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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalisme_mandchou" title="Nationalisme mandchou – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nationalisme mandchou" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalismo_manch%C3%BA" title="Nacionalismo manchú – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nacionalismo manchú" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalisme_Manchuria" title="Nasionalisme Manchuria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nasionalisme Manchuria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/220px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/330px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/440px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Manchukuo" title="Flag of Manchukuo">Flag of Manchukuo</a>, the state primarily associated with Manchurian nationalism</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Manchurian nationalism</b> or <b>Manchu nationalism</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">满洲民族主义</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">滿族民族主義</span>) refers to the <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Territorial_nationalism" title="Territorial nationalism">territorial nationalism</a> of the inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, regardless of ethnic origin. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_nationalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While ruling <a href="/wiki/China_proper" title="China proper">China proper</a>, the Manchu-led <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> had promoted a common, "Manchufying" identity among members of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a>, its primary <a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">military forces</a>. Manchus were thus strongly associated with the Banner system, even though there were <a href="/wiki/Mongol_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol people">Mongol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> Bannermen as well. The Banner identity was not yet racial or national, but still strongly divided the mostly Manchu Banner people from the primarily Han Chinese civilians of the Qing Empire. This divide grew with the overthrow of the Qing dynasty in 1912, and the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000278_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, ethnic identity grew greatly in importance, and the Banner people had to decide whether to identify as Manchu, Han Chinese, or Mongol. Many of Mongol or Han Chinese ethnic origin opted to be classified as Manchu, especially in northern China, and the descendants of the Bannermen were generally called Manzu ("Manchu ethnic group") from then on.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000278–279_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000278–279-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi_Qia_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Xi_Qia_1932.jpg/170px-Xi_Qia_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Xi_Qia_1932.jpg/255px-Xi_Qia_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Xi_Qia_1932.jpg/340px-Xi_Qia_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Xi_Qia" title="Xi Qia">Xi Qia</a>, a leading Manchurian nationalist.</figcaption></figure> <p>As supporters of the old Qing dynasty, the Banner people (or Manchu-associated groups) were disempowered and discriminated against in the new Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000279,_283_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000279,_283-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Qing nobles thus started to conspire against the new authorities, and the idea of a Manchu/Manchurian nationalism grew in importance due to this development. One of the first attempts to create a Manchu polity was by <a href="/wiki/Shanqi" title="Shanqi">Shanqi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Su" title="Prince Su">Prince Su</a>, who tried to create a separatist state in <a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolia" title="Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a> with Japanese help in 1912. His venture was not driven by nationalism, however, but by a desire to see the monarchy under <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a> restored.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000235_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000235-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, anti-Republican groups founded by Banner people, most prominently the <a href="/wiki/Royalist_Party" title="Royalist Party">Royalist Party</a>, were initially more motivated by <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism" title="Historical revisionism">revisionism</a> than Manchu/Manchurian nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000235–236_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000235–236-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manchurian nationalism and independence were heavily promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>, however, whose aim was to weaken and divide China. The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Army" title="Kwantung Army">Kwantung Army</a> was already attempting to use the Royalist Party and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a> (who claimed descent from Han Chinese Bannermen) as early as 1916 to promote Manchurian independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickinson1999136,_301–302_(note_92)_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinson1999136,_301–302_(note_92)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931, Qing prince and Royalist Party associate <a href="/wiki/Puwei" title="Puwei">Puwei</a> travelled to <a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a> and called for the "Manchus to govern Manchuria" in cooperation with Japan. The Japanese did not accept his self-proclamation as leader of the Manchurian independence movement, however, and sidelined him after the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000271–272_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000271–272-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major and opportunistic involvement of Japan in the movement for Manchurian independence has led historian David Egler to describe Manchurian nationalism as "artificial".