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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complementary_or_integrative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complementary_or_integrative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Complementary or integrative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complementary_or_integrative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Other terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_in_defining_alternative_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_in_defining_alternative_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Challenges in defining alternative medicine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_in_defining_alternative_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Types </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Types subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unscientific_belief_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unscientific_belief_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Unscientific belief systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unscientific_belief_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_ethnic_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_ethnic_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Traditional ethnic systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_ethnic_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supernatural_energies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supernatural_energies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Supernatural energies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supernatural_energies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herbal_remedies_and_other_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbal_remedies_and_other_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Herbal remedies and other substances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbal_remedies_and_other_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion,_faith_healing,_and_prayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion,_faith_healing,_and_prayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Religion, faith healing, and prayer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion,_faith_healing,_and_prayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NCCIH_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NCCIH_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 NCCIH classification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NCCIH_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medical_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Medical education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Efficacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Efficacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Efficacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Efficacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perceived_mechanism_of_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perceived_mechanism_of_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Perceived mechanism of effect </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Perceived_mechanism_of_effect-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Perceived mechanism of effect subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Perceived_mechanism_of_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Placebo_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Placebo_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Placebo effect </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Placebo_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regression_to_the_mean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regression_to_the_mean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Regression to the mean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regression_to_the_mean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_and_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_and_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Use and regulation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_and_regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Use and regulation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Use_and_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appeal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appeal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Appeal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appeal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Marketing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Social factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Prevalence of use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 In the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevalence_of_use_of_specific_therapies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevalence_of_use_of_specific_therapies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Prevalence of use of specific therapies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prevalence_of_use_of_specific_therapies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_palliative_care" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_palliative_care"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 In palliative care </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_palliative_care-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Regulation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_and_problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_and_problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Risks and problems </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risks_and_problems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Risks and problems subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Risks_and_problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Negative_outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Negative outcomes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interactions_with_conventional_pharmaceuticals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactions_with_conventional_pharmaceuticals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 Interactions with conventional pharmaceuticals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactions_with_conventional_pharmaceuticals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side-effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side-effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 Side-effects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Side-effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_delay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_delay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.3 Treatment delay </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_delay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unconventional_cancer_"cures"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unconventional_cancer_"cures""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.4 Unconventional cancer "cures" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unconventional_cancer_"cures"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rejection_of_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rejection_of_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Rejection of science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rejection_of_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Conflicts of interest </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_health_and_research_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_health_and_research_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Use of health and research resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_health_and_research_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Health_Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Health_Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 World Health Organization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Health_Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Alternative medicine</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" > 58 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatiewe_medikasie" title="Alternatiewe medikasie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Alternatiewe medikasie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%84" title="طب بديل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طب بديل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_alternativa" title="Medicina alternativa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Medicina alternativa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="বিকল্প চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিকল্প চিকিৎসাবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Алтернативна медицина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Алтернативна медицина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_alternativa" title="Medicina alternativa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Medicina alternativa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativn%C3%AD_medic%C3%ADna" title="Alternativní medicína – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alternativní medicína" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meddyginiaeth_amgen" title="Meddyginiaeth amgen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Meddyginiaeth amgen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativ_behandling" title="Alternativ behandling – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Alternativ behandling" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativmedizin" title="Alternativmedizin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alternativmedizin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatiivmeditsiin" title="Alternatiivmeditsiin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Alternatiivmeditsiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Εναλλακτική ιατρική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εναλλακτική ιατρική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_alternativa" title="Medicina alternativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Medicina alternativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativa_medicino" title="Alternativa medicino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alternativa medicino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medikuntza_alternatibo" title="Medikuntza alternatibo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Medikuntza alternatibo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B2%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پزشکی جایگزین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پزشکی جایگزین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9decine_non_conventionnelle" title="Médecine non conventionnelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Médecine non conventionnelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADochaine_mhalartach" title="Míochaine mhalartach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Míochaine mhalartach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_alternativa" title="Medicina alternativa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Medicina alternativa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%85%D1%8B%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Кхыдола лорал – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Кхыдола лорал" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%B2%B4%EC%9D%98%ED%95%99" title="대체의학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대체의학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="वैकल्पिक चिकित्सा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वैकल्पिक चिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativna_medicina" title="Alternativna medicina – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alternativna medicina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengobatan_alternatif" title="Pengobatan alternatif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengobatan alternatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_alternativa" title="Medicina alternativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Medicina alternativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רפואה אלטרנטיבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפואה אלטרנטיבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%94%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A7" title="ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ಔಷಧ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪರ್ಯಾಯ ಔಷಧ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ალტერნატიული მედიცინა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალტერნატიული მედიცინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komplement%C4%81r%C4%81_un_alternat%C4%ABv%C4%81_medic%C4%ABna" title="Komplementārā un alternatīvā medicīna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Komplementārā un alternatīvā medicīna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternat%C3%ADv_gy%C3%B3gym%C3%B3d" title="Alternatív gyógymód – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alternatív gyógymód" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8" title="ബദൽചികിത്സ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബദൽചികിത്സ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perubatan_alternatif" title="Perubatan alternatif – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perubatan alternatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatieve_geneeswijze" title="Alternatieve geneeswijze – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Alternatieve geneeswijze" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E6%9B%BF%E5%8C%BB%E7%99%82" title="代替医療 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="代替医療" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativ_behandling" title="Alternativ behandling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alternativ behandling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%88%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B3%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95_%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BF" title="ବୈକଳ୍ପିକ ଚିକିତ୍ସା ପଦ୍ଧତି – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୈକଳ୍ପିକ ଚିକିତ୍ସା ପଦ୍ଧତି" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabiblik" title="Tabiblik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tabiblik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altoernitiv_medisn" title="Altoernitiv medisn – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Altoernitiv medisn" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medycyna_niekonwencjonalna" title="Medycyna niekonwencjonalna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Medycyna niekonwencjonalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicina_alternativa" title="Medicina alternativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Medicina alternativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicin%C4%83_alternativ%C4%83" title="Medicină alternativă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Medicină alternativă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Альтернативная медицина – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Альтернативная медицина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Alternative medicine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternat%C3%ADvna_medic%C3%ADna" title="Alternatívna medicína – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alternatívna medicína" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zdravilstvo" title="Zdravilstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zdravilstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Алтернативна медицина – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алтернативна медицина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativna_medicina" title="Alternativna medicina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alternativna medicina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskomusl%C3%A4%C3%A4kint%C3%A4" title="Uskomuslääkintä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskomuslääkintä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternativmedicin" title="Alternativmedicin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Alternativmedicin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81" title="การแพทย์ทางเลือก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแพทย์ทางเลือก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternatif_t%C4%B1p" title="Alternatif tıp – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alternatif tıp" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Альтернативна медицина – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Альтернативна медицина" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_h%E1%BB%8Dc_thay_th%E1%BA%BF" title="Y học thay thế – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Y học thay thế" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoreye:Medcenes_%C3%B4turreces" title="Categoreye:Medcenes ôturreces – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Categoreye:Medcenes ôturreces" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="替代医学 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="替代医学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A6%E9%A1%9E%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8" title="另類醫學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="另類醫學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%B1bo_alternatif" title="Tıbo alternatif – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Tıbo alternatif" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BF%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="替代医学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="替代医学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:100%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color: lightgrey; font-size:0.9em;">AM, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), complementary medicine, heterodox medicine, integrative medicine (IM), complementary and integrative medicine (CIM), new-age medicine, pseudomedicine, unconventional medicine, unorthodox medicine, altmed</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Claims</th><td class="infobox-data">Alternatives to science-based medicine</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" title="Category:Alternative medicine">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative medicine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline-body-aura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/60px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/90px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Outline-body-aura.svg/120px-Outline-body-aura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">General information</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine" title="Terminology of alternative medicine">Terminology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_veterinary_medicine" title="Alternative veterinary medicine">Alternative veterinary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a> (health fraud)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine#19th_century:_rise_of_modern_medicine" title="History of medicine">Rise of modern medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_nihilism" title="Therapeutic nihilism">Therapeutic nihilism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Fringe medicine and science</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">Acupressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_diet" title="Alkaline diet">Alkaline diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apitherapy" title="Apitherapy">Apitherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Research_and_Enlightenment" title="Association for Research and Enlightenment">Association for Research and Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriculotherapy" title="Auriculotherapy">Auriculotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_terrain_assessment" title="Biological terrain assessment">Biological terrain assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_salve" title="Black salve">Black salve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodywork_(alternative_medicine)" title="Bodywork (alternative medicine)">Bodywork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bone-setting" title="Traditional bone-setting">Bone-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_technique" title="Bowen technique">Bowen technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathwork_(New_Age)" title="Breathwork (New Age)">Breathwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_unproven_methods_against_COVID-19" title="List of unproven methods against COVID-19">Fake COVID-19 treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camel_urine" title="Camel urine">Camel urine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatments" title="Alternative cancer treatments">Cancer treatments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal_cleanse" title="Activated charcoal cleanse">Charcoal cleanse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> <ul><li><a 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href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam_controversy" title="Dental amalgam controversy">Dental amalgam controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_foot_baths" title="Detoxification foot baths">Foot detox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_needling" title="Dry needling">Dry needling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Esoteric energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_touch" title="Therapeutic touch">Therapeutic touch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen_dominance" title="Estrogen dominance">Estrogen dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabunan_Antiviral_Injection" title="Fabunan Antiviral Injection">Fabunan Antiviral Injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldenkrais_Method" title="Feldenkrais Method">Feldenkrais Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_medicine" title="Functional medicine">Functional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_analysis_(alternative_medicine)" title="Hair analysis (alternative medicine)">Hair analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holistic_dentistry" title="Holistic dentistry">Holistic dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram_bracelet" title="Hologram bracelet">Hologram bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bach_flower_remedies" title="Bach flower remedies">Bach flower remedies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">Hydrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">Hypnotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionized_jewelry" title="Ionized jewelry">Ionized jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilly_Juice" title="Jilly Juice">Jilly Juice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lightning_Process" title="The Lightning Process">Lightning Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphotherapy" title="Lymphotherapy">Lymphotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">Manual therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_lymphatic_drainage" title="Manual lymphatic drainage">Manual lymphatic drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_intuitive" title="Medical intuitive">Medical intuitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">Megavitamin therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">Mesmerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofascial_release" title="Myofascial release">Myofascial release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambudripad%27s_Allergy_Elimination_Techniques" title="Nambudripad's Allergy Elimination Techniques">NAET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_pulling" title="Oil pulling">Oil pulling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthomolecular_medicine" title="Orthomolecular medicine">Orthomolecular medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteomyology" title="Osteomyology">Osteomyology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone_therapy" title="Ozone therapy">Ozone therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postural_Integration" title="Postural Integration">Postural Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychodermatology" title="Psychodermatology">Psychodermatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_healing" title="Quantum healing">Quantum healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">Reflexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichian_body-oriented_psychotherapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichian body-oriented psychotherapy">RBOP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolfing" title="Rolfing">Rolfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ThetaHealing" title="ThetaHealing">ThetaHealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomsonianism" title="Thomsonianism">Thomsonianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_Field_Therapy" title="Thought Field Therapy">Thought Field Therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urophagia" title="Urophagia">Urophagia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_steaming" title="Vaginal steaming">Vaginal steaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetotherapy" title="Vegetotherapy">Vegetotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_therapy" title="Vision therapy">Vision therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_balancing" title="Zero balancing">Zero balancing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Controversies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">OPV AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccinationism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccine misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR vaccine and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">in chiropractic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">Turbo cancer</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#NCCIH_classification">Classifications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Category:Alternative medical systems">Alternative medical systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind–body intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies" title="Category:Biologically based therapies">Biologically based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manual_therapy" title="Category:Manual therapy">Manipulative methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies" title="Category:Energy therapies">Energy therapy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dosha" title="Dosha">Dosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">MVAH</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balneotherapy" title="Balneotherapy">Balneotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Cambodian_medicine" title="Traditional Cambodian medicine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_stasis" title="Blood stasis">Blood stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dit_da" title="Dit da">Dit da</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gua_sha" title="Gua sha">Gua sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_plate_trade" title="Gill plate trade">Gill plate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_gu" title="Long gu">Long gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">Meridian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxibustion" title="Moxibustion">Moxibustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_point" title="Pressure point">Pressure point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Jiao" title="San Jiao">San Jiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tui_na" title="Tui na">Tui na</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zang-fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Zang-fu">Zang-fu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayakalpa" title="Kayakalpa">Kayakalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambo_cleanse" class="mw-redirect" title="Kambo cleanse">Kambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mien_Shiang" title="Mien Shiang">Mien Shiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naftalan_oil" title="Naftalan oil">Naftalan oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_medicine" title="Prophetic medicine">Prophetic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_massage" class="mw-redirect" title="Thai massage">Thai massage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Alternative diagnoses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerotoxic_syndrome" title="Aerotoxic syndrome">Aerotoxic syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candida_hypersensitivity" title="Candida hypersensitivity">Candida hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronic_Lyme_disease" title="Chronic Lyme disease">Chronic Lyme disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_legs" title="Heavy legs">Heavy legs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_chemical_sensitivity" title="Multiple chemical sensitivity">Multiple chemical sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PANDAS" title="PANDAS">PANDAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_temperature_syndrome" title="Wilson's temperature syndrome">Wilson's temperature syndrome</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Template talk:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Alternative medicine is any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking <a href="/wiki/Biological_plausibility" title="Biological plausibility">biological plausibility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testability" title="Testability">testability</a>, <a href="/wiki/Repeatability" title="Repeatability">repeatability</a> or evidence of effectiveness. