-1"><bdi>0-7553-1041-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson+and+Napoleon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Headline+Book+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7553-1041-1&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercoPress_staff2005" class="citation news cs1">MercoPress staff (4 June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mercopress.com/2005/06/04/majestic-royal-navy-display-in-faslane">"Majestic Royal Navy display in Faslane"</a>. Falkland Islands: MercoPress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120527123914/http://en.mercopress.com/2005/06/04/majestic-royal-navy-display-in-faslane">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Majestic+Royal+Navy+display+in+Faslane&rft.date=2005-06-04&rft.au=MercoPress+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mercopress.com%2F2005%2F06%2F04%2Fmajestic-royal-navy-display-in-faslane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolson2005" class="citation book cs1">Nicolson, Adam (2005). Men of Honour: Trafalgar and the Making of the English Hero (U.S. title Seize the Fire: Heroism, Duty, and the Battle of Trafalgar). Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-719209-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-00-719209-6"><bdi>0-00-719209-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Men+of+Honour%3A+Trafalgar+and+the+Making+of+the+English+Hero+%28U.S.+title+Seize+the+Fire%3A+Heroism%2C+Duty%2C+and+the+Battle+of+Trafalgar%29&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-00-719209-6&rft.aulast=Nicolson&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPocock2005" class="citation book cs1">Pocock, Tom (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trafalgareyewitn0000unse">Trafalgar: an eyewitness history</a>. Penguin Classics. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-144150-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-144150-X"><bdi>0-14-144150-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar%3A+an+eyewitness+history&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-144150-X&rft.aulast=Pocock&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrafalgareyewitn0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoppyland_staff2012" class="citation web cs1">Poppyland staff (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poppyland.co.uk/index.php?s=NELACT1">"Poppyland Activity 1: Nelson's Crew at Trafalgar"</a>. Poppyland.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081208090458/http://www.poppyland.co.uk/index.php?s=NELACT1">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2008. Retrieved 4 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poppyland+Activity+1%3A+Nelson%27s+Crew+at+Trafalgar&rft.pub=Poppyland.co.uk&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Poppyland+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poppyland.co.uk%2Findex.php%3Fs%3DNELACT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchom1990" class="citation book cs1">Schom, Alan (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trafalgarcountdo00scho_0">Trafalgar: Countdown to Battle, 1803–1805</a>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-689-12055-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-689-12055-9"><bdi>0-689-12055-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar%3A+Countdown+to+Battle%2C+1803%E2%80%931805&rft.pub=New+York&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-689-12055-9&rft.aulast=Schom&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrafalgarcountdo00scho_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpicer2005" class="citation web cs1">Spicer, Graham (3 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culture24.org.uk/history+%26+heritage/war+%26+conflict/pre%2d20th+century+conflict/tra29483">"England expects – on the trail of Admiral Lord Nelson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Culture24" title="Culture24">Culture24</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523001856/http://www.culture24.org.uk/history+%26+heritage/war+%26+conflict/pre%2d20th+century+conflict/tra29483">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=England+expects+%E2%80%93+on+the+trail+of+Admiral+Lord+Nelson&rft.pub=Culture24&rft.date=2005-08-03&rft.aulast=Spicer&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culture24.org.uk%2Fhistory%2B%2526%2Bheritage%2Fwar%2B%2526%2Bconflict%2Fpre%252d20th%2Bcentury%2Bconflict%2Ftra29483&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStilwell2005" class="citation book cs1">Stilwell, Alexander, ed. (2005). The Trafalgar Companion. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84176-835-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84176-835-9"><bdi>1-84176-835-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trafalgar+Companion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84176-835-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTB_staff2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">TB staff (21 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.todoababor.es/articulos/tras_labatalla.htm">"La Batalla de Trafalgar. Lo que queda tras la batalla (The Battle of Trafalgar. What remains after the battle)"</a>. Todo a Babor (in Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101223123530/http://todoababor.es/articulos/tras_labatalla.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2010. Retrieved 30 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Todo+a+Babor&rft.atitle=La+Batalla+de+Trafalgar.+Lo+que+queda+tras+la+batalla+%28The+Battle+of+Trafalgar.+What+remains+after+the+battle%29&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft.au=TB+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.todoababor.es%2Farticulos%2Ftras_labatalla.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThiers1850" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Thiers, Adolphe Joseph</a> (1850). History of the Consulate and the Empire of France Under Napoleon. London: Henery G. Bohn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Consulate+and+the+Empire+of+France+Under+Napoleon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Henery+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Thiers&rft.aufirst=Adolphe+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDQOAAAAQAAJ">Url</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230324110551/https://books.google.com/books?id=xDQOAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> 24 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2008" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Nicholas (2008). Nelson's Battles: The Triumph of British Seapower (illustrated, revised ed.). Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-609-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-609-4"><bdi>978-1-59114-609-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson%27s+Battles%3A+The+Triumph+of+British+Seapower&rft.edition=illustrated%2C+revised&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-609-4&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardProtheroLeathers1906" class="citation book cs1">Ward, A.W.; Prothero, G.W.; Leathers, Stanley, eds. (1906). The Cambridge Modern History. Vol. IX. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x7A8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA234">234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2002" class="citation book cs1">White, Colin (2002). The Nelson Encyclopaedia. Park House, Russell Gardens, London.: Chatham Publishing, Lionel Leventhal Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-253-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-253-4"><bdi>1-86176-253-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nelson+Encyclopaedia&rft.place=Park+House%2C+Russell+Gardens%2C+London.&rft.pub=Chatham+Publishing%2C+Lionel+Leventhal+Limited&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-86176-253-4&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2005" class="citation book cs1">White, Colin (2005). Nelson the Admiral. Phoenix Mill, Stroud, Glos.: Sutton Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3713-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7509-3713-0"><bdi>0-7509-3713-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nelson+the+Admiral&rft.place=Phoenix+Mill%2C+Stroud%2C+Glos.&rft.pub=Sutton+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7509-3713-0&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2013" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Sam (2013). In the Hour of Victory – The Royal Navy at War in the Age of Nelson. London: Atlantic Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85789-570-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85789-570-7"><bdi>978-0-85789-570-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Hour+of+Victory+%E2%80%93+The+Royal+Navy+at+War+in+the+Age+of+Nelson&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Atlantic+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85789-570-7&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonge1863" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duke_Yonge" title="Charles Duke Yonge">Yonge, Charles D</a> (1863). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQY-AAAAcAAJ">The history of the British navy: From the earliest period to the present time</a>. Vol. II.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+British+navy%3A+From+the+earliest+period+to+the+present+time&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Yonge&rft.aufirst=Charles+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQY-AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> Attribution: <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannay1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hannay_(historian)" title="David Hannay (historian)">Hannay, David</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Trafalgar,_Battle_of" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trafalgar, Battle of">Trafalgar, Battle of</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 153–155.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trafalgar%2C+Battle+of&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=153-155&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesbrière1907" class="citation book cs1">Desbrière, Edouard (1907). The Naval Campaign of 1805: Trafalgar. Translated by Eastwick, Constance (English 1933 ed.). Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+Campaign+of+1805%3A+Trafalgar&rft.edition=English+1933&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Desbri%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Edouard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernándezGregorio2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernández, Cayuela; Gregorio, José (2004). Trafalgar. Hombres y naves entre dos épocas (in Spanish). Barcelona: Ariel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/84-344-6760-7" title="Special:BookSources/84-344-6760-7"><bdi>84-344-6760-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trafalgar.+Hombres+y+naves+entre+dos+%C3%A9pocas&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Ariel&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=84-344-6760-7&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Cayuela&rft.au=Gregorio%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrasca2008" class="citation book cs1">Frasca, Francesco (2008). Il potere marittimo in età moderna, da Lepanto a Trafalgar (1st ed.). Lulu Enterprises UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-4348-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-4348-9"><bdi>978-1-4092-4348-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+potere+marittimo+in+et%C3%A0+moderna%2C+da+Lepanto+a+Trafalgar&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Lulu+Enterprises+UK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4092-4348-9&rft.aulast=Frasca&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>2nd ed. 2008, Lulu Enterprises UK, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84799-550-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84799-550-6">978-1-84799-550-6</a></li> <li>3rd ed. 2009, Lulu Enterprises UK, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-6088-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-6088-2">978-1-4092-6088-2</a></li> <li>4th ed. 2009, Lulu Enterprises UK, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-7881-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4092-7881-8">978-1-4092-7881-8</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardiner" class="citation book cs1">Gardiner, Robert (2006). The campaign of Trafalgar, 1803–1805. Mercury Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84560-008-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84560-008-8"><bdi>1-84560-008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+campaign+of+Trafalgar%2C+1803%E2%80%931805&rft.pub=Mercury+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84560-008-8&rft.aulast=Gardiner&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Harbron, John D., Trafalgar and the Spanish Navy, 1988, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-963-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-963-8">0-85177-963-8</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Howarth_(author)" title="David Howarth (author)">Howarth, David</a>, Trafalgar: The Nelson Touch, 2003, Phoenix Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84212-717-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84212-717-9">1-84212-717-9</a>.