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgler1977107_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgler1977107-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argued that it was for the most part a propaganda tool to justify the Japanese intervention, occupation, and colonisation of Manchuria under the cornerstone of "minzoku kyowa" (racial harmony) between Manchu, Han Chinese, Japanese and others in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgler197790–107_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgler197790–107-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the foundation of Manchukuo, Manchurian nationalism became a territorial or inter-ethnic nationalism of all people living in Manchuria,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgler197796–97_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgler197796–97-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was no longer limited to Manchu people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Proclaimed_Manchukuo_government-in-exile">Proclaimed Manchukuo government-in-exile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_nationalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Proclaimed Manchukuo government-in-exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output 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.mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Manchukuo Government</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">滿洲國政府</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>)</span><br /><span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">満洲国政府</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>)</span><br /><span title="Manchu-language text"><span lang="mnc"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237794275">.mw-parser-output .font-mong{font-family:"Menk Hawang Tig","Menk Qagan Tig","Menk Garqag Tig","Menk Har_a Tig","Menk Scnin Tig","Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig","Oyun Qagan Tig","Oyun Garqag Tig","Oyun Har_a Tig","Oyun Scnin Tig","Oyun Agula Tig","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White","Mongol Usug","Mongolian White","MongolianScript","Code2000","Menksoft Qagan"}.mw-parser-output .font-mong-mnc,.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(mnc-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(dta-Mong),.mw-parser-output .font-mong:lang(sjo-Mong){font-family:"Abkai Xanyan","Abkai Xanyan LA","Abkai Xanyan VT","Abkai Xanyan XX","Abkai Xanyan SC","Abkai Buleku","Daicing White","Mongolian Baiti","Noto Sans Mongolian","Mongolian Universal White"}</style><span class="font-mong-mnc" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.25em; font-family:'Mongolian Baiti', 'Mongol Universal White', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', 'Abkai Xanyan', 'Abkai Xanyan LA', 'Abkai Xanyan VT', 'Abkai Xanyan XX', 'Abkai Xanyan SC', 'Abkai Buleku', 'Daicing White', 'Oyun Gurban Ulus Tig', 'Oyun Qagan Tig', 'Oyun Garqag Tig', 'Oyun Har_a Tig', 'Oyun Scnin Tig', 'Mongolian BT', 'Noto Sans Mongolian', sans-serif; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top;">ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡠᡵᡠᠨ</span></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a>)</span><br /><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn">Манжүкогийн засгийн газар</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Mongolian-language text"><span lang="mn"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237794275"><span class="font-mong" style="display:inline-block; font-weight:normal; font-size: 1.25em; line-height: 1.2em; -webkit-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -o-writing-mode: vertical-lr; -ms-writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: tb-lr; writing-mode: vertical-lr;; text-orientation: sideways; vertical-align:text-top; text-align:left">ᠮᠠᠵᠦᠺᠣ<br />ᠶᠢᠨ<br />ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠭ<br />ᠤᠨ<br />ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ</span></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a>)</span><br /><span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko">만주국 정부</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>)</span><br /><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Правительство Маньчжоу-Го</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Manchukuo"><img alt="Flag of Manchukuo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/125px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/188px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/250px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Manchukuo" title="Flag of Manchukuo">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Emperor_of_Manchukuo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Manchukuo"><img alt="Emblem of Manchukuo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emblem_of_the_Emperor_of_Manchukuo.svg/85px-Emblem_of_the_Emperor_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emblem_of_the_Emperor_of_Manchukuo.svg/128px-Emblem_of_the_Emperor_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Emblem_of_the_Emperor_of_Manchukuo.svg/170px-Emblem_of_the_Emperor_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="609" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Manchukuo" title="Imperial Seal of Manchukuo">Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Manchukuo#1933_version" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Manchukuo">National Anthem of Manchukuo</a><div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="173" data-mwtitle="Manchukuo_National_Anthem_1933-1942_Chinese_Korean.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ab/Manchukuo_National_Anthem_1933-1942_Chinese_Korean.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ab/Manchukuo_National_Anthem_1933-1942_Chinese_Korean.ogg/Manchukuo_National_Anthem_1933-1942_Chinese_Korean.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AManchukuo_National_Anthem_1933-1942_Chinese_Korean.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AManchukuo_National_Anthem_1933-1942_Chinese_Korean.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AManchukuo_National_Anthem_1933-1942_Chinese_Korean.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AManchukuo_National_Anthem_1933-1942_Chinese_Korean.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AManchukuo_National_Anthem_1933-1942_Chinese_Korean.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manchuria_(orthographic_projection).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Manchuria_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/220px-Manchuria_%28orthographic_projection%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Manchuria_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/330px-Manchuria_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Manchuria_%28orthographic_projection%29.png/440px-Manchuria_%28orthographic_projection%29.