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">modern medicine</a>, which employs the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a> to test plausible therapies by way of <a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_human_subject_research" title="Guidelines for human subject research">responsible and ethical</a> <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>, producing repeatable <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a> of either effect or of no effect, alternative therapies reside outside of mainstream medicine<a href="#cite_note-Harrisonquote-1">[n 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WebMD2014quote-2">[n 2]</a> and do not originate from using the scientific method, but instead rely on <a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">testimonials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anecdote" title="Anecdote">anecdotes</a>, religion, tradition, <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>, belief in <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> "<a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">energies</a>", <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">errors in reasoning</a>, propaganda, fraud, or other unscientific sources. Frequently used terms for relevant practices are <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> medicine, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pseudo-medicine" class="extiw" title="wikt:pseudo-medicine">pseudo-medicine</a>, unorthodox medicine, holistic medicine, fringe medicine, and unconventional medicine, with little distinction from <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a>. Some alternative practices are based on theories that contradict the established science of how the human body works; others appeal to the <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstitious</a> to explain their effect or lack thereof. In others, the practice has plausibility but lacks a positive <a href="/wiki/Risk%E2%80%93benefit_ratio" title="Risk–benefit ratio">risk–benefit</a> outcome probability. Research into alternative therapies often fails to follow proper research protocols (such as <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>-controlled trials, <a href="/wiki/Blinded_experiment" title="Blinded experiment">blind experiments</a> and calculation of <a href="/wiki/Prior_probability" title="Prior probability">prior probability</a>), providing invalid results. History has shown that if a method is proven to work, it eventually ceases to be alternative and becomes mainstream medicine. Much of the perceived effect of an alternative practice arises from a belief that it will be effective, the <a href="/wiki/Placebo_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Placebo effect">placebo effect</a>, or from the treated condition resolving on its own (<a href="/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean" title="Regression toward the mean">the natural course of disease</a>). This is further exacerbated by the tendency to turn to alternative therapies upon the failure of medicine, at which point the condition will be at its worst and most likely to spontaneously improve. In the absence of this bias, especially for diseases that are not expected to get better by themselves such as cancer or <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV infection</a>, multiple studies have shown significantly worse outcomes if patients turn to alternative therapies. While this may be because these patients avoid effective treatment, some alternative therapies are actively harmful (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Cyanide_poisoning" title="Cyanide poisoning">cyanide poisoning</a> from <a href="/wiki/Amygdalin" title="Amygdalin">amygdalin</a>, or the intentional ingestion of <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">hydrogen peroxide</a>) or actively interfere with effective treatments. The alternative medicine sector is a highly profitable industry with a strong lobby,<a href="#cite_note-ConsumerHealth9th-3">[1]</a> and faces far less regulation over the use and marketing of unproven treatments. Complementary medicine (CM), complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), integrated medicine or integrative medicine (IM), and <a href="/wiki/Holism" title="Holism">holistic medicine</a> attempt to combine alternative practices with those of mainstream medicine. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> practices become "alternative" when used outside their original settings and without proper scientific explanation and evidence. Alternative methods are often marketed as more "<a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">natural</a>" or "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/holistic" class="extiw" title="wikt:holistic">holistic</a>" than methods offered by medical science, that is sometimes derogatorily called "<a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a>" by supporters of alternative medicine. Billions of dollars have been spent studying alternative medicine, with few or no positive results and many methods thoroughly disproven. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_terminology">Definitions and terminology</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Terminology_of_alternative_medicine" title="Terminology of alternative medicine">Terminology of alternative medicine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcia.angell.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Marcia.angell.jpg/170px-Marcia.angell.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Marcia.angell.jpg/255px-Marcia.angell.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Marcia.angell.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Angell" title="Marcia Angell">Marcia Angell</a>: "There cannot be two kinds of medicine – conventional and alternative."<a href="#cite_note-Angell1998-4">[2]</a></figcaption></figure> The terms alternative medicine, complementary medicine, integrative medicine, holistic medicine, natural medicine, unorthodox medicine, fringe medicine, unconventional medicine, and <a href="/wiki/New_age" class="mw-redirect" title="New age">new age</a> medicine are used interchangeably as having the same meaning and are almost synonymous in most contexts.<a href="#cite_note-Shapiro_08-5">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bombardieri2000-6">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shuval2012-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freedman2011-8">[6]</a> Terminology has shifted over time, reflecting the preferred branding of practitioners.<a href="#cite_note-SBM-brand-9">[7]</a> For example, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Institutes_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Institutes of Health">United States National Institutes of Health</a> department studying alternative medicine, currently named the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health" title="National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health">National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health</a> (NCCIH), was established as the Office of Alternative Medicine (OAM) and was renamed the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) before obtaining its current name. Therapies are often <a href="/wiki/Framing_(psychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Framing (psychology)">framed</a> as "natural" or "holistic", implicitly and intentionally suggesting that conventional medicine is "artificial" and "narrow in scope".<a href="#cite_note-ConsumerHealth9th-3">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> The meaning of the term "alternative" in the expression "alternative medicine", is not that it is an effective alternative to <a href="/wiki/Medical_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical science">medical science</a> (though some alternative medicine promoters may use the loose terminology to give the appearance of effectiveness).<a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kolata-12">[10]</a> Loose terminology may also be used to suggest meaning that a dichotomy exists when it does not (e.g., the use of the expressions "Western medicine" and "Eastern medicine" to suggest that the difference is a cultural difference between the Asian east and the European west, rather than that the difference is between <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a> and treatments that do not work).<a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternative_medicine">Alternative medicine</h3></div> Alternative medicine is defined loosely as a set of products, practices, and theories that are believed or perceived by their users to have the healing effects of medicine,<a href="#cite_note-NSFquote-14">[n 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-IOMquote-16">[n 4]</a> but whose <a href="/wiki/Efficacy" title="Efficacy">effectiveness</a> has not been established using <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific methods</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NSFquote-14">[n 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Angellquote-17">[n 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hines_Sampson_Coulter_Sagan-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGPIAMAYP-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-NP-20">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a> or whose theory and practice is not part of <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedicine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-IOMquote-16">[n 4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Harrisonquote-1">[n 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-WebMD2014quote-2">[n 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCCIH2quote-24">[n 6]</a> or whose theories or practices are directly contradicted by <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">scientific evidence</a> or <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">scientific principles</a> used in biomedicine.<a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hines_Sampson_Coulter_Sagan-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMCER-25">[19]</a> "Biomedicine" or "medicine" is that part of medical science that applies principles of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molecular_biology" title="Molecular biology">molecular biology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biophysics</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural sciences</a> to <a href="/wiki/Clinical_practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical practice">clinical practice</a>, using scientific methods to establish the effectiveness of that practice. Unlike medicine,<a href="#cite_note-Harrisonquote-1">[n 1]</a> an alternative product or practice does not originate from using scientific methods, but may instead be based on <a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">hearsay</a>, religion, tradition, <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>, belief in <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> energies, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">errors in reasoning</a>, propaganda, fraud, or other unscientific sources.<a href="#cite_note-Angellquote-17">[n 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hines_Sampson_Coulter_Sagan-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMCER-25">[19]</a> Some other definitions seek to specify alternative medicine in terms of its social and political marginality to mainstream healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-Saks1992-26">[20]</a> This can refer to the lack of support that alternative therapies receive from medical scientists regarding access to <a href="/wiki/Medical_research#Funding" title="Medical research">research funding</a>, sympathetic coverage in the <a href="/wiki/Medical_literature" title="Medical literature">medical press</a>, or inclusion in the standard <a href="/wiki/Medical_education" title="Medical education">medical curriculum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saks1992-26">[20]</a> For example, a widely used<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOM_Report2005[httpbooksnapeduopenbookphprecord_id11182page19_19]-27">[21]</a> definition devised by the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine">US NCCIH</a> calls it "a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine".<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a> However, these descriptive definitions are inadequate in the present-day when some conventional doctors offer alternative medical treatments and introductory courses or modules can be offered as part of standard undergraduate medical training;<a href="#cite_note-HOL_Kopelman_Wieland_Astin_Pelletier-29">[23]</a> alternative medicine is taught in more than half of <a href="/wiki/Medical_school_in_the_United_States" title="Medical school in the United States">US medical schools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance_in_the_United_States" title="Health insurance in the United States">US health insurers</a> are increasingly willing to provide reimbursement for alternative therapies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOM_Report2005[httpbooksnapeduopenbookphprecord_id11182page17_17],_[httpbooksnapeduopenbookphprecord_id11182page196_196–252]-30">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complementary_or_integrative_medicine">Complementary or integrative medicine</h3></div> Complementary medicine (CM) or integrative medicine (IM) is when alternative medicine is used together with mainstream functional medical treatment in a <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> that it improves the effect of treatments.<a href="#cite_note-FinalReport-32">[n 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ernst_1995-33">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joyce_1994-34">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-BMJ_May-35">[28]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a> (piercing the body with needles to influence the flow of a supernatural energy) might be believed to increase the effectiveness or "complement" science-based medicine when used at the same time.<a href="#cite_note-NCI_PDQ_CAM-36">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Borkan2012-37">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-whatiscam-38">[31]</a> Significant <a href="/wiki/Drug_interaction" title="Drug interaction">drug interactions</a> caused by alternative therapies may make treatments less effective, notably in <a href="/wiki/Treatment_of_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Treatment of cancer">cancer therapy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-39">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arye13-40">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li_et_al.,_2018-41">[34]</a> Several medical organizations differentiate between complementary and alternative medicine including the UK <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> (NHS),<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_Research_UK" title="Cancer Research UK">Cancer Research UK</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a> and the US <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Center for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC), the latter of which states that "Complementary medicine is used in addition to standard treatments" whereas "Alternative medicine is used instead of standard treatments."<a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a> Complementary and integrative interventions are used to improve fatigue in adult cancer patients.<a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Gorski" title="David Gorski">David Gorski</a> has described integrative medicine as an attempt to bring pseudoscience into academic <a href="/wiki/Science-based_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Science-based medicine">science-based medicine</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski2010-47">[40]</a> with skeptics such as Gorski and <a href="/wiki/David_Colquhoun" title="David Colquhoun">David Colquhoun</a> referring to this with the pejorative term "<a href="/wiki/Quackery#Criticism_of_quackery_in_academia" title="Quackery">quackademia</a>".<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Robert Todd Carroll</a> described Integrative medicine as "a synonym for 'alternative' medicine that, at its worst, integrates sense with nonsense. At its best, integrative medicine supports both consensus treatments of science-based medicine and treatments that the science, while promising perhaps, does not justify"<a href="#cite_note-Carroll_integrative-49">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rose_Shapiro" title="Rose Shapiro">Rose Shapiro</a> has criticized the field of alternative medicine for <a href="/wiki/Rebranding" title="Rebranding">rebranding</a> the same practices as integrative medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Shapiro_08-5">[3]</a> CAM is an abbreviation of the phrase complementary and alternative medicine.<a href="#cite_note-ernstinterview-50">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-CassilethDeng2004-51">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tyreman_209–17-52">[45]</a> The 2019 <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) Global Report on Traditional and Complementary Medicine states that the terms complementary and alternative medicine "refer to a broad set of health care practices that are not part of that country's own traditional or conventional medicine and are not fully integrated into the dominant health care system. They are used interchangeably with traditional medicine in some countries."<a href="#cite_note-WHO_2019-53">[46]</a> The Integrative Medicine Exam by the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Physician_Specialties" title="American Board of Physician Specialties">American Board of Physician Specialties</a><a href="#cite_note-ABPS_IM_test-54">[47]</a> includes the following subjects: <a href="/wiki/Manual_therapy" title="Manual therapy">Manual Therapies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" title="Energy (esotericism)">Biofield Therapies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a>, Movement Therapies, Expressive Arts, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese Medicine">Traditional Chinese Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Indigenous Medical Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathic Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathic Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathic Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Functional_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional Medicine">Functional Medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ABPS_IM_test-54">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_terms">Other terms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div> Traditional medicine (TM) refers to certain practices within a culture which have existed since before the advent of medical science,<a href="#cite_note-WakeFitie_2022-55">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-CheGeorgeIjinu2017-56">[49]</a> Many TM practices are based on "holistic" approaches to disease and health, versus the scientific evidence-based methods in conventional medicine.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_IBEC_2010-57">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-LiWeng_2017-58">[51]</a> The 2019 WHO report defines traditional medicine as "the sum total of the knowledge, skill and practices based on the theories, beliefs and experiences <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement or treatment of physical and mental illness."<a href="#cite_note-WHO_2019-53">[46]</a> When used outside the original setting and in the absence of scientific evidence, TM practices are typically referred to as "alternative medicine".<a href="#cite_note-JansenBaker_2021-59">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tabish_2008-60">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fontanarosa1998-61">[54]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>Holistic medicine is another rebranding of alternative medicine. In this case, the words balance and holism are often used alongside complementary or integrative, claiming to take into fuller account the "whole" person, in contrast to the supposed reductionism of medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Beresford_pp._721–724-62">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZUCKER_1979_pp._39–42-63">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_in_defining_alternative_medicine">Challenges in defining alternative medicine</h3></div> Prominent members of the science<a href="#cite_note-Offit2013-64">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dawkins2003a-65">[58]</a> and biomedical science community<a href="#cite_note-Angell1998-4">[2]</a> say that it is not meaningful to define an alternative medicine that is separate from a conventional medicine because the expressions "conventional medicine", "alternative medicine", "complementary medicine", "integrative medicine", and "holistic medicine" do not refer to any medicine at all.<a href="#cite_note-Angell1998-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Offit2013-64">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dawkins2003a-65">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fontanarosa1998-61">[54]</a> Others say that alternative medicine cannot be precisely defined because of the diversity of theories and practices it includes, and because the boundaries between alternative and conventional medicine overlap, are porous, and change.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's_Principles_of_Internal_Medicine20151chpt._14-E-21">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOM_Report200514–20-66">[59]</a> Healthcare practices categorized as alternative may differ in their historical origin, theoretical basis, <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnostic technique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">therapeutic practice</a> and in their relationship to the medical mainstream.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESointu2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXC2UUP36bjACpgPA13_13]-67">[60]</a> Under a definition of alternative medicine as "non-mainstream", treatments considered alternative in one location may be considered conventional in another.<a href="#cite_note-Nissen2013-68">[61]</a> Critics say the expression is deceptive because it implies there is an effective alternative to science-based medicine, and that complementary is deceptive because it implies that the treatment increases the effectiveness of (complements) science-based medicine, while alternative medicines that have been tested nearly always have no measurable positive effect compared to a <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski2010-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skep_Dic_comp_med-69">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novella2010-70">[63]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/John_Diamond_(journalist)" title="John Diamond (journalist)">John Diamond</a> wrote that "there is really no such thing as alternative medicine, just medicine that works and medicine that doesn't",<a href="#cite_note-Dawkins2003a-65">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey2015-71">[64]</a> a notion later echoed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Paul Offit</a>: "The truth is there's no such thing as conventional or alternative or complementary or integrative or holistic medicine. There's only medicine that works and medicine that doesn't. And the best way to sort it out is by carefully evaluating scientific studies—not by visiting Internet chat rooms, reading magazine articles, or talking to friends."<a href="#cite_note-Offit2013-64">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_alternative_medicine" title="List of forms of alternative medicine">List of forms of alternative medicine</a></div> Alternative medicine consists of a wide range of health care practices, products, and therapies. The shared feature is a claim to heal that is not based on the scientific method. Alternative medicine practices are diverse in their foundations and methodologies.<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a> Alternative medicine practices may be classified by their cultural origins or by the types of beliefs upon which they are based.<a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMCER-25">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a> Methods may incorporate or be based on traditional medicinal practices of a particular culture, folk knowledge, superstition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXFPb88KLZQCpgPA2_2]-72">[65]</a> spiritual beliefs, belief in supernatural energies (antiscience), pseudoscience, errors in reasoning, propaganda, fraud, new or different concepts of health and disease, and any bases other than being proven by scientific methods.<a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hines_Sampson_Coulter_Sagan-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMCER-25">[19]</a> Different cultures may have their own unique traditional or belief based practices developed recently or over thousands of years, and specific practices or entire systems of practices. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unscientific_belief_systems">Unscientific belief systems</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_person_discovering_that_they_have_been_transformed_into_se_Wellcome_V0011124.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/A_person_discovering_that_they_have_been_transformed_into_se_Wellcome_V0011124.jpg/220px-A_person_discovering_that_they_have_been_transformed_into_se_Wellcome_V0011124.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/A_person_discovering_that_they_have_been_transformed_into_se_Wellcome_V0011124.jpg/330px-A_person_discovering_that_they_have_been_transformed_into_se_Wellcome_V0011124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/A_person_discovering_that_they_have_been_transformed_into_se_Wellcome_V0011124.jpg/440px-A_person_discovering_that_they_have_been_transformed_into_se_Wellcome_V0011124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="2922" /></a><figcaption>"They told me if I took 1000 pills at night I should be quite another thing in the morning", an early 19th-century satire on <a href="/wiki/Morison%27s_Vegetable_Pills" class="mw-redirect" title="Morison's Vegetable Pills">Morison's Vegetable Pills</a>, an alternative medicine supplement</figcaption></figure> Alternative medicine, such as using <a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">naturopathy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a> in place of <a href="/wiki/Conventional_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventional medicine">conventional medicine</a>, is based on belief systems not grounded in science.<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Proposed mechanism </th> <th>Issues </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a> </th> <td>Naturopathic medicine is based on a belief that the body heals itself using a supernatural <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vital energy</a> that guides bodily processes.<a href="#cite_note-SarrisWardle2010-73">[66]</a> </td> <td>In conflict with the paradigm of <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">evidence-based medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jagtenberg2006-74">[67]</a> Many naturopaths have opposed <a href="/wiki/Vaccination" title="Vaccination">vaccination</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ernst2001-75">[68]</a> and "scientific evidence does not support claims that naturopathic medicine can cure cancer or any other disease".<a href="#cite_note-ACS-76">[69]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a> </th> <td>A belief that a substance that causes the symptoms of a disease in healthy people cures similar symptoms in sick people.<a href="#cite_note-Hahnemannquote-78">[n 8]</a> </td> <td>Developed before knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecules</a>, or of basic chemistry, which shows that repeated dilution as practiced in homeopathy produces only water, and that homeopathy is not scientifically valid.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst2002-79">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-HCReport2010-80">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-shang-81">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCCIH_homeopathy-82">[74]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_ethnic_systems">Traditional ethnic systems</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_(18).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG/220px-Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG/330px-Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG/440px-Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2818%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Ready-to-drink <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> mixture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acupuncture1-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Acupuncture1-1.jpg/220px-Acupuncture1-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Acupuncture1-1.jpg/330px-Acupuncture1-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Acupuncture1-1.jpg/440px-Acupuncture1-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a> involves insertion of needles in the body.</figcaption></figure> Alternative medical systems may be based on traditional medicine practices, such as <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">traditional Chinese medicine</a> (TCM), Ayurveda in India, or practices of other cultures around the world.<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a> Some useful applications of traditional medicines have been researched and accepted within ordinary medicine, however the underlying belief systems are seldom scientific and are not accepted. Traditional medicine is considered alternative when it is used outside its home region; or when it is used together with or instead of known functional treatment; or when it can be reasonably expected that the patient or practitioner knows or should know that it will not work – such as knowing that the practice is based on superstition. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Claims </th> <th>Issues </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a> </td> <td>Traditional practices and beliefs from China, together with modifications made by the Communist party make up TCM. Common practices include herbal medicine, <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a> (insertion of needles in the body at specified points), massage (Tui na), exercise (<a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">qigong</a>), and dietary therapy. </td> <td>The practices are based on belief in a supernatural energy called <a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">qi</a>, considerations of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astrology" title="Chinese astrology">Chinese astrology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numerology#Chinese_numerology" title="Numerology">Chinese numerology</a>, traditional use of herbs and other substances found in China, a belief that the tongue contains a map of the body that reflects changes in the body, and an incorrect model of the anatomy and physiology of internal organs.<a href="#cite_note-ATRAMM-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-BeyersteinSampson1996-84">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-LuNeedham1980-85">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maciocia1995-86">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matuk2006-87">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deshpande1987-88">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a> </td> <td>Traditional medicine of India. Ayurveda believes in the existence of three elemental substances, the <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda#Tridosha_system" title="Ayurveda">doshas</a> (called Vata, Pitta and Kapha), and states that a balance of the doshas results in health, while imbalance results in disease. Such disease-inducing imbalances can be adjusted and balanced using traditional herbs, minerals and heavy metals. Ayurveda stresses the use of plant-based medicines and treatments, with some animal products, and added minerals, including <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>, lead and <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_sulfate" title="Copper(II) sulfate">copper(II) sulfate</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] </td> <td>Safety concerns have been raised about Ayurveda, with two U.S. studies finding about 20 percent of Ayurvedic Indian-manufactured <a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">patent medicines</a> contained toxic levels of heavy metals such as lead, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a>. A 2015 study of users in the United States also found elevated blood lead levels in 40 percent of those tested. Other concerns include the use of herbs containing toxic compounds and the lack of quality control in Ayurvedic facilities. Incidents of <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_poisoning" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal poisoning">heavy metal poisoning</a> have been attributed to the use of these compounds in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk2003xviii-89">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMishra20048-90">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-DaguptaHStabler2011-91">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valiathan2006-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC-93">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saper2008-94">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supernatural_energies">Supernatural energies</h3></div> Bases of belief may include belief in existence of supernatural energies undetected by the science of physics, as in biofields, or in belief in properties of the energies of physics that are inconsistent with the laws of physics, as in energy medicine.