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<span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hinduism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vedic_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vedic_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Vedic texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vedic_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Puranas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Puranas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Puranas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Puranas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharmasutras_and_other_texts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharmasutras_and_other_texts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Dharmasutras and other texts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dharmasutras_and_other_texts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imagery_in_the_Agamas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imagery_in_the_Agamas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Imagery in the Agamas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imagery_in_the_Agamas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_descriptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_descriptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other descriptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_descriptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kapila_Devahuti_Samvada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kapila_Devahuti_Samvada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Kapila Devahuti Samvada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kapila_Devahuti_Samvada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jainism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kapila</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7" title="كابيلا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كابيلا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="কপিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কপিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila_(sabio_ateo)" title="Kapila (sabio ateo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kapila (sabio ateo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2" title="કપિલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="કપિલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="कपिल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कपिल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2" title="ಕಪಿಲ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಪಿಲ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Капила – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Капила" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="കപില മഹർഷി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കപില മഹർഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="कपिल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कपिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%94%E3%83%A9" title="カピラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カピラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਕਪਿਲ ਰਿਸ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਪਿਲ ਰਿਸ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%84" title="کپل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کپل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila_(my%C5%9Bliciel_indyjski)" title="Kapila (myśliciel indyjski) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kapila (myśliciel indyjski)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1pila" title="Cápila – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cápila" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Капила – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Капила" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%83_(%E0%A4%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83)" title="कपिलः (ऋषिः) – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="कपिलः (ऋषिः)" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE" title="கபிலா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கபிலா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2_%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF" title="కపిల మహర్షి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కపిల మహర్షి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kapila" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Капіла – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Капіла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%BE%D9%84" title="کپل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کپل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%AF%98%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%99" title="迦毘羅仙 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="迦毘羅仙" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q574355#sitelinks-wikipedia" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sage in Hindu tradition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Kapil_Ashram" title="Kapil Ashram">Kapil Ashram</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Hindu sage Kapila. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kapila_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kapila (disambiguation)">Kapila (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #FFC569; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Kapila</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapila.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kapila" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kapila.jpg/220px-Kapila.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kapila.jpg/330px-Kapila.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kapila.jpg/440px-Kapila.