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="999" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Claimed territory of the "Manchukuo Government"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> (provisional) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harbin" title="Harbin">Harbin</a> (proclaimed)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Manchu_language" title="Manchu language">Manchu</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_language" title="Mongolian language">Mongolian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchurian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Manchukuo" title="Politics of Manchukuo">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">Government-in-exile</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Emperor </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kangde" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangde">Kangde</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Head of Regency Council </div></th><td class="infobox-data">Arslan Sathak</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Manchukuo Temporary Government formed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2004</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Manchukuo Government formed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2019</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://manchuriagov.net/">https://manchuriagov.net/</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Manchukuo Government</b> (known as the <b>Manchukuo Temporary Government</b> until 2019), commonly known as <b>Manchuria</b>, is an organization established in 2004 in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20091210-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On its website, it claims to be the <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">government in exile</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, a Japanese <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet state</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">with limited recognition</a> which controlled <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> from 1932 to 1945; it seeks to revive the state and to <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separate</a> it from the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a>, which controls its claimed territory.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20090916_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20090916-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalists and internet users have expressed doubts about its authenticity and aims.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20091210-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On its website, it claims to have merged with other Manchu independence organizations as of 2019. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_and_symbols">Structure and symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_nationalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure and symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Media summaries of its website state that the Manchukuo Government includes an emperor, a royal family, a prime minister, and a cabinet. It continues to use the old <a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_Manchukuo" class="mw-redirect" title="National Anthem of Manchukuo">National Anthem of Manchukuo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Manchukuo" title="Flag of Manchukuo">Flag of Manchukuo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20091210-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The website has accounts of the history of the region and its people. </p><p>The Manchukuo Government is a member of the International Monarchist Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also seeks to join the <a href="/wiki/Unrepresented_Nations_and_Peoples_Organization" title="Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization">Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20091210-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It claims to have overseas branches in Brazil, Italy, Japan, Taiwan, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20110525_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20110525-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leadership of the Manchukuo Government is formed by <a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">electing an emperor</a> and a prime minister. In the 2008 elections, the emperorship was won by "Aisin Gioro Xiaojie" (愛新覺羅‧孝傑), stated to be a student in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>'s history department; his actual relation to the <a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a> clan is suspect, as his <a href="/wiki/Generation_name" title="Generation name">generation name</a> "Xiao" (孝) does not fit with the actual <a href="/wiki/Zupu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zupu">clan genealogy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20091210-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, that emperor dropped out of contact with the Manchukuo Government, so in April 2010, it held another election, won by "Aisin Gioro Chongji" (爱新觉罗‧崇基).<sup id="cite_ref-MingPao20100509_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MingPao20100509-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jason Adam-Tonis was elected as prime minister in May 2010. At the time, Adam-Tonis was a <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> student and also a chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Songun" title="Songun">Songun</a> Politics Study Group, a <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korean</a> front group based in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2011, The Manchukuo Government have merge with the Imperial Qing Restoration Organization, The Manchukuo Government and the entire cabinet resign and Adam-Tonis handed over power and the royal seals to His Imperial Majesty 李志栓 as the next emperor, Adam-Tonis was appointed Prime Minister of the combined Organization. In 2015, Fu Jun led a few supporters that is against the merger to form a separate Manchukuo Government and according to its website, Dokuritsu Aisingyoro has ascended to the throne in 2015, who appointed a president named Cheung Siu Bong, who was president until it merged with other Manchu organizations, at which time Fu Jun became president. Since 2019, the long dead emperor <a href="/wiki/Kangde" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangde">Kangde</a> is recognized as the current emperor, with a regency council running on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization also <a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">questioned the legitimacy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="2020 United States presidential election">2020 United States presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_activities">Financial activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_nationalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Financial activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Manchukuo Government's "<a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">central bank</a>", which claims to succeed the old <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Manchou" title="Central Bank of Manchou">Central Bank of Manchou</a>, declared the old <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_yuan" title="Manchukuo yuan">Manchukuo yuan</a> to have a <a href="/wiki/Fixed_exchange_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fixed exchange rate">fixed exchange rate</a> of 0.8 to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">United States dollar</a>, and offers <a href="/wiki/Bureau_de_change" title="Bureau de change">currency exchange</a> services by post.