<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Claims </th> <th>Issues </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Biofield therapy</a> </td> <td>Intended to influence energy fields that, it is purported, surround and penetrate the body.<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a> </td> <td>Advocates of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">scientific skepticism</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> have criticized the lack of empirical evidence to support the existence of the putative energy fields on which these therapies are predicated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagan1996-97">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bioelectromagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioelectromagnetism">Bioelectromagnetic</a> therapy </td> <td>Use verifiable electromagnetic fields, such as pulsed fields, alternating-current, or direct-current fields in an unconventional manner.<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a> </td> <td>Asserts that magnets can be used to defy the laws of <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> to influence health and disease. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spinal_manipulation" title="Spinal manipulation">Spinal manipulation</a> aims to treat "<a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">vertebral subluxations</a>" which are claimed to put pressure on nerves. </td> <td>Chiropractic was based on the belief that manipulating the spine unblocks the flow of a supernatural <a href="/wiki/Vital_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Vital energy">vital energy</a> called <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_controversy_and_criticism#Innate_intelligence" title="Chiropractic controversy and criticism">Innate Intelligence</a>, thereby affecting health and disease. Vertebral subluxation is a pseudoscientific entity not proven to exist. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a> </td> <td>Practitioners place their palms on the patient near <a href="/wiki/Chakras" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakras">Chakras</a> that they believe are centers of supernatural energies in the belief that these supernatural energies can transfer from the practitioner's palms to heal the patient. </td> <td>Lacks credible scientific evidence.<a href="#cite_note-rosa-98">[90]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herbal_remedies_and_other_substances">Herbal remedies and other substances</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a></div> Substance based practices use substances found in nature such as herbs, foods, non-vitamin supplements and megavitamins, animal and fungal products, and minerals, including use of these products in traditional medical practices that may also incorporate other methods.<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdulla1999-99">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> Examples include healing claims for non-vitamin supplements, <a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">fish oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omega-3_fatty_acid" title="Omega-3 fatty acid">Omega-3 fatty acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glucosamine" title="Glucosamine">glucosamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinacea" title="Echinacea">echinacea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flaxseed_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaxseed oil">flaxseed oil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCCIHSurvey-101">[93]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a>, or phytotherapy, includes not just the use of plant products, but may also include the use of animal and mineral products.<a href="#cite_note-Abdulla1999-99">[91]</a> It is among the most commercially successful branches of alternative medicine, and includes the tablets, powders and elixirs that are sold as "nutritional supplements".<a href="#cite_note-Abdulla1999-99">[91]</a> Only a very small percentage of these have been shown to have any efficacy, and there is little regulation as to standards and safety of their contents.<a href="#cite_note-Abdulla1999-99">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg/220px-Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg/330px-Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg/440px-Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="2372" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Chiropractor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiropractor">chiropractor</a> "<a href="/wiki/Spinal_adjustment" title="Spinal adjustment">adjusting</a>" the spine</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion,_faith_healing,_and_prayer">Religion, faith healing, and prayer</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Claims </th> <th>Issues </th></tr> <tr> <td>Christian <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">faith healing</a> </td> <td>There is a divine or spiritual intervention in healing. </td> <td>Lack of evidence for effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-Pearce_Simpson1998-102">[94]</a> Unwanted outcomes, such as death and disability, "have occurred when faith healing was elected instead of medical care for serious injuries or illnesses".<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a> A 2001 double-blind study of 799 discharged coronary surgery patients found that "intercessory prayer had no significant effect on medical outcomes after hospitalization in a coronary care unit."<a href="#cite_note-Aviles_et_al2001-104">[96]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NCCIH_classification">NCCIH classification</h3></div> The United States agency <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Complementary_and_Integrative_Health" title="National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health">National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health</a> (NCCIH) has created a classification system for branches of complementary and alternative medicine that divides them into five major groups. These groups have some overlap, and distinguish two types of energy medicine: veritable which involves scientifically observable energy (including <a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">magnet therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorpuncture" title="Colorpuncture">colorpuncture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Light_therapy" title="Light therapy">light therapy</a>) and putative, which invokes physically undetectable or unverifiable energy.<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH_EMed-105">[97]</a> None of these energies have any evidence to support that they affect the body in any positive or health promoting way.<a href="#cite_note-ConsumerHealth9th-3">[1]</a> <ol><li>Whole medical systems: Cut across more than one of the other groups; examples include traditional Chinese medicine, naturopathy, homeopathy, and ayurveda.</li> <li>Mind-body interventions: Explore the interconnection between the mind, body, and spirit, under the premise that they affect "bodily functions and symptoms". A connection between mind and body is conventional medical fact, and this classification does not include therapies with proven function such as <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_behavioral_therapy" title="Cognitive behavioral therapy">cognitive behavioral therapy</a>.</li> <li>"Biology"-based practices: Use substances found in nature such as herbs, foods, vitamins, and other natural substances. (As used here, "biology" does not refer to the science of <a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">biology</a>, but is a usage newly coined by NCCIH in the primary source used for this article. "Biology-based" as coined by NCCIH may refer to chemicals from a nonbiological source, such as use of the poison lead in traditional Chinese medicine, and to other nonbiological substances.)</li> <li>Manipulative and body-based practices: feature manipulation or movement of body parts, such as is done in bodywork, chiropractic, and osteopathic manipulation.</li> <li>Energy medicine: is a domain that deals with putative and verifiable energy fields: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_(spirituality)#Biofields" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy (spirituality)">Biofield</a> therapies are intended to influence energy fields that are purported to surround and penetrate the body. The existence of such energy fields have been disproven.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioelectromagnetism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioelectromagnetism">Bioelectromagnetic</a>-based therapies use verifiable electromagnetic fields, such as pulsed fields, alternating-current, or direct-current fields in a non-scientific manner.</li></ul></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History of alternative medicine</a></div> The history of alternative medicine may refer to the history of a group of diverse medical practices that were collectively promoted as "alternative medicine" beginning in the 1970s, to the collection of individual histories of members of that group, or to the history of western medical practices that were labeled "irregular practices" by the western medical establishment.<a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-QMHCHF-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whorton_2003-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-RiseRise_6/2004-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whorton_9/2002-109">[101]</a> It includes the histories of <a href="/wiki/Complementary_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Complementary medicine">complementary medicine</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Integrative_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrative medicine">integrative medicine</a>. Before the 1970s, western practitioners that were not part of the increasingly science-based medical establishment were referred to "irregular practitioners", and were dismissed by the medical establishment as unscientific and as practicing quackery.<a href="#cite_note-QMHCHF-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whorton_2003-107">[99]</a> Until the 1970s, irregular practice became increasingly marginalized as <a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">quackery</a> and fraud, as western medicine increasingly incorporated scientific methods and discoveries, and had a corresponding increase in success of its treatments.<a href="#cite_note-Whorton_9/2002-109">[101]</a> In the 1970s, irregular practices were grouped with traditional practices of nonwestern cultures and with other unproven or disproven practices that were not part of biomedicine, with the entire group collectively marketed and promoted under the single expression "alternative medicine".<a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-QMHCHF-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whorton_2003-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whorton_9/2002-109">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FrontlineAF-110">[102]</a> Use of alternative medicine in the west began to rise following the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Counterculture movement">counterculture movement</a> of the 1960s, as part of the rising <a href="/wiki/New_age_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="New age movement">new age movement</a> of the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-ENAB-112">[104]</a> This was due to misleading <a href="/wiki/Mass_marketing" title="Mass marketing">mass marketing</a> of "alternative medicine" being an effective "alternative" to biomedicine, changing social attitudes about not using <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a> and challenging <a href="/wiki/The_establishment" class="mw-redirect" title="The establishment">the establishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">authority</a> of any kind, sensitivity to giving equal measure to beliefs and practices of other cultures (<a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">cultural relativism</a>), and growing frustration and desperation by patients about limitations and <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">side effects</a> of science-based medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whorton_2003-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Whorton_9/2002-109">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-RiseRise_6/2004-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FrontlineAF-110">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-ENAB-112">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMBMJ-113">[105]</a> At the same time, in 1975, the <a href="/wiki/American_Medical_Association" title="American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a>, which played the central role in fighting quackery in the United States, abolished its quackery committee and closed down its Department of Investigation.<a href="#cite_note-QMHCHF-106">[98]</a>: xxi <a href="#cite_note-AMBMJ-113">[105]</a> By the early to mid 1970s the expression "alternative medicine" came into widespread use, and the expression became mass marketed as a collection of "natural" and effective treatment "alternatives" to science-based biomedicine.<a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMBMJ-113">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[107]</a> By 1983, mass marketing of "alternative medicine" was so pervasive that the <a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a> (BMJ) pointed to "an apparently endless stream of books, articles, and radio and television programmes urge on the public the virtues of (alternative medicine) treatments ranging from meditation to drilling a hole in the skull to let in more oxygen".<a href="#cite_note-AMBMJ-113">[105]</a> An analysis of trends in the criticism of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in five prestigious American medical journals during the period of reorganization within medicine (1965–1999) was reported as showing that the medical profession had responded to the growth of CAM in three phases, and that in each phase, changes in the medical marketplace had influenced the type of response in the journals.<a href="#cite_note-Winnick2005_2009-116">[108]</a> Changes included relaxed medical licensing, the development of <a href="/wiki/Managed_care" title="Managed care">managed care</a>, rising consumerism, and the establishment of the USA Office of Alternative Medicine (later National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine, currently National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health).<a href="#cite_note-118">[n 9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_education">Medical education</h3></div> Mainly as a result of reforms following the <a href="/wiki/Flexner_Report" title="Flexner Report">Flexner Report</a> of 1910<a href="#cite_note-Flexner_Report-119">[110]</a> medical education in established <a href="/wiki/Medical_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical schools">medical schools</a> in the US has generally not included alternative medicine as a teaching topic.<a href="#cite_note-121">[n 10]</a> Typically, their teaching is based on current practice and scientific knowledge about: anatomy, physiology, histology, embryology, neuroanatomy, pathology, pharmacology, microbiology and immunology.<a href="#cite_note-Bianco-122">[112]</a> Medical schools' teaching includes such topics as doctor-patient communication, ethics, the art of medicine,<a href="#cite_note-Stanford_Curriculum-123">[113]</a> and engaging in complex clinical reasoning (medical decision-making).<a href="#cite_note-Yale_Curriculum-124">[114]</a> Writing in 2002, Snyderman and Weil remarked that by the early twentieth century the Flexner model had helped to create the 20th-century academic health center, in which education, research, and practice were inseparable. While this had much improved medical practice by defining with increasing certainty the <a href="/wiki/Pathophysiological" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathophysiological">pathophysiological</a> basis of disease, a single-minded focus on the pathophysiological had diverted much of mainstream American medicine from clinical conditions that were not well understood in mechanistic terms, and were not effectively treated by conventional therapies.<a href="#cite_note-Snyderman2002-125">[115]</a> By 2001 some form of CAM training was being offered by at least 75 out of 125 medical schools in the US.<a href="#cite_note-Berman2001-126">[116]</a> Exceptionally, the School of Medicine of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland,_Baltimore" title="University of Maryland, Baltimore">University of Maryland, Baltimore</a>, includes a research institute for integrative medicine (a member entity of the <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Cochrane Collaboration">Cochrane Collaboration</a>).<a href="#cite_note-UM_CAM_Field-127">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-UM_CIM-128">[118]</a> Medical schools are responsible for conferring medical degrees, but a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority. Licensed <a href="/wiki/Physicians_in_the_United_States" title="Physicians in the United States">physicians in the US</a> who have attended one of the established medical schools there have usually graduated Doctor of Medicine (MD).<a href="#cite_note-Medline_MD-129">[119]</a> All states require that applicants for MD licensure be graduates of an approved medical school and complete the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Medical_Licensing_Examination" title="United States Medical Licensing Examination">United States Medical Licensing Examination</a> (USMLE).<a href="#cite_note-Medline_MD-129">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Efficacy">Efficacy</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edzard_ernst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Edzard_ernst.jpg/220px-Edzard_ernst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Edzard_ernst.jpg/330px-Edzard_ernst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Edzard_ernst.jpg/440px-Edzard_ernst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edzard_Ernst" title="Edzard Ernst">Edzard Ernst</a>, an authority on scientific study of alternative therapies and diagnoses and the first university professor of CAM, in 2012 </figcaption></figure> There is a general scientific consensus that alternative therapies lack the requisite <a href="/wiki/Scientific_validation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific validation">scientific validation</a>, and their effectiveness is either unproved or disproved.<a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kent1997-130">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldrosen2004-131">[121]</a> Many of the claims regarding the efficacy of alternative medicines are controversial, since research on them is frequently of low quality and methodologically flawed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOM_Report2005-132">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Publication_bias" title="Publication bias">Selective publication bias</a>, marked differences in product quality and standardisation, and some companies making unsubstantiated claims call into question the claims of efficacy of isolated examples where there is evidence for alternative therapies.<a href="#cite_note-Sarris2012-133">[123]</a> The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine points to confusions in the general population – a person may attribute symptomatic relief to an otherwise-ineffective therapy just because they are taking something (the placebo effect); the natural recovery from or the cyclical nature of an illness (the <a href="/wiki/Regression_fallacy" title="Regression fallacy">regression fallacy</a>) gets misattributed to an alternative medicine being taken; a person not diagnosed with science-based medicine may never originally have had a true illness diagnosed as an alternative disease category.<a href="#cite_note-Alcock1999-134">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edzard_Ernst" title="Edzard Ernst">Edzard Ernst</a>, the first university professor of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, characterized the evidence for many alternative techniques as weak, nonexistent, or negative<a href="#cite_note-goodbadugly-135">[125]</a> and in 2011 published his estimate that about 7.4% were based on "sound evidence", although he believes that may be an overestimate.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst2011-136">[126]</a> Ernst has concluded that 95% of the alternative therapies he and his team studied, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, homeopathy, and <a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">reflexology</a>, are "statistically indistinguishable from placebo treatments", but he also believes there is something that conventional doctors can usefully learn from the chiropractors and homeopath: this is the therapeutic value of the placebo effect, one of the strangest phenomena in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Economist2011-137">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-HHH2008-138">[128]</a> In 2003, a project funded by the CDC identified 208 condition-treatment pairs, of which 58% had been studied by at least one <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trial</a> (RCT), and 23% had been assessed with a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Katz2003-139">[129]</a> According to a 2005 book by a US <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Medicine">Institute of Medicine</a> panel, the number of RCTs focused on CAM has risen dramatically. As of 2005<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_medicine&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_Library" title="Cochrane Library">Cochrane Library</a> had 145 CAM-related Cochrane systematic reviews and 340 non-Cochrane systematic reviews. An analysis of the conclusions of only the 145 Cochrane reviews was done by two readers. In 83% of the cases, the readers agreed. In the 17% in which they disagreed, a third reader agreed with one of the initial readers to set a rating. These studies found that, for CAM, 38.4% concluded positive effect or possibly positive (12.4%), 4.8% concluded no effect, 0.7% concluded harmful effect, and 56.6% concluded insufficient evidence. An assessment of conventional treatments found that 41.3% concluded positive or possibly positive effect, 20% concluded no effect, 8.1% concluded net harmful effects, and 21.3% concluded insufficient evidence. However, the CAM review used the more developed 2004 Cochrane database, while the conventional review used the initial 1998 Cochrane database.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOM_Report2005[httpbooksnapeduopenbookphprecord_id11182page135_135–136]-140">[130]</a> Alternative therapies do not "complement" (improve the effect of, or mitigate the side effects of) functional medical treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FinalReport-32">[n 7]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ernst_1995-33">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Joyce_1994-34">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-BMJ_May-35">[28]</a> Significant drug interactions caused by alternative therapies may instead negatively impact functional treatment by making <a href="/wiki/Prescription_drug" title="Prescription drug">prescription drugs</a> less effective, such as interference by herbal preparations with <a href="/wiki/Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-141">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arye13-40">[33]</a> In the same way as for conventional therapies, drugs, and interventions, it can be difficult to test the efficacy of alternative medicine in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a>. In instances where an established, effective, treatment for a condition is already available, the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="Helsinki Declaration">Helsinki Declaration</a> states that withholding such treatment is unethical in most circumstances. Use of standard-of-care treatment in addition to an alternative technique being tested may produce <a href="/wiki/Confounding" title="Confounding">confounded</a> or difficult-to-interpret results.<a href="#cite_note-Bodeker2002-142">[132]</a> Cancer researcher <a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._Vickers" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew J. Vickers">Andrew J. Vickers</a> has stated: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Contrary to much popular and scientific writing, many <a href="/wiki/Alternative_cancer_treatments" title="Alternative cancer treatments">alternative cancer treatments</a> have been investigated in good-quality clinical trials, and they have been shown to be ineffective. The label "unproven" is inappropriate for such therapies; it is time to assert that many alternative cancer therapies have been "disproven".<a href="#cite_note-Vickers-143">[133]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perceived_mechanism_of_effect">Perceived mechanism of effect</h2></div> Anything classified as alternative medicine by definition does not have a proven healing or medical effect.<a href="#cite_note-Angell1998-4">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hines_Sampson_Coulter_Sagan-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-IGPIAMAYP-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-NP-20">[15]</a> However, there are different mechanisms through which it can be perceived to "work". The common denominator of these mechanisms is that effects are <a href="/wiki/Causal_model" title="Causal model">mis-attributed</a> to the alternative treatment. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altmed_function_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Altmed_function_2.svg/350px-Altmed_function_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="645" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Altmed_function_2.svg/525px-Altmed_function_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Altmed_function_2.svg/700px-Altmed_function_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>How alternative therapies "work": a) Misinterpreted <a href="/wiki/Regression_to_the_mean" class="mw-redirect" title="Regression to the mean">natural course</a> – the individual gets better without treatment. b) <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">Placebo effect</a> or false treatment effect – an individual receives "alternative therapy" and is convinced it will help. The conviction makes them more likely to get better. c) <a href="/wiki/Nocebo" title="Nocebo">Nocebo</a> effect – an individual is convinced that standard treatment will not work, and that alternative therapies will work. This decreases the likelihood standard treatment will work, while the placebo effect of the "alternative" remains. d) No adverse effects – Standard treatment is replaced with "alternative" treatment, getting rid of adverse effects, but also of improvement. e) Interference – Standard treatment is "complemented" with something that interferes with its effect. This can both cause worse effect, but also decreased (or even increased) side effects, which may be interpreted as "helping". Researchers, such as <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clinical_statistician" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical statistician">clinical statisticians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacologists</a>, use <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> to reveal such effects, allowing physicians to offer a therapeutic solution best known to work. "Alternative treatments" often refuse to use trials or make it deliberately hard to do so.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Placebo_effect">Placebo effect</h3></div> A placebo is a treatment with no intended therapeutic value. An example of a placebo is an inert pill, but it can include more dramatic interventions like <a href="/wiki/Sham_surgery" title="Sham surgery">sham surgery</a>. The placebo effect is the concept that patients will perceive an improvement after being treated with an inert treatment. The opposite of the placebo effect is the nocebo effect, when patients who expect a treatment to be harmful will perceive harmful effects after taking it. Placebos do not have a physical effect on diseases or improve overall outcomes, but patients may report improvements in subjective outcomes such as pain and nausea.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneHrob2010-144">[134]</a> A 1955 study suggested that a substantial part of a medicine's impact was due to the placebo effect.<a href="#cite_note-Hrob2001-145">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneHrob2010-144">[134]</a> However, reassessments found the study to have flawed methodology.<a href="#cite_note-Hrob2001-145">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kienle_&_Kiene-146">[136]</a> This and other modern reviews suggest that other factors like natural recovery and <a href="/wiki/Reporting_bias" title="Reporting bias">reporting bias</a> should also be considered.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneHrob2010-144">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kienle_&_Kiene-146">[136]</a> All of these are reasons why alternative therapies may be credited for improving a patient's condition even though the objective effect is non-existent, or even harmful.<a href="#cite_note-:0-141">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski2010-47">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Novella2010-70">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Gorski" title="David Gorski">David Gorski</a> argues that alternative treatments should be treated as a placebo, rather than as medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Gorski2010-47">[40]</a> Almost none have performed significantly better than a placebo in clinical trials.