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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Allied aerial bombing campaign of German infrastructure during later half of WWII</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) alias: Allied Bomber offensive</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_World_War_II#Strategic_bombing_campaign_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of World War II">Strategic bombing campaign in Europe</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Raid_by_the_8th_Air_Force.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="8th Air Force Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress during raid of October 9, 1943 on the Focke-Wulf aircraft factory at Malbork, Poland (Marienburg in German)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Raid_by_the_8th_Air_Force.jpg/300px-Raid_by_the_8th_Air_Force.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Raid_by_the_8th_Air_Force.jpg/450px-Raid_by_the_8th_Air_Force.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Raid_by_the_8th_Air_Force.jpg/600px-Raid_by_the_8th_Air_Force.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2933" data-file-height="2348" /></a> 8th Air Force <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-17_Flying_Fortress" title="Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress">B-17</a> during raid of October 9, 1943 on the <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf" title="Focke-Wulf">Focke-Wulf</a> aircraft factory at Malbork, Poland (Marienburg in German).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006465-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey1977346-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>June 10, 1943 – April 12, 1945</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre of World War II">European Theatre of World War II</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Disputed</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Air_Forces" title="Free French Air Forces">Free French Air Forces</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Harris,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet">Arthur Harris</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Combined Bomber Offensive (CBO) was an <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> offensive of <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic bombing</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in Europe. The primary portion of the CBO was directed against <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> targets which were the highest priority from June 1943 to 1 April 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate195156-4">[4]</a> The subsequent highest priority campaigns were against <a href="/wiki/V-weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="V-weapon">V-weapon</a> installations (June 1944) and <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_chronology_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign chronology of World War II">petroleum, oil, and lubrication (POL) plants</a> (September 1944). Additional CBO targets included <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Plan">railyards and other transportation targets</a>, particularly prior to the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">invasion of Normandy</a> and, along with army equipment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreis1996241-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">in the final stages</a> of the war in Europe. The British bombing campaign was chiefly waged by night by large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bombers</a> until the latter stages of the war when German fighter defences were so reduced that daylight bombing was possible without risking large losses. The US effort was by day – massed formations of bombers with escorting fighters. Together they made up a round-the-clock bombing effort except where weather conditions prevented operations. The <a href="/wiki/Pointblank_directive" title="Pointblank directive">Pointblank directive</a> initiated the primary portion<a href="#cite_note-Emerson-4-6">[6]</a> of the Allied Combined Bomber Offensive intended to cripple or destroy the German aircraft fighter strength, thus drawing it away from frontline operations and ensuring it would not be an obstacle to the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Landings">invasion of Northwest Europe</a>. The directive issued on 14 June 1943 ordered <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> and the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force" title="Eighth Air Force">Eighth Air Force</a> to bomb specific targets such as aircraft factories; the order was confirmed at the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Conference, 1943">Quebec Conference, 1943</a>. Up to that point the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> had mostly been attacking German industry in their own way – the British by broad night attacks on industrial areas and the US in "precision attacks" on specific targets. The operational execution of the directive was left to the commanders of the forces and as such even after the directive the British continued in night attacks on the majority of the attacks on German fighter production.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga201112-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casablanca_directive">Casablanca directive</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Casablanca directive">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28em; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">COA report "vital industries" and the CBO target types<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-226-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreis1996154-10">[10]</a></div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <ol><li>single-engine fighter aircraft (22 targets)<a href="#cite_note-Emerson-4-6">[6]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_bearing" title="Ball bearing">ball bearings</a> (10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign of World War II">petroleum products</a> (39)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_wheel" title="Grinding wheel">grinding wheels</a> and crude <a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">abrasives</a> (10)</li> <li>nonferrous metals (13)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a> and rubber tires (12)</li> <li>submarine construction plants and <a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen" title="Submarine pen">bases</a> (27)</li> <li>military transport vehicles (7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Plan">transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coker_unit" title="Coker unit">coking plants</a> (89)</li> <li>iron and steel works (14)</li> <li>machine tools (12)</li> <li>electric power (55)</li> <li>electrical equipment (16)</li> <li>optical precision instruments (3)</li> <li>chemicals</li> <li>food (21)</li> <li>nitrogen (21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">anti-aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antitank_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitank gun">anti-tank</a> artillery</li></ol> </blockquote> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">List of air operations during the Battle of Europe</a></div> Both the British and the US (through the <a href="/wiki/Air_War_Plans_Division" title="Air War Plans Division">Air War Plans Division</a>) had drawn up their plans for attacking the Axis powers. The British <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Warfare">Ministry of Economic Warfare</a> (MEW) published the Bombers' Baedeker in 1942 that identified the "bottleneck" German industries of oil, communications, and ball bearings;<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> a second edition followed in 1944.<a href="#cite_note-bb44-12">[12]</a> At the January 1943 <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a> the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Combined Chiefs of Staff">Combined Chiefs of Staff</a> agreed to conduct the "Bomber Offensive from the United Kingdom" and the British <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> issued the <a href="/wiki/Casablanca_directive" title="Casablanca directive">Casablanca directive</a> on 4 February with the object of:<a href="#cite_note-Harris-196-13">[13]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic systems and the undermining of the morale of the German people to a point where their capacity for armed resistance is fatally weakened. Every opportunity to be taken to attack Germany by day to destroy objectives that are unsuitable for night attack, to sustain continuous pressure on German morale, to impose heavy losses on German day fighter force and to conserve German fighter force away from the Russian and Mediterranean theatres of war.</blockquote> After initiating the preparation of a U.S. targeting plan on December 9, 1942;<a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive#endnote_5.20">[1]</a> on March 24, 1943, <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">General "Hap" Arnold</a>, the USAAF Commander requested target information from the British,<a href="#cite_note-ArnoldCollection-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[a]</a> and the "Report of Committee of Operations Analysts"<a href="#cite_note-19">[b]</a> was submitted to Arnold on March 8, 1943<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-1013-20">[18]</a> and then to the Eighth Air Force commander as well as the <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">British Air Ministry</a>, the MEW and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force (RAF)</a> commander.