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5592" data-file-height="6912" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Watercolour painting on paper of Kapila, a <a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">sage</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Personal</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Dhriti <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Devahuti (mother), <a href="/wiki/Kardama" title="Kardama">Kardama</a> (father)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Organization</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Philosophy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #FFC569; color: #000000;">Religious career</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Influenced</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> philosophers</li></ul> 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/80px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/120px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/160px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Orthodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#FFC569;"> <a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Heterodox</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;"> <table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Sub-schools</b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartist</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavite</a></dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivite</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Panchartika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalamukha" title="Kalamukha">Pramanavada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veerashaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Veerashaiva">Shakti Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Shiva Bhedabeda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Advaita" title="Shiva Advaita">Shiva Advaita</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b>Teachers</b> (<a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Acharyas</a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Akṣapāda Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> (Mayavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a> (Tattvavada)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya Mahaprabhu</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakta</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda Paramahansa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamakhepa" title="Bamakhepa">Bamakhepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamalakanta_Bhattacharya_(Bengal)" title="Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (Bengal)">Kamalakanta Bhattacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anandamayi_Ma" title="Anandamayi Ma">Anandamayi Ma</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-style:italic;padding-bottom:0;;font-weight:normal;"> Others</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.5em 0.65em;"> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kapila</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da" title="Kaṇāda">Kaṇāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-style:italic;padding-right:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">Secular</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.5em 0.75em;;padding:1px 0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:normal;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><b><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Major texts</a></b></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principal_Upanishads" title="Principal Upanishads">Principal Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Other scriptures</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agama (Hinduism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vachanamrut" title="Vachanamrut">Vachanamrut</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><i><b><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></b></i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dd><b><a href="/wiki/Secular_ethics" title="Secular ethics">Secular ethics</a></b></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Other Indian philosophies</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template talk:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Kapila</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">कपिल</span>) (7th<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p350_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p350-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>-6th-century BCE<sup id="cite_ref-encyclobritannicakapila_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclobritannicakapila-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also referred to as <b>Cakradhanus</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-www.wisdomlib.org_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.wisdomlib.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a Vedic sage in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-britannicakapila_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicakapila-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kapilavedic2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapilavedic2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> regarded the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhand2009p41_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhand2009p41-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannicakapila_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicakapila-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His influence on <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> have long been the subject of scholarly studies. There have been accusations of <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">orthodox Buddhists</a> that <a href="/wiki/Sarvastivada" title="Sarvastivada">Sarvastivadins</a> are heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sankhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sankhya">Sankhya</a> school of philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller9_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a>, Kapila is described as an incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>: "Bhagavān Nārāyaṇa will protect us all. The Lord of the universe has now been born in the world as Kapilācārya."<sup id="cite_ref-www.wisdomlib.org_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-www.wisdomlib.org-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many historic personalities in Hinduism and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, mythical figures, pilgrimage sites in Indian religion, as well as an ancient variety of cow, are named after Kapila, or share his name.