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple20070703_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple20070703-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as 2007, it was issuing identity cards for US$3 each, and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_passport" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy passport">fantasy passports</a> for US$8 each, with payment to be made by <a href="/wiki/PayPal" title="PayPal">PayPal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Apple20070703_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Apple20070703-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its website claimed to sell <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Manchukuo" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Manchukuo">Manchukuo postage stamps</a>, but when a <i><a href="/wiki/Ming_Pao" title="Ming Pao">Ming Pao</a></i> columnist enquired with them about the possibility of purchasing them, a spokesperson stated that the items were sold out.<sup id="cite_ref-MingPao20100509_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MingPao20100509-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also issued what it referred to as "loyalty bonds". Its activities led the Hong Kong <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Futures_Commission" title="Securities and Futures Commission">Securities and Futures Commission</a>, Greece's <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Capital_Market_Commission" title="Hellenic Capital Market Commission">Hellenic Capital Market Commission</a>, and Spain's <a href="/wiki/Comisi%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Mercado_de_Valores" class="mw-redirect" title="Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores">Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores</a> to issue public warnings about it in February 2008 to emphasise that it is not a body permitted to offer investment services.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reactions">Reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_nationalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Manchukuo Government received occasional media attention in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">politics of Taiwan</a> around the time of the <a href="/wiki/2009_Republic_of_China_local_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Republic of China local elections">2009 elections</a>, as its members may be distant relatives of <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> general-secretary and <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people_in_Taiwan" title="Manchu people in Taiwan">ethnic Manchu</a> <a href="/wiki/King_Pu-tsung" title="King Pu-tsung">King Pu-tsung</a>, and it was jokingly suggested that King himself might be one of its secret agents.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20091210-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some internet users suspected the entire website of being a scam set up for the purpose of raising money.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20091210-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hong Kong political scientist <a href="/wiki/Simon_Shen" title="Simon Shen">Simon Shen</a>, an expert on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> and the internet, also expressed suspicion of the website and its attempt to portray the revival of Manchukuo as a movement undertaken on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a> people; he pointed out that the people who ever felt genuine identification with the state of Manchukuo were mostly not Chinese or Manchu but rather Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-MingPao20100509_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MingPao20100509-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another news commentator similarly suggested that <a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Japanese nationalists</a> were behind the site.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20090916_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20090916-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, Shen also suggested that the whole website might simply be a spoof designed by <a href="/wiki/Troll_(internet)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troll (internet)">internet trolls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Leipold of the <a href="/wiki/China_Policy_Institute" title="China Policy Institute">China Policy Institute</a> described it as "thick on anti-communist vitriol" while failing to address Japanese hegemony in Manchukuo.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Manchukuo Government also provoked angry reactions from some quarters. A NOWnews guest columnist in May 2011, in the midst of other arguments against <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan independence">Taiwan independence</a>, called the Manchukuo Government "the shame of the people of <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20110525_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20110525-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its stated political positions, such as support for the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a>, as well as its calls to <a href="/wiki/Concerns_and_controversies_over_the_2008_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Concerns and controversies over the 2008 Summer Olympics">disrupt</a> the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, earned it the ire of internet users in mainland China.<sup id="cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOW20091210-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At one point, rumours were spreading in mainland Chinese internet forums that one "Toshiaki Kawashima" (川島志明), whom they alleged to be the nephew of <a href="/wiki/Yoshiko_Kawashima" title="Yoshiko Kawashima">Yoshiko Kawashima</a> and prime minister of the Manchukuo Government, was working as a secret agent for <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> with the aim of fomenting violence against <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Chinese people in Papua New Guinea">Chinese people there</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_nationalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local ethnic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_Party" title="Royalist Party">Royalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartary" title="Tartary">Tartary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lytton_Report" title="Lytton Report">Lytton Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_possession" title="Adverse possession">Adverse possession</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_nationalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000278-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000278_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhoads2000">Rhoads (2000)</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000278–279-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000278–279_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhoads2000">Rhoads (2000)</a>, pp. 278–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000279,_283-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000279,_283_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhoads2000">Rhoads (2000)</a>, pp. 279, 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000235-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000235_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhoads2000">Rhoads (2000)</a>, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000235–236-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000235–236_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhoads2000">Rhoads (2000)</a>, pp. 235–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickinson1999136,_301–302_(note_92)-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickinson1999136,_301–302_(note_92)_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDickinson1999">Dickinson (1999)</a>, pp. 136, 301–302 (note 92).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhoads2000271–272-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhoads2000271–272_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRhoads2000">Rhoads (2000)</a>, pp. 271–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgler1977107-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgler1977107_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEgler1977">Egler 1977</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgler197790–107-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgler197790–107_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEgler1977">Egler 1977</a>, pp. 90–107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgler197796–97-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgler197796–97_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEgler1977">Egler 1977</a>, pp. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOW20091210-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NOW20091210_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Policy+Institute+Analysis&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+the+Chinese+Internet%3A+Escape+from+Reality%3F&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft.aulast=Leipold&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpianalysis.org%2F2016%2F05%2F19%2Fethnicity-and-the-chinese-internet-escape-from-reality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchurian+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF沈旭暉_[Shen_Xuhui]2010" class="citation cs2">沈旭暉 [Shen Xuhui] (2010-05-14), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404144108/http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/13/1/1/1516338/1.html">"「滿洲國」參與巴布亞新畿內亞排華? ["Manchukuo" joined anti-Chinese activities in Papua New Guinea?]"</a>, <i>Ming Pao</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.sina.com.hk/cgi-bin/nw/show.cgi/13/1/1/1516338/1.html">the original</a> on 2012-04-04<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-09-26</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ming+Pao&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8C%E6%BB%BF%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%8B%E3%80%8D%E5%8F%83%E8%88%87%E5%B7%B4%E5%B8%83%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%B0%E7%95%BF%E5%85%A7%E4%BA%9E%E6%8E%92%E8%8F%AF%3F+%26%2391%3B%22Manchukuo%22+joined+anti-Chinese+activities+in+Papua+New+Guinea%3F%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2010-05-14&rft.au=%E6%B2%88%E6%97%AD%E6%9A%89+%5BShen+Xuhui%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.sina.com.hk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fnw%2Fshow.cgi%2F13%2F1%2F1%2F1516338%2F1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchurian+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_nationalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickinson1999" class="citation book cs1">Dickinson, Frederick R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rrhPyCRpO0gC"><i>War and National Reinvention: Japan in the Great War, 1914-1919</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674005075" title="Special:BookSources/9780674005075"><bdi>9780674005075</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+National+Reinvention%3A+Japan+in+the+Great+War%2C+1914-1919&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780674005075&rft.aulast=Dickinson&rft.aufirst=Frederick+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrrhPyCRpO0gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchurian+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgler1977" class="citation book cs1">Egler, David George (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arizona.openrepository.com/bitstream/handle/10150/565382/AZU_TD_BOX138_E9791_1977_193.pdf"><i>Japanese mass organizations in Manchuria, 1928-1945: the ideology of racial harmony</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson, Arizona</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+mass+organizations+in+Manchuria%2C+1928-1945%3A+the+ideology+of+racial+harmony&rft.place=Tucson%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=University+of+Arizona&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Egler&rft.aufirst=David+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farizona.openrepository.com%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10150%2F565382%2FAZU_TD_BOX138_E9791_1977_193.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchurian+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhoads2000" class="citation book cs1">Rhoads, Edward J. M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OXQkDwAAQBAJ"><i>Manchus & Han: Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_Press" title="University of Washington Press">University of Washington Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295997483" title="Special:BookSources/9780295997483"><bdi>9780295997483</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manchus+%26+Han%3A+Ethnic+Relations+and+Political+Power+in+Late+Qing+and+Early+Republican+China%2C+1861%E2%80%931928&rft.place=Seattle%2C+London&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780295997483&rft.aulast=Rhoads&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOXQkDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AManchurian+nationalism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_nationalism315" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" 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nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_nationalism315" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationalisms<br />in</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berberism" title="Berberism">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_nationalism" title="Coptic nationalism">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_nationalism" title="Egyptian nationalism">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharaonism" title="Pharaonism">Pharaonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabyle_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabyle nationalism">Kabyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationalism" title="Sahrawi nationalism">Sahrawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acholi_nationalism" title="Acholi nationalism">Acholi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amhara_nationalism" title="Amhara nationalism">Amhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_nationalism" title="Somali nationalism">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrayan_nationalism" title="Tigrayan nationalism">Tigrayan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nigeria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_nationalism" title="Igbo nationalism">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_nationalism" title="Ogoni nationalism">Ogoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_nationalism" title="Afrikaner nationalism">Afrikaner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano_nationalism" title="Chicano nationalism">Chicano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Indigenous Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lakotah_proposal" title="Republic of Lakotah proposal">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Québécois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Sequoyah" title="State of Sequoyah">Sequoyahan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noirism" title="Noirism">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_movement_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence movement in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_nationalism" title="Argentine nationalism">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_nationalism" title="Creole nationalism">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocacerism" title="Ethnocacerism">Peruvian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalism" title="Arab nationalism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_nationalism" title="Assyrian nationalism">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golus_nationalism" title="Golus nationalism">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_nationalism" title="Jordanian nationalism">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_nationalism" title="Lebanese nationalism">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Turkish Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaza_nationalism" title="Zaza nationalism">Zaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">chauvinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_nationalism" title="Hong Kong nationalism">Hongkonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism_in_Japan" title="Ethnic nationalism in Japan">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">Korean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Okinawan nationalism">Okinawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">in Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_nationalism" title="Bodo nationalism">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_nationalism" title="Dravidian nationalism">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazara_nationalism" title="Hazara nationalism">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_nationalism" title="Meitei nationalism">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_nationalism" title="Naga nationalism">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_nationalism" title="Punjabi nationalism">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_nationalism" title="Sindhi nationalism">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_nationalism" title="Tamil nationalism">Tamil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_nationalism" title="Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism">in Sri Lanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_nationalism" title="Tripuri nationalism">Tripuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South-eastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_nationalism" title="Filipino nationalism">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_nationalism" title="Khmer nationalism">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Malay_nationalism" title="Early Malay nationalism">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon nationalism">Mon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shan nationalism">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_nationalism" title="Thai nationalism">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_nationalism" title="Vietnamese nationalism">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern & Middle Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_nationalism" title="Baloch nationalism">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">South Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_nationalism" title="Uyghur nationalism">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_nationalism" title="Yakut nationalism">Yakut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_nationalism" title="Azerbaijani nationalism">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_nationalism" title="Georgian nationalism">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_nationalism" title="Laz nationalism">Laz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism" title="Albanian nationalism">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Albania" title="Albanian nationalism in Albania">in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_Kosovo" title="Albanian nationalism in Kosovo">in Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_nationalism_in_North_Macedonia" title="Albanian nationalism in North Macedonia">in North Macedonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_nationalism" title="Aromanian nationalism">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniak_nationalism" title="Bosniak nationalism">Bosniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_nationalism" title="Croatian nationalism">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">in Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_nationalism" title="Macedonian nationalism">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovenism" title="Moldovenism">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani nationalism">Romani (Gypsy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_nationalism" title="Romanian nationalism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationalism" title="Austrian nationalism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_nationalism" title="Czech nationalism">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_nationalism" title="Frisian nationalism">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationalism" title="Hungarian nationalism">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_nationalism" title="Polish nationalism">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_independence" title="Silesian independence">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_nationalism" title="Slovak