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> The COA report recommended 18 operations during each three-month phase (12 in each phase were expected to be successful) against a total of 6 vulnerable target systems consisting of 76<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> specific targets. The six systems were 1) German submarine construction yards and bases, 2) German aircraft industry, 3) ball bearing manufacture, 4) oil production, 5) synthetic rubber and tires, and 6) military transport vehicle production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-1913-23">[21]</a> Using the COA report and information from the MEW, in April 1943 an Anglo-American committee (composed of British <a href="/wiki/Chiefs_of_Staff_Committee" title="Chiefs of Staff Committee">Chiefs of Staff</a> and the American <a href="/wiki/Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Joint Chiefs of Staff">Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>) under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ira_C._Eaker" title="Ira C. Eaker">Ira C. Eaker</a>; led by Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Haywood_S._Hansell" title="Haywood S. Hansell">Haywood S. Hansell</a>, Jr.; and including Brig. Gen. Orvil A. Anderson completed a plan for the "Combined Bomber Offensive from the United Kingdom", which projected the US bomber strength for the four phases (944, 1,192, 1,746, & 2,702 bombers) through to 31 March 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStormont194615-24">[22]</a> Eaker added a summary and final changes (into the "Intermediate Objectives" section),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonski_Vol_II155-25">[23]</a> such as:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey1977206-26">[24]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">If the growth of the German fighter strength is not arrested quickly, it may become literally impossible to carry out the destruction planned</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="CBO_Plan">CBO Plan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: CBO Plan">edit</a>]</div> A committee under Eaker, led by Hansell and including Brig. Gen. <a href="/wiki/Orvil_A._Anderson" title="Orvil A. Anderson">Orvil A. Anderson</a>, drew up a plan for Combined Bomber Operations. Finished in April 1943, the plan recommended 18 operations during each three-month phase (12 in each phase were expected to be successful) against 76 specific targets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStormont194613,_15-27">[25]</a> The plan also projected the US bomber strength for the four phases (944, 1,192, 1,746, and 2,702 bombers) through 31 March 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStormont194615-24">[22]</a> Eaker's "Combined Bomber Offensive Plan" was "a document devised to help Arnold get more planes and men<a href="#cite_note-29">[c]</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Air_Force#World_War_II_(1944–1945)" title="Eighth Air Force">8th Air Force</a>" and not "designed to affect British operations in any substantive way."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey1977206-26">[24]</a> While the CBO Plan was being developed, the British independently drew up a plan in April 1943 entitled "The Attack on the GAF" which identified German fighter strength as "the most formidable weapon...against our bomber offensive" and advocated attacks on airfields and aircraft factories, The document recommended attacks on 34 airfields that were within range of the Rhubarb and Circus operations. The plan identified ten towns<a href="#cite_note-31">[d]</a> as suitable for attack by high level daytime bombing followed by RAF night attacks and may have influenced target selection by the Eighth AF (and, later, the Ninth AF).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-1018–19-30">[27]</a> The Combined Chiefs of Staff <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-1017-32">[28]</a> approved the "Eaker Plan" on May 19, 1943, and identified six specific "target systems" such as the German aircraft industry (including fighter strength):<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey1977207-33">[29]</a> <dl><dd>1. Intermediate objectives<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInfield19739-34">[30]</a> <dl><dd>German fighter strength</dd></dl></dd> <dd>2. Primary objectives: <dl><dd>German submarine yards and bases</dd> <dd>The remainder of the German aircraft industry</dd> <dd>Ball bearings</dd> <dd>Oil (contingent upon attacks against <a href="/wiki/Ploie%C8%99ti" title="Ploiești">Ploiești</a>)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>3. Secondary objectives: <dl><dd>Synthetic rubber and tires</dd> <dd>Military motor transport vehicles</dd></dl></dd></dl> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>CBO committees </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>1942 December 9 onwards </td> <td>US Committee of Operations Analysts<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-1013-20">[18]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 </td> <td>Combined Operational Planning Committee<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-1940-35">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1943 July 21 </td> <td>Joint <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a> Target Priorities Committee </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 July 7 </td> <td>Joint <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign of World War II">Oil Targets</a> Committee<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1992149,_197–198-36">[32]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1944 October </td> <td>Combined Strategic Targets Committee<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreis1996-37">[33]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pointblank_directive_(PBD)">Pointblank directive (PBD)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pointblank directive (PBD)">edit</a>]</div> On 14 June 1943, the Combined Chiefs of Staff issued the Pointblank directive which modified the February 1943 Casablanca directive.<a href="#cite_note-Darling-181-38">[34]</a> Along with the single-engine fighters of the CBO plan,<a href="#cite_note-Darling-181-38">[34]</a> the highest priority Pointblank targets were the fighter aircraft factories since the Western Allied invasion of France could not take place without fighter superiority. In August 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Conference,_1943" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Conference, 1943">Quebec Conference</a> upheld this change of priorities.<a href="#cite_note-39">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-Delleman-40">[36]</a> Among the factories listed were the <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt" title="Messerschmitt">Messerschmitt</a> factory (which would be <a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt%E2%80%93Regensburg_mission" title="Schweinfurt–Regensburg mission">attacked at high cost</a> in August), the Schweinfurter Kugellagerwerke ball-bearing (<a href="/wiki/Second_Raid_on_Schweinfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Raid on Schweinfurt">attacked in October</a> and also causing heavy USAAF losses) and the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Wiener_Neustadt_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Wiener Neustadt in World War II">Wiener Neustädter</a> Flugzeugwerke (WNF) which produced Bf 109 fighters. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_operations">Beginning of operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beginning of operations">edit</a>]</div> The Combined Bomber Offensive began on 10 June 1943<a href="#cite_note-usaaf.net-41">[37]</a> during the British bombing campaign against German industry in the Ruhr area known as the "<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of the Ruhr</a>". Pointblank operations against the "intermediate objective" began on 14 June, <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreis1996154,_185,_242-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Darling-181-38">[34]</a> and the "Effects of Bombing Offensive on German War Effort" (J.I.C. (43) 294) by the Joint Intelligence Subcommittee was issued 22 July 1943.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">specify</a>] The Germans built large-scale night-time decoys like the <a href="/wiki/Krupp_decoy_site" title="Krupp decoy site">Krupp decoy site</a> (German: Kruppsche Nachtscheinanlage) which was a German decoy-site of the <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a> steel works in <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>. During World War II, it was designed to divert Allied <a href="/wiki/Airstrike" title="Airstrike">airstrikes</a> from the actual production site of the arms factory. Losses during the first months of Pointblank operations and lower-than-planned U.S. bomber production resulted in <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Air_Staff_(United_Kingdom)" title="Chief of the Air Staff (United Kingdom)">Chief of the Air Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Sir Charles Portal</a> complaining about the 3-month CBO delay at the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Conference (1943)">Cairo Conference</a>, where the British refused a U.S. request to place the CBO under a "single Allied strategic air commander,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006202-44">[40]</a> as they did not want to interfere with, nor be part of, a decision they deemed unwise and purely of American military origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006208,_123-45">[41]</a> After Arnold submitted the October 9, 1943 "Plan to Assure the Most Effective Exploitation of the Combined Bomber Offensive" <a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> on October 22 the "Allied Joint Chiefs of Staff" signed orders to raid "the aircraft industries in the southern Germany and Austria regions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalland1968201,_[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfirstlastrisefal00gallpage186mode2up_186]-47">[43]</a> July 1943 was the first time that the USAAF would coordinate a raid on the same location as the RAF. They were to fly two daylight missions against industrial targets (U-boat pens and yards) in Hamburg following the opening raid of the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II#Operation_Gomorrah" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">RAF campaign against Hamburg</a>. However fires started by the night's bombing obscured the targets and the USAAF " were not keen to follow immediately on the heels of RAF raids in the future because of the smoke problem".