<a href="#cite_note-ATRAMM-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skep_Dic_comp_med-69">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-$2.5_billion-147">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdulla1999-99">[91]</a> Furthermore, distrust of conventional medicine may lead to patients experiencing the nocebo effect when taking effective medication.<a href="#cite_note-:0-141">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regression_to_the_mean">Regression to the mean</h3></div> A patient who receives an inert treatment may report improvements afterwards that it did not cause.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneHrob2010-144">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kienle_&_Kiene-146">[136]</a> Assuming it was the cause without evidence is an example of the regression fallacy. This may be due to a natural recovery from the illness, or a fluctuation in the symptoms of a long-term condition.<a href="#cite_note-Kienle_&_Kiene-146">[136]</a> The concept of <a href="/wiki/Regression_toward_the_mean" title="Regression toward the mean">regression toward the mean</a> implies that an extreme result is more likely to be followed by a less extreme result. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_factors">Other factors</h3></div> There are also reasons why a placebo treatment group may outperform a "no-treatment" group in a test which are not related to a patient's experience. These include patients reporting more favourable results than they really felt due to politeness or "experimental subordination", <a href="/wiki/Observer_bias" title="Observer bias">observer bias</a>, and misleading wording of questions.<a href="#cite_note-Kienle_&_Kiene-146">[136]</a> In their 2010 systematic review of studies into placebos, <a href="/wiki/Asbj%C3%B8rn_Hr%C3%B3bjartsson" title="Asbjørn Hróbjartsson">Asbjørn Hróbjartsson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._G%C3%B8tzsche" title="Peter C. Gøtzsche">Peter C. Gøtzsche</a> write that "even if there were no true effect of placebo, one would expect to record differences between placebo and no-treatment groups due to bias associated with lack of <a href="/wiki/Blinded_experiment" title="Blinded experiment">blinding</a>."<a href="#cite_note-CochraneHrob2010-144">[134]</a> Alternative therapies may also be credited for perceived improvement through decreased use or effect of medical treatment, and therefore either decreased <a href="/wiki/Side_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Side effects">side effects</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nocebo" title="Nocebo">nocebo effects</a> towards standard treatment.<a href="#cite_note-:0-141">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_and_regulation">Use and regulation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeal">Appeal</h3></div> Practitioners of complementary medicine usually discuss and advise patients as to available alternative therapies. Patients often express interest in mind-body complementary therapies because they offer a non-drug approach to treating some health conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Sobel2000-148">[138]</a> In addition to the social-cultural underpinnings of the popularity of alternative medicine, there are several psychological issues that are critical to its growth, notably psychological effects, such as the will to believe,<a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-149">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">cognitive biases</a> that help maintain self-esteem and promote harmonious social functioning,<a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-149">[139]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Post_hoc,_ergo_propter_hoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Post hoc, ergo propter hoc">post hoc, ergo propter hoc</a> fallacy.<a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-149">[139]</a> In a 2018 interview with <a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">The BMJ</a>, Edzard Ernst stated: "The present popularity of complementary and alternative medicine is also inviting criticism of what we are doing in mainstream medicine. It shows that we aren't fulfilling a certain need-we are not giving patients enough time, compassion, or empathy. These are things that complementary practitioners are very good at. Mainstream medicine could learn something from complementary medicine."<a href="#cite_note-Rimmer_Abi_2018-150">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marketing">Marketing</h4></div> Alternative medicine is a profitable industry with large media advertising expenditures. Accordingly, alternative practices are often portrayed positively and compared favorably to <a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theory">"big pharma"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ConsumerHealth9th-3">[1]</a> The popularity of complementary & alternative medicine (CAM) may be related to other factors that Ernst mentioned in a 2008 interview in <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Why is it so popular, then? Ernst blames the providers, customers and the doctors whose neglect, he says, has created the opening into which alternative therapists have stepped. "People are told lies. There are 40 million websites and 39.9 million tell lies, sometimes outrageous lies. They mislead cancer patients, who are encouraged not only to pay their last penny but to be treated with something that shortens their lives." At the same time, people are gullible. It needs gullibility for the industry to succeed. It doesn't make me popular with the public, but it's the truth.<a href="#cite_note-Con?-151">[141]</a></blockquote> Paul Offit proposed that "alternative medicine becomes quackery" in four ways: by recommending against conventional therapies that are helpful, promoting potentially harmful therapies without adequate warning, draining patients' bank accounts, or by promoting "magical thinking".<a href="#cite_note-Offit2013-64">[57]</a> Promoting alternative medicine has been called dangerous and <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">unethical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Groopmanquote-153">[n 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weisleder-154">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lemon-906141.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lemon-906141.jpg/220px-Lemon-906141.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lemon-906141.jpg/330px-Lemon-906141.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Lemon-906141.jpg/440px-Lemon-906141.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4842" data-file-height="3632" /></a><figcaption>Friendly and colorful images of herbal treatments may look less threatening or dangerous when compared to conventional medicine. This is an intentional marketing strategy.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst_2015_Wonderland-155">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-ErnstSingh_2008-156">[145]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Social_factors">Social factors</h4></div> Authors have speculated on the socio-cultural and psychological reasons for the appeal of alternative medicines among the minority using them in lieu of conventional medicine. There are several socio-cultural reasons for the interest in these treatments centered on the low level of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">scientific literacy</a> among the public at large and a concomitant increase in antiscientific attitudes and new age <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-149">[139]</a> Related to this are vigorous marketing<a href="#cite_note-Weber-157">[146]</a> of extravagant claims by the alternative medical community combined with inadequate media scrutiny and attacks on critics.<a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-149">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein2001-158">[147]</a> Alternative medicine is criticized for taking advantage of the least fortunate members of society.<a href="#cite_note-ConsumerHealth9th-3">[1]</a> There is also an increase in <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">conspiracy theories</a> toward conventional medicine and pharmaceutical companies,<a href="#cite_note-Li_et_al.,_2018-41">[34]</a> mistrust of traditional authority figures, such as the physician, and a dislike of the current delivery methods of scientific biomedicine, all of which have led patients to seek out alternative medicine to treat a variety of ailments.<a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein2001-158">[147]</a> Many patients lack access to contemporary medicine, due to a lack of private or public <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>, which leads them to seek out lower-cost alternative medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes2004-159">[148]</a> Medical doctors are also aggressively marketing alternative medicine to profit from this market.<a href="#cite_note-Weber-157">[146]</a> Patients can be averse to the painful, unpleasant, and sometimes-dangerous <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">side effects</a> of biomedical treatments. Treatments for severe diseases such as cancer and HIV infection have well-known, significant side-effects. Even low-risk medications such as <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> can have potential to cause life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Anaphylactic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaphylactic">anaphylactic</a> reactions in a very few individuals. Many medications may cause minor but bothersome symptoms such as cough or upset stomach. In all of these cases, patients may be seeking out alternative therapies to avoid the adverse effects of conventional treatments.<a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein-149">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein2001-158">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prevalence_of_use">Prevalence of use</h3></div> According to research published in 2015, the increasing popularity of CAM needs to be explained by moral convictions or lifestyle choices rather than by economic reasoning.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Debons-160">[149]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing nations</a>, access to essential medicines is severely restricted by lack of resources and poverty. Traditional remedies, often closely resembling or forming the basis for alternative remedies, may comprise primary healthcare or be integrated into the healthcare system. In Africa, traditional medicine is used for 80% of primary healthcare, and in developing nations as a whole over one-third of the population lack access to essential medicines.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_tradmed_fact-161">[150]</a> In Latin America, inequities against BIPOC communities keep them tied to their traditional practices and therefore, it is often these communities that constitute the majority of users of alternative medicine. Racist attitudes towards certain communities disable them from accessing more urbanized modes of care. In a study that assessed access to care in rural communities of Latin America, it was found that discrimination is a huge barrier to the ability of citizens to access care; more specifically, women of Indigenous and African descent, and lower-income families were especially hurt.<a href="#cite_note-162">[151]</a> Such exclusion exacerbates the inequities that minorities in Latin America already face. Consistently excluded from many systems of westernized care for socioeconomic and other reasons, low-income communities of color often turn to traditional medicine for care as it has proved reliable to them across generations. Commentators including <a href="/wiki/David_Horrobin" title="David Horrobin">David Horrobin</a> have proposed adopting a prize system to reward medical research.<a href="#cite_note-Horrobin1986-163">[152]</a> This stands in opposition to the current mechanism for funding research proposals in most countries around the world. In the US, the NCCIH provides public research funding for alternative medicine. The NCCIH has spent more than US$2.5 billion on such research since 1992 and this research has not demonstrated the efficacy of alternative therapies.<a href="#cite_note-$2.5_billion-147">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-nccih_$-165">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Atwood2003-167">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[157]</a> As of 2011, the NCCIH's sister organization in the NIC <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Cancer_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine" title="Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine">Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a> had given out grants of around $105 million each year for several years.<a href="#cite_note-2011A-169">[158]</a> Testing alternative medicine that has no scientific basis (as in the aforementioned grants) has been called a waste of scarce research resources.<a href="#cite_note-Wadman-170">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[160]</a> That alternative medicine has been on the rise "in countries where Western science and scientific method generally are accepted as the major foundations for healthcare, and 'evidence-based' practice is the dominant paradigm" was described as an "enigma" in the <a href="/wiki/Medical_Journal_of_Australia" title="Medical Journal of Australia">Medical Journal of Australia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Coulter2004-172">[161]</a> A 15-year systematic review published in 2022 on the global acceptance and use of CAM among medical specialists found the overall acceptance of CAM at 52% and the overall use at 45%.<a href="#cite_note-173">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h4></div> In the United States, the 1974 <a href="/wiki/Child_Abuse_Prevention_and_Treatment_Act" title="Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act">Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act</a> (CAPTA) required that for states to receive federal money, they had to grant religious exemptions to <a href="/wiki/Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">child neglect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">abuse</a> laws regarding religion-based healing practices.<a href="#cite_note-174">[163]</a> Thirty-one states have child-abuse religious exemptions.<a href="#cite_note-175">[164]</a> The use of alternative medicine in the US has increased,<a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eisenberg1998-176">[165]</a> with a 50 percent increase in expenditures and a 25 percent increase in the use of alternative therapies between 1990 and 1997 in America.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenberg1998-176">[165]</a> According to a national survey conducted in 2002, "36 percent of U.S. adults aged 18 years and over use some form of complementary and alternative medicine."<a href="#cite_note-cdc2002-177">[166]</a> Americans spend many billions on the therapies annually.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenberg1998-176">[165]</a> Most Americans used CAM to treat and/or prevent musculoskeletal conditions or other conditions associated with chronic or recurring pain.<a href="#cite_note-Barnes2004-159">[148]</a> In America, women were more likely than men to use CAM, with the biggest difference in use of <a href="/wiki/Terms_and_concepts_in_alternative_medicine#Mind-body_interventions" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms and concepts in alternative medicine">mind-body therapies</a> including prayer specifically for health reasons".<a href="#cite_note-Barnes2004-159">[148]</a> In 2008, more than 37% of American hospitals offered alternative therapies, up from 27 percent in 2005, and 25% in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-Warner2006-178">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-AHA2008-179">[168]</a> More than 70% of the hospitals offering CAM were in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-AHA2008-179">[168]</a> A survey of Americans found that 88 percent thought that "there are some good ways of treating sickness that medical science does not recognize".<a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a> Use of magnets was the most common tool in <a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">energy medicine</a> in America, and among users of it, 58 percent described it as at least "sort of scientific", when it is not at all scientific.<a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a> In 2002, at least 60 percent of US medical schools have at least some class time spent teaching alternative therapies.<a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_touch" title="Therapeutic touch">Therapeutic touch</a>" was taught at more than 100 colleges and universities in 75 countries before the practice was debunked by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Rosa" title="Emily Rosa">a nine-year-old child</a> for a school science project.<a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-rosa-98">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prevalence_of_use_of_specific_therapies">Prevalence of use of specific therapies</h4></div> The most common CAM therapies used in the US in 2002 were prayer (45%), <a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">herbalism</a> (19%), <a href="/wiki/Terms_and_concepts_in_alternative_medicine#Breathing_Meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms and concepts in alternative medicine">breathing meditation</a> (12%), <a href="/wiki/Meditation_(alternative_medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation (alternative medicine)">meditation</a> (8%), <a href="/wiki/Chiropractic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiropractic medicine">chiropractic medicine</a> (8%), <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(alternative_medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoga (alternative medicine)">yoga</a> (5–6%), <a href="/wiki/Body_work_(alternative_medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Body work (alternative medicine)">body work</a> (5%), <a href="/wiki/Terms_and_concepts_in_alternative_medicine#Diet-based_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms and concepts in alternative medicine">diet-based therapy</a> (4%), <a href="/wiki/Terms_and_concepts_in_alternative_medicine#Progressive_Relaxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terms and concepts in alternative medicine">progressive relaxation</a> (3%), <a href="/wiki/Orthomolecular_medicine" title="Orthomolecular medicine">mega-vitamin therapy</a> (3%) and <a href="/wiki/Visualization_(cam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Visualization (cam)">visualization</a> (2%).<a href="#cite_note-Barnes2004-159">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barnes2008-180">[169]</a> In Britain, the most often used alternative therapies were <a href="/wiki/Alexander_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander technique">Alexander technique</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">aromatherapy</a>, Bach and other flower remedies, body work therapies including massage, Counseling stress therapies, <a href="/wiki/Hypnotherapy" title="Hypnotherapy">hypnotherapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reflexology" title="Reflexology">reflexology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiatsu" title="Shiatsu">Shiatsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ayurvedic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayurvedic medicine">Ayurvedic medicine</a>, nutritional medicine, and <a href="/wiki/Yoga_as_exercise" title="Yoga as exercise">yoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESir_Walton:_Science_and_Technology_Committee2000-181">[170]</a> Ayurvedic medicine remedies are mainly plant based with some use of animal materials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWujastyk2003-182">[171]</a> Safety concerns include the use of herbs containing toxic compounds and the lack of quality control in Ayurvedic facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Valiathan2006-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Saper2008-94">[86]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service_(England)" title="National Health Service (England)">National Health Service (England)</a>, the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) supported by the NHS in the UK are: acupuncture, aromatherapy, chiropractic, homeopathy, massage, osteopathy and clinical hypnotherapy.<a href="#cite_note-NHS_Careers_CAM-183">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_palliative_care">In palliative care</h4></div> Complementary therapies are often used in <a href="/wiki/Palliative_care" title="Palliative care">palliative care</a> or by practitioners attempting to manage chronic pain in patients. Integrative medicine is considered more acceptable in the interdisciplinary approach used in palliative care than in other areas of medicine. "From its early experiences of care for the dying, palliative care took for granted the necessity of placing patient values and lifestyle habits at the core of any design and delivery of quality care at the end of life. If the patient desired complementary therapies, and as long as such treatments provided additional support and did not endanger the patient, they were considered acceptable."<a href="#cite_note-Kellhear2003-184">[173]</a> The non-pharmacologic interventions of complementary medicine can employ <a href="/wiki/Mind-body_intervention" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind-body intervention">mind-body</a> interventions designed to "reduce pain and concomitant mood disturbance and increase quality of life."<a href="#cite_note-Menefee2005-185">[174]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation">Regulation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_alternative_medicine" title="Regulation of alternative medicine">Regulation of alternative medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regulation_and_prevalence_of_homeopathy" title="Regulation and prevalence of homeopathy">Regulation and prevalence of homeopathy</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AAlternative_medicine&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+25+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Alternative+medicine">making an edit request</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alternative_medicine&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> . (May 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Use_Caution_With_Ayurvedic_Products_(FDA_October_16,_2008).djvu" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Use_Caution_With_Ayurvedic_Products_%28FDA_October_16%2C_2008%29.djvu/page1-220px-Use_Caution_With_Ayurvedic_Products_%28FDA_October_16%2C_2008%29.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Use_Caution_With_Ayurvedic_Products_%28FDA_October_16%2C_2008%29.djvu/page1-330px-Use_Caution_With_Ayurvedic_Products_%28FDA_October_16%2C_2008%29.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Use_Caution_With_Ayurvedic_Products_%28FDA_October_16%2C_2008%29.djvu/page1-440px-Use_Caution_With_Ayurvedic_Products_%28FDA_October_16%2C_2008%29.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3301" /></a><figcaption>Health campaign flyers, as in this example from the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>, warn the public about unsafe products.</figcaption></figure> The alternative medicine lobby has successfully pushed for alternative therapies to be subject to far less regulation than conventional medicine.<a href="#cite_note-ConsumerHealth9th-3">[1]</a> Some professions of complementary/traditional/alternative medicine, such as chiropractic, have achieved full regulation in North America and other parts of the world<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO2005-186">[175]</a> and are regulated in a manner similar to that governing science-based medicine. In contrast, other approaches may be partially recognized and others have no regulation at all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO2005-186">[175]</a> In some cases, promotion of alternative therapies is allowed when there is demonstrably no effect, only a tradition of use. Despite laws making it illegal to market or promote alternative therapies for use in cancer treatment, many practitioners promote them.<a href="#cite_note-187">[176]</a> Regulation and licensing of alternative medicine ranges widely from country to country, and state to state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWHO2005-186">[175]</a> In Austria and Germany complementary and alternative medicine is mainly in the hands of doctors with <a href="/wiki/Medical_degree" title="Medical degree">MDs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-ernstinterview-50">[43]</a> and half or more of the American alternative practitioners are licensed MDs.<a href="#cite_note-Cassileth1996-188">[177]</a> In Germany herbs are tightly regulated: half are prescribed by doctors and covered by health insurance.<a href="#cite_note-JAMA_book_review-189">[178]</a> Government bodies in the US and elsewhere have published information or guidance about alternative medicine. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Food and Drug Administration">U.S. Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA), has issued online warnings for consumers about medication health fraud.<a href="#cite_note-190">[179]</a> This includes a section on Alternative Medicine Fraud, such as a warning that Ayurvedic products generally have not been approved by the FDA before marketing.<a href="#cite_note-191">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risks_and_problems">Risks and problems</h2></div> The <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> has studied the problematic side of the public's attitudes and understandings of science fiction, pseudoscience, and belief in alternative medicine. They use a quote from <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Park" title="Robert L. Park">Robert L. Park</a> to describe some issues with alternative medicine: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Alternative medicine is another concern. As used here, alternative medicine refers to all treatments that have not been proven effective using scientific methods. A scientist's view of the situation appeared in a recent book (Park 2000b)": Between homeopathy and herbal therapy lies a bewildering array of untested and unregulated treatments, all labeled alternative by their proponents. Alternative seems to define a culture rather than a field of medicine—a culture that is not scientifically demanding. It is a culture in which ancient traditions are given more weight than biological science, and anecdotes are preferred over clinical trials. Alternative therapies steadfastly resist change, often for centuries or even millennia, unaffected by scientific advances in the understanding of physiology or disease. Incredible explanations invoking modern physics are sometimes offered for how alternative therapies might work, but there seems to be little interest in testing these speculations scientifically.<a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_outcomes">Negative outcomes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_herbs_with_known_adverse_effects" title="List of herbs with known adverse effects">List of herbs with known adverse effects</a></div> According to the Institute of Medicine, use of alternative medical techniques may result in several types of harm: <ul><li>"Direct harm, which results in adverse patient outcome."<a href="#cite_note-NAPCAM2005-192">[181]</a></li> <li>"Economic harm, which results in monetary loss but presents no health hazard;"</li> <li>"Indirect harm, which results in a delay of appropriate treatment, or in unreasonable expectations that discourage patients and their families from accepting and dealing effectively with their medical conditions;"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interactions_with_conventional_pharmaceuticals">Interactions with conventional pharmaceuticals</h4></div> Forms of alternative medicine that are biologically active can be dangerous even when used in conjunction with conventional medicine. Examples include immuno-augmentation therapy, shark cartilage, bioresonance therapy, oxygen and ozone therapies, and insulin potentiation therapy. Some herbal remedies can cause dangerous interactions with chemotherapy drugs, radiation therapy, or anesthetics during surgery, among other problems.<a href="#cite_note-CassilethDeng2004-51">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-141">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arye13-40">[33]</a> An example of these dangers was reported by Associate Professor <a href="/wiki/Alastair_MacLennan_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alastair MacLennan (medicine)">Alastair MacLennan</a> of Adelaide University, Australia regarding a patient who almost bled to death on the operating table after neglecting to mention that she had been taking "natural" potions to "build up her strength" before the operation, including a powerful anticoagulant that nearly caused her death.<a href="#cite_note-Hills1999-193">[182]</a> To ABC Online, MacLennan also gives another possible mechanism: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And lastly there's the cynicism and disappointment and depression that some patients get from going on from one alternative medicine to the next, and they find after three months the placebo effect wears off, and they're disappointed and they move on to the next one, and they're disappointed and disillusioned, and that can create depression and make the eventual treatment of the patient with anything effective difficult, because you may not get compliance, because they've seen the failure so often in the past.<a href="#cite_note-SwanABC-194">[183]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Side-effects">Side-effects</h4></div> Conventional treatments are subjected to testing for undesired <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adverse effect (medicine)">side-effects</a>, whereas alternative therapies, in general, are not subjected to such testing at all. Any treatment – whether conventional or alternative – that has a biological or psychological effect on a patient may also have potential to possess dangerous biological or psychological side-effects. Attempts to refute this fact with regard to alternative therapies sometimes use the <a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_nature" title="Appeal to nature">appeal to nature</a> fallacy, i.e., "That which is natural cannot be harmful." Specific groups of patients such as patients with impaired hepatic or renal function are more susceptible to side effects of alternative remedies.<a href="#cite_note-195">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[185]</a> An exception to the normal thinking regarding side-effects is homeopathy. Since 1938, the FDA has regulated homeopathic products in "several significantly different ways from other drugs."<a href="#cite_note-Stehlin-197">[186]</a> Homeopathic preparations, termed "remedies", are extremely dilute, often far beyond the point where a single molecule of the original active (and possibly toxic) ingredient is likely to remain. They are, thus, considered safe on that count, but "their products are exempt from good manufacturing practice requirements related to expiration dating and from finished product testing for identity and strength", and their alcohol concentration may be much higher than allowed in conventional drugs.