CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Physician - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7edb7f08-78ec-41dd-a621-afb201be3930","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Physician","wgTitle":"Physician","wgCurRevisionId":1274805135,"wgRevisionId":1274805135,"wgArticleId":23315,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from September 2020","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015","All accuracy disputes","Articles with disputed statements from November 2019", "Commons category link is on Wikidata","Physicians","Health care occupations","Hospital staff"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Physician","wgRelevantArticleId":23315,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true, "wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q39631","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg/1200px-The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="823"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg/800px-The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="548"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg/640px-The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="439"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Physician - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Physician rootpage-Physician skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Physician" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Physician" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Physician" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Physician" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_meanings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_meanings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Modern meanings</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_meanings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern meanings subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_meanings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specialist_in_internal_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialist_in_internal_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Specialist in internal medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialist_in_internal_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physician_and_surgeon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physician_and_surgeon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Physician and surgeon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physician_and_surgeon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-American_physicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_physicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>American physicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_physicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Primary care</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podiatry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podiatry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Podiatry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Podiatry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shortage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shortage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Shortage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shortage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_role_and_world_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_role_and_world_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social role and world view</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_role_and_world_view-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social role and world view subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_role_and_world_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biomedicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomedicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Biomedicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomedicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Alternative medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physicians'_own_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physicians'_own_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Physicians' own health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physicians'_own_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_training" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Education and training</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education_and_training-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education and training subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education_and_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-All_medical_practitioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_medical_practitioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>All medical practitioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_medical_practitioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialists_in_internal_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialists_in_internal_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Specialists in internal medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialists_in_internal_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-All_medical_practitioners_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#All_medical_practitioners_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>All medical practitioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-All_medical_practitioners_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specialists_in_internal_medicine_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specialists_in_internal_medicine_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Specialists in internal medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specialists_in_internal_medicine_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_and_professionalism_supervision" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_and_professionalism_supervision"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Performance and professionalism supervision</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_and_professionalism_supervision-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Physician</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 142 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-142" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">142 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter" title="Dokter – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dokter" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzt" title="Arzt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Arzt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="طبيب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طبيب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medico" title="Medico – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Medico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%90_(%DC%AB%DC%95%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܣܝܐ (ܫܕܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܣܝܐ (ܫܕܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dicu" title="Médicu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Médicu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poh%C3%A3noh%C3%A1ra" title="Pohãnohára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pohãnohára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99kim" title="Həkim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həkim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="طبیب – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="طبیب" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95" title="চিকিৎসক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চিকিৎসক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duktur" title="Duktur – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Duktur" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-su" title="I-su – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="I-su" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Урач – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Урач" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лекар – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лекар" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лекар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лекар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%A8%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="སྨན་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྨན་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljekar" title="Ljekar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ljekar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Эмшэн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Эмшэн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metge" title="Metge – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metge" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80" title="Тухтăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тухтăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ka%C5%99" title="Lékař – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lékař" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medico" title="Medico – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Medico" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiremba" title="Chiremba – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiremba" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meddyg" title="Meddyg – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meddyg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6ge" title="Læge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Læge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arzt" title="Arzt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arzt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arst" title="Arst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ιατρός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιατρός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dico" title="Médico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Médico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuracisto" title="Kuracisto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kuracisto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediku" title="Mediku – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mediku" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="پزشک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پزشک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6knar" title="Læknar – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Læknar" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decin" title="Médecin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médecin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter" title="Dokter – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dokter" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lia" title="Lia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighiche" title="Lighiche – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Lighiche" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dico,_m%C3%A9dica" title="Médico, médica – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Médico, médica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C5%A9rigitani" title="Mũrigitani – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Mũrigitani" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AC%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="پجشک – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="پجشک" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AE-s%C3%AAn" title="Yî-sên – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yî-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%98%EC%82%AC" title="의사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="의사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%AA%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AF" title="Բժիշկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բժիշկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95" title="चिकित्सक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चिकित्सक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lije%C4%8Dnik" title="Liječnik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Liječnik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediko" title="Mediko – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Mediko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter" title="Dokter – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dokter" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medico" title="Medico – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Medico" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B3%C3%A6%D0%BD%C3%A6%D0%B3" title="Хосгæнæг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хосгæнæг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyanga_(umelaphi)" title="Inyanga (umelaphi) – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inyanga (umelaphi)" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6knir" title="Læknir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Læknir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medico" title="Medico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%90" title="רופא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רופא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF" title="ವೈದ್ಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವೈದ್ಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ექიმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ექიმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%8E%D8%B1" title="ڈاکٹَر – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ڈاکٹَر" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%99%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Дәрігер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дәрігер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabibu" title="Tabibu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tabibu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medsen" title="Medsen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Medsen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dsen" title="Médsen – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Médsen" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bij%C3%AE%C5%9Fk" title="Bijîşk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bijîşk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%80" title="Догдур – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Догдур" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicus" title="Medicus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Medicus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80rsts" title="Ārsts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ārsts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter" title="Dokter – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Dokter" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gydytojas" title="Gydytojas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gydytojas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3nganga" title="Mónganga – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mónganga" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medegh" title="Medegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Medegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orvos" title="Orvos – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Orvos" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лекар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лекар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokotera" title="Dokotera – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Dokotera" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BB" title="ഭിഷ്വഗരൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഭിഷ്വഗരൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabib" title="Tabib – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Tabib" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95" title="चिकित्सक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चिकित्सक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="دكتور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دكتور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakar_perubatan" title="Pakar perubatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pakar perubatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dotor" title="Dotor – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dotor" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AC-s%C4%95ng" title="Ĭ-sĕng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĭ-sĕng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Пчкафтысь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пчкафтысь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%87" title="Эмч – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эмч" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts" title="Arts – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arts" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95" title="चिकित्सक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चिकित्सक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95" title="चिकित्सक – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चिकित्सक" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%B8%AB" title="医師 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="医師" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lege" title="Lege – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lege" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lege" title="Lege – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lege" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8tge" title="Mètge – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mètge" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogeessa_fayyaa" title="Ogeessa fayyaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Ogeessa fayyaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shifokor" title="Shifokor – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Shifokor" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0" title="ਡਾਕਟਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡਾਕਟਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ising" title="Ising – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Ising" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="طبیب – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="طبیب" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="طبیب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="طبیب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fizishan" title="Fizishan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Fizishan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9rusien" title="Cérusien – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Cérusien" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter_(Medizin)" title="Dokter (Medizin) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dokter (Medizin)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lekarz" title="Lekarz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lekarz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9dico" title="Médico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Médico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekim" title="Ekim – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ekim" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medic" title="Medic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dharmaskro" title="Dharmaskro – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Dharmaskro" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampikamayuq" title="Hampikamayuq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Hampikamayuq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Медик – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Медик" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Врач – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Врач" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/misaydan,_ising" title="misaydan, ising – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="misaydan, ising" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician" title="Physician – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Physician" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mjeku" title="Mjeku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Mjeku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8dicu" title="Mèdicu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Mèdicu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9B%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="වෛද්‍යවරයා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෛද්‍යවරයා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physician" title="Physician – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Physician" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="طبيب – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="طبيب" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lek%C3%A1r" title="Lekár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lekár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravnik" title="Zdravnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zdravnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9" title="پزیشک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پزیشک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лекар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лекар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljekar" title="Ljekar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ljekar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter" title="Dokter – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dokter" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4k%C3%A4ri" title="Lääkäri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lääkäri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4kare" title="Läkare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Läkare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="மருத்துவர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மருத்துவர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="แพทย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพทย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B6%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B0%E1%88%AD" title="ዶክተር – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዶክተር" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA" title="Пизишк – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пизишк" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hes%C3%A9eots%C3%A9ve%27ho%27e" title="Heséeotséve'ho'e – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Heséeotséve'ho'e" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_(t%C4%B1p)" title="Doktor (tıp) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Doktor (tıp)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BC%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Эмчи – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Эмчи" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Лікар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лікар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8" title="طبیب – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طبیب" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canghyw" title="Canghyw – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Canghyw" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1c_s%C4%A9" title="Bác sĩ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bác sĩ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medc%C3%A9n" title="Medcén – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Medcén" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%A3%AB" title="醫士 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="醫士" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F" title="醫生 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="醫生" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="דאקטער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דאקטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/On%C3%AD%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8g%C3%B9n" title="Oníṣègùn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Oníṣègùn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%94%9F" title="醫生 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="醫生" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%ABd%C4%ABtuos" title="Gīdītuos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gīdītuos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%9F" title="医生 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="医生" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokter" title="Dokter – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Dokter" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doktor_(pengobatan)" title="Doktor (pengobatan) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Doktor (pengobatan)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doto" title="Doto – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Doto" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fɔ̀ngbè</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logfore" title="Logfore – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Logfore" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39631#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Physician" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Physician" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Physician"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Physician"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Physician" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Physician" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician&oldid=1274805135" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Physician&id=1274805135&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhysician"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPhysician"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Physician&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Physician&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physicians" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Physician" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q39631" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Professional who practices medicine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Physician</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg/220px-The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg/330px-The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg/440px-The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1053" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Doctor_(painting)" title="The Doctor (painting)">The Doctor</a></i>, an 1891 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Luke_Fildes" title="Luke Fildes">Luke Fildes</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Occupation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Names</th><td class="infobox-data">Physician, medical practitioner, medical doctor or simply <i>doctor</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Occupation type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">Professional</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Activity sectors</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Description</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Competencies</th><td class="infobox-data">The <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> and science of <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Analytical_skill" title="Analytical skill">analytical skills</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Education required</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">MBBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">DO</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">MDCM</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Fields of<br />employment</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clinic" title="Clinic">Clinics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospitals</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related jobs</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">General practitioner</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Family_physician" class="mw-redirect" title="Family physician">Family physician</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">Surgeon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">Specialist physician</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>physician</b>, <b>medical practitioner</b> (<a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>), <b>medical doctor</b>, or simply <b>doctor</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Health_professional" title="Health professional">health professional</a> who practices <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, which is concerned with promoting, maintaining or restoring <a href="/wiki/Health" title="Health">health</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">study</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">prognosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">treatment</a> of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Injury" title="Injury">injury</a>, and other physical and mental impairments. Physicians may focus their practice on certain disease categories, types of patients, and methods of treatment—known as <a href="/wiki/Specialty_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialty (medicine)">specialities</a>—or they may assume responsibility for the provision of continuing and comprehensive medical care to individuals, families, and communities—known as <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medical practice properly requires both a detailed <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Discipline_(academia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Discipline (academia)">academic disciplines</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">anatomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiology" title="Pathophysiology">underlying diseases</a>, and their treatment, which is the <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> of medicine, and a decent <a href="/wiki/Competence_(human_resources)" title="Competence (human resources)">competence</a> in its applied practice, which is the art or <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a> of the profession. </p><p>Both the role of the physician and the meaning of the word itself vary around the world. Degrees and other qualifications vary widely, but there are some common elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">medical ethics</a> requiring that physicians show consideration, compassion, and benevolence for their <a href="/wiki/Patient" title="Patient">patients</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_meanings">Modern meanings</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Redi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Francesco_Redi.jpg/220px-Francesco_Redi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Francesco_Redi.jpg/330px-Francesco_Redi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Francesco_Redi.jpg/440px-Francesco_Redi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1112" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Redi" title="Francesco Redi">Francesco Redi</a>, considered to be the founder of experimental biology, was the first to recognize and correctly describe details of many important <a href="/wiki/Parasites" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasites">parasites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ami_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ami-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialist_in_internal_medicine">Specialist in internal medicine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal medicine</a></div> <p>Around the world, the term physician refers to a <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical specialist">specialist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a> or one of its many sub-specialties (especially as opposed to a specialist in <a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">surgery</a>). This meaning of physician conveys a sense of expertise in treatment by drugs or medications, rather than by the procedures of <a href="/wiki/Surgeon" title="Surgeon">surgeons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This term is at least nine hundred years old in English: physicians and surgeons were once members of separate professions, and traditionally were rivals. The <i><a href="/wiki/Shorter_Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Shorter Oxford English Dictionary">Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>, third edition, gives a <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> quotation making this contrast, from as early as 1400: "O Lord, whi is it so greet difference betwixe a cirugian and a physician."