nationalism">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_nationalism" title="Slovenian nationalism">Slovenian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_nationalism" title="Belarusian nationalism">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_nationalism" title="Ukrainian nationalism">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddishist_movement" title="Yiddishist movement">Yiddish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Caucasus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkar_and_Karachay_nationalism" title="Balkar and Karachay nationalism">Balkar and Karachay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_nationalism" title="Circassian nationalism">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_nationalism" title="Ingush nationalism">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgin nationalism">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_nationalism" title="Ossetian nationalism">Ossetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volga Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_nationalism" title="Chuvash nationalism">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_nationalism" title="Tatar nationalism">Tatar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism" title="Breton nationalism">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch nationalism">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_nationalism" title="Occitan nationalism">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_nationalism" title="British nationalism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_nationalism" title="Cornish nationalism">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_nationalism" title="English nationalism">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_nationalism" title="Scottish nationalism">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_nationalism" title="Ulster nationalism">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arpitania" title="Arpitania">Arpitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_nationalism" title="Corsican nationalism">Corsican</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_nationalism" title="Lombard nationalism">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padanian_nationalism" title="Padanian nationalism">Padanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_nationalism" title="Sardinian nationalism">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_nationalism" title="Sicilian nationalism">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetian_nationalism" title="Venetian nationalism">Venetian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_nationalism" title="Spanish nationalism">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_nationalism" title="Andalusian nationalism">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonese_nationalism" title="Aragonese nationalism">Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_nationalism" title="Asturian nationalism">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_nationalism" title="Canarian nationalism">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_nationalism" title="Castilian nationalism">Castilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_nationalism" title="Catalan nationalism">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_nationalism" title="Galician nationalism">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navarrese_nationalism" title="Navarrese nationalism">Navarrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_nationalism" title="Valencian nationalism">Valencian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_nationalism" title="Estonian nationalism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_nationalism" title="Finnish nationalism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_nationalism" title="Icelandic nationalism">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_National_Revival" title="Lithuanian National Revival">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_nationalism" title="Norwegian nationalism">Norwegian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Indigenous_sovereignty" title="Australian Indigenous sovereignty">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-nationalism" title="Pan-nationalism">Pan-nationalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_nationalism" title="Bangladeshi nationalism">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Celticism" title="Pan-Celticism">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_nationalism_(Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo)" title="Congolese nationalism (Democratic Republic of the Congo)">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Finnicism" title="Pan-Finnicism">Finnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Hispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberism" title="Iberism">Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_nationalism" title="Indian nationalism">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Latinism" title="Pan-Latinism">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_nationalism" title="Libyan nationalism">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Indianism" title="Pan-Indianism">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_nationalism" title="Nigerian nationalism">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Oceanian" title="Pan-Oceanian">Oceanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">South Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_nationalism" title="Tunisian nationalism">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugandan nationalism">Ugandan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_independence_movement" title="Alsace independence movement">Alsace independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam_separatist_movements" title="Assam separatist movements">Assam separatist movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_independence_movement" title="Assyrian independence movement">Assyrian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_independence_movement" title="Catalan independence movement">Catalan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_independence_movement" title="Champa independence movement">Champa independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_independence_movement" title="Faroese independence movement">Faroese independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Movement" title="Flemish Movement">Flemish Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Aceh_Movement" title="Free Aceh Movement">Free Aceh Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Papua_Movement" title="Free Papua Movement">Free Papua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_%C3%85land" title="Future of Åland">Future of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_independence_movement" title="Galician independence movement">Galician independence movement (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_independence" title="Greenlandic independence">Greenlandic independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_nationalism" title="Cantonese nationalism">Guangdong Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_sovereignty_movement" title="Hawaiian sovereignty movement">Hawaiian sovereignty movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_independence_movement" title="Inner Mongolian independence movement">Inner Mongolian independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Association" title="Kashubian Association">Kashubian Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_protest_movement" title="Māori protest movement">Māori protest movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_conflict#Mapuche_Activist_Movements_and_Government_Responses" title="Mapuche conflict">Mapuche separatist movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Independence_Movement" title="Muslim Independence Movement">Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Corsica" title="National Liberation Front of Corsica">National Liberation Front of Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_United_Liberation_Organisation" title="Patani United Liberation Organisation">Patani United Liberation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_independence_movement" title="Ryukyu independence movement">Ryukyu independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_independence" title="Scottish independence">Scottish independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_regionalism" title="Siberian regionalism">Siberian regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_Autonomy_Movement" title="Silesian Autonomy Movement">Silesian Autonomy Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_autonomy_movement" title="Székely autonomy movement">Székely autonomy movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_independence_movement" title="Tibetan independence movement">Tibetan independence movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojvodina_Autonomist_Movement" title="Vojvodina Autonomist Movement">Vojvodina Autonomist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallmapuwen" title="Wallmapuwen">Wallmapuwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Movement" title="Walloon Movement">Walloon Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_independence" title="Welsh independence">Welsh independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arakan" title="Arakan">Arakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azawad" title="Azawad">Azawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balawaristan" title="Balawaristan">Balawaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(greater_region)" title="Basque Country (greater region)">Basque Country (greater region)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Countries" title="Catalan Countries">Catalan Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chameria" title="Chameria">Chameria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatay_State" title="Hatay State">Hatay State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Republic_of_Herzeg-Bosnia" title="Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia">Herzeg-Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilirida" title="Ilirida">Ilirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelia" title="Karelia">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katarism" title="Katarism">Katarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuanan_Melayu" title="Ketuanan Melayu">Ketuanan Melayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgistan" title="Lezgistan">Lezgistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Abhimaangeet" title="Marathi Abhimaangeet">Marathi Abhimaangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Epirus" title="Northern Epirus">Northern Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitania" title="Occitania">Occitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republika_Srpska" title="Republika Srpska">Republika Srpska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Department_(Bolivia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Cruz Department (Bolivia)">Santa Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1pmi" title="Sápmi">Sápmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saraikistan">Saraikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhudesh_movement" title="Sindhudesh movement">Sindhudesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kely_Land" title="Székely Land">Székely Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Eelam" title="Tamil Eelam">Tamil Eelam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_ethnic_nationalism" title="Local ethnic nationalism">Local (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenismo" title="Indigenismo">American Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_nationalism" title="Black nationalism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenism" title="Indigenism">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_nationalism" title="White nationalism">White</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><b>Note</b>: Forms of nationalism based primarily on <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a></i>.</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_nationalism&oldid=1270677501">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manchurian_nationalism&oldid=1270677501</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manchurian_nationalism" title="Category:Manchurian nationalism">Manchurian nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Separatism_in_China" title="Category:Separatism in China">Separatism in China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nationalist_movements_in_Asia" title="Category:Nationalist movements in Asia">Nationalist movements in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_nationalism" title="Category:Ethnic nationalism">Ethnic nationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Manchu" title="Category:History of Manchu">History of Manchu</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_simplified_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text">Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_traditional_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text">Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Chinese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Chinese-language text">Articles containing Chinese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Japanese-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Japanese-language text">Articles containing Japanese-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Manchu-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Manchu-language text">Articles containing Manchu-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Mongolian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Mongolian-language text">Articles containing Mongolian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 January 2025, at 18:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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