<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> In October 1943 <a href="/wiki/Air_Chief_Marshal" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Chief Marshal">Air Chief Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Arthur_Harris,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Arthur Harris, 1st Baronet">Arthur Harris</a>, C-in-C of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> writing to his superior urged the British government to be honest to the public regarding the purpose of the bombing campaign and openly announce that:<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">the aim of the Combined Bomber Offensive...should be unambiguously and publicly stated. That aim is the destruction of German cities, the killing of German workers, and the disruption of civilized life throughout Germany. It should be emphasized that the destruction of houses, public utilities, transport and lives, the creation of a refugee problem on an unprecedented scale, and the breakdown of morale both at home and at the battle fronts by fear of extended and intensified bombing, are accepted and intended aims of our bombing policy. They are not by-products of attempts to hit factories. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Arthur Harris (1943)</cite></div></blockquote> On February 13, 1944, the CCS issued a new plan for the "Bomber Offensive", which no longer included German morale in the objective:<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">progressive destruction and dislocation of the German military, industrial and economic systems, the disruption of vital elements of lines of communication and the material reduction of German air combat strength, by the successful prosecution of the combined bomber offensive from all convenient bases. <dl><dt>Section 2, "Concept"</dt> <dd>Overall reduction of German air combat strength in its factories, on the ground and in the air through mutually supporting attacks by both strategic air forces pursued with relentless determination against same target areas or systems so far as tactical conditions allow, in order to create the air situation most propitious for OVERLORD is immediate purpose of Bomber Offensive.<a href="#cite_note-ArgumentPlan-51">[47]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Combined Chiefs of Staff, February 13, 1944</cite></div></dd></dl></blockquote> "The subject of morale had been dropped and [the number of cities with targets] gave me a wide range of choice. ... the new instructions therefore made no difference" to RAF Bomber Command operations (Arthur Harris).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonski_Vol_II154-52">[48]</a> The February 13 plan was given the code name Argument, and after the weather became favorable on February 19, Argument operations were conducted during "<a href="/wiki/Big_Week" title="Big Week">Big Week</a>" (February 20–25). Harris claimed the Argument plan was not "a reasonable operation of war", and the Air Staff had to order Harris to bomb the Pointblank targets at Schweinfurt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJablonski_Vol_II53-53">[49]</a> In practice the USAAF bombers made large scale daylight attacks on factories involved in the production of fighter aircraft. The Luftwaffe was forced into defending against these raids, and its fighters were drawn into battle with the bombers and their escorts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga201185-54">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pointblank_operations">Pointblank operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pointblank operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P-51-361.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P-51-361.jpg/220px-P-51-361.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P-51-361.jpg/330px-P-51-361.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/P-51-361.jpg/440px-P-51-361.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5054" data-file-height="3446" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustang</a> fighter had both the range to escort bomber formations deep into Germany and the performance to take on German fighters.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg/220px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg/330px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg/440px-Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_050602-F-1234P-005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1338" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke Wulf Fw 190</a> single-engine fighter targeted by Pointblank.</figcaption></figure> Following the heavy losses (about a quarter of the aircraft) of "Black Thursday" (14 October 1943), the USAAF discontinued strikes deep into Germany until an escort was introduced that could follow the bombers to and from their targets. In 1944, the USAAF bombers—now escorted by <a href="/wiki/Republic_P-47_Thunderbolt" title="Republic P-47 Thunderbolt">Republic P-47 Thunderbolts</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_P-51_Mustang" title="North American P-51 Mustang">North American P-51 Mustangs</a>—renewed their operation. Eaker gave the order to "Destroy the enemy air force wherever you find them, in the air, on the ground and in the factories."<a href="#cite_note-usaaf.net-41">[37]</a> Eaker was replaced at the start of 1944 as 8th Air Force commander by then-Major General <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle" title="Jimmy Doolittle">Jimmy Doolittle</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[e]</a> Doolittle's major influence on the European air war occurred in early 1944 when he changed USAAF policy which required escorting fighters to remain with the bombers at all times. With his permission, some of the American fighters on bomber escort missions would fly further ahead of the bombers' <a href="/wiki/Combat_box" title="Combat box">combat box</a> formations with the intention of "clearing the skies" of any <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> fighter opposition heading towards the formations. This greater freedom for the fighters inflicted heavy losses on the less maneuverable Zerstörergeschwader ("destroyer wings") of twin-engined <a href="/wiki/Heavy_fighter" title="Heavy fighter">heavy fighters</a> and their replacement, single-engined Sturmgruppen of <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190_operational_history#The_Sturmböcke" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190 operational history">heavily armed and armored Fw 190s</a>, clearing each force of bomber destroyers from Germany's skies throughout early 1944. After the bombers had hit their targets, the USAAF fighters were then free to strafe German airfields and transport infrastructure when returning to base, contributing significantly to the achievement of air superiority by Allied air forces over Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006208,_123-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Big_Week">Big Week</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Big Week">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Big_Week" title="Big Week">Big Week</a></div> Soon after Doolittle took command of the 8th Air Force, between February 20 and 25, 1944, as part of the Combined Bomber Offensive, the USAAF launched "Operation Argument", a series of missions against the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> that became known as "Big Week". The Luftwaffe was lured into a decisive battle for <a href="/wiki/Air_superiority" class="mw-redirect" title="Air superiority">air superiority</a> through launching massive attacks by the bombers of the USAAF, protected by squadrons of Republic P-47 Thunderbolts and North American P-51 Mustangs, on the German aircraft industry. In defeating the Luftwaffe, the Allies achieved air superiority and the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">invasion of Western Europe</a> could proceed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006208,_123-45">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Berlin">Battle of Berlin</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of Berlin">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lancaster_B_MkI_44_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lancaster_B_MkI_44_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_1942.jpg/220px-Lancaster_B_MkI_44_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lancaster_B_MkI_44_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_1942.jpg/330px-Lancaster_B_MkI_44_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Lancaster_B_MkI_44_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_1942.jpg/440px-Lancaster_B_MkI_44_Sqn_RAF_in_flight_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Avro Lancaster</a> was the main aircraft in service with RAF Bomber Command during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(air)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berlin (air)">Battle of Berlin</a> (Winter 1943/44).