<sup id="cite_ref-newSOED_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newSOED-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> granted a charter to the London <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a> in 1518. It was not until 1540 that he granted the <a href="/wiki/Barber_surgeon" title="Barber surgeon">Company of Barber-Surgeons</a> (ancestor of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons" title="Royal College of Surgeons">Royal College of Surgeons</a>) its separate charter. In the same year, the English monarch established the <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Physic_(Cambridge)" title="Regius Professor of Physic (Cambridge)">Regius Professorship of Physic</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer universities would probably describe such an academic as a professor of <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a>. Hence, in the 16th century, <i>physic</i> meant roughly what internal medicine does now. </p><p>Currently, a specialist <a href="/wiki/Physician_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician in the United States">physician in the United States</a> may be described as an <i>internist</i>. Another term, <i><a href="/wiki/Hospitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospitalist">hospitalist</a></i>, was introduced in 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe US specialists in <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a> who work largely or exclusively in hospitals. Such 'hospitalists' now make up about 19% of all US <i>general internists</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who are often called <i>general physicians</i> in <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of nations">Commonwealth</a> countries. </p><p>This original use, as distinct from surgeon, is common in most of the world including the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and other Commonwealth countries (such as <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>), as well as in places as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>. In such places, the more general English terms <i>doctor</i> or <i>medical practitioner</i> are prevalent, describing any practitioner of medicine (whom an American would likely call a physician, in the broad sense).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Commonwealth countries, specialist <a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">pediatricians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">geriatricians</a> are also described as specialist physicians who have sub-specialized by age of patient rather than by <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organ</a> system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physician_and_surgeon">Physician and surgeon</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></div> <p>Around the world, the combined term "physician and surgeon" is used to describe either a general practitioner or any medical practitioner irrespective of specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-newSOED_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newSOED-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This usage still shows the original meaning of physician and preserves the old difference between a physician, as a practitioner of <i>physic</i>, and a surgeon. The term may be used by state medical boards in the United States, and by equivalent bodies in Canadian provinces, to describe any medical practitioner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States" title="Physicians in the United States">Physicians in the United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_Canada" title="Physicians in Canada">Physicians in Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Elizabeth_Blackwell.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a>, the first female physician in the United States, graduated from <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Upstate_Medical_University" title="State University of New York Upstate Medical University">SUNY Upstate</a>. </figcaption></figure> <p>In modern English, the term <i>physician</i> is used in two main ways, with relatively broad and narrow meanings respectively. This is the result of history and is often confusing. These meanings and variations are explained below. </p><p>In the United States and Canada, the term <i>physician</i> describes all medical practitioners holding a professional medical degree. The <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>, established in 1847, as well as the <a href="/wiki/American_Osteopathic_Association" title="American Osteopathic Association">American Osteopathic Association</a>, founded in 1897, both currently use the term <i>physician</i> to describe members. However, the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" title="American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a>, established in 1915, does not: its title uses <i>physician</i> in its original sense. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="American_physicians">American physicians</h4></div> <p>The vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Physician_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Physician in the United States">physicians trained in the United States</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> degree, and use the initials M.D. A smaller number attend <a href="/wiki/Osteopathic_medicine_in_the_United_States" title="Osteopathic medicine in the United States">osteopathic</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">medical schools</a> and have a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a> degree and use the initials <a href="/wiki/D.O." class="mw-redirect" title="D.O.">D.O.</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/World_Directory_of_Medical_Schools" title="World Directory of Medical Schools">World Directory of Medical Schools</a> lists both MD and DO granting schools as <i>medical schools</i> located in the United States. After completion of <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">medical school</a>, physicians complete a <a href="/wiki/Residency_(medicine)" title="Residency (medicine)">residency</a> in the specialty in which they will practice. Subspecialties require the completion of a <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_(medicine)" title="Fellowship (medicine)">fellowship</a> after residency. Both MD and DO physicians participate in the <a href="/wiki/National_Resident_Matching_Program" title="National Resident Matching Program">National Resident Matching Program</a> (NRMP) and attend <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education">ACGME</a>-accredited residencies and fellowships across all medical <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Medical_Specialties" title="American Board of Medical Specialties">specialties</a> to obtain licensure. </p><p>All boards of certification now require that physicians demonstrate, by examination, continuing mastery of the core knowledge and skills for a chosen specialty. Recertification varies by particular specialty between every seven and every ten years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary_care">Primary care</h4></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Primary_care_physician" title="Primary care physician">Primary care physicians</a> guide patients in preventing disease and detecting health problems early while they are still treatable.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are divided into two types: <a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">family medicine</a> doctors and <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">internal medicine</a> doctors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family doctors, or family physicians, are trained to care for patients of any age, while internists are trained to care for adults.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family doctors receive training in a variety of care and are therefore also referred to as <a href="/wiki/General_practitioner" title="General practitioner">general practitioners</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family medicine grew out of the general practitioner movement of the 1960s in response to the growing specialization in medicine that was seen as threatening to the doctor-patient relationship and continuity of care.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Podiatry">Podiatry</h4></div> <p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/American_Podiatric_Medical_Association" title="American Podiatric Medical Association">American Podiatric Medical Association</a> (APMA) defines <a href="/wiki/Podiatrists" class="mw-redirect" title="Podiatrists">podiatrists</a> as physicians and surgeons who treat the foot, ankle, and associated structures of the leg.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Podiatrists undergo training with the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Podiatric_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Podiatric Medicine">Doctor of Podiatric Medicine</a> (DPM) degree.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> (AMA), however, advocates for the definition of a <i>physician</i> as "an individual possessing degree of either a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, podiatrists are required to complete three to four years of podiatry residency upon graduating with a DPM degree. After residency, one to two years of fellowship programs are available in plastic surgery, foot and ankle reconstructive surgery, sports medicine, and wound care.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Podiatry residencies and/ or fellowships are not accredited by the <a href="/wiki/Accreditation_Council_for_Graduate_Medical_Education" title="Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education">ACGME</a>. The overall scope of podiatric practice varies from state to state and is not similar to that of physicians holding an MD or DO degree.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DPM is also available at one Canadian university, namely the <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res" title="Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières">Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières</a></span></span>; students are typically required to complete an internship in New York prior to obtaining their professional degree. The <a href="/wiki/World_Directory_of_Medical_Schools" title="World Directory of Medical Schools">World Directory of Medical Schools</a> does not list US or Canadian schools of podiatric medicine as <i>medical schools</i> and only lists US-granted MD, DO, and Canadian MD programs as medical schools for the respective regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shortage">Shortage</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Physician_supply" title="Physician supply">Physician supply</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medical_doctors_per_1,000_people,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Medical_doctors_per_1%2C000_people%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Medical_doctors_per_1%2C000_people%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Medical_doctors_per_1%2C000_people%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Medical_doctors_per_1%2C000_people%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Medical_doctors_per_1%2C000_people%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Medical_doctors_per_1%2C000_people%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Medical doctors per 1,000 people as of 2018<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Many countries in the developing world have the problem of too few physicians. In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Medical_Colleges" title="Association of American Medical Colleges">Association of American Medical Colleges</a> warned that the US will face a doctor shortage of as many as 90,000 by 2025.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long <a href="/wiki/Medical_resident_work_hours" title="Medical resident work hours">medical working hours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shift_work" title="Shift work">shift work</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sleep_deprivation" title="Sleep deprivation">sleep deprivation</a> contribute to <a href="/wiki/Medical_error" title="Medical error">medical errors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-s156_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s156-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_role_and_world_view">Social role and world view</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">Medical anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomedicine">Biomedicine</h3></div> <p>Within <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a> and over recent centuries, medicine has become increasingly based on scientific <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>. This style of medicine is now dominant throughout the industrialized world, and is often termed <i><a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedicine</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">medical anthropologists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hahn1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hahn1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Biomedicine "formulates the human body and disease in a culturally distinctive pattern",<sup id="cite_ref-Good94_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Good94-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is a <a href="/wiki/World_view" class="mw-redirect" title="World view">world view</a> learnt by medical students. Within this tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Medical_model" title="Medical model">medical model</a> is a term for the complete "set of procedures in which all doctors are trained",<sup id="cite_ref-Laing71_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laing71-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including mental attitudes. A particularly clear expression of this world view, currently dominant among conventional physicians, is <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a>. Within conventional medicine, most physicians still pay heed to their ancient traditions: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The critical sense and sceptical attitude of the citation of medicine from the shackles of priestcraft and of caste; <i>secondly</i>, the conception of medicine