</li> <li>Huskisson, Thomas, Eyewitness to Trafalgar, reprinted in 1985 as a limited edition of 1000; Ellisons' Editions, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946092-09-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-946092-09-5">0-946092-09-5</a>—the author was half-brother of <a href="/wiki/William_Huskisson" title="William Huskisson">William Huskisson</a></li> <li>Lambert, Andrew, War at Sea in the Age of Sail, Chapter 8, 2000, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55278-127-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55278-127-5">1-55278-127-5</a></li> <li>Pocock, Tom, Horatio Nelson, Chapter XII, 1987, London, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-6123-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7126-6123-9">0-7126-6123-9</a></li> <li>Pope, Dudley, England Expects (US title Decision at Trafalgar), 1959, Weidenfeld & Nicolson.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner,_Oliver" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner, Oliver">Warner, Oliver</a>, Trafalgar. First published 1959 by Batsford – republished 1966 by Pan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarwick" class="citation book cs1">Warwick, Peter (2005). Voices from the Battle of Trafalgar. David & Charles Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-2000-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-2000-9"><bdi>0-7153-2000-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+from+the+Battle+of+Trafalgar&rft.pub=David+%26+Charles+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7153-2000-9&rft.aulast=Warwick&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Trafalgar" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Trafalgar&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" class="extiw" title="commons:Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070427051506/http://www.nelsonsnavy.co.uk/battle-of-trafalgar.html">Nelson's Navy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documentsonline/frenchmusterrolls.asp">Read about French Muster Rolls from the Battle of Trafalgar on The National Archives' website.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080315204240/http://www.historicdockyard.co.uk/dockyard/hmsvictory.php">Visit HMS Victory at Portsmouth Historic Dockyard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hms-victory.com/">HMS Victory Royal Navy Web Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/histtexts/nelson/">Nelson's Memorandum – battle plan – in the British Library</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207012713/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/histtexts/nelson/">Archived</a> 7 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/flash/0,5860,1504015,00.html">Interactive guide:Battle of Trafalgar</a> educational presentation by <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Unlimited" class="mw-redirect" title="Guardian Unlimited">Guardian Unlimited</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcs-notes2.open.ac.uk/Our-Navy-Video.nsf/0/0EF9501708ACCAB1802575C70073896D?opendocument&autostart=true">A. J. West's "Our Navy": Wreath laying on HMS Victory, October 1905</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120331225353/http://mcs-notes2.open.ac.uk/Our-Navy-Video.nsf/0/0EF9501708ACCAB1802575C70073896D?opendocument&autostart=true">Archived</a> 31 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/launch_gms_trafalgar_bfacademy.shtml">BBC Battlefield Academy: Battle of Trafalgar</a> game created by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102645/http://www.solarismedia.com/">Solaris Media</a> (now <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715093254/http://www.playniac.com/">Playniac</a>) for the bicentenary.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/4627453.stm">BBC video (42 min.) of the re-enactment of the Battle of Trafalgar off Portsmouth on 28 June 2005</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9mZvemKXJw">Concert Overture – Trafalgar 1805</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Naval_History/GB/Times(1805-11-07)a.html">The London Gazette Extraordinary, 6 November 1805</a> original published dispatches, Naval History: Great Britain, EuroDocs: Primary Historical Documents From Western Europe, Brigham Young University Library. Retrieved 27 July 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PR_io1t8FtA">English folk song about the Battle of Trafalgar</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:95%; clear: both;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Battle of Verona (1805)</a> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">Napoleonic Wars Battle of Trafalgar </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Battle of Caldiero (1805)</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Napoleonic_Wars" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Template talk:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Napoleonic Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Napoleonic_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">Third Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">Fourth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">Fifth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French Invasion of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">Sixth Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Seventh Coalition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belli- gerents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">France, <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">client states</a> and allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Legions_(Napoleonic_period)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Legions (Napoleonic period)">Polish Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Holland" title="Kingdom of Holland">Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Etruria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_in_the_Napoleonic_era#Act_of_Mediation" title="Switzerland in the Napoleonic era">Swiss Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Rhine" title="Confederation