<a href="#cite_note-Stehlin-197">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Treatment_delay">Treatment delay</h4></div> Alternative medicine may discourage people from getting the best possible treatment.<a href="#cite_note-MHTG-198">[187]</a> Those having experienced or perceived success with one alternative therapy for a minor ailment may be convinced of its efficacy and persuaded to extrapolate that success to some other alternative therapy for a more serious, possibly life-threatening illness.<a href="#cite_note-Navarro2006-199">[188]</a> For this reason, critics argue that therapies that rely on the placebo effect to define success are very dangerous. According to mental health journalist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Lilienfeld" title="Scott Lilienfeld">Scott Lilienfeld</a> in 2002, "unvalidated or scientifically unsupported mental health practices can lead individuals to forgo effective treatments" and refers to this as <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">opportunity cost</a>. Individuals who spend large amounts of time and money on ineffective treatments may be left with precious little of either, and may forfeit the opportunity to obtain treatments that could be more helpful. In short, even innocuous treatments can indirectly produce negative outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld2002-200">[189]</a> Between 2001 and 2003, four children died in Australia because their parents chose ineffective naturopathic, homeopathic, or other alternative medicines and diets rather than conventional therapies.<a href="#cite_note-Hughes2010-201">[190]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unconventional_cancer_"cures"">Unconventional cancer "cures"</h4></div> There have always been "many therapies offered outside of conventional cancer treatment centers and based on theories not found in <a href="/wiki/Biomedicine" title="Biomedicine">biomedicine</a>. These alternative cancer cures have often been described as 'unproven,' suggesting that appropriate clinical trials have not been conducted and that the therapeutic value of the treatment is unknown." However, "many alternative cancer treatments have been investigated in good-quality clinical trials, and they have been shown to be ineffective.... The label 'unproven' is inappropriate for such therapies; it is time to assert that many alternative cancer therapies have been 'disproven'."<a href="#cite_note-Vickers-143">[133]</a> Edzard Ernst has stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">any alternative cancer cure is bogus by definition. There will never be an alternative cancer cure. Why? Because if something looked halfway promising, then mainstream oncology would scrutinize it, and if there is anything to it, it would become mainstream almost automatically and very quickly. All curative "alternative cancer cures" are based on false claims, are bogus, and, I would say, even criminal.<a href="#cite_note-Miller-202">[191]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rejection_of_science">Rejection of science</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="border-width: 2px; font-size: 14; color: #202122;background-color: white;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> There is no alternative medicine. There is only scientifically proven, evidence-based medicine supported by solid data or unproven medicine, for which scientific evidence is lacking. — P.B. Fontanarosa, <a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">JAMA</a> (1998)<a href="#cite_note-Fontanarosa1998-61">[54]</a> </blockquote> </div> Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is not as well researched as conventional medicine, which undergoes intense research before release to the public.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Cohen-203">[192]</a> Practitioners of science-based medicine also discard practices and treatments when they are shown ineffective, while alternative practitioners do not.<a href="#cite_note-ConsumerHealth9th-3">[1]</a> Funding for research is also sparse making it difficult to do further research for effectiveness of CAM.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst4-204">[193]</a> Most funding for CAM is funded by government agencies.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Cohen-203">[192]</a> Proposed research for CAM are rejected by most private funding agencies because the results of research are not reliable.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Cohen-203">[192]</a> The research for CAM has to meet certain standards from research ethics committees, which most CAM researchers find almost impossible to meet.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Cohen-203">[192]</a> Even with the little research done on it, CAM has not been proven to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst3-205">[194]</a> Studies that have been done will be cited by CAM practitioners in an attempt to claim a basis in science. These studies tend to have a variety of problems, such as small samples, various biases, poor research design, lack of controls, negative results, etc. Even those with positive results can be better explained as resulting in false positives due to bias and <a href="/wiki/Noisy_data" title="Noisy data">noisy data</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[195]</a> Alternative medicine may lead to a false understanding of the body and of the process of science.<a href="#cite_note-MHTG-198">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fisken2014-207">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Steven_Novella" title="Steven Novella">Steven Novella</a>, a neurologist at Yale School of Medicine, wrote that government-funded studies of integrating alternative medicine techniques into the mainstream are "used to lend an appearance of legitimacy to treatments that are not legitimate."<a href="#cite_note-Brown2009-208">[197]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcia_Angell" title="Marcia Angell">Marcia Angell</a> considered that critics felt that healthcare practices should be classified based solely on <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">scientific evidence</a>, and if a treatment had been rigorously tested and found safe and effective, science-based medicine will adopt it regardless of whether it was considered "alternative" to begin with.<a href="#cite_note-Angell1998-4">[2]</a> It is possible for a method to change categories (proven vs. unproven), based on increased knowledge of its effectiveness or lack thereof. Prominent supporters of this position are <a href="/wiki/George_D._Lundberg" title="George D. Lundberg">George D. Lundberg</a>, former editor of the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Medical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of the American Medical Association">Journal of the American Medical Association</a> (JAMA) and the journal's interim editor-in-chief Phil Fontanarosa.<a href="#cite_note-Fontanarosa1998-61">[54]</a> Writing in 1999 in CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians <a href="/wiki/Barrie_R._Cassileth" title="Barrie R. Cassileth">Barrie R. Cassileth</a> mentioned a 1997 letter to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>'s Subcommittee on Public Health and Safety, which had deplored the lack of critical thinking and scientific rigor in OAM-supported research, had been signed by four Nobel Laureates and other prominent scientists. (This was supported by the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> (NIH).)<a href="#cite_note-Cassileth1999-209">[198]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_in_June_2017_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_in_June_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_in_June_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_in_June_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_in_June_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_in_June_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Neil_deGrasse_Tyson_in_June_2017_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1752" data-file-height="2531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neil_deGrasse_Tyson" title="Neil deGrasse Tyson">Neil deGrasse Tyson</a>: Q: What do you call Alternative Medicine that survives double-blind laboratory tests? A: Regular Medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Derkatch_2016_p._215-210">[199]</a></figcaption></figure> In March 2009, a staff writer for <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> reported that the impending national discussion about broadening access to health care, improving medical practice and saving money was giving a group of scientists an opening to propose shutting down the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. They quoted one of these scientists, <a href="/wiki/Steven_Salzberg" title="Steven Salzberg">Steven Salzberg</a>, a genome researcher and computational biologist at the University of Maryland, as saying "One of our concerns is that NIH is funding pseudoscience." They noted that the vast majority of studies were based on fundamental misunderstandings of physiology and disease, and had shown little or no effect.<a href="#cite_note-Brown2009-208">[197]</a> Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>, a noted astrophysicist, advocate of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">scientific skepticism</a> and the author of <a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark</a> (1996), have lambasted the lack of empirical evidence to support the existence of the putative energy fields on which these therapies are predicated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagan1996-97">[89]</a> Sampson has also pointed out that CAM tolerated contradiction without thorough reason and experiment.<a href="#cite_note-SampsonAtwood2005-211">[200]</a> Barrett has pointed out that there is a policy at the NIH of never saying something does not work, only that a different version or dose might give different results.<a href="#cite_note-$2.5_billion-147">[137]</a> Barrett also expressed concern that, just because some "alternatives" have merit, there is the impression that the rest deserve equal consideration and respect even though most are worthless, since they are all classified under the one heading of alternative medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Quackwatch_wary-212">[201]</a> Some critics of alternative medicine are focused upon health fraud, misinformation, and quackery as public health problems, notably <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Sampson" title="Wallace Sampson">Wallace Sampson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kurtz" title="Paul Kurtz">Paul Kurtz</a> founders of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Review_of_Alternative_Medicine" title="Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine">Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Barrett" title="Stephen Barrett">Stephen Barrett</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/The_National_Council_Against_Health_Fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="The National Council Against Health Fraud">The National Council Against Health Fraud</a> and webmaster of <a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NCAHF_mission-213">[202]</a> Grounds for opposing alternative medicine include that: <ul><li>Alternative therapies typically lack any <a href="/wiki/Scientific_validation" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific validation">scientific validation</a>, and their effectiveness either is <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">unproven</a> or has been <a href="/wiki/Scientific_evidence" title="Scientific evidence">disproved</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kent1997-130">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldrosen2004-131">[121]</a></li> <li>It is usually based on religion, tradition, <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a>, belief in <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> energies, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">errors in reasoning</a>, propaganda, or fraud.<a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein2001-158">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Other_sources-214">[203]</a></li> <li>Methods may incorporate or base themselves on <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">traditional medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_remedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Home remedy">folk knowledge</a>, spiritual beliefs, ignorance or misunderstanding of scientific principles, errors in reasoning, or newly conceived approaches claiming to heal.<a href="#cite_note-Beyerstein2001-158">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sampson_6/1995-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Acharya2008-215">[204]</a></li> <li>Research on alternative medicine is frequently of low quality and methodologically flawed.<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOM_Report2005[httpbooksnapeduopenbookphprecord_id11182page146_146]-216">[205]</a></li> <li>Treatments are not part of the conventional, science-based healthcare system.<a href="#cite_note-WHO_Trad_Med_Defs-217">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-NCCIH1-28">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOM_Report2005[httpbooksnapeduopenbookphprecord_id11182page17_17–19]-218">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zollman1999-219">[208]</a></li> <li>Where alternative therapies have replaced conventional science-based medicine, even with the safest alternative medicines, failure to use or delay in using conventional science-based medicine has caused deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Lilienfeld2002-200">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hughes2010-201">[190]</a></li></ul> Many alternative medical treatments are not patentable,<a href="#cite_note-220">[209]</a> which may lead to less research funding from the private sector. In addition, in most countries, alternative therapies (in contrast to pharmaceuticals) can be marketed without any proof of efficacy – also a disincentive for manufacturers to fund scientific research.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst2005-221">[210]</a> English evolutionary biologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>, in his 2003 book <a href="/wiki/A_Devil%27s_Chaplain" title="A Devil's Chaplain">A Devil's Chaplain</a>, defined alternative medicine as a "set of practices that cannot be tested, refuse to be tested, or consistently fail tests."<a href="#cite_note-Dawkins2003-222">[211]</a> Dawkins argued that if a technique is demonstrated effective in properly performed trials then it ceases to be alternative and simply becomes medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Holloway2003-223">[212]</a> CAM is also often less regulated than conventional medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Cohen-203">[192]</a> There are ethical concerns about whether people who perform CAM have the proper knowledge to treat patients.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Cohen-203">[192]</a> CAM is often done by non-physicians who do not operate with the same medical licensing laws which govern conventional medicine,<a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Cohen-203">[192]</a> and it is often described as an issue of <a href="/wiki/Non-maleficence" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-maleficence">non-maleficence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst2-224">[213]</a> According to two writers, Wallace Sampson and K. Butler, marketing is part of the training required in alternative medicine, and propaganda methods in alternative medicine have been traced back to those used by <a href="/wiki/Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler">Hitler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goebels" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebels">Goebels</a> in their promotion of pseudoscience in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-ATRAMM-83">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-ButlerBarrett1992-225">[214]</a> In November 2011 Edzard Ernst stated that the "level of misinformation about alternative medicine has now reached the point where it has become dangerous and unethical. So far, alternative medicine has remained an ethics-free zone. It is time to change this."<a href="#cite_note-Ernst_Guardian-226">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hall" title="Harriet Hall">Harriet Hall</a> criticized the low standard of evidence accepted by the alternative medicine community: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Science-based medicine has one rigorous standard of evidence, the kind [used for pharmaceuticals] .... CAM has a double standard. They gladly accept a lower standard of evidence for treatments they believe in. However, I suspect they would reject a pharmaceutical if it were approved for marketing on the kind of evidence they accept for CAM.<a href="#cite_note-Hall_9/2015-227">[216]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_of_interest">Conflicts of interest</h3></div> Some commentators have said that special consideration must be given to the issue of <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflicts of interest</a> in alternative medicine. Edzard Ernst has said that most researchers into alternative medicine are at risk of "unidirectional bias" because of a generally uncritical belief in their chosen subject.<a href="#cite_note-unid-228">[217]</a> Ernst cites as evidence the phenomenon whereby 100% of a sample of acupuncture trials originating in China had positive conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-unid-228">[217]</a> David Gorski contrasts evidence-based medicine, in which researchers try to disprove hyphotheses, with what he says is the frequent practice in pseudoscience-based research, of striving to confirm pre-existing notions.<a href="#cite_note-gorski-229">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hall" title="Harriet Hall">Harriet Hall</a> writes that there is a contrast between the circumstances of alternative medicine practitioners and disinterested scientists: in the case of acupuncture, for example, an acupuncturist would have "a great deal to lose" if acupuncture were rejected by research; but the disinterested skeptic would not lose anything if its effects were confirmed; rather their change of mind would enhance their skeptical credentials.<a href="#cite_note-hall-230">[219]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_health_and_research_resources">Use of health and research resources</h3></div> Research into alternative therapies has been criticized for "diverting research time, money, and other resources from more fruitful lines of investigation in order to pursue a theory that has no basis in biology."<a href="#cite_note-Novella2010-70">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gorski2010-47">[40]</a> Research methods expert and author of Snake Oil Science, <a href="/wiki/R._Barker_Bausell" title="R. Barker Bausell">R. Barker Bausell</a>, has stated that "it's become politically correct to investigate nonsense."<a href="#cite_note-$2.5_billion-147">[137]</a> A commonly cited statistic is that the US <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="National Institute of Health">National Institute of Health</a> had spent $2.5 billion on investigating alternative therapies prior to 2009, with none being found to be effective.<a href="#cite_note-$2.5_billion-147">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_therapies_for_developmental_and_learning_disabilities" title="Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities">Alternative therapies for developmental and learning disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_medicine" title="Conservation medicine">Conservation medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_flush" title="Gallbladder flush">Gallbladder flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychic_surgery" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomsonianism" title="Thomsonianism">Thomsonianism</a>, in United States early 19th century</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Harrisonquote-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harrisonquote_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrisonquote_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harrisonquote_1-2">c</a> "The phrase complementary and alternative medicine is used to describe a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that have historic origins outside mainstream medicine. Most of these practices are used together with conventional therapies and therefore have been called complementary to distinguish them from alternative practices, those used as a substitute for standard care. ... Until a decade ago or so, 'complementary and alternative medicine' could be defined as practices that are neither taught in medical schools nor reimbursed, but this definition is no longer workable, since medical students increasingly seek and receive some instruction about complementary health practices, and some practices are reimbursed by third-party payers. Another definition, practices that lack an evidence base, is also not useful, since there is a growing body of research on some of these modalities, and some aspects of standard care do not have a strong evidence base."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison's_Principles_of_Internal_Medicine20151chpt._14-E-21">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-WebMD2014quote-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WebMD2014quote_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WebMD2014quote_2-1">b</a> "An alternative medical system is a set of practices based on a philosophy different from Western biomedicine."<a href="#cite_note-WebMD2014-22">[17]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NSFquote-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NSFquote_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NSFquote_14-1">b</a> "[A]lternative medicine refers to all treatments that have not been proven effective using scientific methods."<a href="#cite_note-NSF_4/2002-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IOMquote-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IOMquote_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IOMquote_16-1">b</a> "Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is a broad domain of resources that encompasses health systems, modalities, and practices and their accompanying theories and beliefs, other than those intrinsic to the dominant health system of a particular society or culture in a given historical period. CAM includes such resources perceived by their users as associated with positive health outcomes. Boundaries within CAM and between the CAM domain and the domain of the dominant system are not always sharp or fixed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOM_Report200519-15">[12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Angellquote-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Angellquote_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Angellquote_17-1">b</a> "It is time for the scientific community to stop giving alternative medicine a free ride. There cannot be two kinds of medicine – conventional and alternative. There is only medicine that has been adequately tested and medicine that has not, medicine that works and medicine that may or may not work ... speculation, and testimonials do not substitute for evidence."<a href="#cite_note-Angell1998-4">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-NCCIH2quote-24"><a href="#cite_ref-NCCIH2quote_24-0">^</a> "CAM is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine."<a href="#cite_note-NCCIH2-23">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FinalReport-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FinalReport_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FinalReport_32-1">b</a> The Final Report (2002) of the White House Commission on Complementary and Alternative Medicine Policy states: "The Commissioners believe and have repeatedly stated in this Report that our response should be to hold all systems of health and healing, including conventional and CAM, to the same rigorous standards of good science and health services research. Although the Commissioners support the provision of the most accurate information about the state of the science of all CAM modalities, they believe that it is premature to advocate the wide implementation and reimbursement of CAM modalities that are yet unproven."<a href="#cite_note-whccamp.hhs.gov-31">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hahnemannquote-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Hahnemannquote_78-0">^</a> In his book The Homœopathic Medical Doctrine <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hahnemann" title="Samuel Hahnemann">Samuel Hahnemann</a> the creator of homeopathy wrote: "Observation, reflection, and experience have unfolded to me that the best and true method of cure is founded on the principle, <a href="/wiki/Similia_similibus_curentur" class="mw-redirect" title="Similia similibus curentur">similia similibus curentur</a>. To cure in a mild, prompt, safe, and durable manner, it is necessary to choose in each case a medicine that will excite an affection similar (ὅμοιος πάθος) to that against which it is employed."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHahnemann1833[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEnEFAAAAQAAJpgPR3_iii],_[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidEnEFAAAAQAAJpgPA48_48–49]-77">[70]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> According to the medical historian <a href="/wiki/James_Harvey_Young" title="James Harvey Young">James Harvey Young</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In 1991 the Senate Appropriations Committee responsible for funding the National Institutes of Health (NIH) declared itself "not satisfied that the conventional medical community as symbolized at the NIH has fully explored the potential that exists in unconventional medical practices."<a href="#cite_note-117">[109]</a></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> As the medical professor <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Ludmerer" title="Kenneth Ludmerer">Kenneth M. Ludmerer</a> noted in 2010: "Flexner pointed out that the scientific method of thinking applied to medical practice. By scientific method, he meant testing ideas with well-planned experiments to establish accurate facts. The clinician's diagnosis was equivalent to the scientist's hypothesis: both <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">medical diagnosis</a> and hypothesis required the test of an experiment. Flexner argued that mastery of the scientific method of problem solving was the key for physicians to manage medical uncertainty and to practice in the most cost-effective way."<a href="#cite_note-Ludmerer2010-120">[111]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Groopmanquote-153"><a href="#cite_ref-Groopmanquote_153-0">^</a> "Kessler refers to a lack of efficacy but never pushes back at Hatch by enumerating the dangers that unregulated products pose to the public, the dangers that fill the pages of Offit's book."<a href="#cite_note-Groopman-152">[142]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ConsumerHealth9th-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ConsumerHealth9th_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConsumerHealth9th_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConsumerHealth9th_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConsumerHealth9th_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConsumerHealth9th_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConsumerHealth9th_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ConsumerHealth9th_3-6">g</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarrettHallBaratzLondon2013" class="citation book cs1">Barrett, Stephen; Hall, Harriet; Baratz, Robert S.; London, William M.; Kroger, Manfred (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_p4GywAACAAJ">Consumer health: a guide to intelligent decisions</a> (9th ed.). 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The Oncologist. 9 (1): 80–89. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.9-1-80">10.1634/theoncologist.9-1-80</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14755017">14755017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6453919">6453919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oncologist&rft.atitle=Complementary+and+alternative+therapies+for+cancer&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=80-89&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6453919%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14755017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1634%2Ftheoncologist.9-1-80&rft.aulast=Cassileth&rft.aufirst=B.R.&rft.au=Deng%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1634%252Ftheoncologist.9-1-80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tyreman_209–17-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Tyreman_209–17_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyreman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tyreman, Stephen (2011-05-01). "Values in complementary and alternative medicine". Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy. 14 (2): 209–217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11019-010-9297-5">10.1007/s11019-010-9297-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-8633">1572-8633</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21104324">21104324</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32143622">32143622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicine%2C+Health+Care+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Values+in+complementary+and+alternative+medicine&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209-217&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft.issn=1572-8633&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32143622%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21104324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11019-010-9297-5&rft.aulast=Tyreman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO_2019-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_2019_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO_2019_53-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/312342/9789241515436-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">WHO global report on traditional and complementary medicine</a> (PDF). World Health Organization (Report). Geneva. 2019. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-151543-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-151543-6"><bdi>978-92-4-151543-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220729214610/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/312342/9789241515436-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-29. Retrieved 2022-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=WHO+global+report+on+traditional+and+complementary+medicine&rft.place=Geneva&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-92-4-151543-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F312342%2F9789241515436-eng.