<sup id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p350_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p350-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fynes144_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fynes144-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapila_Maharshi_Statue_Nashik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kapila_Maharshi_Statue_Nashik.jpg/220px-Kapila_Maharshi_Statue_Nashik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kapila_Maharshi_Statue_Nashik.jpg/330px-Kapila_Maharshi_Statue_Nashik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Kapila_Maharshi_Statue_Nashik.jpg/440px-Kapila_Maharshi_Statue_Nashik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Kapila Maharshi, <a href="/wiki/Nashik" title="Nashik">Nashik</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name Kapila appears in many texts, and it is likely that these names refer to different people.<sup id="cite_ref-rajusdit304_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajusdit304-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous reference is to the sage Kapila with his student <a href="/wiki/Asuri_(Samkhya)" title="Asuri (Samkhya)">Āsuri</a>, who in the Indian tradition, are considered as the first masters of <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>. While he pre-dates <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a>, it is unclear which century he lived in, with some suggesting 6th-century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclobritannicakapila_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclobritannicakapila-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others place him in the 7th century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-rajusdit304_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajusdit304-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This places him in the late <a href="/wiki/Vedic_period" title="Vedic period">Vedic period</a> (1500 BCE to 500 BCE), and he has been called a Vedic sage.<sup id="cite_ref-britannicakapila_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannicakapila-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kapilavedic2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kapilavedic2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kapila is credited with authoring an influential <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a>, called Samkhya-sutra (also called Kapila-sutra), which aphoristically presents the dualistic philosophy of Samkhya.<sup id="cite_ref-ballantyne156_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ballantyne156-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sutras were explained in another well studied text of Hinduism called the <a href="/wiki/Samkhyakarika" title="Samkhyakarika">Samkhyakarika</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rajusdit304_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rajusdit304-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyond his Samkhya philosophy, he appears in many dialogues of Hindu texts, such as in explaining and defending the principle of <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (non-violence) in the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhand2009p41_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhand2009p41-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kapila is the tenth child of sage <a href="/wiki/Kardama" title="Kardama">Kardama</a> and Devahūti. Kardama is provided a boon by Narayana that he would himself be born as his son. After attaining this, Kardama wished to leave for the forest for penance and research and Vedic study. Kardama had nine daughters who were very learned and went ahead to marry great sages mentioned in ancient Indian history<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Or_Hindu_mythology,_as_several_scholars_assert"><b><a href="#ref_Or_Hindu_mythology,_as_several_scholars_assert">^</a></b></span> . Kala married <a href="/wiki/Marichi" title="Marichi">Marichi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anusuya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anusuya">Anusuya</a> married <a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_(Hinduism)" title="Arundhati (Hinduism)">Arundhati</a> married <a href="/wiki/Vashishtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashishtha">Vashishtha</a>, Havirbhu married <a href="/wiki/Pulastya" title="Pulastya">Pulastya</a>, and Shanti married <a href="/wiki/Atharvan" title="Atharvan">Atharvan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vedic_texts">Vedic texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Vedic texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> X.27.16 mentions Kapila (<i>daśānām ekam kapilam</i>) which the 14th-century Vedic commentator <a href="/wiki/Sayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayana">Sayana</a> thought refers to a sage; a view which Chakravarti in 1951 and Larson in 1987 consider unreliable, with Chakravarti suggesting that the word refers to one of the <a href="/wiki/Maruts" title="Maruts">Maruts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-chakravarthi_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chakravarthi-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Larson and Bhattacharya state kapilam in that verse means "tawny" or "reddish-brown";<sup id="cite_ref-larson_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as is also translated by Griffith.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Śata-piṭaka Series on the Śākhās of the <a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a> – estimated to have been composed between 1200 and 1000 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-mwitzel68_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwitzel68-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – mention of a <i>Kapila Śākhā</i> situated in the Āryāvarta, which implies a Yajurveda school is named after Kapila.<sup id="cite_ref-larson_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term Kapileya, meaning "clans of Kapila", occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Brahmana" title="Aitareya Brahmana">Aitareya Brahmana</a> VII.17 but provides no information on the original Kapila.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pariśiṣṭa (addenda) of the <a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a> (at XI.III.3.4)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentions Kapila, Āsuri and Pañcaśikha in connection with a libation ritual for whom <i>tarpana</i> is to be offered.