of the Rhine">Confederation of the Rhine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony#The_Napoleonic_Era_and_the_German_Confederation" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Westphalia" title="Kingdom of Westphalia">Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_forces_of_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Coalition forces of the Napoleonic Wars">Coalition forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden#Swedish_Empire" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="United Kingdom of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick" title="Duchy of Brunswick">Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Hanover" title="Electorate of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau#Duchy_of_Nassau" title="Duchy of Nassau">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">French Royalists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">18 Brumaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon%27s_planned_invasion_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Napoleon's planned invasion of the United Kingdom">Planned invasion of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Duc d'Enghien Execution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Napoleon" title="Coronation of Napoleon">Coronation of Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1805</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Diamond_Rock" title="Battle of Diamond Rock">Diamond Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Finisterre_(1805)" title="Battle of Cape Finisterre (1805)">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wertingen" title="Battle of Wertingen">Wertingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Battle of Günzburg">Günzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haslach-Jungingen" title="Battle of Haslach-Jungingen">Haslach-Jungingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Elchingen" title="Battle of Elchingen">Elchingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulm" title="Battle of Ulm">Ulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verona_(1805)" title="Battle of Verona (1805)">Verona</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caldiero_(1805)" title="Battle of Caldiero (1805)">Caldiero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Ortegal" title="Battle of Cape Ortegal">Cape Ortegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amstetten" title="Battle of Amstetten">Amstetten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_D%C3%BCrenstein" title="Battle of Dürenstein">Dürenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Battle of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Austerlitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1806</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1806)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1806)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Tenese" title="Battle of Campo Tenese">Campo Tenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maida" title="Battle of Maida">Maida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schleiz" title="Battle of Schleiz">Schleiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saalfeld" title="Battle of Saalfeld">Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jena%E2%80%93Auerstedt" title="Battle of Jena–Auerstedt">Jena–Auerstedt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Erfurt" title="Capitulation of Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Halle" title="Battle of Halle">Halle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1806)" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1806)">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prenzlau" title="Battle of Prenzlau">Prenzlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Pasewalk" title="Capitulation of Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitulation_of_Stettin" title="Capitulation of Stettin">Stettin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waren-Nossentin" title="Battle of Waren-Nossentin">Waren-Nossentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Battle of Lübeck">Lübeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland_uprising_(1806)" title="Greater Poland uprising (1806)">Greater Poland uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hamelin" title="Siege of Hamelin">Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Czarnowo" title="Battle of Czarnowo">Czarnowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golymin" title="Battle of Golymin">Golymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pu%C5%82tusk_(1806)" title="Battle of Pułtusk (1806)">Pułtusk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1807</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mohrungen" title="Battle of Mohrungen">Mohrungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eylau" title="Battle of Eylau">Eylau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostro%C5%82%C4%99ka_(1807)" title="Battle of Ostrołęka (1807)">Ostrołęka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kolberg_(1807)" title="Siege of Kolberg (1807)">Kolberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Sortie_of_Stralsund" title="Great Sortie of Stralsund">Stralsund I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mileto" title="Battle of Mileto">Mileto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guttstadt-Deppen" title="Battle of Guttstadt-Deppen">Guttstadt-Deppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilsberg" title="Battle of Heilsberg">Heilsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Friedland" title="Battle of Friedland">Friedland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1807)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1807)">Stralsund II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Copenhagen_(1807)" title="Battle of Copenhagen (1807)">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1808</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dos_de_Mayo_Uprising" title="Dos de Mayo Uprising">Dos de Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_El_Bruch" title="Battles of El Bruch">Bruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_the_Rosily_Squadron" title="Capture of the Rosily Squadron">Rosily Squadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cabez%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Cabezón">Cabezón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1808)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1808)">1st Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valencia_(1808)" title="Battle