</figcaption></figure> The wording of both the Casablanca directive and the Pointblank directive allowed Harris sufficient leeway to continue the British campaign of night-time <a href="/wiki/Area_Bombing_Directive" class="mw-redirect" title="Area Bombing Directive">Area Bombardment</a> against German industrial cities which targeted both the factories and - indirectly through destruction of housing - the factory workers.<a href="#cite_note-Delleman-40">[36]</a> Between 18 November 1943 and 31 March 1944, RAF Bomber Command fought the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(air)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berlin (air)">Battle of Berlin</a>, a campaign of 16 major raids on the German capital, interspersed with many other major and minor raids across Germany to reduce the predictability of the British operations. In these 16 raids the RAF destroyed around 4,500 acres (18 km2) of Berlin for the loss of 300 aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-57">[f]</a> Harris had planned to reduce most of the city to rubble, break German morale and so win the war. During the period of the battle of Berlin, the British lost 1,047 bombers across all its bombing operations in Europe with a further 1,682 aircraft damaged, culminating in the disastrous raid on <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> on 30 March 1944.<a href="#cite_note-58">[52]</a> The campaign did not achieve its strategic objective, and coupled with the RAF's unsustainable losses (7–12% of aircraft committed to the large raids), the official British historians identified it as an operational defeat for the RAF.<a href="#cite_note-DO-59">[53]</a> At the end of Battle of Berlin, Harris was obliged to commit his heavy bombers to the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport Plan</a> attacks on lines of communications in France as part of the preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_Landings" class="mw-redirect" title="Normandy Landings">Normandy Landings</a> and the RAF would not return to begin the systematic destruction of Germany until the last quarter of 1944.<a href="#cite_note-60">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pointblank_outcome">Pointblank outcome</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pointblank outcome">edit</a>]</div> Operation Pointblank showed that Germany's aircraft and ball bearings plants were not very vulnerable to air attack. Its production of synthetic rubber, ammunition, nitrogen, and <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethyl fluid">ethyl fluid</a> was concentrated in fewer factories and would likely have been much more vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine1992149,_197–198-36">[32]</a> Despite bombing, "German single-engine fighter production ... for the first quarter of 1944 was 30% higher than for the third quarter of 1943, which we may take as a base figure. In the second quarter of 1944, it doubled; by the third quarter of 1944, it had tripled, in a year's time. In September 1944, monthly German single-engine fighter production reached its wartime peak – 3031 fighter aircraft. Total German single-engine fighter production for 1944 reached the amazing figure of 25,860 <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">ME-109s</a> and FW-190s" (William R. Emerson).<a href="#cite_note-Emerson-4-6">[6]</a> Following Operation Pointblank, Germany dispersed works of its aircraft industry across 729 medium and very small plants (some in tunnels, caves, and mines).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalland1968237-61">[55]</a> However, Operation Pointblank did help to diminish the Luftwaffe's threat against the Allies,<a href="#cite_note-Darling-181-38">[34]</a> and by the Normandy Landings, the Luftwaffe had only 80 operational aircraft on the North French Coast, which managed about 250 combat sorties<a href="#cite_note-Emerson-4-6">[6]</a> against the 13,743 Allied sorties that day.<a href="#cite_note-62">[56]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Webster_(historian)" title="Charles Webster (historian)">Charles Webster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Noble_Frankland" title="Noble Frankland">Noble Frankland</a>, Big Week and the subsequent attack on the aircraft industry reduced "the fighting capacity of the Luftwaffe" through threatening the bombing of strategic targets and "leaving the German fighters with no alternative other than to defend them" but "the combat was primarily fought and certainly won" by the US long range fighters.<a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overlord_air_plan">Overlord air plan</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Overlord air plan">edit</a>]</div> During the "winter campaign against the German aircraft industry ... January 11 [-] February 22, 1944",<a href="#cite_note-64">[58]</a> review began on the initial air plan for the Overlord which omitted the requirement "to seek air superiority before the landings were attempted."<a href="#cite_note-auto2-65">[59]</a> Instead, the plan was to bomb communications targets (primary) and rail yards and repair facilities (secondary).<a href="#cite_note-66">[60]</a> Air Marshal <a href="/wiki/Trafford_Leigh-Mallory" title="Trafford Leigh-Mallory">Trafford Leigh-Mallory</a>, who would command the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Expeditionary_Air_Force" title="Allied Expeditionary Air Force">tactical element of the invasion air forces</a> had been assigned the responsibility on June 26, 1943, for drafting the plan, and at the February 14, 1944, meeting regarding the Overlord air plan, he claimed German fighters would defend and be defeated during the attacks on rail yards, and if not, air superiority would instead be won over the D-Day beaches.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-65">[59]</a> Harris rebutted that even after the planned rail attacks, German rail traffic would be sufficient to supply invasion defenses; and Spaatz proposed attacks on industry in Germany to require fighters to be moved away from the Overlord beaches to defend the plants. Tedder concluded that a committee needed to study the pre-Overlord targeting,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997201-67">[61]</a> but when the committee met in March, no consensus was reached.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997203-68">[62]</a> On March 25, 1944 Portal chaired a meeting of the generals and restated the Pointblank objective of air superiority was still the highest CBO priority. Although the "Joint Chiefs of Staff" had previously argued that it was impossible to impede German military rail traffic due to the large reserve capacity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-2223-69">[63]</a> for the secondary priority Portal identified that pre-invasion railyard attacks only needed to reduce traffic so tactical airpower could inhibit enemy defenses during the first 5 weeks of OVERLORD.<a href="#cite_note-FinMin-70">[64]</a> Sir John Kennedy and <a href="/wiki/Noble_Baronets" class="mw-redirect" title="Noble Baronets">Andrew Noble</a> countered that the military fraction of rail traffic was so small that no amount of railyard bombing would significantly impact operations.<a href="#cite_note-19.50-71">[65]</a> As endorsed on March 6 by the MEW and the U.S. Mission for Economic Affairs, Spaatz again proposed that "execution of <a href="/wiki/Plan_for_Completion_of_Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Plan for Completion of Combined Bomber Offensive">the oil plan</a> would force the enemy to reduce oil consumption ... and ... fighting power" during Overlord.<a href="#cite_note-19.50-71">[65]</a> Although "concerned that military transportation experts of the British Army had not been consulted"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997208-72">[66]</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Plan">Transportation Plan</a>, Eisenhower decided that "apart from the attack on the GAF [German Air Force] the transportation plan was the only one which offered a reasonable chance of the air forces making an important contribution to the land battle during the first vital weeks of Overlord".<a href="#cite_note-19.50-71">[65]</a> Control of all air operations was transferred to Eisenhower on April 14 at noon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-225-73">[67]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:28em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> General Carl Spaatz had been insistent—and correct. The enemy would fight for oil, and the enemy would lose his fighters, his crews, and his fuel.<a href="#cite_note-74">[68]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">USAF historian Herman S. Wolk, June 1974</cite> </div> However, after "very few German fighters rose to contest the early attacks on French rail yards"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997211-75">[69]</a> and the Ninth (tactical) AAF in England had dropped 33,000 tons of bombs through April on French railway targets, Churchill wrote to Roosevelt in May 1944 that he was not "convinced of the wisdom of this plan"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalland1968207-76">[70]</a> Although Tedder's original Overlord air directive in mid-April listed no <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_targets_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign targets of World War II">oil targets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997211-75">[69]</a> Eisenhower permitted Spaatz to test that the Luftwaffe would defend oil targets more heavily.<a href="#cite_note-77">[71]</a> During the trial raids of May 12 and May 28, German fighters heavily defended the oil targets, and after the invasion had not begun during the good weather of May, Luftwaffe fighters in France were recalled to defend Reich industry.