as an art based on accurate observation, and as a science, an integral part of the science of man and of nature; <i>thirdly</i>, the high moral ideals, expressed in that most "memorable of human documents" (Gomperz), the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic_oath" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic oath">Hippocratic oath</a>; and <i>fourthly</i>, the conception and realization of medicine as the profession of a cultivated gentleman. </p><dl><dd>— <a href="/wiki/William_Osler" title="William Osler">Sir William Osler</a>, <i>Chauvanism in Medicine</i> (1902)<sup id="cite_ref-osler1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-osler1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>In this Western tradition, physicians are considered to be members of a learned <a href="/wiki/Profession" title="Profession">profession</a>, and enjoy high <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>, often combined with expectations of a high and stable income and <a href="/wiki/Job_security" title="Job security">job security</a>. However, medical practitioners often work long and inflexible hours, with shifts at unsociable times. Their high status is partly from their extensive training requirements, and also because of their occupation's special <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">ethical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_jurisprudence" title="Medical jurisprudence">legal</a> duties. The term traditionally used by physicians to describe a person seeking their help is the word <i>patient</i> (although one who <a href="/wiki/Doctor%27s_visit" title="Doctor's visit">visits</a> a physician for a routine <a href="/wiki/Check-up" class="mw-redirect" title="Check-up">check-up</a> may also be so described). This word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patient" class="extiw" title="wikt:patient">patient</a> is an ancient reminder of medical duty, as it originally meant 'one who suffers'. The English noun comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>patiens</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Present_participle" class="mw-redirect" title="Present participle">present participle</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Deponent_verb" title="Deponent verb">deponent verb</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/patior" class="extiw" title="wikt:patior">patior</a>, meaning 'I am suffering', and akin to the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> verb <span title="Ancient Greek-language text"><span lang="grc">πάσχειν</span></span> (<small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>:</small> <i>paschein</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a></small> to suffer) and its cognate noun <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:πάθος">πάθος</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pathos" class="extiw" title="wikt:pathos"><i>pathos</i></a>, suffering).<sup id="cite_ref-newSOED_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newSOED-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Partridge_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Partridge-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physicians in the original, narrow sense (specialist physicians or internists, see above) are commonly members or fellows of professional organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" title="American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal College of Physicians">Royal College of Physicians</a> in the United Kingdom, and such hard-won membership is itself a mark of status. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3></div> <p>While contemporary biomedicine has distanced itself from its ancient roots in religion and magic, many forms of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a><sup id="cite_ref-galdston63tradmed_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galdston63tradmed-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> continue to espouse <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalism</a> in various guises: "As long as life had its own secret properties, it was possible to have sciences and medicines based on those properties".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health" title="National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health">National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a> (NCCAM) classifies <a href="/wiki/Complementary_and_alternative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary and alternative medicine">complementary and alternative medicine</a> therapies into five categories or domains, including:<sup id="cite_ref-Complementary_and_Alt_Med_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Complementary_and_Alt_Med-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alternative medical systems, or complete systems of therapy and practice; <a href="/wiki/Bodymind" title="Bodymind">mind-body</a> interventions, or techniques designed to facilitate the mind's effect on bodily functions and symptoms; biologically based systems including <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">herbalism</a>; and manipulative and body-based methods such as <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">chiropractic</a> and massage therapy. </p><p>In considering these alternate traditions that differ from biomedicine (see above), <a href="/wiki/Medical_anthropology" title="Medical anthropology">medical anthropologists</a> emphasize that all ways of thinking about health and disease have a significant cultural content, including conventional western medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-hahn1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hahn1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Good94_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Good94-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-galdston63biomed_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-galdston63biomed-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Joralemon99_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Joralemon99-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani medicine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a> are popular types of alternative medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physicians'_own_health"><span id="Physicians.27_own_health"></span>Physicians' own health</h3></div> <p>Some commentators have argued that physicians have duties to serve as role models for the general public in matters of health, for example by not smoking cigarettes.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, in most western nations relatively few physicians smoke, and their professional knowledge does appear to have a beneficial effect on their health and lifestyle. According to a study of male physicians in the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-frank_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frank-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a> is slightly higher for physicians (73 years for white and 69 years for black) than lawyers or many other highly educated professionals. Causes of death which are less likely to occur in physicians than the general population include respiratory disease (including <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumoconioses" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneumoconioses">pneumoconioses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">COPD</a>, but excluding <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Chronic_airway_obstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic airway obstruction">chronic airway obstruction</a>), alcohol-related deaths, <a href="/wiki/Rectosigmoid_neoplasm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectosigmoid neoplasm">rectosigmoid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anal_cancer" title="Anal cancer">anal cancers</a>, and bacterial diseases.<sup id="cite_ref-frank_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frank-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Physicians do experience exposure to <a href="/wiki/Occupational_hazard" title="Occupational hazard">occupational hazards</a>, and there is a well-known aphorism that "doctors make the worst patients".<sup id="cite_ref-schneck_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schneck-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Causes of death that are shown to be higher in the physician population include <a href="/wiki/Suicide_among_doctors" title="Suicide among doctors">suicide among doctors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Self_inflicted_injury" class="mw-redirect" title="Self inflicted injury">self-inflicted injury</a>, drug-related causes, traffic accidents, and cerebrovascular and ischaemic heart disease.<sup id="cite_ref-frank_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frank-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physicians are also prone to <a href="/wiki/Occupational_burnout" title="Occupational burnout">occupational burnout</a>. This manifests as a long-term stress reaction characterized by poorer quality of care towards patients, emotional exhaustion, a feeling of decreased personal achievement, and others. A study by the <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a> reported that time pressure was the greatest cause of burnout; a survey from the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> reported that more than half of all respondents chose "too many bureaucratic tasks" as the leading cause of burnout.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_training">Education and training</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical education</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/220px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/330px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg/440px-Aerial-Picture-of-Jackson-e1445995779731.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Memorial_Hospital" title="Jackson Memorial Hospital">Jackson Memorial Hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, the primary teaching hospital for the <a href="/wiki/Miller_School_of_Medicine" title="Miller School of Medicine">Miller School of Medicine</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Miami" title="University of Miami">University of Miami</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Medical education and career pathways for doctors vary considerably across the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_medical_practitioners">All medical practitioners</h3></div> <p>In all developed countries, entry-level medical education programs are <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary</a>-level <a href="/wiki/Course_(education)" title="Course (education)">courses</a>, undertaken at a <a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">medical school</a> attached to a <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a>. Depending on jurisdiction and university, entry may follow directly from <a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">secondary school</a> or require pre-requisite <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">undergraduate education</a>. The former commonly takes five or six years to complete. Programs that require previous undergraduate education (typically a three- or four-year degree, often in science) are usually four or five years in length. Hence, gaining a basic medical degree may typically take from five to eight years, depending on jurisdiction and university. </p><p>Following the completion of entry-level training, newly graduated medical practitioners are often required to undertake a period of supervised practice before full registration is granted, typically one or two years. This may be referred to as an "<a href="/wiki/Medical_intern" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical intern">internship</a>", as the "foundation" years in the UK, or as "conditional registration". Some jurisdictions, including the United States, require residencies for practice. </p><p>Medical practitioners hold a medical degree specific to the university from which they graduated. This degree qualifies the medical practitioner to become <a href="/wiki/Medical_license" title="Medical license">licensed</a> or registered under the laws of that particular country, and sometimes of several countries, subject to requirements for an internship or conditional registration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialists_in_internal_medicine">Specialists in internal medicine</h3></div> <p>Specialty training is begun immediately following completion of entry-level training, or even before. In other jurisdictions, junior medical doctors must undertake generalist (un-streamed) training for one or more years before commencing specialization. Hence, depending on the jurisdiction, a specialist physician (internist) often does not achieve recognition as a specialist until twelve or more years after commencing basic medical training—five to eight years at university to obtain a basic medical qualification, and up to another nine years to become a specialist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2></div> <p>In most jurisdictions, physicians (in either sense of the word) need government permission to practice. Such permission is intended to promote public safety, and often to protect government spending, as medical care is commonly subsidized by national governments. </p><p>In some jurisdictions such as in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, it is common for physicians to inflate their qualifications with the title "Dr" in correspondence or namecards, even if their qualifications are limited to a basic (e.g., bachelor level) degree. In other countries such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, only physicians holding an academic doctorate may call themselves doctor – on the other hand, the <a href="/wiki/European_Research_Council" title="European Research Council">European Research Council</a> has decided that the German medical doctorate does not meet the international standards of a PhD research degree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (November 2019)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Physician#Dubious" title="Talk:Physician">discuss</a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="All_medical_practitioners_2">All medical practitioners</h3></div> <p>Among the English-speaking countries, this process is known either as <a href="/wiki/Licensure" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensure">licensure</a> as in the United States, or as <a href="/wiki/Registration_(occupational)" class="mw-redirect" title="Registration (occupational)">registration</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries, and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>. Synonyms in use elsewhere include <i>colegiación</i> in <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <i>ishi menkyo</i> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <i>autorisasjon</i> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <i>Approbation</i> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1180947483">.mw-parser-output .polytonic{font-family:"SBL BibLit","SBL Greek","New Athena Unicode","EB Garamond","EB Garamond 12","Foulis Greek","Garamond Libre","Noto Sans","Noto Serif","Cardo","Gentium Plus","Gentium Book Plus","Garamond","Palatino Linotype","DejaVu Sans","DejaVu Serif","FreeSerif","FreeSans","Arial Unicode MS","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Code2000",sans-serif}</style><span class="polytonic">άδεια εργασίας</span> in Greece. In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, civilian physicians must be members of the Order of Physicians to practice medicine. </p><p>In some countries, including the United Kingdom and Ireland, the profession largely regulates itself, with the government affirming the regulating body's authority. The best-known example of this is probably the <a href="/wiki/General_Medical_Council" title="General Medical Council">General Medical Council</a> of Britain. In all countries, the regulating authorities will revoke permission to practice in cases of <a href="/wiki/Malpractice" title="Malpractice">malpractice</a> or serious misconduct. </p><p>In the large English-speaking federations (<a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>), the licensing or registration of medical practitioners is done at a state or provincial level, or nationally as in New Zealand. Australian states usually have a "Medical Board", which has now been replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Health_Practitioner_Regulation_Agency" title="Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency">Australian Health Practitioner Regulation Agency</a> (AHPRA) in most states, while Canadian provinces usually have a "College of Physicians and Surgeons". All American states have an agency that is usually called the "Medical Board", although there are alternate names such as "Board of Medicine", "Board of Medical Examiners", "Board of Medical Licensure", "Board of Healing Arts" or some other variation.