<sup id="cite_ref-larson_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In verse 5.2 of <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a>, states Larson, both the terms Samkhya and Kapila appear, with Kapila meaning colour as well as a "seer" (<a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishi</a>) with the phrase "<i>ṛṣiṃ prasūtaṃ kapilam ... tam agre..</i>"; which when compared to other verses of the <a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara Upanishad</a> Kapila likely construes to Rudra and Hiranyagarbha.<sup id="cite_ref-larson_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Max Muller is of view that Hiranyagarbha, namely Kapila in this context, varies with the tenor of the Upanishad, is distinct and is later used to link Kapila and assign the authorship of Sankya system to Hiranyagarbha in reverence for the philosophical system.<sup id="cite_ref-muller_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-muller-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puranas">Puranas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Puranas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kapila, states George Williams, lived long before the composition of the Epics and the Puranas, and his name is coopted in various later composed mythologies.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><i><b>As an ascetic and as sleeping Vishnu</b></i>: In the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a>, when the evil king <a href="/wiki/Vena_(Hindu_king)" title="Vena (Hindu king)">Vena</a> abandoned the Vedas, declared that he is the only creator of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, and broke all limits of righteousness,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is killed, Kapila advises hermits to churn Vena's thigh from which emerged Nishadas, and his right hand from which Prthu originated who made earth productive again. Kapila and hermits then went to Kapilasangama, a holy place where rivers meet.<sup id="cite_ref-sohnen234_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sohnen234-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brahma Purana also mentions Kapila in the context of <a href="/wiki/King_Sagara" class="mw-redirect" title="King Sagara">Sagara</a>'s 60,000 sons who looking for their Ashvamedha horse, disturbed Vishnu who is sleeping in the shape of Kapila. He woke up, the brilliance in his eyes burnt all but four of Sagara's sons to ashes, leaving few survivors carrying on the family lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/King_Sagara" class="mw-redirect" title="King Sagara">Sagara</a>'s son is King Dilipa and his grandson is <a href="/wiki/Bhagiratha" title="Bhagiratha">Bhagiratha</a>. On the advice of his guru Trithala, Bhagiratha did penance for a thousand years (according to god timeline) to please Ganga, to gain the release his 60,000 great-uncles from the curse of saint Kapila.</li> <li><i><b>As Vishnu's incarnation</b></i>: The <a href="/wiki/Narada_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Purana">Narada Purana</a> enumerates two Kapilas, one as the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a> and another as the incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>. The Puranas <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brahmanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmanda">Brahmanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narada_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Purana">Narada Purana</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Valmiki_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Valmiki Ramayana">Valmiki Ramayana</a> mentions Kapila is an incarnation of Vishnu. The Padma Purana and Skanda Purana conclusively call him Vishnu himself who descended on earth to disseminate true knowledge. Bhagavata Purana calls him <i>Vedagarbha Vishnu</i>. The <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_sahasranama" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu sahasranama">Vishnusahasranama</a> mentions Kapila as a name of Vishnu. In his commentary on the Samkhyasutra, <a href="/wiki/Vijnanabhikshu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijnanabhikshu">Vijnanabhikshu</a> mentions Kapila, the founder of Samkhya system, is Vishnu. Jacobsen suggests Kapila of the Veda, <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a> tradition and the Mahabharata is the same person as Kapila the founder of Samkhya; and this individual is considered as an incarnation of Vishnu in the Hindu texts.<sup id="cite_ref-jacobsen_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jacobsen-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>As son of Kardama muni</b></i>: The Book 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states Kapila is the son of <a href="/wiki/Kardama" title="Kardama">Kardama</a> Prajapati and his wife Devahuti. Kardama is born from Chaya, the reflection of <a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a>. Brahma asks Kardama to procreate upon which Kardama goes to the banks of <a href="/wiki/Sarasvati_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarasvati river">Sarasvati river</a>, practices penance, visualizes <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and is told by Vishnu that <a href="/wiki/Manu_(Hinduism)" title="Manu (Hinduism)">Manu</a>, the son of Brahma will arrive there with his wife <a href="/wiki/Shatarupa" title="Shatarupa">Shatarupa</a> in search of a groom for their daughter Devahuti. Vishnu advises Kardama to marry Devahuti, and blesses Kardama that he himself will be born as his son. Besides Kapila as their only son, Kardama and Devahuti had nine daughters, namely Kala, <a href="/wiki/Anusuya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anusuya">Anusuya</a>, Sraddha, Havirbhu, Gati, Kriya, <a href="/wiki/Khyati" title="Khyati">Khyati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arundhati_(Hinduism)" title="Arundhati (Hinduism)">Arundhati</a> and Shanti who were married to <a href="/wiki/Marichi" title="Marichi">Marici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulastya" title="Pulastya">Pulastya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulaha" title="Pulaha">Pulaha</a>, Kratu, <a href="/wiki/Bhrigu" title="Bhrigu">Bhrigu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Atharvan" title="Atharvan">Atharvan</a> respectively. H.H.Wilson notes the Bhagavatha adds a third daughter Devahuti to introduce the long legend of Kardama, and of their son Kapila, an account not found elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapila is described, states Daniel Sheridan, by the redactor of the Purana, as an incarnation of the supreme being Vishnu, in order to reinforce the Purana teaching by linking it to the traditional respect to Kapila's Samkhya in Hinduism.