<a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_Vol_IV_p78-78">[72]</a> The German plan was to await the invasion and then, "on the cue words 'Threatening Danger West'," redeploy fighter strength back to unused French air bases when needed against the invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalland1968211-79">[73]</a> The last two <a href="/wiki/Jagdgeschwader_26" title="Jagdgeschwader 26">Jagdgeschwader 26</a> Fw 190As, piloted by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Priller" title="Josef Priller">Josef Priller</a> and his wingman Heinz Wodarczyk, that were to be recalled conducted two of the very sparse Luftwaffe day sorties over the Normandy beaches on D-day,<a href="#cite_note-Jablonski_Vol_IV_p78-78">[72]</a> and on June 7/8 the Luftwaffe began redeploying c. 600 aircraft to France for attacking the Normandy bridgehead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalland1968214-80">[74]</a> Pointblank operations ended on the fifth day of the Invasion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreis1996241-5">[5]</a> and the highest priority of the Combined Bomber Offensive became <a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">operations against the German rocket weapons</a> in June 1944 and the <a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign of World War II">Oil Campaign</a> in September. Tedder's proposal to keep oil targets as the highest priority and place "Germany's rail system in second priority"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997260-81">[75]</a> was approved by the CSTC on November 1.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997260-81">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-SpaatzCollection-82">[76]</a><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive#endnote_19.70">[2]</a> On April 12, 1945, Strategic Bombing Directive No. 4 ended the <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_World_War_II#Strategic_bombing_campaign_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of World War II">strategic bombing campaign in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006554,_555-83">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Operation Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Campaign_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil Campaign of World War II">Oil Campaign of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Plan">Transportation Plan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">Letter to Portal in London, March 24, 1943</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letter+to+Portal+in+London&rft.date=1943-03-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"> (the letter "included a report by Arnold's operations analysts about strategic targets in Europe" <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey1977203-4-15">[15]</a> and was delivered by Col. C. P. Cabell, "It was ... a week before he took the letter to Portal, along with one signed by General Eaker" <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey1977205-16">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Col. Richard D. Hughes was Eaker's "target-selection specialist."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey1977237-18">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> The "Bradley Plan" was for Eighth Air Force troop build-up.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-1084-28">[26]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> (Braunschweig), <a href="/wiki/Kassel" title="Kassel">Kassel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schweinfurt" title="Schweinfurt">Schweinfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gotha" title="Gotha">Gotha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oschersleben" title="Oschersleben">Oschersleben</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-1018–19-30">[27]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Doolittle had first struck Japan in April 1942 with <a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">a force of 16 B-25 Mitchell bombers</a>, partly to damage Japanese morale. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Harris says that after the war the total damage to Berlin during the war was 6,380 acres, 500 before the Battle of Berlin, 1,000 by the Americans, and additional damage by Mosquito light bomber nuisance raids which is not quantified.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris2005187,_188-56">[51]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yorkshireairmuseum.org/about/french-squadrons-in-elvington-during-wwii/">"French Air Force Crews flew from RAF Elvington during WW2"</a>. 14 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+Air+Force+Crews+flew+from+RAF+Elvington+during+WW2&rft.date=2022-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyorkshireairmuseum.org%2Fabout%2Ffrench-squadrons-in-elvington-during-wwii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006465-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2006465_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2006">Davis 2006</a>, p. 465. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoffey1977346-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoffey1977346_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoffey1977">Coffey 1977</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECravenCate195156-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECravenCate195156_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCravenCate1951">Craven & Cate 1951</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreis1996241-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreis1996241_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreis1996241_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKreis1996">Kreis 1996</a>, p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-Emerson-4-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emerson-4_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emerson-4_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emerson-4_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emerson-4_6-3">d</a> Emerson p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013052725/http://homepage.ntlworld.com/r_m_g.varley/Strategic_Air_Offensive.html#17._Operation_Pointblank">"Aspects of The British and American Strategic Air Offensive against Germany 1939 to 1945"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntlworld.com/r_m_g.varley/Strategic_Air_Offensive.html#17._Operation_Pointblank">the original</a> on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2007-01-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+The+British+and+American+Strategic+Air+Offensive+against+Germany+1939+to+1945&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhomepage.ntlworld.com%2Fr_m_g.varley%2FStrategic_Air_Offensive.html%2317._Operation_Pointblank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZaloga201112-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZaloga201112_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZaloga2011">Zaloga 2011</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-226-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-226_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAAFRH-22">AAFRH-22</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKreis1996154-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKreis1996154_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKreis1996">Kreis 1996</a>, p. 154. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Economic_Warfare" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economic_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Economic Warfare">Ministry of Economic Warfare</a>, The Bomber's Baedeker, PRO London, AIR 14/2662</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bomber%27s+Baedeker&rft.place=PRO+London&rft.au=Ministry+of+Economic+Warfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"> (cited by Coffey, p. 237) </li> <li id="cite_note-bb44-12"><a href="#cite_ref-bb44_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnemy_Branch1944" class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:hebis:77-vcol-20056">The Bomber's Baedeker: Guide to the Economic Importance of German Towns and Cities</a>. 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(15 February 1944), "Conference Held at A.E.A.F Headquarters, Stanmore 15 February 1944 [letter and notes]", Spaatz Collection, Box 14</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaatz+Collection&rft.atitle=Conference+Held+at+A.E.A.F+Headquarters%2C+Stanmore+15+February+1944+%5Bletter+and+notes%5D&rft.date=1944-02-15&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) ("letter" cited by Mets notes 49 & 50, pp. 190,383; "notes" cited by Mets note 89, pp. 201,385) </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZuckerman1972" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Solly_Zuckerman,_Baron_Zuckerman" title="Solly Zuckerman, Baron Zuckerman">Zuckerman, Solly</a> (1972), From Apes to Warlords, New York: Harper and Row, pp. 217–9</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Apes+to+Warlords&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=217-9&rft.pub=Harper+and+Row&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Solly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"> (cited by Mets note 87, pp. 200,385) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997201-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMets1997201_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMets1997">Mets 1997</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997203-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMets1997203_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMets1997">Mets 