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABPS_IM_test-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABPS_IM_test_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABPS_IM_test_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abpsus.org/integrative-medicine-description/">"Integrative Medicine Exam Description"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Physician_Specialties" title="American Board of Physician Specialties">American Board of Physician Specialties</a>. July 16, 2021. Retrieved March 11, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Integrative+Medicine+Exam+Description&rft.pub=American+Board+of+Physician+Specialties&rft.date=2021-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abpsus.org%2Fintegrative-medicine-description%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WakeFitie_2022-55"><a href="#cite_ref-WakeFitie_2022_55-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeFitie2022" class="citation journal cs1">Wake, Getu Engida; Fitie, Girma Wogie (29 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098925">"Magnitude and Determinant Factors of Herbal Medicine Utilization Among Mothers Attending Their Antenatal Care at Public Health Institutions in Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia"</a>. Frontiers in Public Health. 10: 883053. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpubh.2022.883053">10.3389/fpubh.2022.883053</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2296-2565">2296-2565</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098925">9098925</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35570953">35570953</a>. <q>Traditional medicine is defined as the ways of protecting and restoring health that existed before the arrival of modern medicine. It is underestimated part of healthcare that finds in almost every country in the world. Traditional medicine has been being used in the maintenance of health and the prevention, diagnosis, improvement, or treatment of physical and mental illness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Magnitude+and+Determinant+Factors+of+Herbal+Medicine+Utilization+Among+Mothers+Attending+Their+Antenatal+Care+at+Public+Health+Institutions+in+Debre+Berhan+Town%2C+Ethiopia&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=883053&rft.date=2022-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9098925%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2296-2565&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35570953&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpubh.2022.883053&rft.aulast=Wake&rft.aufirst=Getu+Engida&rft.au=Fitie%2C+Girma+Wogie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9098925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CheGeorgeIjinu2017-56"><a href="#cite_ref-CheGeorgeIjinu2017_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheGeorgeIjinuPushpangadan2017" class="citation book cs1">Che, C.-T.; George, V.; Ijinu, T.P.; Pushpangadan, P.; Andrae-Marobela, K. (2017). "Traditional Medicine". Pharmacognosy. Elsevier. pp. 15–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-802104-0.00002-0">10.1016/B978-0-12-802104-0.00002-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-802104-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-802104-0"><bdi>978-0-12-802104-0</bdi></a>. <q>Traditional medicine, as defined by the World Health Organization, is the sum total of the knowledge, skills, and practices based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous to different cultures, whether explicable or not, used in the maintenance of health as well as in the prevention, diagnosis, improvement, or treatment of physical and mental illness. Some traditional medicine systems are supported by huge volumes of literature and records of the theoretical concepts and practical skills; others pass down from generation to generation through verbal teaching.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Traditional+Medicine&rft.btitle=Pharmacognosy&rft.pages=15-30&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-802104-0.00002-0&rft.isbn=978-0-12-802104-0&rft.aulast=Che&rft.aufirst=C.-T.&rft.au=George%2C+V.&rft.au=Ijinu%2C+T.P.&rft.au=Pushpangadan%2C+P.&rft.au=Andrae-Marobela%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO_IBEC_2010-57"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_IBEC_2010_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000189592_eng">Draft preliminary report on traditional medicine and its ethical implications</a>. Paris: UNESCO International Bioethics Committee. 2010. p. 5. Retrieved 29 March 2023. <q>Whereas traditional medicine is based on analogical reasoning and a holistic approach to disease and health, conventional medicine rests on scientific knowledge and is evidence-based.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Draft+preliminary+report+on+traditional+medicine+and+its+ethical+implications&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=UNESCO+International+Bioethics+Committee&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000189592_eng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiWeng_2017-58"><a href="#cite_ref-LiWeng_2017_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiWeng2017" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Fu-Shuang; Weng, Jing-Ke (31 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nplants2017109">"Demystifying traditional herbal medicine with modern approach"</a>. Nature Plants. 3 (8): 17109. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnplants.2017.109">10.1038/nplants.2017.109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2055-0278">2055-0278</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28758992">28758992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2127457">2127457</a>. <q>Although the initial development of these holistic traditional herbal prescriptions predated modern science, the process was based on thousands of years of phenotype-based and personalized human clinical trials. Meanwhile, meticulous descriptions of disease symptoms and systematic medical theories have also been recorded by generations of herbal doctors, relating therapeutic properties of diverse medicinal plants to their utility in treating specific symptoms. Yet most of the foundational concepts in the traditional medical systems—for example, the concepts of yin versus yang and cold versus hot in traditional Chinese medicine—are disconnected from the modern descriptions of normal and disease states in the language of physiology and molecular biology. The lack of modern scientific and clinical evidence for safety, efficacy and action mechanisms further prevented those holistic herbal medicine prescriptions from being accepted beyond their culture of origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Plants&rft.atitle=Demystifying+traditional+herbal+medicine+with+modern+approach&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=17109&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft.issn=2055-0278&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A2127457%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28758992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnplants.2017.109&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Fu-Shuang&rft.au=Weng%2C+Jing-Ke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnplants2017109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JansenBaker_2021-59"><a href="#cite_ref-JansenBaker_2021_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansenBakerKodairaAng2021" class="citation journal cs1">Jansen, C.; Baker, J.D.; Kodaira, E.; Ang, L.; Bacani, A.J.; Aldan, J.T.; Shimoda, L.M.N.; Salameh, M.; Small-Howard, A.L.; Stokes, A.J.; Turner, H.; Adra, C.N. (March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577282">"Medicine in motion: Opportunities, challenges and data analytics-based solutions for traditional medicine integration into western medical practice"</a>. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 267: 113477. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jep.2020.113477">10.1016/j.jep.2020.113477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0378-8741">0378-8741</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7577282">7577282</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33098971">33098971</a>. <q>When adopted outside its traditional or root culture, traditional medicine is often classified as a form of alternative medicine (AM), for example by Western professional medical organizations, insurers and healthcare systems. This problematically leads to lack of regulation (e.g., in the U.S. where these approaches are at best relegated to the nutraceutical market largely outside the FDA sphere of regulation) and a lack of fidelity to original formulations, dose schedules, delivery methods and indications.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnopharmacology&rft.atitle=Medicine+in+motion%3A+Opportunities%2C+challenges+and+data+analytics-based+solutions+for+traditional+medicine+integration+into+western+medical+practice&rft.volume=267&rft.pages=113477&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7577282%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0378-8741&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33098971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jep.2020.113477&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Baker%2C+J.D.&rft.au=Kodaira%2C+E.&rft.au=Ang%2C+L.&rft.au=Bacani%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Aldan%2C+J.T.&rft.au=Shimoda%2C+L.M.N.&rft.au=Salameh%2C+M.&rft.au=Small-Howard%2C+A.L.&rft.au=Stokes%2C+A.J.&rft.au=Turner%2C+H.&rft.au=Adra%2C+C.N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7577282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabish_2008-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Tabish_2008_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabish2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tabish, Syed Amin (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3068720">"Complementary and Alternative Healthcare: Is it Evidence-based?"</a>. International Journal of Health Sciences. 2 (1): V–IX. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1658-3639">1658-3639</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3068720">3068720</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21475465">21475465</a>. <q>Complementary and alternative healthcare and medical practices (CAM) is a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine. The list of practices that are considered as CAM changes continually as CAM practices and therapies that are proven safe and effective become accepted as the "mainstream" healthcare practices...Alternative medicine is commonly categorized together with complementary medicine under the umbrella term "complementary and alternative medicine". Complementary medicine refers to therapies that complement traditional western (or allopathic) medicine and is used together with conventional medicine, and alternative medicine is used in place of conventional medicine. Alternative medicine refers to therapeutic approaches taken in place of traditional medicine and used to treat or ameliorate disease.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Health+Sciences&rft.atitle=Complementary+and+Alternative+Healthcare%3A+Is+it+Evidence-based%3F&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=V-IX&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3068720%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1658-3639&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21475465&rft.aulast=Tabish&rft.aufirst=Syed+Amin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3068720&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontanarosa1998-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fontanarosa1998_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontanarosa1998_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontanarosa1998_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fontanarosa1998_61-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFontanarosa_et_al.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Fontanarosa, P.B.; et al. (1998). "Alternative medicine meets science". <a href="/wiki/JAMA_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="JAMA (journal)">JAMA</a>. 280 (18): 1618–1619. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.280.18.1618">10.1001/jama.280.18.1618</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9820267">9820267</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5485601">5485601</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JAMA&rft.atitle=Alternative+medicine+meets+science&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=1618-1619&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5485601%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9820267&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Fjama.280.18.1618&rft.aulast=Fontanarosa&rft.aufirst=P.B.&rft.au=Derman%2C+E&rft.au=Molloy%2C+GR&rft.au=Tamm%2C+I&rft.au=Darnell%2C+JE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beresford_pp._721–724-62"><a href="#cite_ref-Beresford_pp._721–724_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeresford2010" class="citation journal cs1">Beresford, M. J. (15 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcq057">"Medical reductionism: lessons from the great philosophers"</a>. QJM. 103 (9). Oxford University Press (OUP): 721–724. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcq057">10.1093/qjmed/hcq057</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-2725">1460-2725</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20395240">20395240</a>. <q>Unfortunately, the term 'holistic medicine' has been somewhat hijacked by alternative therapists and is often thought mistakenly to be at odds with conventional medicine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=QJM&rft.atitle=Medical+reductionism%3A+lessons+from+the+great+philosophers&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=721-724&rft.date=2010-04-15&rft.issn=1460-2725&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20395240&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fqjmed%2Fhcq057&rft.aulast=Beresford&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fqjmed%252Fhcq057&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZUCKER_1979_pp._39–42-63"><a href="#cite_ref-ZUCKER_1979_pp._39–42_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZucker1979" class="citation journal cs1">Zucker, Arthur (January 1979). "Reductionism and holistic medicine". Journal of Social and Biological Systems. 2 (1). Elsevier BV: 39–42. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0140-1750%2879%2990019-8">10.1016/0140-1750(79)90019-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-1750">0140-1750</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+and+Biological+Systems&rft.atitle=Reductionism+and+holistic+medicine&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-42&rft.date=1979-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0140-1750%2879%2990019-8&rft.issn=0140-1750&rft.aulast=Zucker&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Offit2013-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Offit2013_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offit2013_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offit2013_64-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Offit2013_64-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffit2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Offit" title="Paul Offit">Offit, P.</a> (2013). Do You Believe in Magic?: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-222296-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-222296-1"><bdi>978-0-06-222296-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Do+You+Believe+in+Magic%3F%3A+The+Sense+and+Nonsense+of+Alternative+Medicine&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-06-222296-1&rft.aulast=Offit&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> Also published in the UK as <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffit2013" class="citation book cs1">Offit, Dr Paul (2013). Killing Us Softly: The Sense and Nonsense of Alternative Medicine. HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-749173-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-749173-5"><bdi>978-0-00-749173-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Killing+Us+Softly%3A+The+Sense+and+Nonsense+of+Alternative+Medicine&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-00-749173-5&rft.aulast=Offit&rft.aufirst=Dr+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawkins2003a-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawkins2003a_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawkins2003a_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawkins2003a_65-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Diamond_(journalist)" title="John Diamond (journalist)">Diamond, J.</a> quoted in <a href="#CITEREFDawkins2003">Dawkins 2003</a>. (p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nBRYZtOuqZcC&pg=PA36">36</a> in 2004 US ed. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0618335404" title="Special:BookSources/0618335404">0618335404</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOM_Report200514–20-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIOM_Report200514–20_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIOM_Report2005">IOM Report 2005</a>, pp. 14–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESointu2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXC2UUP36bjACpgPA13_13]-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESointu2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidXC2UUP36bjACpgPA13_13]_67-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSointu2012">Sointu 2012</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XC2UUP36bjAC&pg=PA13">13</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nissen2013-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Nissen2013_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNissen_et_al.2013" class="citation journal cs1">Nissen, N.; et al. (2013). "Researching alternative and complementary therapies: Mapping the field". Medical Anthropology. 32 (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01459740.2012.718016">10.1080/01459740.2012.718016</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23206171">23206171</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31843233">31843233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Researching+alternative+and+complementary+therapies%3A+Mapping+the+field&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31843233%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23206171&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01459740.2012.718016&rft.aulast=Nissen&rft.aufirst=N.&rft.au=Manderson%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skep_Dic_comp_med-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skep_Dic_comp_med_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skep_Dic_comp_med_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Carroll, R.T.</a> (2011-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927214632/http://www.skepdic.com/compmed.html">"complementary medicine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptics_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Skeptics Dictionary">The Skeptics Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skepdic.com/compmed.html">the original</a> on 2013-09-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=complementary+medicine&rft.btitle=The+Skeptics+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.date=2011-05-14&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=R.T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skepdic.com%2Fcompmed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> 2013-09-27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Novella2010-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Novella2010_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novella2010_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Novella2010_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovella2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Novella" title="Steven Novella">Novella, S.</a> (2010-08-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/nc/">"Acupuncture pseudoscience in The New England Journal of Medicine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science-Based_Medicine" title="Science-Based Medicine">Science-Based Medicine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928202231/http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/nc/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science-Based+Medicine&rft.atitle=Acupuncture+pseudoscience+in+The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.date=2010-08-04&rft.aulast=Novella&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencebasedmedicine.org%2Fnc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffrey2015-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey2015_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jeffery, Nick (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsap.12427">"There is no such thing as alternative medicine"</a>. Editorial. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 56 (12): 687–688. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjsap.12427">10.1111/jsap.12427</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-5827">1748-5827</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26735773">26735773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Small+Animal+Practice&rft.atitle=There+is+no+such+thing+as+alternative+medicine&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=687-688&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=1748-5827&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26735773&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjsap.12427&rft.aulast=Jeffery&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjsap.12427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXFPb88KLZQCpgPA2_2]-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Connor1995[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidJXFPb88KLZQCpgPA2_2]_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Connor1995">O'Connor 1995</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JXFPb88KLZQC&pg=PA2">2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-SarrisWardle2010-73"><a href="#cite_ref-SarrisWardle2010_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarrisWardle2010" class="citation book cs1">Sarris, J.; et al. 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J Altern Complement Med. 12 (3): 323–328. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Facm.2006.12.323">10.1089/acm.2006.12.323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16646733">16646733</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://works.bepress.com/airdre_grant/4">the original</a> on 2018-02-22. Retrieved 2017-05-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Altern+Complement+Med&rft.atitle=Evidence-based+medicine+and+naturopathy&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=323-328&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Facm.2006.12.323&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16646733&rft.aulast=Jagtenberg&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Evans%2C+S&rft.au=Grant%2C+A&rft.au=Howden%2C+I&rft.au=Lewis%2C+M&rft.au=Singer%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworks.bepress.com%2Fairdre_grant%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ernst2001-75"><a href="#cite_ref-Ernst2001_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst_E2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ernst E (2001). "Rise in popularity of complementary and alternative medicine: reasons and consequences for vaccination". 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British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Ed.). 287 (6388): 307–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.287.6388.307">10.1136/bmj.287.6388.307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1548588">1548588</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6307462">6307462</a>. <q>One of the few growth industries in contemporary Britain is alternative medicine. An apparently endless stream of books, articles, and radio and television programmes urge on the public the virtues of treatments ranging from meditation to drilling a hole in the skull to let in more oxygen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal+%28Clinical+Research+Ed.%29&rft.atitle=Alternative+medicine&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=6388&rft.pages=307-308&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1548588%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6307462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.287.6388.307&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1548588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKruger1974" class="citation book cs1">Kruger, Helen (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5_8AAAACAAJ&q=Other+healers,+other+cures:+A+guide+to+alternative+medicine,+Helen+Kruger">Other Healers, Other Cures: A Guide to Alternative Medicine</a>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128052140/http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/blog/2011/nov/08/alternative-medicine-ethics-free-zone">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-01-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Alternative+medicine+remains+an+ethics-free+zone&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2Fblog%2F2011%2Fnov%2F08%2Falternative-medicine-ethics-free-zone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_9/2015-227"><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_9/2015_227-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2015" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hall" title="Harriet Hall">Hall, Harriet</a> (September 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skeptic.com/magazine/">"Evidence: "It Worked for My Aunt Tillie" is Not Enough"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic (U.S. magazine)">Skeptic</a>, Volume 20, Number 3, retrieved November 22, 2015</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptic%2C+Volume+20%2C+Number+3&rft.atitle=Evidence%3A+%22It+Worked+for+My+Aunt+Tillie%22+is+Not+Enough&rft.date=2015-09&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skeptic.com%2Fmagazine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unid-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unid_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unid_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErnst2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edzard_Ernst" title="Edzard Ernst">Ernst, Edzard</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/conflicts_of_interest_in_alternative_medicine">"Conflicts of Interest in Alternative Medicine"</a>. Skeptical Inquirer. 35 (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Conflicts+of+Interest+in+Alternative+Medicine&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ernst&rft.aufirst=Edzard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fconflicts_of_interest_in_alternative_medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gorski-229"><a href="#cite_ref-gorski_229-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorski2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Gorski" title="David Gorski">Gorski, David</a> (16 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/conflicts-of-interest-in-science-based-medicine/">"Conflicts of interest in science-based medicine"</a>. Science-Based Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science-Based+Medicine&rft.atitle=Conflicts+of+interest+in+science-based+medicine&rft.date=2009-11-16&rft.aulast=Gorski&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencebasedmedicine.org%2Fconflicts-of-interest-in-science-based-medicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hall-230"><a href="#cite_ref-hall_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2011" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_A._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriet A. Hall">Hall, Harriet A.</a> (27 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/conflicts-of-interest/">"Conflicts of interest"</a>. Science-Based Medicine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science-Based+Medicine&rft.atitle=Conflicts+of+interest&rft.date=2011-04-27&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Harriet+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencebasedmedicine.org%2Fconflicts-of-interest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBivins2007" class="citation book cs1">Bivins, R. (2007). Alternative Medicine? A History. 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Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-6536-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-6536-9"><bdi>978-1-4462-6536-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+and+Alternative+Medicine%3A+Politics%2C+Professionalization+and+Health+Care&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4462-6536-9&rft.aulast=Saks&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSointu2012" class="citation book cs1">Sointu, E. (2012). Theorizing Complementary and Alternative Medicines: Wellbeing, Self, Gender, Class. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30931-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-30931-9"><bdi>978-0-230-30931-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorizing+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicines%3A+Wellbeing%2C+Self%2C+Gender%2C+Class&rft.place=Basingstoke%2C+England&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-230-30931-9&rft.aulast=Sointu&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2005" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Kim (2005). Chinese Medicine in Early Communist China, 1945–63: a Medicine of Revolution. Needham Research Institute Studies. London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34512-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-34512-5"><bdi>978-0-415-34512-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Medicine+in+Early+Communist+China%2C+1945%E2%80%9363%3A+a+Medicine+of+Revolution&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Needham+Research+Institute+Studies&rft.pub=RoutledgeCurzon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-34512-5&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Kim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Walton:_Science_and_Technology_Committee2000" class="citation book cs1">Walton J. (2000) [Session 1999–2000, HL 123]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/ld199900/ldselect/ldsctech/123/12301.htm">Sixth Report: Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a>. London: The Stationery Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-10-483100-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-10-483100-7"><bdi>978-0-10-483100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixth+Report%3A+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-10-483100-7&rft.au=Walton+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk%2Fpa%2Fld199900%2Fldselect%2Fldsctech%2F123%2F12301.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieland_et_al.2011" class="citation journal cs1">Wieland, L.S.; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196853">"Development and classification of an operational definition of complementary and alternative medicine for the Cochrane Collaboration"</a>. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. 17 (2): 50–59. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3196853">3196853</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21717826">21717826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternative+Therapies+in+Health+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Development+and+classification+of+an+operational+definition+of+complementary+and+alternative+medicine+for+the+Cochrane+Collaboration&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=50-59&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3196853%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21717826&rft.aulast=Wieland&rft.aufirst=L.S.&rft.au=Manheimer%2C+E.&rft.au=Berman%2C+B.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3196853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk2003" class="citation book cs1">Wujastyk, D., ed. (2003). The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings. Translated by D. Wujastyk. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044824-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044824-5"><bdi>978-0-14-044824-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Ayurveda%3A+Selections+from+Sanskrit+Medical+Writings&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044824-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/WHO_EDM_TRM_2000.1.pdf">General Guidelines for Methodologies on Research and Evaluation of Traditional Medicine</a> (PDF). Vol. WHO/EDM/TRM/2001.1. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2000/WHO_EDM_TRM_2000.1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09. <q>This document is not a formal publication of the WHO. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Guidelines+for+Methodologies+on+Research+and+Evaluation+of+Traditional+Medicine&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization+%28WHO%29&rft.date=2000&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhqlibdoc.who.int%2Fhq%2F2000%2FWHO_EDM_TRM_2000.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO2005" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf">WHO Guidelines on Basic Training and Safety in Chiropractic</a> (PDF). Geneva: WHO. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159371-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159371-7"><bdi>978-92-4-159371-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/Chiro-Guidelines.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2022-10-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+Guidelines+on+Basic+Training+and+Safety+in+Chiropractic&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=WHO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-4-159371-7&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fmedicines%2Fareas%2Ftraditional%2FChiro-Guidelines.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBausell2007" class="citation book cs1">Bausell, R.B (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780195313680">Snake oil science: the truth about complementary and alternative medicine</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531368-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-531368-0"><bdi>978-0-19-531368-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Snake+oil+science%3A+the+truth+about+complementary+and+alternative+medicine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-531368-0&rft.aulast=Bausell&rft.aufirst=R.B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780195313680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenedettiMaggiLopianoLanotte2003" class="citation journal cs1">Benedetti, F.; et al. (2003). "Open versus hidden medical treatments: The patient's knowledge about a therapy affects the therapy outcome". Prevention & Treatment. 6 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1522-3736.6.1.61a">10.1037/1522-3736.6.1.61a</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Prevention+%26+Treatment&rft.atitle=Open+versus+hidden+medical+treatments%3A+The+patient%27s+knowledge+about+a+therapy+affects+the+therapy+outcome&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1522-3736.6.1.61a&rft.aulast=Benedetti&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Maggi%2C+G.&rft.au=Lopiano%2C+L.&rft.au=Lanotte%2C+M.&rft.au=Rainero%2C+I.&rft.au=Vighetti%2C+S.&rft.au=Pollo%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins, R.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/snakeoilotherpre0000diam">"Foreword"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/John_Diamond_(journalist)" title="John Diamond (journalist)">Diamond</a>, J. (ed.). Snake Oil and Other Preoccupations. London: Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-942833-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-942833-6"><bdi>978-0-09-942833-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword&rft.btitle=Snake+Oil+and+Other+Preoccupations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-09-942833-6&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsnakeoilotherpre0000diam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> Reprinted in <a href="#CITEREFDawkins2003">Dawkins 2003</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowningHunter2003" class="citation journal cs1">Downing AM, Hunter DG (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/493/">"Validating clinical reasoning: A question of perspective, but whose perspective?"</a>. Manual Therapy. 8 (2): 117–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1356-689X%2802%2900077-2">10.1016/S1356-689X(02)00077-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12890440">12890440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Manual+Therapy&rft.atitle=Validating+clinical+reasoning%3A+A+question+of+perspective%2C+but+whose+perspective%3F&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=117-119&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1356-689X%2802%2900077-2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12890440&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.aufirst=AM&rft.au=Hunter%2C+DG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.uwe.ac.uk%2F493%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenberg_DM1997" class="citation journal cs1">Eisenberg DM (July 1997). "Advising patients who seek alternative medical therapies". Annals of Internal Medicine. 127 (1): 61–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-127-1-199707010-00010">10.7326/0003-4819-127-1-199707010-00010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9214254">9214254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23351104">23351104</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Advising+patients+who+seek+alternative+medical+therapies&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-69&rft.date=1997-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23351104%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9214254&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-127-1-199707010-00010&rft.au=Eisenberg+DM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunn_IP1998" class="citation journal cs1">Gunn IP (December 1998). "A critique of Michael L. Millenson's book, Demanding Medical Excellence: Doctors and Accountability in the Information Age, and its Relevance to CRNAs and Nursing". AANA Journal. 66 (6): 575–582. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-6354">0094-6354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10488264">10488264</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AANA+Journal&rft.atitle=A+critique+of+Michael+L.+Millenson%27s+book%2C+Demanding+Medical+Excellence%3A+Doctors+and+Accountability+in+the+Information+Age%2C+and+its+Relevance+to+CRNAs+and+Nursing&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=575-582&rft.date=1998-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10488264&rft.issn=0094-6354&rft.au=Gunn+IP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHand1980" class="citation book cs1">Hand, W.D. (1980). "Folk Magical Medicine and Symbolism in the West". Magical Medicine. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 305–319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04129-5"><bdi>978-0-520-04129-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6420468">6420468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Folk+Magical+Medicine+and+Symbolism+in+the+West&rft.btitle=Magical+Medicine&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=305-319&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6420468&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04129-5&rft.aulast=Hand&rft.aufirst=W.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIllich1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Illich" title="Ivan Illich">Illich, I.</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/limitstomedicine00illi">Limits to Medicine: Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-022009-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-022009-4"><bdi>978-0-14-022009-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4134656">4134656</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Limits+to+Medicine%3A+Medical+Nemesis%3A+The+Expropriation+of+Health&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4134656&rft.isbn=978-0-14-022009-4&rft.aulast=Illich&rft.aufirst=I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flimitstomedicine00illi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayo_Clinic2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mayoclinicbookof0000unse">Mayo Clinic Book of Alternative Medicine: The New Approach to Using the Best of Natural Therapies and Conventional Medicine</a>. Parsippany, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Time_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Inc">Time</a> Home Entertainment. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933405-92-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933405-92-6"><bdi>978-1-933405-92-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mayo+Clinic+Book+of+Alternative+Medicine%3A+The+New+Approach+to+Using+the+Best+of+Natural+Therapies+and+Conventional+Medicine&rft.place=Parsippany%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Time+Home+Entertainment&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-933405-92-6&rft.au=Mayo+Clinic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmayoclinicbookof0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlaner1988" class="citation book cs1">Planer, F.E. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/superstition0000plan">Superstition</a> (Rev. ed.). Buffalo, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-494-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87975-494-5"><bdi>978-0-87975-494-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/18616238">18616238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superstition&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+New+York&rft.edition=Rev.&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F18616238&rft.isbn=978-0-87975-494-5&rft.aulast=Planer&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuperstition0000plan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenfeldc._2000" class="citation web cs1">Rosenfeld, A. (c. 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060509074143/http://www.cwru.edu/med/epidbio/mphp439/Sources_of_Healthcare.htm">"Where Do Americans Go for Healthcare?"</a>. Cleveland, Ohio: Case Western Reserve University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwru.edu/med/epidbio/mphp439/Sources_of_Healthcare.htm">the original</a> on 2006-05-09. Retrieved 2010-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+Do+Americans+Go+for+Healthcare%3F&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Case+Western+Reserve+University&rft.aulast=Rosenfeld&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cwru.edu%2Fmed%2Fepidbio%2Fmphp439%2FSources_of_Healthcare.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderLindquist2001" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder, Mariah; Lindquist, Ruth (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203005253/http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Volume62001/No2May01/ComplementaryTherapiesIssues.aspx">"Issues in Complementary Therapies: How We Got to Where We Are"</a>. Online Journal of Issues in Nursing. 6 (2): 1. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11469921">11469921</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/Volume62001/No2May01/ComplementaryTherapiesIssues.aspx">the original</a> on 2017-02-03. Retrieved 2017-01-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Journal+of+Issues+in+Nursing&rft.atitle=Issues+in+Complementary+Therapies%3A+How+We+Got+to+Where+We+Are&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2001-05&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11469921&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Mariah&rft.au=Lindquist%2C+Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nursingworld.org%2FMainMenuCategories%2FANAMarketplace%2FANAPeriodicals%2FOJIN%2FTableofContents%2FVolume62001%2FNo2May01%2FComplementaryTherapiesIssues.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2001" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens, P. Jr. (November–December 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/magical_thinking_in_complementary_and_alternative_medicine">"Magical thinking in complementary and alternative medicine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Magical+thinking+in+complementary+and+alternative+medicine&rft.date=2001-11%2F2001-12&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=P.+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fmagical_thinking_in_complementary_and_alternative_medicine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTonelli_MR2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tonelli MR (2001). "The limits of evidence-based medicine". Respiratory Care. 46 (12): 1435–1440, discussion 1440–1441. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11728302">11728302</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Respiratory+Care&rft.atitle=The+limits+of+evidence-based+medicine&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1435-1440%2C+discussion+1440-1441&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11728302&rft.au=Tonelli+MR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrivieri2002" class="citation book cs1">Trivieri, L. Jr. (2002). Anderson, J.W. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781587611414_0">Alternative Medicine: The Definitive Guide</a>. Berkeley: Ten Speed Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58761-141-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58761-141-4"><bdi>978-1-58761-141-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alternative+Medicine%3A+The+Definitive+Guide&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=Ten+Speed+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-58761-141-4&rft.aulast=Trivieri&rft.aufirst=L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781587611414_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWisneskiAnderson2005" class="citation book cs1">Wisneski, L.A.; et al. (2005). The scientific basis of integrative medicine. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2081-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2081-1"><bdi>978-0-8493-2081-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+scientific+basis+of+integrative+medicine&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2081-1&rft.aulast=Wisneski&rft.aufirst=L.A.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZalewski1999" class="citation journal cs1">Zalewski, Z. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040206092548/http://www.bsb.mefst.hr/cmj/1999/4001/400102.htm">"Importance of philosophy of science to the history of medical thinking"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CMJ" title="CMJ">CMJ</a>. 40 (1): 8–13. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9933889">9933889</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsb.mefst.hr/cmj/1999/4001/400102.htm">the original</a> on 2004-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CMJ&rft.atitle=Importance+of+philosophy+of+science+to+the+history+of+medical+thinking&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-13&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9933889&rft.aulast=Zalewski&rft.aufirst=Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsb.mefst.hr%2Fcmj%2F1999%2F4001%2F400102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Health_Organization">World Health Organization</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110421082710/http://www.who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/trm_benchmarks/en/">Benchmarks for training in traditional / complementary and alternative medicine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWHO_Kobe_CentreBodekerOngGrundy2005" class="citation book cs1">WHO Kobe Centre; Bodeker, G.; et al. (2005). WHO Global Atlas of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicine. WHO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156286-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156286-7"><bdi>978-92-4-156286-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WHO+Global+Atlas+of+Traditional%2C+Complementary+and+Alternative+Medicine&rft.pub=WHO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156286-7&rft.au=WHO+Kobe+Centre&rft.au=Bodeker%2C+G.&rft.au=Ong%2C+C.K.&rft.au=Grundy%2C+C.&rft.au=Burford%2C+G.&rft.au=Shein%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlternative+medicine" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213942/http://apps.who.int/bookorders/anglais/detart1.jsp?codlan=1&codcol=15&codcch=614">Summary.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://altmedrev.com/">Alternative Medicine Review: A Journal of Clinical Therapeutics</a>. Sandpoint, Idaho : Thorne Research, c. 1996 NLM ID: 9705340 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162326/https://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&v2=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=9705340&Search_Code=0359&CNT=20&SID=1">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine. Aliso Viejo, California : InnoVision Communications, c1995- NLM ID: 9502013 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612163050/https://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&v2=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=9502013&Search_Code=0359&CNT=20&SID=1">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882">BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924012324/http://www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6882">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. London: BioMed Central, 2001 NLM ID: 101088661 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162549/https://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&v2=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=101088661&Search_Code=0359&CNT=20&SID=1">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Complementary Therapies in Medicine. Edinburgh; New York : Churchill Livingstone, c. 1993 NLM ID: 9308777 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162156/https://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?DB=local&v2=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=9308777&Search_Code=0359&CNT=20&SID=1">Archived</a> 2018-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916003115/http://ecam.oxfordjournals.org/">Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine: eCAM</a>. New York: Hindawi, c. 2004 NLM ID: 101215021 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180914013658/https://locatorplus.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=1&ti=1,1&Search_Arg=Evidence%20Based%20Complementary%20and%20Alternative%20Medicine&Search_Code=TKEY&CNT=10&PID=fpUDGDBAnYWR-hE7tDjwdrxtvHm&SEQ=20130926044311&SID=2">Archived</a> 2018-09-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=JournalHome&ProduktNr=224242">Forschende Komplementärmedizin / Research in Complementary Medicine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liebertpub.com/products/product.aspx?pid=26">Journal for Alternative and Complementary Medicine</a> New York : Mary Ann Liebert, c. 1995</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sram.org/index.html">Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine (SRAM)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822070458/http://www.sram.org/index.html">Archived</a> 2010-08-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Alternative medicine at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alternative_medicine" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Alternative medicine">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Alternative_medicine" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Alternative medicine">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Alternative_medicine" class="extiw" title="q:Alternative medicine">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alternative_medicine" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Alternative medicine">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Alternative_medicine" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Alternative medicine">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Category:Complementary_and_alternative_medicine" class="extiw" title="v:Category:Complementary and alternative medicine">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504" class="extiw" title="d:Q188504">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Alternative medicine <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Alternative+medicine">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Alternative+medicine&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alternative_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alternative_medicine" title="Template:Alternative medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alternative_medicine" title="Template talk:Alternative medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alternative medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alternative_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alternative_medical_systems" title="Category:Alternative medical systems">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodywork_(alternative_medicine)" title="Bodywork (alternative medicine)">Bodywork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">Herbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrotherapy" title="Hydrotherapy">Hydrotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopathy" title="Orthopathy">Orthopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopathy" title="Osteopathy">Osteopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:People_in_alternative_medicine" title="Category:People in alternative medicine">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind-body intervention</a> advocates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Critics_of_alternative_medicine" title="Category:Critics of alternative medicine">Critics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_alternative_medicine" title="List of forms of alternative medicine">Treatments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biologically_based_therapies" title="Category:Biologically based therapies">Biologically based therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Energy_therapies" title="Category:Energy therapies">Energy therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Manual_therapy" title="Category:Manual therapy">Manual and body-based methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Category:Mind–body interventions">Mind-body intervention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public-health issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dental_amalgam_controversy" title="Dental amalgam controversy">Dental amalgams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGH_controversies" title="HGH controversies">Growth hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_hesitancy" title="Vaccine hesitancy">Vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Complementary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_alternative_medicine" title="List of forms of alternative medicine">Glossary of alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptical movement">Skeptical movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contrary viewpoints</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_medicine" title="Evidence-based medicine">Evidence-based medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery#Anti-quackery_organizations" title="Quackery">Anti-quackery organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Traditional_medicine" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Traditional_medicine" title="Template:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Traditional_medicine" title="Template talk:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional_medicine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Traditional medicine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Traditional_medicine" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_medicine" title="Ancient Egyptian medicine">Ancient Egyptian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga" title="Tabernanthe iboga">Tabernanthe iboga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muti" title="Muti">Muti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nganga" title="Nganga">Nganga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltigue" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_medicine" title="Traditional African medicine">Traditional African medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Hausa_medicine" title="Traditional Hausa medicine">Traditional Hausa medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_healers_of_Southern_Africa" title="Traditional healers of Southern Africa">Traditional healers of Southern Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yor%C3%B9b%C3%A1_medicine" title="Yorùbá medicine">Yorùbá medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/100px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/150px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg/200px-Thom%C3%A9_Salix_alba_clean.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="2291" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_medicine" title="Aztec medicine">Aztec medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_traditional_medicine" title="Brazilian traditional medicine">Brazilian traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_traditional_medicine" title="Chumash traditional medicine">Chumash traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curandero" title="Curandero">Curandero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallawaya" title="Kallawaya">Kallawaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_medicine" title="Mapuche medicine">Mapuche medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_medicine" title="Maya medicine">Maya medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_medicine" title="Navajo medicine">Navajo medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Alaska_Native_medicine" title="Traditional Alaska Native medicine">Traditional Alaska Native medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhivehi_beys" title="Dhivehi beys">Dhivehi beys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_folk_medicine" title="Georgian folk medicine">Georgian folk medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilot" title="Hilot">Hilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_traditional_medicine" title="Iranian traditional medicine">Iranian traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">Ancient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamu" title="Jamu">Jamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampo" title="Kampo">Kampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramuan" title="Ramuan">Ramuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha_medicine" title="Siddha medicine">Siddha medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_traditional_medicine" title="Sri Lankan traditional medicine">Sri Lankan traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Thai_medicine" title="Traditional Thai medicine">Traditional Thai medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Traditional Korean medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Mongolian_medicine" title="Traditional Mongolian medicine">Traditional Mongolian medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Tibetan_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Tibetan medicine">Traditional Tibetan medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Vietnamese_medicine" title="Traditional Vietnamese medicine">Traditional Vietnamese medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unani_medicine" title="Unani medicine">Unani medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Ancient Greek medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_medicine" title="Byzantine medicine">Byzantine medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_ancient_Rome" title="Medicine in ancient Rome">Medicine in ancient Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_medicine_of_Western_Europe" title="Medieval medicine of Western Europe">Medieval medicine of Western Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bush_medicine" title="Bush medicine">Bush medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apothecary" title="Apothecary">Apothecary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine in the medieval Islamic world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomedicine" title="Ethnomedicine">Ethnomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_medicine" title="Herbal medicine">Herbal medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Template:Medicinal herbs and fungi">herbs and fungi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alternative_medicine" title="History of alternative medicine">History of alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridatism" title="Mithridatism">Mithridatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriac" title="Theriac">Theriac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Traditional_medicine" title="Category:Traditional medicine">Category:Traditional medicine</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Template:Medicinal herbs and fungi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Template talk:Medicinal herbs and fungi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Medicinal herbs and fungi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Medicinal_herbs_and_fungi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Medicinal herbs and fungi</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Herbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">Alfalfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloe_vera" title="Aloe vera">Aloe vera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">Anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borututu" title="Borututu">Borututu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphorbia_hirta" title="Euphorbia hirta">Asthma-plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astragalus_propinquus" class="mw-redirect" title="Astragalus propinquus">Astragalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_cannabis" title="Medical cannabis">medical use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">Caraway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">Cardamom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamomile" title="Chamomile">Chamomile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larrea_tridentata" title="Larrea tridentata">Chaparral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Fenugreek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanacetum_parthenium" title="Tanacetum parthenium">Feverfew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">Flaxseed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">Ginger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba" title="Ginkgo