of Valencia (1808)">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medina_de_Rioseco" title="Battle of Medina de Rioseco">Medina de Rioseco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Roliça</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Vimeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zornoza" title="Battle of Zornoza">Zornoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmaseda" title="Battle of Valmaseda">Valmaseda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burgos" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Espinosa_de_los_Monteros" title="Battle of Espinosa de los Monteros">Espinosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tudela" title="Battle of Tudela">Tudela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaragoza_(1809)" title="Siege of Zaragoza (1809)">2nd Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Battle of Sahagún">Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Benavente" title="Battle of Benavente">Benavente</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1809</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castell%C3%B3n" title="Battle of Castellón">Castellón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ucl%C3%A9s_(1809)" title="Battle of Uclés (1809)">Uclés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corunna" title="Battle of Corunna">Corunna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valls" title="Battle of Valls">Valls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrolean_Rebellion" title="Tyrolean Rebellion">Tyrolean Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villafranca_(1809)" title="Battle of Villafranca (1809)">Villafranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Y%C3%A9benes" title="Battle of Los Yébenes">Yevenes/Yébenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ciudad_Real" title="Battle of Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">1st Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Medell%C3%ADn" title="Battle of Medellín">Medellín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Bergisel" title="Battles of Bergisel">Bergisel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sacile" title="Battle of Sacile">Sacile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Teugen-Hausen" title="Battle of Teugen-Hausen">Teugen-Hausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raszyn_(1809)" title="Battle of Raszyn (1809)">Raszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abensberg" title="Battle of Abensberg">Abensberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landshut_(1809)" title="Battle of Landshut (1809)">Landshut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eckm%C3%BChl" title="Battle of Eckmühl">Eckmühl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ratisbon" title="Battle of Ratisbon">Ratisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neumarkt-Sankt_Veit" title="Battle of Neumarkt-Sankt Veit">Neumarkt-Sankt Veit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Campaign_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalmatian Campaign (1809)">Dalmatian Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ebelsberg" title="Battle of Ebelsberg">Ebelsberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_siege_of_Girona" title="Third siege of Girona">Girona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Piave_River_(1809)" title="Battle of Piave River (1809)">Piave River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grij%C3%B3" title="Battle of Grijó">Grijó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">2nd Porto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%B6rgl" title="Battle of Wörgl">Wörgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarvis_(1809)" title="Battle of Tarvis (1809)">Tarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aspern-Essling" title="Battle of Aspern-Essling">Aspern-Essling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alca%C3%B1iz" title="Battle of Alcañiz">Alcañiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sankt_Michael" title="Battle of Sankt Michael">Sankt Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1809)" title="Battle of Stralsund (1809)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raab_(1809)" title="Battle of Raab (1809)">Raab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mar%C3%ADa" title="Battle of María">María</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Graz" title="Battle of Graz">Graz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wagram" title="Battle of Wagram">Wagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Korneuburg" title="Combat of Korneuburg">Korneuburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Stockerau" title="Combat of Stockerau">Stockerau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gefrees" title="Battle of Gefrees">Gefrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollabrunn_(1809)" title="Battle of Hollabrunn (1809)">Hollabrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Sch%C3%B6ngrabern" title="Combat of Schöngrabern">Schöngrabern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Znaim" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice of Znaim">Armistice of Znaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walcheren_Campaign" title="Walcheren Campaign">Walcheren Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_%C3%96lper_(1809)" title="Battle of Ölper (1809)">Ölper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almonacid" title="Battle of Almonacid">Almonacid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamames" title="Battle of Tamames">Tamames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oca%C3%B1a" title="Battle of Ocaña">Ocaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alba_de_Tormes" title="Battle of Alba de Tormes">Alba de Tormes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1810</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Siege of Cádiz">Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Astorga" title="Siege of Astorga">Astorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1810)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1810)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Barquilla_(1810)" title="Combat of Barquilla (1810)">Barquilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_C%C3%B4a" title="Combat of the Côa">Côa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Almeida_(1810)" title="Siege of Almeida (1810)">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bussaco" title="Battle of