1997</a>, p. 203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-2223-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-2223_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAAFRH-22">AAFRH-22</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FinMin-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FinMin_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Final Minutes of a Meeting held on Saturday, March 25, to Discuss the Bombing Policy in the Period Before 'Overlord'", Spaatz Collection, Box 14, n.d., <q>apart from the attack on the GAF, [German Air Force] the transportation plan was the only one which offered a reasonable chance of the air forces making an important contribution to the land battle during the first vital weeks of OVERLORD"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaatz+Collection&rft.atitle=Final+Minutes+of+a+Meeting+held+on+Saturday%2C+March+25%2C+to+Discuss+the+Bombing+Policy+in+the+Period+Before+%27Overlord%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) (quoted by Mets, p. 208) </li> <li id="cite_note-19.50-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-19.50_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19.50_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-19.50_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Final Minutes of a Meeting held on Saturday, March 25, to Discuss the Bombing Policy in the Period Before 'OVERLORD'", Spaatz Collection, Box 14, <q>"apart from the attack on the GAF,[German Air Force] the <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Plan">transportation plan</a> was the only one which offered a reasonable chance of the air forces making an important contribution to the land battle during the first vital weeks of OVERLORD"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaatz+Collection&rft.atitle=Final+Minutes+of+a+Meeting+held+on+Saturday%2C+March+25%2C+to+Discuss+the+Bombing+Policy+in+the+Period+Before+%27OVERLORD%27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) (quoted by Mets, p. 208) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997208-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMets1997208_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMets1997">Mets 1997</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-225-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAAFRH-225_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAAFRH-22">AAFRH-22</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolk1974" class="citation cs2">Wolk, Herman S (June 1974), Prelude to D-Day: The Bomber Offensive, p. 65</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prelude+to+D-Day%3A+The+Bomber+Offensive&rft.pages=65&rft.date=1974-06&rft.aulast=Wolk&rft.aufirst=Herman+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"> (cited by Mets note 140, pp. 216,387) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997211-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMets1997211_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMets1997211_75-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMets1997">Mets 1997</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalland1968207-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalland1968207_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalland1968">Galland 1968</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaines1945" class="citation cs2">Haines, William (Lt. Col.) (6 June 1945), ULTRA History of U.S. Strategic Air Force Europe vs. German Air Forces, SRH-013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ULTRA+History+of+U.S.+Strategic+Air+Force+Europe+vs.+German+Air+Forces%2C+SRH-013&rft.date=1945-06-06&rft.aulast=Haines&rft.aufirst=William+%28Lt.+Col.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"> (cited by Mets, pp. 212,386,392: "copy provided to author by Justice <a href="/wiki/Lewis_F._Powell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis F. Powell, Jr.">Lewis F. Powell, Jr.</a> Another copy is in the National Archives". p. 343: "Powell, Jr. was a member of General Spaatz's staff in England") </li> <li id="cite_note-Jablonski_Vol_IV_p78-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_Vol_IV_p78_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jablonski_Vol_IV_p78_78-1">b</a> Jablonski Vol IV p78 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalland1968211-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalland1968211_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalland1968">Galland 1968</a>, p. 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalland1968214-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalland1968214_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGalland1968">Galland 1968</a>, p. 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMets1997260-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMets1997260_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMets1997260_81-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMets1997">Mets 1997</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-SpaatzCollection-82"><a href="#cite_ref-SpaatzCollection_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooney">Cooney</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2006554,_555-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis2006554,_555_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis2006">Davis 2006</a>, pp. 554, 555. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooney" class="citation cs2">Cooney, Charles, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629213211/http://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/text/spaatz.html">Carl Spaatz: A Register of His Papers in the Library of Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, Manuscript Division, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/text/spaatz.html">the original</a> on 2009-06-29</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Spaatz%3A+A+Register+of+His+Papers+in+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.place=Library+of+Congress%2C+Manuscript+Division&rft.aulast=Cooney&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fmss%2Ftext%2Fspaatz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"> (cited by Mets, p. 409):</li></ul> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_19.60">^19.60</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuter1944" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_S._Kuter" title="Laurence S. Kuter">Kuter, Laurence S. (Brig. Gen.)</a> (9 August 1944), "[memo to Arnold]", Spaatz Collection, Box 15</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaatz+Collection&rft.atitle=%5Bmemo+to+Arnold%5D&rft.date=1944-08-09&rft.aulast=Kuter&rft.aufirst=Laurence+S.+%28Brig.+Gen.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) Kuter quotes an Air Ministry memorandum for the July 5 meeting. (cited by Mets note 60, pp. 269, 394: at a "staff meeting the British Chiefs of Staff ... 5 July 1944 ... Portal had tried to move Harris away from area bombing to join in the attacks on oil. ... the recommendation that emerged was a gigantic attack on Berlin")</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_19.70">^19.70</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Directives Agreed by DCAS, RAF, and Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz", Spaatz Collection, Box 15, 23 September 1944, <q>The German rail and waterborne <a href="/wiki/Transportation_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation Plan">transportation systems</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrichshafen#World_War_II" title="Friedrichshafen">tank production plants and depots</a>, ordnance depots; and M.T. (motor transport) production plants and depots</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaatz+Collection&rft.atitle=Directives+Agreed+by+DCAS%2C+RAF%2C+and+Lieutenant+General+Carl+Spaatz&rft.date=1944-09-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) became the secondary priorities. (quoted by Mets note 23, pp. 260,393)</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey1977" class="citation cs2">Coffey, Thomas M. (1977), Decision over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing, New York: David McKay Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision+over+Schweinfurt%3A+The+U.S.+8th+Air+Force+Battle+for+Daylight+Bombing&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=David+McKay+Company&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Craven, Wesley Frank, and Cate, James Lea, editors (1983). The Army Air Forces In World War II, Air Force Historical Studies Office, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-03-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-912799-03-X">0-912799-03-X</a> (Vol. 1).</li></ul> <dl><dd>(1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101105-006.pdf">Volume Two – Europe: Torch to Pointblank: August 1942 – December 1943</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810211123/http://www.afhso.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101105-006.pdf">Archived</a> 2015-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCravenCate1951" class="citation cs2">Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea, eds. (1951), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2010/Nov/05/2001329888/-1/-1/0/aaf_wwii-v3-2.pdf">Volume Three – Europe: Argument to V-E Day: January 1944 – May 1945</a> (PDF), The Army Air Forces In World War II (1983 imprint ed.), Air Force Historical Studies Office, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-912799-03-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-912799-03-X"><bdi>0-912799-03-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volume+Three+%E2%80%93+Europe%3A+Argument+to+V-E+Day%3A+January+1944+%E2%80%93+May+1945&rft.series=The+Army+Air+Forces+In+World+War+II&rft.edition=1983+imprint&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Studies+Office&rft.date=1951&rft.isbn=0-912799-03-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2010%2FNov%2F05%2F2001329888%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2Faaf_wwii-v3-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCruickshank1944" class="citation cs2">Cruickshank, Earl (1944), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119034221/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090522-039.pdf">The Ploesti Mission of 1 August 1943</a> (PDF), Army Air Force Research Histories, AAF Historical Offices, 19xx–AFHS No. 103 - AAFRH-3, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090522-039.