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Bhagavata Purana, Kapila presents to his mother Devahuti, the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a> and theistic dualism.<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapila's Samkhya is also described through Krishna to <a href="/wiki/Uddhava" title="Uddhava">Uddhava</a> in Book 11 of the <i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i>, a passage also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Uddhava_Gita" title="Uddhava Gita">Uddhava Gita</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Sheridan_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sheridan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>As son of Kashyapa</b></i>: The Matsya Purana mentions Kapila as the son of <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a> from his wife <a href="/wiki/Danu_(Asura)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danu (Asura)">Danu</a>, daughter of Daksha Prajapati. Kapila is one among Danu's 100 sons, and her other sons (Kapila's brothers) mentioned in the Vishnu Purana include Dvimurddha, Shankara, Ayomukha, Shankhushiras, Samvara, Ekachakra, Taraka, Vrishaparvan, Svarbhanu, <a href="/wiki/Puloman" title="Puloman">Puloman</a>, Viprachitti and other <a href="/wiki/Danavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Danavas">Danavas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>As son of Vitatha or Bharadwaja</b></i>: In the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a><sup id="cite_ref-vp112_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vp112-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in the <a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a><sup id="cite_ref-alan_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapila is the son of Vitatha. Daniélou translates Vitatha to inaccuracy;<sup id="cite_ref-alan_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alan-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Wilson notes Bharadwaja is also named Vitatha (unprofitable);<sup id="cite_ref-vp112_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vp112-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while he is given in adoption to Bharata. Vishnu Purana notes Bhavanmanyu is the son of Vitatha but Brahma Purana and Harivamsa omit this and make Suhotra, Anuhotra, Gaya, Garga, and Kapila the sons of Vitatha.<sup id="cite_ref-vp112_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vp112-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brahma Purana differs from other puranas in saying Vitatha is the son of <a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a>; and upon the death of Bharata, Bharadwaja installed Vitatha as the king, before leaving for the forest.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dharmasutras_and_other_texts">Dharmasutras and other texts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dharmasutras and other texts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p><b>Non-violence</b> </p> <div class="poem"> <p>Fearlessness to all living beings from my side,<br /> Svāhā! </p> </div> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<i>Kapila</i>, Baudhayana Grihya Sutra, 4.16.4<sup id="cite_ref-HoubenKooij1999p131_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoubenKooij1999p131-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Translators: Jan E. M. Houben, Karel Rijk van Kooij</cite></div> </div><p><b>As son of <a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a></b>: The Baudhayana Dharmasutra mentions the Asura<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapila is the son of Prahlada in the chapter laying rules for the <a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The section IV.16 of <i>Baudhāyana Gṛhyasūtra</i> mentions Kapila as the one who set up rules for ascetic life.<sup id="cite_ref-larson_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kapila is credited, in the Baudhayana Dharmasutra, with creating the four <a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> orders: brahmacharya, grihastha, vanaprastha and sanyassa, and suggesting that renouncer should never injure any living being in word, thought or deed.<sup id="cite_ref-HoubenKooij1999p131_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoubenKooij1999p131-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is said to have made rules for renouncement of the sacrifices and rituals in the Vedas, and an ascetic's attachment instead to the <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-buhlerbaudh_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buhlerbaudh-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other Hindu texts such as the Mahabharata, Kapila is again the sage who argues against sacrifices, and for non-violence and an end to cruelty to animals, with the argument that if sacrifices benefited the animal, then logically the family who sacrifices would benefit by a similar death.<sup id="cite_ref-Dhand2009p41_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhand2009p41-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chaturvedi, in a study of inscriptions of Khajuraho temples, the early Samkhya philosophers were possibly disciples of female teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imagery_in_the_Agamas">Imagery in the <a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Imagery in the Agamas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kapila's imagery is depicted with a beard, seated in <i>padmāsana</i> with closed eyes indicating <i>dhyāna</i>, with a <i>jaṭā-maṇḍala</i> around the head, showing high shoulders indicating he is greatly adept in controlling breath, draped in deer skin, wearing the yagñopavīta, with a <i>kamaṇḍalu</i> near him, with one hand placed in front of the crossed legs, and feet marked with lines resembling outline of a lotus. This Kapila is identified with Kapila the founder of Sāṅkhya system;<sup id="cite_ref-rao_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rao-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the Vaikhānasasāgama gives somewhat varying description. The Vaikhānasasāgama places Kapila as an āvaraņadēvāta and allocates the south-east corner of the first āvaraņa.