Bussaco">Bussaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1811</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gebora" title="Battle of the Gebora">Gebora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Barrosa" title="Battle of Barrosa">Barrosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Pombal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Redinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Casal Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Campo_Maior" title="Battle of Campo Maior">Campo Maior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Sabugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Almeida" title="Blockade of Almeida">Almeida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fuentes_de_O%C3%B1oro" title="Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro">Fuentes de Oñoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1811)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1811)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Albuera" title="Battle of Albuera">Albuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Usagre" title="Battle of Usagre">Usagre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saguntum" title="Battle of Saguntum">Saguntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arroyo_dos_Molinos" title="Battle of Arroyo dos Molinos">Arroyo dos Molinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Valencia_(1812)" title="Siege of Valencia (1812)">Valencia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ciudad_Rodrigo_(1812)" title="Siege of Ciudad Rodrigo (1812)">Ciudad Rodrigo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Badajoz_(1812)" title="Siege of Badajoz (1812)">Badajoz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villagarcia" title="Battle of Villagarcia">Villagarcia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Almaraz" title="Battle of Almaraz">Almaraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguilla" title="Battle of Maguilla">Maguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mir_(1812)" title="Battle of Mir (1812)">Mir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ekau" title="Battle of Ekau">Ekau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamanca" title="Battle of Salamanca">Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garc%C3%ADa_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Battle of García Hernández">García Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saltanovka" title="Battle of Saltanovka">Saltanovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrovno" title="Battle of Ostrovno">Ostrovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitebsk_(1812)" title="Battle of Vitebsk (1812)">Vitebsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kobrin" title="Battle of Kobrin">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klyastitsy" title="Battle of Klyastitsy">Klyastitsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Majadahonda" title="Battle of Majadahonda">Majadahonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorodechno" title="Battle of Gorodechno">Gorodechno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1812)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1812)">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="First Battle of Polotsk">1st Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valutino" title="Battle of Valutino">Valutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mesoten" title="Battle of Mesoten">Mesoten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Borodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_occupation_of_Moscow" title="French occupation of Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Burgos" title="Siege of Burgos">Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarutino" title="Battle of Tarutino">Tarutino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Polotsk" title="Second Battle of Polotsk">2nd Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Venta_del_Pozo" title="Battle of Venta del Pozo">Venta del Pozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maloyaroslavets" title="Battle of Maloyaroslavets">Maloyaroslavets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chashniki" title="Battle of Chashniki">Chashniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vyazma" title="Battle of Vyazma">Vyazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smoliani" title="Battle of Smoliani">Smoliani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasnoi" title="Battle of Krasnoi">Krasnoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berezina" title="Battle of Berezina">Berezina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1813</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castalla" title="Battle of Castalla">Castalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Lützen (1813)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bautzen_(1813)" title="Battle of Bautzen (1813)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarragona_(1813)" title="Siege of Tarragona (1813)">Tarragona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Luckau" title="Battle of Luckau">Luckau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="Siege of San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Pyrenees" title="Battle of the Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sorauren" title="Battle of Sorauren">Sorauren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gro%C3%9Fbeeren" title="Battle of Großbeeren">Großbeeren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Katzbach" title="Battle of the Katzbach">Katzbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dresden" title="Battle of Dresden">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulm" title="Battle of Kulm">1st Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marcial" title="Battle of San Marcial">San Marcial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dennewitz" title="Battle of Dennewitz">Dennewitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kulm" title="Second Battle of Kulm">2nd Kulm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_G%C3%B6hrde" title="Battle of the Göhrde">Göhrde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_Ro%C3%9Flau" class="mw-redirect" title="Combat of Roßlau">Roßlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wartenburg" title="Battle of Wartenburg">Wartenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bidassoa" title="Battle of the Bidassoa">Bidassoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leipzig" title="Battle of