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating from a first-professional school, physicians who wish to practice in the US usually take standardized exams, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination" title="United States Medical Licensing Examination">USMLE</a> for a Doctor in Medicine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specialists_in_internal_medicine_2">Specialists in internal medicine</h3></div> <p>Most countries have some method of officially recognizing specialist qualifications in all branches of medicine, including internal medicine. Sometimes, this aims to promote public safety by restricting the use of hazardous treatments. Other reasons for regulating specialists may include standardization of recognition for hospital employment and restriction on which practitioners are entitled to receive higher insurance payments for specialist services. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_and_professionalism_supervision">Performance and professionalism supervision</h3></div> <p>The issue of <a href="/wiki/Medical_error" title="Medical error">medical errors</a>, drug abuse, and other issues in physician professional behavior received significant attention across the world,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in particular following a critical 2000 report<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which "arguably launched" the patient-safety movement.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, as of 2006 there were few organizations that systematically monitored performance. In the US, only the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Veterans_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Veterans Affairs">Department of Veterans Affairs</a> randomly drug tests physicians, in contrast to drug testing practices for other professions that have a major impact on public welfare. Licensing boards at the US state-level depend upon continuing education to maintain competence.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the utilization of the <a href="/wiki/National_Practitioner_Data_Bank" title="National Practitioner Data Bank">National Practitioner Data Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_State_Medical_Boards" title="Federation of State Medical Boards">Federation of State Medical Boards</a>' disciplinary report, and American Medical Association Physician Profile Service, the 67 State Medical Boards continually self-report any adverse/disciplinary actions taken against a licensed physician in order that the other Medical Boards in which the physician holds or is applying for a medical license will be properly notified so that corrective, reciprocal action can be taken against the offending physician.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, as of 2009 the health systems are governed according to various national laws, and can also vary according to regional differences similar to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/12px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/18px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/24px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_doctor" class="mw-redirect" title="AI doctor">AI doctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor%27s_office" title="Doctor's office">Doctor's office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor%E2%80%93patient_relationship" title="Doctor–patient relationship">Doctor–patient relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupations_of_physicians_and_surgeons" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupations of physicians and surgeons">Occupations of physicians and surgeons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_quality" title="Health care quality">Health care quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_medical_graduate" title="International medical graduate">International medical graduate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_number_of_physicians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and dependencies by number of physicians">List of countries and dependencies by number of physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="List of medical schools">List of medical schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_physicians" title="List of physicians">List of physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medic" title="Medic">Medic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physician-scientist" title="Physician-scientist">Physician-scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_Canada" title="Physicians in Canada">Physicians in Canada</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1949, Fildes' painting <i>The Doctor</i> was used by the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> in a campaign against a proposal for nationalized medical care put forth by President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>. The image was used in posters and brochures along with the slogan, "Keep Politics Out of this Picture" implying that involvement of the government in medical care would negatively affect the quality of care. 65,000 Posters of <i>The Doctor</i> were displayed, which helped to raise public skepticism for the nationalized healthcare campaign.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf?ua=1">Classifying health workers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115184022/https://www.who.int/hrh/statistics/Health_workers_classification.pdf?ua=1">Archived</a> 15 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Source: Adapted from <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Occupations" title="International Standard Classification of Occupations">International Standard Classification of Occupations</a>: ISCO-08 (www.ilo.org/public/english/bureau/stat/isco/isco08/index.htm).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ami-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ami_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoncalli_Amici_R2001" class="citation journal cs1">Roncalli Amici R (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023060404/http://his.library.nenu.edu.cn/upload/soft/haoli/114/367.pdf">"The history of Italian parasitology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Veterinary Parasitology</i>. <b>98</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0304-4017%2801%2900420-4">10.1016/S0304-4017(01)00420-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11516576">11516576</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://his.library.nenu.edu.cn/upload/soft/haoli/114/367.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 23 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+Parasitology&rft.atitle=The+history+of+Italian+parasitology&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0304-4017%2801%2900420-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11516576&rft.au=Roncalli+Amici+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhis.library.nenu.edu.cn%2Fupload%2Fsoft%2Fhaoli%2F114%2F367.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fowler-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fowler_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH.W._Fowler1994" class="citation book cs1">H.W. Fowler (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmo00fowl"><i>A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (Wordsworth Collection)</i></a>. NTC/Contemporary Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85326-318-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85326-318-4"><bdi>1-85326-318-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Modern+English+Usage+%28Wordsworth+Collection%29&rft.pub=NTC%2FContemporary+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85326-318-4&rft.au=H.W.+Fowler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryofmo00fowl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newSOED-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newSOED_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newSOED_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newSOED_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Lesley2002" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Lesley (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newshorteroxford00lesl"><i>The New shorter Oxford English dictionary on historical principles</i></a>. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-861271-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-861271-0"><bdi>0-19-861271-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+shorter+Oxford+English+dictionary+on+historical+principles&rft.place=Oxford+%5BEng.%5D&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-19-861271-0&rft.au=Brown%2C+Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewshorteroxford00lesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121209023135/http://www.medschl.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html">"University of Cambridge: History of the School of Clinical Medicine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medschl.cam.ac.uk/about/history.html">the original</a> on 9 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Cambridge%3A+History+of+the+School+of+Clinical+Medicine&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medschl.cam.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachter_RGoldman_L1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wachter R; Goldman L (1996). "The emerging role of "hospitalists" in the American health care system". <i>N Engl J Med</i>. <b>335</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">514–</span>7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM199608153350713">10.1056/NEJM199608153350713</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8672160">8672160</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med&rft.atitle=The+emerging+role+of+%22hospitalists%22+in+the+American+health+care+system&rft.volume=335&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E514-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJM199608153350713&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8672160&rft.au=Wachter+R&rft.au=Goldman+L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuoSharmaFreemanGoodwin2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kuo, YF; Sharma, G; Freeman, JL; Goodwin, JS (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2977939">"Growth in the care of older patients by hospitalists in the United States"</a>. <i>N Engl J Med</i>. <b>360</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">1102–</span>1112. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMsa0802381">10.1056/NEJMsa0802381</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2977939">2977939</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19279342">19279342</a>. <q>See also editorial by Hamel M. B. <i>et al</i>. on pp1141–1143 of same issue</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=N+Engl+J+Med&rft.atitle=Growth+in+the+care+of+older+patients+by+hospitalists+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=360&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1102-%3C%2Fspan%3E1112&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2977939%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19279342&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMsa0802381&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=YF&rft.au=Sharma%2C+G&rft.au=Freeman%2C+JL&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2977939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306053048/http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3">"The Royal Australasian College of Physicians: What are Physicians?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australasian_College_of_Physicians" title="Royal Australasian College of Physicians">Royal Australasian College of Physicians</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3">the original</a> on 6 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Australasian+College+of+Physicians%3A+What+are+Physicians%3F&rft.pub=Royal+Australasian+College+of+Physicians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racp.edu.au%2Findex.cfm%3Fobjectid%3D49EF1EB5-2A57-5487-D74DBAFBAE9143A3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedline_Plus2012" class="citation web cs1">Medline Plus (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002020.htm">"Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine"</a>. U.S. National Library of Medicine of National Institutes of Health. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705121451/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002020.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctor+of+Osteopathic+Medicine&rft.pub=U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine+of+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Medline+Plus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Fmedlineplus%2Fency%2Farticle%2F002020.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beaumont.org/health-wellness/blogs/choosing-between-a-family-medicine-doctor-and-an-internal-medicine-doctor">"Choosing Between a Family Medicine Doctor and an Internal Medicine Doctor"</a>. <i>beaumont.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Beaumont_Health" title="Beaumont Health">Beaumont Health</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006120022/https://www.beaumont.org/health-wellness/blogs/choosing-between-a-family-medicine-doctor-and-an-internal-medicine-doctor">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=beaumont.org&rft.atitle=Choosing+Between+a+Family+Medicine+Doctor+and+an+Internal+Medicine+Doctor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beaumont.org%2Fhealth-wellness%2Fblogs%2Fchoosing-between-a-family-medicine-doctor-and-an-internal-medicine-doctor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.piedmont.org/living-better/the-difference-between-family-medicine-and-internal-medicine">"The difference between family medicine and internal medicine"</a>. <i>piedmont.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont Hospital">Piedmont Hospital</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006194348/https://www.piedmont.org/living-better/the-difference-between-family-medicine-and-internal-medicine">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=piedmont.org&rft.atitle=The+difference+between+family+medicine+and+internal+medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.piedmont.org%2Fliving-better%2Fthe-difference-between-family-medicine-and-internal-medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernatCaplea" class="citation news cs1">Bernat, Karl; Caplea, Andrea. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/family-medicine-or-internal-medicine-doctor">"Family Medicine or Internal Medicine Doctor?"