<sup id="cite_ref-rao_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rao-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the embodiment of the Vedas his image is seated facing east with eight arms; of which four on the right should be in abhaya mudra, the other three should carry the Chakra, Khaḍga, Hala; one left hand is to rest on the hip in the <i>kațyavarlambita</i> pose and other three should carry the Ṡaṅkha, Pāśa and Daṇḍa.<sup id="cite_ref-rao_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rao-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_descriptions">Other descriptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other descriptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The name Kapila is sometimes used as an epithet for <a href="/wiki/Vasudeva" title="Vasudeva">Vasudeva</a> with Vasudeva having incarnated in the place named Kapila.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pradyumna assumed the form of Kapila when he became free from desire of worldly influences.<sup id="cite_ref-rao_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rao-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kapila is as one of the seven <a href="/wiki/Guardians_of_the_directions" title="Guardians of the directions">Dikpalas</a> with the other six being Dharma, Kala, Vasu, Vasuki, Ananta.</li> <li>The Jayakhya Samhita of 5th century AD alludes to the Chaturmukha Vishnu of Kashmir and mentions Vishnu with Varaha, <a href="/wiki/Nrsimha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nrsimha">Nrsimha</a> and Kapila defeated the asuras who appeared before them in zoomorphic forms with Nrsimha and Varaha posited to be incarnations of Vishnu and Kapila respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the Vamana Purana, the Yakshas were sired by Kapila with his consort Kesini who is from the Khasa class; though the epics attribute the origin of Yakshas to a cosmic egg or to the sage Pulastya; while other puranas posit Kashyapa as the progenitor of Yakshas with his consort Vishva or Khasha.<sup id="cite_ref-misra_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-misra-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In some puranas, Kapila is also mentioned as a female, a daughter of Khaśā and a Rākșasī, after whom came the name Kāpileya gaņa.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Mahabharat, Kapila is a daughter of Daksha<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and having married Kashyapa gave birth to the Brahmanas, Kine, Gandharvas and Apsaras.<sup id="cite_ref-sacred-texts.com_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacred-texts.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kapila being a great teacher also had gardening as a hobby focusing his time around the babool (Acacia) tree everywhere he lived.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kapila_Devahuti_Samvada">Kapila Devahuti Samvada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kapila Devahuti Samvada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kapila_Devahuti_discussions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kapila_Devahuti_discussions.jpg/220px-Kapila_Devahuti_discussions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kapila_Devahuti_discussions.jpg/330px-Kapila_Devahuti_discussions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Kapila_Devahuti_discussions.jpg/440px-Kapila_Devahuti_discussions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>Kapila-Devahuti Samvada is the basis of <i>Sankhya <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></i> for which Kapila is well known. Kapila-Devahuti Samvada which roughly translates to "The Discussions between Kapila and Devahuti", touches topics on how to control oneself effectively and truly become the master of oneself. Kapila Devahuti Samvada is a text where Devahuti approaches Kapil with a dilemma. She mentions that she is fed up of satisfying her five senses. She states that all her life, she has been giving in to these senses. but they are never satisfied. Kapila explains the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> philosophy to set her mind at ease and give her inner peace. This discussion is in the form of question and answers format. This has been mentioned in detail in the third canto of <a href="/wiki/Shrimad_Bhagavata_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimad Bhagavata Purana">Shrimad Bhagavata Purana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jainism">Jainism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jainism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kapila is mentioned in chapter VIII of the <i> <a href="/wiki/Uttaradhyayana" title="Uttaradhyayana">Uttaradhyayana-sutra</a></i>, states Larson and Bhattacharya, where a discourse of poetical verses is titled as <i>Kaviliyam</i>, or "Kapila's verses".<sup id="cite_ref-larson_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larson-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Kapila appears in Jaina texts. For example, in the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Hemacandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemacandra">Hemacandra</a>'s epic poem on Jain elders, Kapila appears as a Brahmin who converted to Jainism during the <a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Empire</a> era.<sup id="cite_ref-fynes144_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fynes144-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <i>Jnatadharmakatha</i>, Kapila is a contemporary of Krishna and the <i>Vasudeva</i> of <i>Dhatakikhanda</i>. The text further mentions that both of them blew their <i><a href="/wiki/Shankha" title="Shankha">shankha</a></i> (conch shell) together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1999287_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1999287-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Buddhists literature, such as the <a href="/wiki/Jataka_tales" title="Jataka tales">Jataka tales</a>, state the Buddha is Kapila in one of his previous lives.