Leipzig">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanau" title="Battle of Hanau">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nivelle" title="Battle of Nivelle">Nivelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bornh%C3%B6ved_(1813)" title="Battle of Bornhöved (1813)">Bornhöved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sehested" title="Battle of Sehested">Sehested</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1814</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brienne" title="Battle of Brienne">Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Rothi%C3%A8re" title="Battle of La Rothière">La Rothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mincio_River_(1814)" title="Battle of the Mincio River (1814)">Mincio River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Champaubert" title="Battle of Champaubert">Champaubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmirail" title="Battle of Montmirail">Montmirail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Thierry_(1814)" title="Battle of Château-Thierry (1814)">Château-Thierry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vauchamps" title="Battle of Vauchamps">Vauchamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Garris" title="Battle of Garris">Garris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mormant" title="Battle of Mormant">Mormant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montereau" title="Battle of Montereau">Montereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Orthez" title="Battle of Orthez">Orthez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bar-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Bar-sur-Aube">Bar-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Laon" title="Battle of Laon">Laon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Reims_(1814)" title="Battle of Reims (1814)">Reims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craonne" title="Battle of Craonne">Craonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcis-sur-Aube" title="Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube">Arcis-sur-Aube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%A8re-Champenoise" title="Battle of Fère-Champenoise">Fère-Champenoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Dizier" title="Battle of Saint-Dizier">Saint-Dizier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Montmartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Battle of Paris (1814)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Toulouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayonne" title="Battle of Bayonne">Bayonne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1815</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Panaro" title="Battle of the Panaro">Panaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Occhiobello" title="Battle of Occhiobello">Occhiobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carpi_(1815)" title="Battle of Carpi (1815)">Carpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casaglia" title="Battle of Casaglia">Casaglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ronco" title="Battle of Ronco">Ronco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cesenatico" title="Battle of Cesenatico">Cesenatico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pesaro" title="Battle of Pesaro">Pesaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Scapezzano" title="Battle of Scapezzano">Scapezzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tolentino" title="Battle of Tolentino">Tolentino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ancona" title="Siege of Ancona">Ancona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castel_di_Sangro" title="Battle of Castel di Sangro">Castel di Sangro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Germano" title="Battle of San Germano">San Germano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Gaeta_(1815)" title="Siege of Gaeta (1815)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quatre_Bras" title="Battle of Quatre Bras">Quatre Bras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ligny" title="Battle of Ligny">Ligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Waterloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wavre" title="Battle of Wavre">Wavre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocheserviere" title="Battle of Rocheserviere">Rocheserviere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Suffel" title="Battle of La Suffel">La Suffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocquencourt" title="Battle of Rocquencourt">Rocquencourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issy" title="Battle of Issy">Issy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Info</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French and ally military and political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Marshal Victor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Charles_Villeneuve" title="Pierre-Charles Villeneuve">Pierre-Charles Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Prince Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Beauharnais" title="Eugène de Beauharnais">Prince Eugène</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I_Joseph_of_Bavaria" title="Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria">Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Augustus_I_of_Saxony" title="Frederick Augustus I of Saxony">Frederick Augustus I of Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Frederick I of Württemberg">Frederick I of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_VI_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VI of Denmark">Frederick VI of Denmark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Coalition military and political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Duke of Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rowland_Hill,_1st_Viscount_Hill" title="Rowland Hill, 1st Viscount Hill">Rowland Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Moore (British Army officer)">John Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson" title="Horatio Nelson, 1st Viscount Nelson">Horatio Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald" title="Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald">Thomas Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor">Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lape%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Lapeña">Manuel Lapeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp,_Prince_of_Schwarzenberg" title="Karl Philipp, Prince