</a>. <i>Duke Health</i>. <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Health_System" title="Duke University Health System">Duke University Health System</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014222210/https://www.dukehealth.org/blog/family-medicine-or-internal-medicine-doctor">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duke+Health&rft.atitle=Family+Medicine+or+Internal+Medicine+Doctor%3F&rft.aulast=Bernat&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Caplea%2C+Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dukehealth.org%2Fblog%2Ffamily-medicine-or-internal-medicine-doctor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecker2018" class="citation news cs1">Decker, Fred (9 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://work.chron.com/difference-between-internist-general-practitioner-6745.html">"Difference Between Internist & General Practitioner"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Houston_Chronicle" title="Houston Chronicle">Houston Chronicle</a></i>. Hearst Newspapers, LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414223511/https://work.chron.com/difference-between-internist-general-practitioner-6745.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Houston+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Difference+Between+Internist+%26+General+Practitioner&rft.date=2018-08-09&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwork.chron.com%2Fdifference-between-internist-general-practitioner-6745.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acponline.org/about-acp/about-internal-medicine/career-paths/medical-student-career-path/internal-medicine-vs-family-medicine">"Internal Medicine vs. Family Medicine"</a>. <i>acponline.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Physicians" title="American College of Physicians">American College of Physicians</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211006130207/https://www.acponline.org/about-acp/about-internal-medicine/career-paths/medical-student-career-path/internal-medicine-vs-family-medicine">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=acponline.org&rft.atitle=Internal+Medicine+vs.+Family+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acponline.org%2Fabout-acp%2Fabout-internal-medicine%2Fcareer-paths%2Fmedical-student-career-path%2Finternal-medicine-vs-family-medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apma.org/MainMenu/AboutPodiatry.aspx">"About Podiatry"</a>. Apma.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120501135528/http://apma.org/MainMenu/AboutPodiatry.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Podiatry&rft.pub=Apma.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apma.org%2FMainMenu%2FAboutPodiatry.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429231921/http://science.education.nih.gov/lifeworks.nsf/alphabetical+list/Podiatrist?OpenDocument&ShowTab=All&">"Podiatrist"</a>. Office of Science Education. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://science.education.nih.gov/lifeworks.nsf/alphabetical+list/Podiatrist?OpenDocument&ShowTab=All&">the original</a> on 29 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Podiatrist&rft.pub=Office+of+Science+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.education.nih.gov%2Flifeworks.nsf%2Falphabetical%2Blist%2FPodiatrist%3FOpenDocument%26ShowTab%3DAll%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/D-405.989?uri=/AMADoc/directives.xml-0-1397.xml">"Policy Finder | AMA"</a>. <i>policysearch.ama-assn.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211013221044/https://policysearch.ama-assn.org/policyfinder/detail/D-405.989?uri=%2FAMADoc%2Fdirectives.xml-0-1397.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=policysearch.ama-assn.org&rft.atitle=Policy+Finder+%7C+AMA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolicysearch.ama-assn.org%2Fpolicyfinder%2Fdetail%2FD-405.989%3Furi%3D%2FAMADoc%2Fdirectives.xml-0-1397.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acfas.org/Fellowship-Center/Recognized-Fellowship-Intiative/List-of-Available-Fellowships/">"List of Available Fellowships"</a>. American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829205212/https://www.acfas.org/Fellowship-Center/Recognized-Fellowship-Intiative/List-of-Available-Fellowships/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=List+of+Available+Fellowships&rft.pub=American+College+of+Foot+and+Ankle+Surgeons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acfas.org%2FFellowship-Center%2FRecognized-Fellowship-Intiative%2FList-of-Available-Fellowships%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acfas.org/Health-Policy-and-Advocacy/Scope-of-Practice/Scope-of-Practice-Support/">"Scope of Practice Support"</a>. <i>ACFAS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210829201209/https://www.acfas.org/Health-Policy-and-Advocacy/Scope-of-Practice/Scope-of-Practice-Support/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACFAS&rft.atitle=Scope+of+Practice+Support&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acfas.org%2FHealth-Policy-and-Advocacy%2FScope-of-Practice%2FScope-of-Practice-Support%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/physicians-per-1000-people">"Medical doctors per 1,000 people"</a>. <i>Our World in Data</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211104041315/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/physicians-per-1000-people">Archived</a> from the original on 4 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Our+World+in+Data&rft.atitle=Medical+doctors+per+1%2C000+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fphysicians-per-1000-people&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2015" class="citation web cs1">Bernstein, Lenny (3 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/03/03/u-s-faces-90000-doctor-shortage-by-2025-medical-school-association-warns/">"U.S. faces 90,000 doctor shortage by 2025, medical school association warns"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210629055659/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/to-your-health/wp/2015/03/03/u-s-faces-90000-doctor-shortage-by-2025-medical-school-association-warns/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=U.S.+faces+90%2C000+doctor+shortage+by+2025%2C+medical+school+association+warns&rft.date=2015-03-03&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Lenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fto-your-health%2Fwp%2F2015%2F03%2F03%2Fu-s-faces-90000-doctor-shortage-by-2025-medical-school-association-warns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s156-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s156_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinger2002" class="citation journal cs1">Weinger, Matthew B. (27 February 2002). "Sleep Deprivation and Clinical Performance". <i>JAMA</i>. <b>287</b> (8): 955. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.287.8.955">10.1001/jama.287.8.955</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0098-7484">0098-7484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Sleep+Deprivation+and+Clinical+Performance&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=955&rft.date=2002-02-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.287.8.955&rft.issn=0098-7484&rft.aulast=Weinger&rft.aufirst=Matthew+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hahn1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hahn1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hahn1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Gaines1985" class="citation book cs1">A. Gaines, R.A. Hahn, ed. (1985). "Chapter 1: Introduction (by editors)". <i>Physicians of western medicine</i>. Dordrecht (Netherlands): D. Reidel. pp. <span class="nowrap">3–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-277-1790-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-277-1790-7"><bdi>90-277-1790-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+Introduction+%28by+editors%29&rft.btitle=Physicians+of+western+medicine&rft.place=Dordrecht+%28Netherlands%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=D.+Reidel&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=90-277-1790-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Good94-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Good94_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Good94_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood,_Byron_J1994" class="citation book cs1">Good, Byron J (1994). "Chapter (pbk)3". <i>Medicine, rationality, and experience: an anthropological perspective (based on the Lewis Henry Morgan Lectures, at the University of Rochester, NY, in March 1990)</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65, <span class="nowrap">65–</span>87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42576-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42576-X"><bdi>0-521-42576-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+%28pbk%293&rft.btitle=Medicine%2C+rationality%2C+and+experience%3A+an+anthropological+perspective+%28based+on+the+Lewis+Henry+Morgan+Lectures%2C+at+the+University+of+Rochester%2C+NY%2C+in+March+1990%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=65%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-42576-X&rft.au=Good%2C+Byron+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laing71-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laing71_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaing,_R.D.1971" class="citation book cs1">Laing, R.D. (1971). <i>The politics of the family and other essays</i>. London: Tavistock Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+the+family+and+other+essays&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tavistock+Publications&rft.date=1971&rft.au=Laing%2C+R.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-osler1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-osler1_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsler,_Sir_William1902" class="citation journal cs1">Osler, Sir William (1902). "Chauvanism in medicine: address to the Canadian Medical Association, Montreal (17 September 1902)". <i>The Montreal Medical Journal</i>. <b>XXXI</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Montreal+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Chauvanism+in+medicine%3A+address+to+the+Canadian+Medical+Association%2C+Montreal+%2817+September+1902%29&rft.volume=XXXI&rft.date=1902&rft.au=Osler%2C+Sir+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Partridge-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Partridge_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge,_Eric1966" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Eric (1966). <i>Origins: a short etymological dictionary of modern English</i>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-594840-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-594840-7"><bdi>0-02-594840-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins%3A+a+short+etymological+dictionary+of+modern+English&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-02-594840-7&rft.au=Partridge%2C+Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galdston63tradmed-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-galdston63tradmed_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaldston1963" class="citation book cs1">Galdston, Iago, ed. (1963). "Part 1: Medicine and primitive man (five chapters); Part 2: Medical man and medicine man in three North American Indian societies (three chapters)". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mansimageinmedic00arde"><i>Man's image in medicine and anthropology: Monograph IV, Institute of social and historical medicine, New York Academy of Medicine</i></a></span>. New York: International Universities Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mansimageinmedic00arde/page/43">43–334</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+1%3A+Medicine+and+primitive+man+%28five+chapters%29%3B+Part+2%3A+Medical+man+and+medicine+man+in+three+North+American+Indian+societies+%28three+chapters%29&rft.btitle=Man%27s+image+in+medicine+and+anthropology%3A+Monograph+IV%2C+Institute+of+social+and+historical+medicine%2C+New+York+Academy+of+Medicine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43-334&rft.pub=International+Universities+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmansimageinmedic00arde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossinger,_Richard1982" class="citation book cs1">Grossinger, Richard (1982) [1980]. <i>Planet medicine: from stone age shamanism to post-industrial healing</i> (Revised ed.). Berkeley, California, US: North Atlantic Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">116–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-369-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-369-6"><bdi>978-1-55643-369-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planet+medicine%3A+from+stone+age+shamanism+to+post-industrial+healing&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California%2C+US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-1-55643-369-6&rft.au=Grossinger%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Complementary_and_Alt_Med-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Complementary_and_Alt_Med_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects24.html">"Complementary and Alternative Medicine – U.S. National Library of Medicine Collection Development Manual"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191223124705/https://www.nlm.nih.gov/tsd/acquisitions/cdm/subjects24.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine+%E2%80%93+U.S.+National+Library+of+Medicine+Collection+Development+Manual&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlm.nih.gov%2Ftsd%2Facquisitions%2Fcdm%2Fsubjects24.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-galdston63biomed-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-galdston63biomed_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaldston1963" class="citation book cs1">Galdston, Iago, ed. (1963). "Part V: Culture and the practice of modern medicine (two chapters)". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mansimageinmedic00arde"><i>Man's image in medicine and anthropology: Monograph IV, Institute of social and historical medicine, New York Academy of Medicine</i></a></span>. New York: International Universities Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mansimageinmedic00arde/page/477">477–520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+V%3A+Culture+and+the+practice+of+modern+medicine+%28two+chapters%29&rft.btitle=Man%27s+image+in+medicine+and+anthropology%3A+Monograph+IV%2C+Institute+of+social+and+historical+medicine%2C+New+York+Academy+of+Medicine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=477-520&rft.pub=International+Universities+Press&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmansimageinmedic00arde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joralemon99-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Joralemon99_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoralemon,_DonaldJ1999" class="citation book cs1">Joralemon, DonaldJ (1999). "chapter 1: What's so cultural about disease? (pbk)". <i>Exploring medical anthropology</i>. Needham Heights, MA, US: Allyn and Bacon. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-205-27006-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-205-27006-9"><bdi>0-205-27006-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chapter+1%3A+What%27s+so+cultural+about+disease%3F+%28pbk%29&rft.btitle=Exploring+medical+anthropology&rft.place=Needham+Heights%2C+MA%2C+US&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=Allyn+and+Bacon&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-205-27006-9&rft.au=Joralemon%2C+DonaldJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppel_JM2009" class="citation journal cs1">Appel JM (2009). "Smoke and mirrors: one case for ethical obligations of the physician as public role model". <i>Camb Q Healthc Ethics</i>. <b>18</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">95–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0963180108090142">10.1017/S0963180108090142</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19149049">19149049</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42678745">42678745</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Camb+Q+Healthc+Ethics&rft.atitle=Smoke+and+mirrors%3A+one+case+for+ethical+obligations+of+the+physician+as+public+role+model&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E95-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42678745%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19149049&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0963180108090142&rft.au=Appel+JM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-frank-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frank_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frank_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frank_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank_EBiola_HBurnett_CA2000" class="citation journal cs1">Frank E; Biola H; Burnett CA (October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2800%2900201-4">"Mortality rates and causes among U.S. physicians"</a>. <i>Am J Prev Med</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2800%2900201-4">10.1016/S0749-3797(00)00201-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11020591">11020591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Am+J+Prev+Med&rft.atitle=Mortality+rates+and+causes+among+U.S.+physicians&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2000-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0749-3797%2800%2900201-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11020591&rft.au=Frank+E&rft.au=Biola+H&rft.au=Burnett+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0749-3797%252800%252900201-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schneck-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schneck_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneck_SA1998" class="citation journal cs1">Schneck SA (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.280.23.2039">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Doctoring' doctors and their families"</a>. <i>JAMA</i>. <b>280</b> (23): <span class="nowrap">2039–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.280.23.2039">10.1001/jama.280.23.2039</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9863860">9863860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=%27Doctoring%27+doctors+and+their+families&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2039-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.280.23.2039&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9863860&rft.au=Schneck+SA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Fjama.280.23.2039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/clinician/ahrq-works/burnout/index.html">"Physician Burnout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a></i>. July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020082029/https://www.ahrq.gov/prevention/clinician/ahrq-works/burnout/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Agency+for+Healthcare+Research+and+Quality&rft.atitle=Physician+Burnout&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahrq.gov%2Fprevention%2Fclinician%2Fahrq-works%2Fburnout%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerg2018" class="citation web cs1">Berg, Sara (3 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/specialty-profiles/physician-burnout-it-s-not-you-it-s-your-medical-specialty">"Physician burnout: It's not you, it's your medical specialty"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020021709/https://www.ama-assn.org/residents-students/specialty-profiles/physician-burnout-it-s-not-you-it-s-your-medical-specialty">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Medical+Association&rft.atitle=Physician+burnout%3A+It%27s+not+you%2C+it%27s+your+medical+specialty&rft.date=2018-08-03&rft.aulast=Berg&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fresidents-students%2Fspecialty-profiles%2Fphysician-burnout-it-s-not-you-it-s-your-medical-specialty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt2017" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt, Sarah (30 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150">"Kommt ein Doktor zum Arzt ..."</a> <i>Sueddeutsche.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413171359/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/bildung/qualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sueddeutsche.de&rft.atitle=Kommt+ein+Doktor+zum+Arzt+...&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fbildung%2Fqualitaet-medizinischer-promotionen-kommt-ein-doktor-zum-arzt--1.2673150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2015" class="citation web cs1">Kramer, Bernd (28 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/von-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html">"Medizin-Promotionen: Akademische Ramschware"</a>. <i>Spiegel.de</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210412144802/https://www.spiegel.de/lebenundlernen/uni/von-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spiegel.de&rft.atitle=Medizin-Promotionen%3A+Akademische+Ramschware&rft.date=2015-09-28&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Flebenundlernen%2Funi%2Fvon-der-leyen-in-der-kritik-schlechte-promotionen-sind-in-der-medizin-ueblich-a-1055039.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2645.html">"AMA Links to state medical boards"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129124459/http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/2645.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AMA+Links+to+state+medical+boards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ama-assn.org%2Fama%2Fpub%2Fcategory%2F2645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim_MK2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lim MK (February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1758053">"Quest for quality care and patient safety: the case of Singapore"</a>. <i>Qual Saf Health Care</i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">71–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fqshc.2002.004994">10.1136/qshc.2002.004994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1758053">1758053</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14757804">14757804</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qual+Saf+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Quest+for+quality+care+and+patient+safety%3A+the+case+of+Singapore&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2004-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1758053%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14757804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fqshc.2002.004994&rft.au=Lim+MK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1758053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Committee on Quality of Health Care in America, Institute of Medicine. (2000). To Err is Human: Building A Safer Health System. <i>National Academies Press</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9728#toc">Free full-text</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141112150724/http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=9728#toc">Archived</a> 12 November 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWachter_RM2010" class="citation journal cs1">Wachter RM (2010). "Patient safety at ten: unmistakable progress, troubling gaps". <i>Health Aff (Millwood)</i>. <b>29</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">165–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2009.0785">10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0785</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19952010">19952010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Aff+%28Millwood%29&rft.atitle=Patient+safety+at+ten%3A+unmistakable+progress%2C+troubling+gaps&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1377%2Fhlthaff.2009.0785&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19952010&rft.au=Wachter+RM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeape_LLFromson_JA2006" class="citation journal cs1">Leape LL; Fromson JA (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00008">"Problem doctors: is there a system-level solution?"</a>. <i>Ann. Intern. Med</i>. <b>144</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">107–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00008">10.7326/0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16418410">16418410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann.+Intern.+Med.&rft.atitle=Problem+doctors%3A+is+there+a+system-level+solution%3F&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16418410&rft.au=Leape+LL&rft.au=Fromson+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7326%252F0003-4819-144-2-200601170-00008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medlicense.com/">"Medical Board Licensing Service for Physicians seeking an Expedited Medical License with any of the 50 State Medical Boards"</a>. MedLicense.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402211024/https://medlicense.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medical+Board+Licensing+Service+for+Physicians+seeking+an+Expedited+Medical+License+with+any+of+the+50+State+Medical+Boards&rft.pub=MedLicense.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medlicense.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuñol_RGarel_PJacquerye_A2009" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Suñol R; Garel P; Jacquerye A (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2629851">"Cross-border care and healthcare quality improvement in Europe: the MARQuIS research project"</a>. <i>Qual Saf Health Care</i>. 18 Suppl 1 (Suppl_1): i3–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fqshc.2008.029678">10.1136/qshc.2008.029678</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2629851">2629851</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19188459">19188459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Qual+Saf+Health+Care&rft.atitle=Cross-border+care+and+healthcare+quality+improvement+in+Europe%3A+the+MARQuIS+research+project&rft.volume=18+Suppl+1&rft.issue=Suppl_1&rft.pages=i3-7&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2629851%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19188459&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fqshc.2008.029678&rft.au=Su%C3%B1ol+R&rft.au=Garel+P&rft.au=Jacquerye+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2629851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhysician" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li>Bell, Whitfield J. "Medical practice in colonial America". <i>Bulletin of the History of Medicine</i> 31.5 (1957): 442–453. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44449174">44449174</a>.</li> <li>Hamilton, Bernice. "The Medical Professions in the Eighteenth Century". <i>Economic History Review</i> 4#2 1951, pp. 141–169. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2599120">2599120</a>. In Britain</li> <li>Holloway, Sydney WF. "Medical education in England, 1830–1858: A sociological analysis". <i>History</i> 49.167 (1964): 299–324. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24404427">24404427</a>.</li> <li>Keevil, John Joyce. <i>Medicine and the Navy, 1200–1900</i> (4 vol.; E. & S. Livingstone, 1957) on Royal Navy</li> <li>Porter, Roy. <i>Disease, Medicine and Society in England, 1550–1860</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1995).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Physician" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Physician">Physician</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Physicians" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Physicians">Physicians</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/physician" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:physician"><i>physician</i></a> at Wiktionary</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicine685" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicine" title="Template:Medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicine" title="Template talk:Medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicine685" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialties</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Subspecialty" title="Subspecialty">subspecialties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery">Surgery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_surgery" title="Cardiac surgery">Cardiac surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiothoracic_surgery" title="Cardiothoracic surgery">Cardiothoracic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_surgery" title="Endocrine surgery">Endocrine surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_surgery" title="Eye surgery">Eye surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_surgery" title="General surgery">General surgery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorectal_surgery" title="Colorectal surgery">Colorectal surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_surgery" title="Digestive system surgery">Digestive system surgery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_and_maxillofacial_surgery" title="Oral and maxillofacial surgery">Oral and maxillofacial surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">Orthopedic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_surgery" title="Hand surgery">Hand surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otorhinolaryngology" title="Otorhinolaryngology">Otolaryngology</a> <ul><li><small>ENT</small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatric_surgery" title="Pediatric surgery">Pediatric surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_surgery" title="Reproductive surgery">Reproductive surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surgical_oncology" title="Surgical oncology">Surgical oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplant surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauma_surgery" title="Trauma surgery">Trauma surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_surgery" title="Vascular surgery">Vascular surgery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">Internal<br />medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">Allergy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">Immunology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiology" title="Angiology">Angiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatology" title="Hepatology">Hepatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">Hematology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diseases_(medical_specialty)" title="Infectious diseases (medical specialty)">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">Oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics_and_gynaecology" title="Obstetrics and gynaecology">Obstetrics and<br />gynaecology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gynaecology" title="Gynaecology">Gynaecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecologic_oncology" title="Gynecologic oncology">Gynecologic oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal%E2%80%93fetal_medicine" title="Maternal–fetal medicine">Maternal–fetal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obstetrics" title="Obstetrics">Obstetrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_endocrinology_and_infertility" title="Reproductive endocrinology and infertility">Reproductive endocrinology and infertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogynecology" title="Urogynecology">Urogynecology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interventional_radiology" title="Interventional radiology">Interventional radiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroradiology" title="Neuroradiology">Neuroradiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">Pathology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_pathology" title="Anatomical pathology">Anatomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pathology" title="Clinical pathology">Clinical pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_chemistry" title="Clinical chemistry">Clinical chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">Cytopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical microbiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfusion_medicine" title="Transfusion medicine">Transfusion medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Addiction medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolescent_medicine" title="Adolescent medicine">Adolescent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthesiology" title="Anesthesiology">Anesthesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obstetric_anesthesiology" title="Obstetric anesthesiology">Obstetric anesthesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurosurgical_anesthesia" title="Neurosurgical anesthesia">Neurosurgical anesthesiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_medicine" title="Aviation medicine">Aviation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermatology" title="Dermatology">Dermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_medicine" title="Disaster medicine">Disaster medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diving_medicine" title="Diving medicine">Diving medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">Emergency medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_gathering_medicine" title="Mass gathering medicine">Mass gathering medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_medicine" title="Family medicine">Family medicine</a> / <a href="/wiki/General_practice" title="General practice">General practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital_medicine" title="Hospital medicine">Hospital medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">Intensive care medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcology" title="Narcology">Narcology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_neurophysiology" title="Clinical neurophysiology">Clinical neurophysiology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_medicine" title="Occupational medicine">Occupational medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_medicine" title="Oral medicine">Oral medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_management" title="Pain management">Pain management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">Palliative care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neonatology" title="Neonatology">Neonatology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlebologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Phlebologist">Phlebology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_medicine_and_rehabilitation" title="Physical medicine and rehabilitation">Physical medicine and rehabilitation</a> (PM&R)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preventive_healthcare" title="Preventive healthcare">Preventive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_healthcare" title="Prison healthcare">Prison healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_psychiatry" title="Addiction psychiatry">Addiction psychiatry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_therapy" title="Radiation therapy">Radiation oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_medicine" title="Reproductive medicine">Reproductive medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_medicine" title="Sexual medicine">Sexual medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venereology" title="Venereology">Venereology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleep_medicine" title="Sleep medicine">Sleep medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Sports medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">Transplantation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_medicine" title="Tropical medicine">Tropical medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_medicine" title="Travel medicine">Travel medicine</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">Medical<br />education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_school" title="Medical school">Medical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medicine,_Bachelor_of_Surgery" title="Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery">Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Bachelor of Medical Sciences">Bachelor of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Medicine" title="Master of Medicine">Master of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Surgery" title="Master of Surgery">Master of Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">Doctor of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Osteopathic_Medicine" title="Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine">Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MD%E2%80%93PhD" title="MD–PhD">MD–PhD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Scientist_Training_Program" title="Medical Scientist Training Program">Medical Scientist Training Program</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_health_professions" title="Allied health professions">Allied health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_oncology" title="Molecular oncology">Molecular oncology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalized_medicine" title="Personalized medicine">Personalized medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_health" title="Rural health">Rural health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Physician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_physician" title="Chief physician">Chief physician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Medicine" title="Category:Medicine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Medicine" class="extiw" title="commons:Medicine">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Wikiproject</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_medicine" title="Outline of medicine">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering45" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Template:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Template talk:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glossaries of science and engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glossaries_of_science_and_engineering45" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Glossaries of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering" title="Glossary of aerospace engineering">Aerospace engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_agriculture" title="Glossary of agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_architecture" title="Glossary of architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Glossary of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_astronomy" title="Glossary of astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" title="Glossary of biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_botanical_terms" title="Glossary of botanical terms">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_calculus" title="Glossary of calculus">Calculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cell_biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossary of cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms" title="Glossary of chemistry terms">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_civil_engineering" title="Glossary of civil engineering">Civil engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_clinical_research" title="Glossary of clinical research">Clinical research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_hardware_terms" title="Glossary of computer hardware terms">Computer hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_computer_science" title="Glossary of computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_developmental_biology" title="Glossary of developmental biology">Developmental and reproductive biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ecology" title="Glossary of ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_economics" title="Glossary of economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_electrical_and_electronics_engineering" title="Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering">Electrical and electronics engineering</a></li> <li>Engineering <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_A%E2%80%93L" title="Glossary of engineering: A–L">A–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_engineering:_M%E2%80%93Z" title="Glossary of engineering: M–Z">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_entomology_terms" title="Glossary of entomology terms">Entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_environmental_science" title="Glossary of environmental science">Environmental science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology" title="Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology">Genetics and evolutionary biology</a></li> <li>Cellular and molecular biology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(0%E2%80%93L)" title="Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (0–L)">0–L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M%E2%80%93Z)" title="Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)">M–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li>Geography <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(A%E2%80%93M)" title="Glossary of geography terms (A–M)">A–M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geography_terms_(N%E2%80%93Z)" title="Glossary of geography terms (N–Z)">N–Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Arabic_toponyms" title="Glossary of Arabic toponyms">Arabic toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hebrew_toponyms" title="Glossary of Hebrew toponyms">Hebrew toponyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikonyms_in_Western_and_South_Asia" title="Oikonyms in Western and South Asia">Western and South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_geology" title="Glossary of geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ichthyology" title="Glossary of ichthyology">Ichthyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_machine_vision" title="Glossary of machine vision">Machine vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_areas_of_mathematics" title="Glossary of areas of mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mechanical_engineering" title="Glossary of mechanical engineering">Mechanical engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_medicine" title="Glossary of medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_mycology" title="Glossary of mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_nanotechnology" title="Glossary of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_bird_terms" title="Glossary of bird terms">Ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_physics" title="Glossary of physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_probability_and_statistics" title="Glossary of probability and statistics">Probability and statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_psychiatry" title="Glossary of psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_quantum_computing" title="Glossary of quantum computing">Quantum computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_robotics" title="Glossary of robotics">Robotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_scientific_naming" title="Glossary of scientific naming">Scientific naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_structural_engineering" title="Glossary of structural engineering">Structural engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_virology" title="Glossary of virology">Virology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39631#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2336" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39631#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2336" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39631#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Arzt"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003157-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="physicians"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85101610">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="médecins"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932462m">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="médecins"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932462m">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564249">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lékaři"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph122495&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="lékařky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph137964&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000058967&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007546022005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/016394">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10644533">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physician&oldid=1274805135">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physician&oldid=1274805135</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Physicians" title="Category:Physicians">Physicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Health_care_occupations" title="Category:Health care occupations">Health care occupations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hospital_staff" title="Category:Hospital staff">Hospital staff</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2020">Use dmy dates from September 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_disputed_statements_from_November_2019" title="Category:Articles with disputed statements from November 2019">Articles with disputed statements from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 February 2025, at 10:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Physician&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Physician</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>142 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-567b97b4dc-kwc86","wgBackendResponseTime":136,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.846","walltime":"1.059","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4895,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":155197,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5917,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":194666,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 921.333 1 -total"," 31.45% 289.765 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.79% 127.064 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.77% 90.010 1 Template:Lang"," 9.03% 83.242 2 Template:Navbox"," 8.87% 81.677 1 Template:Medicine"," 8.07% 74.341 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.75% 71.377 20 Template:Cite_web"," 6.42% 59.155 1 Template:Authority_control"," 5.99% 55.174 2 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.539","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18931246,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-6zxhl","timestamp":"20250211195504","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Physician","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Physician","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q39631","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q39631","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-17T20:52:16Z","dateModified":"2025-02-09T10:25:02Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/84\/The_Doctor_Luke_Fildes_crop.jpg","headline":"professional who practices medicine"}</script> </body> </html>