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have long compared and associated the teachings of Kapila and Buddha. For example, <a href="/wiki/Max_Muller" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a> wrote (abridged), </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>There are no doubt certain notions which Buddha shares in common, not only with Kapila, but with every Hindu philosopher. (...) It has been said that Buddha and Kapila were both atheists, and that Buddha borrowed his atheism from Kapila. But atheism is an indefinite term, and may mean very different things. In one sense, every Indian philosopher was an atheist, for they all perceived that the gods of the populace could not claim the attributes that belong to a Supreme Being (Absolute, the source of all that exists or seems to exist, <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>). (...) Kapila, when accused of atheism, is not accused of denying the existence of an Absolute Being. He is accused of denying the existence of an <a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a>. </p> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Max Muller et al., Studies in Buddhism<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller9_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Max Muller states the link between the more ancient Kapila's teachings on Buddha can be overstated.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller9_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This confusion is easy, states Muller, because Kapila's first <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutra</a> in his classic Samkhya-sutra, "the complete cessation of pain, which is of three kinds, is the highest aim of man", sounds like the natural inspiration for Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller9_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, adds Muller, the teachings on how to achieve this, by Kapila and by Buddha, are very different.<sup id="cite_ref-maxmuller9_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-maxmuller9-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Buddhist art often depicts Vedic deities, one can find art of both Narayana and Kapila as kings within a Buddhist temple, along with statues of Buddhist figures such as Amitabha, Maitreya, and Vairocana.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Chinese Buddhism, the Buddha directed the Yaksha Kapila and fifteen daughters of Devas to become the patrons of China.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following works were authored by Kapila, some of which are lost, and known because they are mentioned in other works; while few others are unpublished manuscripts available in libraries stated:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Manvadi Shrāddha - mentioned by Rudradeva in <i>Pakayajna Prakasa</i>.</li> <li>Dṛṣṭantara Yoga - also named <i>Siddhāntasāra</i> available at Madras Oriental Manuscripts Library.</li> <li>Kapilanyayabhasa - mentioned by Alberuni in his works.</li> <li>Kapila Purana - referred to by Sutasamhita and Kavindracharya. Available at Sarasvati Bhavana Library, Varanasi.</li> <li>Kapila Samhita - there are 2 works by the same name. One is the samhita quoted in the <i>Bhagavatatatparyanirnaya</i> and by Viramitrodaya in <i>Samskaras</i>. Another is the Samhita detailing pilgrim centers of Orissa.</li> <li>Kapilasutra - Two books, namely the Samkya Pravacana Sutra and the Tattvasamasasutra, are jointly known as Kapilasutra. Bhaskararaya refers to them in his work Saubhagya-bhaskara.</li> <li>Kapila Stotra - Chapters 25 to 33 of the third khanda of the Bhagavata Mahapurana are called Kapila Stotra.</li> <li>Kapila Smriti - Available in the work <i>Smriti-Sandarbha</i>, a collection of Smritis, from Gurumandal Publications.</li> <li>Kapilopanishad - Mentioned in the <i>Anandasrama</i> list at 4067 (Anandasrama 4067).</li> <li>Kapila Gita - also known as Dṛṣṭantasara or <i>Siddhāntasāra</i>.</li> <li>Kapila <a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a> - also known as Maha Kapila Pancharatra. Quoted by Raghunandana in <i>Saṃskāra Mayukha</i>.</li></ul> <p>Ayurveda books mentioning Kapila's works are: </p> <ol><li>Vagbhatta mentions Kapila's views in chapter 20 of <i>Sutrasthana</i>.</li> <li>Nischalakara mentions Kapila's views in his commentary on <i>Chikitsa Sangraha</i>.</li> <li>Kapila's views are quoted in <i>Ayurvedadipika</i>.</li> <li>The Kavindracharya list at 987 mentions a book named Kapila <i>Siddhanta Rasayana</i>.</li> <li>Hemadri quotes Kapila's views in <i>Ashtangahradaya</i> (16th verse) of the commentary <i>Ayurveda Rasayana</i>.</li> <li>Sarvadarsanasamgraha (<i>Sarva-darśana-saṃgraha</i>) mentions Kapila's views on <a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a> school of philosophy.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kapila, the founder of Samkhya, has been a highly revered sage in various schools of Hindu philosophy. <a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a> (~500 CE), an <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> scholar, in his <a href="/wiki/Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasya">Bhasya</a> called Kapila as one of the seven great sages along with Sanaka, Sananda, Sanatana, Asuri, Vodhu and Pancasikha.<sup id="cite_ref-larson108_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larson108-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a> scholar, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Yogasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogasutra">Yogasutra</a>-bhasya</i> wrote Kapila to be the "primal wise man, or knower".<sup id="cite_ref-larson108_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-larson108-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Buddhist sources mention that the city of <a href="/wiki/Kapilavastu_(ancient_city)" title="Kapilavastu (ancient city)">Kapilavastu</a> is built in the honor of Kapila. It is in Kapilavastu that the <a href="/wiki/Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddha">Buddha</a> is born; and, it is here he spent the first twenty-nine years of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prahlada" title="Prahlada">Prahlada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mithila_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Mithila University">Ancient Mithila University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Theertham" title="Kapila Theertham">Kapila Theertham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapileshwar_Temple,_Bihar" title="Kapileshwar Temple, Bihar">Kapileshwar Temple, Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaul_Village" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaul Village">Kaul Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalayat" title="Kalayat">Kalayat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The historicity of Kapila is debated. Several scholars have put forward that he is entirely mythological.