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 January 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ploesti+Mission+of+1+August+1943&rft.series=Army+Air+Force+Research+Histories&rft.pub=AAF+Historical+Offices&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Cruickshank&rft.aufirst=Earl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-090522-039.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarling" class="citation cs2">Darling, Kev, Aircraft of the 8th Army Air Force 1942–1945, Big Bird Aviation, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=egyEOAvbmi0C&pg=PA181">181</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9559840-0-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9559840-0-6"><bdi>978-0-9559840-0-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aircraft+of+the+8th+Army+Air+Force+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Big+Bird+Aviation&rft.isbn=978-0-9559840-0-6&rft.aulast=Darling&rft.aufirst=Kev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2006" class="citation cs2">Davis, Richard G. (April 2006), Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive 1939–1945, Air University Press, p. 202,554–5, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58566-148-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58566-148-1"><bdi>1-58566-148-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bombing+the+European+Axis+Powers%3A+A+Historical+Digest+of+the+Combined+Bomber+Offensive+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=202%2C554-5&rft.pub=Air+University+Press&rft.date=2006-04&rft.isbn=1-58566-148-1&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerson1962" class="citation cs2">Emerson, William R. 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(1997) [1988], Master of Airpower: General Carl A. Spaatz (paperback ed.)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+of+Airpower%3A+General+Carl+A.+Spaatz&rft.edition=paperback&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mets&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorris1947" class="citation cs2">Norris, Joe L. (Capt) (1947) [1946 Winter-Spring], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090522-061.pdf">USAF Historical Studies No. 122 (formerly AAFRH-22) "The Combined Bomber Offensive: 1 January to 6 June 1944"</a> (PDF), <q>the Committee of Operations Analysts submitted on 8 March 1943 a comprehensive report on Axis industry. ... Nineteen vital industries were selected ... which if destroyed would ... stagnate the German war machine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=USAF+Historical+Studies+No.+122+%28formerly+AAFRH-22%29+%22The+Combined+Bomber+Offensive%3A+1+January+to+6+June+1944%22&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Joe+L.+%28Capt%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-090522-061.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski1971" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jablonski, Edward (1971), Airwar, vol. I Terror from the Sky, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airwar&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Jablonski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski_Vol_II" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jablonski, Edward (1971), Airwar, vol. II Tragic Victories, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airwar&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Jablonski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski1971" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jablonski, Edward (1971), Airwar, vol. III Outraged Skies, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385041560" title="Special:BookSources/9780385041560"><bdi>9780385041560</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airwar&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=9780385041560&rft.aulast=Jablonski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJablonski1972" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Jablonski, Edward (1972), Airwar, vol. IV Wings of Fire, Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Airwar&rft.place=Garden+City%2C+NY&rft.pub=Doubleday+%26+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Jablonski&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAAFRH-10" class="citation cs2">Ramsey, John F. 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(2011), Operation Pointblank 1944; Defeating the Luftwaffe, Campaign 236, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-385-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-385-0"><bdi>978-1-84908-385-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Pointblank+1944%3B+Defeating+the+Luftwaffe&rft.series=Campaign+236&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-385-0&rft.aulast=Zaloga&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson1946" class="citation cs2">Ferguson, Arthur B (1946), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313134257/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090522-057.pdf">The Early Operations of the Eighth Air Force and the Origins of the Combined Bomber Offensive</a> (PDF), Army Air Force Research Histories, AAF Historical Offices, AAFRH-18, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090522-057.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 March 2013</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Operations+of+the+Eighth+Air+Force+and+the+Origins+of+the+Combined+Bomber+Offensive&rft.series=Army+Air+Force+Research+Histories&rft.pub=AAF+Historical+Offices&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Arthur+B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-090522-057.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAAFRH-19" class="citation cs2">Stormont, John F. (Capt) (March 1946) [1945 summer], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090522-058.pdf">The Combined Bomber Offensive: April through December 1943</a> (PDF), Army Air Force Research Histories, AAF Historical Offices</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Combined+Bomber+Offensive%3A+April+through+December+1943&rft.series=Army+Air+Force+Research+Histories&rft.pub=AAF+Historical+Offices&rft.date=1946-03&rft.aulast=Stormont&rft.aufirst=John+F.+%28Capt%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-090522-058.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAAFRH-22" class="citation cs2">Norris, Joe L. (Capt) (April 1947) [1946 Winter-Spring], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090522-061.pdf">The Combined Bomber Offensive: 1 January to 6 June 1944</a> (PDF), Army Air Force Research Histories, AAF Historical Offices</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Combined+Bomber+Offensive%3A+1+January+to+6+June+1944&rft.series=Army+Air+Force+Research+Histories&rft.pub=AAF+Historical+Offices&rft.date=1947-04&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=Joe+L.+%28Capt%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afhra.af.mil%2Fshared%2Fmedia%2Fdocument%2FAFD-090522-061.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Combined_Bomber_Offensive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansell1972" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Haywood_S._Hansell" title="Haywood S. Hansell">Hansell, Haywood S. (Jr)</a> (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIvxVcOTmkEC&pg=PA68">The Air Plan That Defeated Hitler</a>. Atlanta: Higgins-McArthur/Longino and Porter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-12178-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-12178-4"><bdi>0-405-12178-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2007-01-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Air+Plan+That+Defeated+Hitler&rft.place=Atlanta&rft.pub=Higgins-McArthur%2FLongino+and+Porter&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-405-12178-4&rft.aulast=Hansell&rft.aufirst=Haywood+S.+%28Jr%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyIvxVcOTmkEC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeney2012" class="citation cs2">Keeney, L. Douglas (2012), The Pointblank Directive : three generals and the untold story of the daring plan that saved D-Day, Osprey Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849089333" title="Special:BookSources/9781849089333"><bdi>9781849089333</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pointblank+Directive+%3A+three+generals+and+the+untold+story+of+the+daring+plan+that+saved+D-Day&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781849089333&rft.aulast=Keeney&rft.aufirst=L.