of Schwarzenberg">Prince von Schwarzenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_John_of_Austria" title="Archduke John of Austria">Archduke John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Russia" title="Alexander I of Russia">Alexander I of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kutuzov" title="Mikhail Kutuzov">Mikhail Kutuzov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Andreas_Barclay_de_Tolly" title="Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly">Michael Andreas Barclay de Tolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levin_August_von_Bennigsen" title="Levin August von Bennigsen">Count Bennigsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Bagration" title="Pyotr Bagration">Pyotr Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wittgenstein" title="Peter Wittgenstein">Peter Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_William_III_of_Prussia" title="Frederick William III of Prussia">Frederick William III of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebhard_Leberecht_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher">Gebhard von Blücher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Prince of Hohenlohe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ricardo_de_%C3%81lava" title="Miguel Ricardo de Álava">Miguel de Álava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Pereira_Forjaz,_Count_of_Feira" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel Pereira Forjaz, Count of Feira">Count of Feira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_I_of_the_Netherlands" title="William I of the Netherlands">William, Prince of Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_IV_Adolf" title="Gustav IV Adolf">Gustav IV Adolf of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Prince Charles John of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Russian_War_(1807%E2%80%931812)" title="Anglo-Russian War (1807–1812)">Anglo-Russian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_War_(1810%E2%80%931812)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Swedish War (1810–1812)">Anglo-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Turkish_War_(1807%E2%80%931809)" title="Anglo-Turkish War (1807–1809)">Anglo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Wars_(Scandinavia)" title="English Wars (Scandinavia)">Anglo-Danish War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gunboat_War" title="Gunboat War">Gunboat War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_of_1808%E2%80%931809" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War of 1808–1809">Dano-Swedish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_War" title="Finnish War">Russo-Swedish War (Finnish War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Swedish_War" title="Franco-Swedish War">Franco-Swedish War (Pomeranian War)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_War_(1804%E2%80%931813)" title="Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)">Russo-Persian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1806%E2%80%931812)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)">Russo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish%E2%80%93Norwegian_War_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish–Norwegian War (1814)">Swedish–Norwegian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Campo Formio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Lunéville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Amiens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Artlenburg" title="Convention of Artlenburg">Artlenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Pressburg_(1805)" title="Peace of Pressburg (1805)">Pressburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Finckenstein" title="Treaty of Finckenstein">Finckenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaties_of_Tilsit" title="Treaties of Tilsit">Tilsit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Cintra" title="Convention of Cintra">Cintra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn" title="Treaty of Schönbrunn">Schönbrunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1810)" title="Treaty of Paris (1810)">Paris (1810)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(24_February_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (24 February 1812)">Paris (February 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(14_March_1812)" title="Treaty of Paris (14 March 1812)">Paris (March 1812)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1814)" title="Treaty of Paris (1814)">Paris (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tauroggen" title="Convention of Tauroggen">Tauroggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ried" title="Treaty of Ried">Ried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chaumont" title="Treaty of Chaumont">Chaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kiel" title="Treaty of Kiel">Kiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Mantua" title="Convention of Mantua">Mantua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Casalanza" title="Treaty of Casalanza">Casalanza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1814)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814)">Fontainebleau (1814)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Paris (1815)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="List of books about the Napoleonic Wars">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars_casualties" title="Napoleonic Wars casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Erfurt" title="Congress of Erfurt">Congress of Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_of_Dresden_(1812)" title="Conference of Dresden (1812)">Conference of Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England_expects_that_every_man_will_do_his_duty" title="England expects that every man will do his duty">England expects that every man will do his duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Napoleonic_Wars_films" title="List of Napoleonic Wars films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_La_Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Uniforms of La Grande Armée">Uniforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longwood_House" title="Longwood House">Longwood House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_military_forces_in_the_Napoleonic_Wars" title="Types of military forces in the Napoleonic Wars">Types of military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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