biloba">Ginkgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">Ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldenseal" title="Goldenseal">Goldenseal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_balm" title="Lemon balm">Lemon balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquorice" title="Liquorice">Liquorice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendula_officinalis" title="Calendula officinalis">Marigold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althaea_officinalis" title="Althaea officinalis">Marsh-mallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azadirachta_indica" title="Azadirachta indica">Neem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papaver_somniferum" title="Papaver somniferum">Opium poppy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peppermint" title="Peppermint">Peppermint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echinacea_purpurea" title="Echinacea purpurea">Purple coneflower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary" title="Rosemary">Rosemary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_officinalis" title="Salvia officinalis">Sage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_anise" title="Star anise">Star anise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_savory" title="Summer savory">Summer savory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_tree_oil" title="Tea tree oil">Tea tree oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyme" title="Thyme">Thyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">Turmeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelargonium_sidoides" title="Pelargonium sidoides">Umckaloabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(herb)" title="Valerian (herb)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verbena" title="Verbena">Verbena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salix_alba" title="Salix alba">White willow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achillea_millefolium" title="Achillea millefolium">Yarrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">Za'atar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fungi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agaricus_subrufescens" title="Agaricus subrufescens">Almond mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inonotus_obliquus" title="Inonotus obliquus">Chaga mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echigoshirayukidake_(Basidiomycetes-X)" title="Echigoshirayukidake (Basidiomycetes-X)">Echigoshirayukidake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingzhi_mushroom" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingzhi mushroom">Lingzhi mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grifola_frondosa" title="Grifola frondosa">Maitake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meshimakobu" title="Meshimakobu">Meshima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morchella_esculenta" title="Morchella esculenta">Morel mushroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiitake" title="Shiitake">Shiitake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_herbology" title="Chinese herbology">Chinese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Indian herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kampo_herbs" title="List of kampo herbs">Japanese herbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_medicine#Herbal_medicine" title="Traditional Korean medicine">Korean herbology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Herb garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">Herbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">Herbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_plants_used_in_herbalism" title="List of plants used in herbalism">List of plants used in herbalism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudoscience" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pseudoscience" title="Template talk:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pseudoscience"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudoscience" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">List of topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlatan" title="Charlatan">Charlatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crank_(person)" title="Crank (person)">Crank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_theory" title="Fringe theory">Fringe theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomathematics" title="Pseudomathematics">Pseudomathematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_science" title="Junk science">Junk science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathological_science" title="Pathological science">Pathological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackery" title="Quackery">Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snake_oil" title="Snake oil">Snake oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superseded_theories_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Superseded theories in science">Superseded scientific theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True-believer_syndrome" title="True-believer syndrome">True-believer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_Science" title="Voodoo Science">Voodoo Science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_topics_characterized_as_pseudoscience" title="List of topics characterized as pseudoscience">Topics characterized as pseudoscience</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatherapy" title="Aromatherapy">Aromatherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_fatigue" title="Adrenal fatigue">Adrenal fatigue</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Alternative medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophic_medicine" title="Anthroposophic medicine">Anthroposophic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_kinesiology" title="Applied kinesiology">Applied kinesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bates_method" title="Bates method">Bates method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">Bloodletting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_memory" title="Body memory">Body memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiropractic" title="Chiropractic">Chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromotherapy" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correactology" title="Correactology">Correactology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryonics" title="Cryonics">Cryonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_healing" title="Crystal healing">Crystal healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupping_therapy" title="Cupping therapy">Cupping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detoxification_(alternative_medicine)" title="Detoxification (alternative medicine)">Detoxification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colon_cleansing" title="Colon cleansing">Colon cleansing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_signatures" title="Doctrine of signatures">Doctrine of signatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doktor_Koster%27s_Antigaspills" title="Doktor Koster's Antigaspills">Doktor Koster's Antigaspills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_candling" title="Ear candling">Ear candling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_hypersensitivity" title="Electromagnetic hypersensitivity">Electromagnetic hypersensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_medicine" title="Energy medicine">Energy medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fad_diet" title="Fad diet">Fad diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FasciaBlaster" title="FasciaBlaster">FasciaBlaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humorism" title="Humorism">Humorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridology" title="Iridology">Iridology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_gut_syndrome" title="Leaky gut syndrome">Leaky gut syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_effect" title="Lunar effect">Lunar effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrobiotic_diet" title="Macrobiotic diet">Macrobiotic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_therapy" title="Magnet therapy">Magnet therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_Mineral_Supplement" title="Miracle Mineral Supplement">Miracle Mineral Supplement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturopathy" title="Naturopathy">Naturopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmistry" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchagavya" title="Panchagavya">Panchagavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_medicine" title="Patent medicine">Patent medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrenology" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primal_therapy" title="Primal therapy">Primal therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radionics" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reiki" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_medicine" title="Traditional Chinese medicine">Traditional Chinese medicine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">Trepanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebral_subluxation" title="Vertebral subluxation">Vertebral subluxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine_syndrome" title="Wind turbine syndrome">Wind turbine syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_blood_transfusion" title="Young blood transfusion">Young blood transfusion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Salibi#Arabian_Judah_theory" title="Kamal Salibi">Arabian Judah theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catastrophism" title="Catastrophism">Catastrophism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G#Misinformation_and_controversy" title="5G">5G conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrail conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">Conversion therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation#Generational_theory" title="Generation">Generational theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generationism" title="Generationism">Generationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strauss%E2%80%93Howe_generational_theory" title="Strauss–Howe generational theory">Strauss–Howe generational theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigo_children" title="Indigo children">Indigo children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetic_theory" title="Japhetic theory">Japhetic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_archaeology" title="Nazi archaeology">Nazi archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoarchaeology" title="Pseudoarchaeology">Pseudoarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Past_life_regression" title="Past life regression">Past life regression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanin_theory" title="Melanin theory">Melanin theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myers%E2%80%93Briggs_Type_Indicator" title="Myers–Briggs Type Indicator">Myers–Briggs Type Indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enneagram_of_Personality" title="Enneagram of Personality">Enneagram of Personality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gravity" title="Anti-gravity">Anti-gravity‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_fusion" title="Cold fusion">Cold fusion‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light" title="Faster-than-light">Faster-than-light travel</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_motion" title="Perpetual motion">Perpetual motion</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionless_drive" title="Reactionless drive">Reactionless drive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dean_drive" title="Dean drive">Dean drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmDrive" title="EmDrive">EMDrive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation" title="Teleportation">Teleportation‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractor_beam" title="Tractor beam">Tractor beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-fueled_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Water-fueled car">Water-fueled car</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ape_hypothesis" title="Aquatic ape hypothesis">Aquatic ape hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_science" title="Creation science">Creation science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptozoology" title="Cryptozoology">Cryptozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowsing" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomenon" title="Electronic voice phenomenon">Electronic voice phenomenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facilitated_communication" title="Facilitated communication">Facilitated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_Earth" title="Flat Earth">Flat Earth theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphology" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_design" title="Intelligent design">Intelligent design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_ball" title="Laundry ball">Laundry ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_attraction_(New_Thought)" title="Law of attraction (New Thought)">Law of attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitation_(paranormal)" title="Levitation (paranormal)">Levitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysenkoism" title="Lysenkoism">Lysenkoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgone" title="Orgone">Orgone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">Polygraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific_metrology" title="Pseudoscientific metrology">Pseudoscientific metrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_prompting_method" title="Rapid prompting method">Rapid prompting method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_analysis" title="Statement analysis">Statement analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_stress_analysis" title="Voice stress analysis">Voice stress analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_memory" title="Water memory">Water memory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promoters of pseudoscience</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sucharit_Bhakdi" title="Sucharit Bhakdi">Sucharit Bhakdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Bigtree" title="Del Bigtree">Del Bigtree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_and_Grichka_Bogdanoff" title="Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff">Igor and Grichka Bogdanoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Boisselier" title="Brigitte Boisselier">Brigitte Boisselier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhonda_Byrne" title="Rhonda Byrne">Rhonda Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Charroux" title="Robert Charroux">Robert Charroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonaid" title="Clonaid">Clonaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Coleman" title="Vernon Coleman">Vernon Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_L._Donnelly" title="Ignatius L. Donnelly">Ignatius L. Donnelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia,_Inc." title="Gaia, Inc.">Gaia, Inc.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gerson" title="Max Gerson">Max Gerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gonzalez_(physician)" title="Nicholas Gonzalez (physician)">Nicholas Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goop_(company)" title="Goop (company)">Goop (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Hancock" title="Graham Hancock">Graham Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Donald_Kelley" title="William Donald Kelley">William Donald Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corentin_Louis_Kervran" title="Corentin Louis Kervran">Corentin Louis Kervran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light (newspaper)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lindell" title="Mike Lindell">Mike Lindell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_McCarthy" title="Jenny McCarthy">Jenny McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mercola" title="Joseph Mercola">Joseph Mercola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Mikovits" title="Judy Mikovits">Judy Mikovits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Ayush" title="Ministry of Ayush">Ministry of Ayush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Morell" title="Theodor Morell">Theodor Morell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Alfred_Nieper" title="Hans Alfred Nieper">Hans Alfred Nieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_Oz" title="Mehmet Oz">Mehmet Oz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABl" title="Raël">Raël</a> (<a href="/wiki/Claude_Vorilhon" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Vorilhon">Claude Vorilhon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Robby Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Stone" title="Randolph Stone">Randolph Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Joseph_Watson" title="Paul Joseph Watson">Paul Joseph Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wakefield" title="Andrew Wakefield">Andrew Wakefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogdanov_affair" title="Bogdanov affair">Bogdanov affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_pseudoscience" title="Bourgeois pseudoscience">Bourgeois pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demarcation_problem" title="Demarcation problem">Demarcation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressed_research_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppressed research in the Soviet Union">Suppressed research in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason">Cults of Unreason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Encyclopedia_of_Claims,_Frauds,_and_Hoaxes_of_the_Occult_and_Supernatural" title="An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural">An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fads_and_Fallacies_in_the_Name_of_Science" title="Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science">Fads and Fallacies in the Name of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortean_Times" title="Fortean Times">Fortean Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Randi_Educational_Foundation" title="James Randi Educational Foundation">James Randi Educational Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Natural_History_of_Quackery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Natural History of Quackery">The Natural History of Quackery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Psychology_of_the_Occult" title="The Psychology of the Occult">The Psychology of the Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ragged_Edge_of_Science" title="The Ragged Edge of Science">The Ragged Edge of Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic_Encyclopedia_of_Pseudoscience" title="The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience">The Skeptic Encyclopedia of Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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[\"CITEREFBelloniBonucciArrigoniDellafiore2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-AryePolliackSchiffTadmor2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenedettiMaggiLopianoLanotte2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeresford2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeyerstein1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeyerstein2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeyersteinWallace_Sampson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeyerstein_BL2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBianco2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBivins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBodekerKronenberg2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBombardieriEasthope2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorkan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBreeherMikulskiCzeczokLeinenkugel2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFButlerBarrett1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaldwell2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallahan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCamillia_Matuk2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassileth1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassileth1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassilethDeng2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastroSavageKaufman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCenters_for_Disease_Control_Prevention_(CDC)2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheGeorgeIjinuPushpangadan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoulterWillis2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCoulter_et_al.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasguptaHammett-Stabler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawkins2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Smet1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel_PreteScaleraIadevaiaMiranda2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerkatch2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeshpande1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowningHunter2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenberg_DM1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisenberg_et_al.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElsevier_Science2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFErnst2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnstCohenStone2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnstPittlerStevinsonWhite2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnstSmith2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErnst_E2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisken2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlexner_Report1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFonfa2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontanarosa_et_al.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGevitz1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldrosenStraus2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGorski2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorski2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorskiNovella2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenleeZickRosenthalCohen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunn_IP1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHahnemann1833\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHand1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison\u0026#039;s_Principles_of_Internal_Medicine2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHills2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHines2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHolloway2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorrobin1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHouse_of_Commons:_Science_and_Technology_Committee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHróbjartssonGøtzsche2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHróbjartssonGøtzsche2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIOM_Report2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIllich1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJagtenbergEvansGrantHowden2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJansenBakerKodairaAng2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJerome_Groopman2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyce1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatzWilliamsGirardGoodman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellehear2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent_Heather1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKienleKiene1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKolata1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKopelman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKruger1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurance2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaw1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiForbesByrne2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiWeng2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLilienfeld2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLuNeedham1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudmerer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaciocia1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinDebons2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarty1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayo_Clinic2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMenefeeMonti2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrick2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiller2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Science_Foundation2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavarroSenior2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNissen_et_al.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovella2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffit2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFPatricia_M._BarnesEve_Powell-GrineKim_McFannRichard_L._Nahin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPearceSimpson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPelletierMarieKrasnerHaskell1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhutrakoolPongpirul2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlaner1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResearch2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFResearch2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRimmer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoozbehHashempurHeydari2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosaRosaSarnerBarrett1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeldc._2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuggie2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaks1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaks2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalzberg2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSampson1995\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSampson2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSampsonAtwood2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaperPhillipsSehgalKhouri2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarris2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarrisWardle2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShangHuwiler-MüntenerNarteyJüni2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShapiro2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuvalAverbuch2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghErnst2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSir_Walton:_Science_and_Technology_Committee2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnyderLindquist2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSnydermanWeil2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobel2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSointu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStehlin1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabish2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTonelli_MR2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrivieri2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyreman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValiathan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVickers2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWHO_Kobe_CentreBodekerOngGrundy2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWakeFitie2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallis1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarner2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeber1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeisleder2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhite_House_Commission_on_Complementary_and_Alternative_Medicine_Policy_StaffDept._of_Health_and_Human_Services_Staff_United_States2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhorton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhorton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWieland_et_al.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinnick2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinnick2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWisneskiAnderson2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWujastyk2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFXiaorui_Zhang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZalewski1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZellerMuenstedtStollSchweder2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFZollman_et_al.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZucker1979\"] = 1,\n [\"Complementary_medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"Integrated_medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"Integrative_medicine\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Alternative medical systems\"] = 1,\n [\"Alternative medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite episode\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 117,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 44,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Alternative Medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvc\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 14,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 10,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox alternative medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Medicinal herbs \u0026 fungi\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pseudoscience\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 18,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 5,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 22,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Traditional Medicine\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","16.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","280","13.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","180","8.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","180","8.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","100","4.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","4.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","80","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","60","2.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.9"],["[others]","600","29.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-744dbdb48f-s749l","timestamp":"20241125222429","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Alternative medicine","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Alternative_medicine","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188504","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q188504","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-26T22:48:32Z","dateModified":"2024-10-05T10:26:30Z","headline":"form of non-scientific healing"}</script> </body> 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