+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACombined+Bomber+Offensive" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Template talk:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:RAF_WWII_strategic_bombing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:RAF WWII strategic bombing"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="RAF_strategic_bombing_during_the_Second_World_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">RAF strategic bombing during the Second World War</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butt_Report" title="Butt Report">Butt Report (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command#Strategic_bombing_1942-1945" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF strategic bombing 1942–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area Bombing Directive (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehousing" title="Dehousing">Dehousing paper (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_directive" title="Casablanca directive">Casablanca directive (1943)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harris" title="Arthur Harris">Arthur "Bomber" Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Lindemann,_1st_Viscount_Cherwell" title="Frederick Lindemann, 1st Viscount Cherwell">Frederick "Prof" Lindemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Portal,_1st_Viscount_Portal_of_Hungerford" title="Charles Portal, 1st Viscount Portal of Hungerford">Sir Charles Portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Sinclair,_1st_Viscount_Thurso" title="Archibald Sinclair, 1st Viscount Thurso">Sir Archibald Sinclair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Tedder,_1st_Baron_Tedder" title="Arthur Tedder, 1st Baron Tedder">Arthur Tedder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Oil campaign of World War II">Oil targets (1940-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombing_directive" title="Area bombing directive">Area bombing of cities (1942–43)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_pen#The_Allied_bombing_offensive" title="Submarine pen">U-boat pens (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ruhr" title="Battle of the Ruhr">Battle of the Ruhr (1943)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Combined Bomber Offensive (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)" title="Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)">Battle of Berlin (1943–44)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_Plan" title="Transport Plan">Transport (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Hamburg_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Hamburg in World War II">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombings_of_Heilbronn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombings of Heilbronn in World War II">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Kassel_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Kassel in World War II">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Pforzheim_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Pforzheim in World War II">Pforzheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Dresden_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombing of Dresden in World War II">Dresden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_the_Bezuidenhout" title="Bombing of the Bezuidenhout">The Hague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Operations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bellicose" title="Operation Bellicose">Bellicose (Friedrichshafen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastise" title="Operation Chastise">Chastise ("Dambusters" raid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Hurricane_(1944)" title="Operation Hurricane (1944)">Hurricane (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Peenem%C3%BCnde_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Peenemünde in World War II">Hydra (Peenemünde)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aircraft</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Blenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-20_Havoc" title="Douglas A-20 Havoc">Boston (Douglas DB-7)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Halifax" title="Handley Page Halifax">Halifax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Hampden" title="Handley Page Hampden">Hampden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Lancaster" title="Avro Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Manchester" title="Avro Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Mosquito" title="De Havilland Mosquito">Mosquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_Stirling" title="Short Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Ventura" title="Lockheed Ventura">Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Whitworth_Whitley" title="Armstrong Whitworth Whitley">Whitley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaff_(countermeasure)" title="Chaff (countermeasure)">Chaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2S_(radar)" title="H2S (radar)">H2S radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee_(navigation)" title="Gee (navigation)">Gee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oboe_(navigation)" title="Oboe (navigation)">"Oboe"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gee-H_(navigation)" title="Gee-H (navigation)">Gee-H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_(radar)" title="Monica (radar)">"Monica" radar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_bomb" title="Blockbuster bomb">Blockbuster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthquake_bomb" title="Earthquake bomb">Earthquake bomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallboy_(bomb)" title="Tallboy (bomb)">Tallboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(bomb)" title="Grand Slam (bomb)">Grand Slam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncing_bomb" title="Bouncing bomb">Bouncing bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_indicator" title="Target indicator">Target indicator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_bombardment" title="Area bombardment">Area bombardment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomber_stream" title="Bomber stream">Bomber stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">Firebombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command#Invasion_of_Europe" title="RAF Fighter Command">Intruder operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)#Master_bomber" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Master Bomber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Pathfinders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_bombing" title="Shuttle bombing">Shuttle bombing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/No._1_Group_RAF" title="No. 1 Group RAF">No. 1 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._3_Group_RAF" title="No. 3 Group RAF">No. 3 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._4_Group_RAF" title="No. 4 Group RAF">No. 4 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._5_Group_RAF" title="No. 5 Group RAF">No. 5 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF" title="No. 6 Group RCAF">No. 6 Group RCAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._8_Group_RAF" title="No. 8 Group RAF">No. 8 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No._100_Group_RAF" title="No. 100 Group RAF">No. 100 Group RAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathfinder_(RAF)" title="Pathfinder (RAF)">Light Night Strike Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:WW2AirDefenceUK" title="Template:WW2AirDefenceUK">Aerial defence of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces (USAAF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">Air operations during the Battle of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_by_Moonlight:_Bomber_Command" title="Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command">Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Into_the_Storm_(2009_film)" title="Into the Storm (2009 film)">Into the Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Target_for_Tonight" title="Target for Tonight">Target for Tonight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a 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[\"CITEREFHarrisCox1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInfield1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJablonski1971\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJablonski1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJablonski_Vol_II\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeeney2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreis1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuter1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLIEUTENANT_COLONEL_SON_M._LE2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMets1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Economic_Warfare\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorris1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuggDeWeerd,_H._A.Lieutenant_Colonel1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStormont1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUSAAF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebsterFrankland,_Noble1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWolk1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZaloga2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZuckerman1972\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 8,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"Flag\"] = 4,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 5,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 3,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"RAF WWII Strategic Bombing\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 54,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 4,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Specify\"] = 2,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-99kdj","timestamp":"20241124055420","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Combined Bomber Offensive","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Combined_Bomber_Offensive","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1639992","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q1639992","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors 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