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">dashAnAmekaM kapilaM samAnaM taM hinvanti kratavepAryAya<br /> garbhaM mAtA sudhitaM vakSaNAsvavenantantuSayantI bibharti <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Translated by Griffith as:<br /> One of the ten, the tawny, shared in common, they send to execute their final purpose.<br /> The Mother carries on her breast the Infant of noble form and soothes it while it knows not.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote from Chakravarti's work: These Kapileyas are the clans of Kapila, but who was the original Kapila, we cannot know; for the text does not supply us with any further data. In his article on the Śākhās of the Yajurveda, Dr. Raghuvira acquaints us with one <i>Kapila Śākhā</i> that was situated in the Āryāvarta. But we do not know anything else as regards the Kapila with whom the said branch was associated. Further in the <i>khilas</i> of the Rgveda, one Kapila is mentioned along with some other sages. But the account of all these Kapilas is very meagre and hence cannot be much estimated in discussing the attitude of Sāṃkhya Kapila towards the Vedas. Though the Sāṃkhya vehemently criticises the Vedic sacrifices, but thereby it does not totally set aside the validity of the Vedas. In that case it is sure to fall under the category of the nāstika philosophy and could not exercise so much influence upon the orthodox minds; for it is well known that most of the branches of orthodox literature are more or less replete with the praise of Samkhya".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The pariśiṣṭa to each Veda were composed after the Veda;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atharvaveda itself estimated to have been composed by about 1000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-mwitzel68_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mwitzel68-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Vedic texts, Asura refers to any spiritual or divine being.<sup id="cite_ref-HoubenKooij1999p131_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HoubenKooij1999p131-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, the meaning of Asura contrasts with Deva.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Baudhayana Dharma Sutra, Prasna II, Adhyaya 6, Kandika 11, Verses 1 to 34:<br /> 14. A hermit is he who regulates his conduct entirely according to the Institutes proclaimed by Vikhanas.(...)<br /> 28. With reference to this matter they quote also (the following passage): 'There was, forsooth, an Âsura, Kapila by name, the son of Prahlâda. Striving with the gods, he made these divisions. A wise man should not take heed of them.'<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Baudhayana Dharmasutra Prasna II, Adyaya 6, Kandiaka 11, Verses 26 to 34 dissuade the Vaikhanasas from sacrificial ritual works in the Vedas.<sup id="cite_ref-buhlerbaudh_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buhlerbaudh-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quote from p. 49–51: Of course, the Panchatantrikas accorded a place of honour to Kapila who was designated <i>muni</i> and <i>paramarishi</i>, and even identified with Narayana. The original concept of Kapila, the <i>asura exponent of one of the oldest systems of philosophy is, however, preserved in the present inscription</i>. (...) The Rūpamaņḍana and Aparājittapŗichha accounts of the deity mention a female face instead of Kapila which has puzzled scholars. In this connection, it may be pointed out that in the Mahabharata, Pañcaśīkha the disciple of Āsuri has been called Kapileya. He was so named because he was fed on the breast-milk of a brahmana lady, Kapila. According to Chattopadhyaya, "We have to take the story of Kapila breast-feeding Panchasikha ina figurative sense and if we do so the myth might suggest the story of an original female preceptor of the Samkhya system."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Section LXV of the Sambhava Parva of the Mahabharat states: The daughters of Daksha are, O tiger among men and prince of the Bharata race, Aditi, Diti, Danu, Kala, Danayu, Sinhika, Krodha, Pradha, Viswa, Vinata, Kapila, Muni, and Kadru ... The Brahmanas, kine, Gandharvas, and Apsaras, were born of Kapila as stated in the Purana.<sup id="cite_ref-sacred-texts.com_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacred-texts.com-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-all-four-kandas-english-translation/page/n168/mode/1up?q=Kapila">"Brahma Vaivarta Purana - English Translation - All Four Kandas"</a>. January 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brahma+Vaivarta+Purana+-+English+Translation+-+All+Four+Kandas&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbrahma-vaivarta-purana-all-four-kandas-english-translation%2Fpage%2Fn168%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fq%3DKapila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p350-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p350_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p350_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" class="citation book cs1">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 350. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200316052117/https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=350&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclobritannicakapila-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclobritannicakapila_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclobritannicakapila_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kapila">Kapila</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151116050816/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kapila">Archived</a> 16 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (2014)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.wisdomlib.org-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.wisdomlib.org_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.wisdomlib.org_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFwww.wisdomlib.org2019" class="citation web cs1">www.wisdomlib.org (28 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/compilation/puranic-encyclopaedia/d/doc241684.html">"Story of Kapila"</a>. <i>www.wisdomlib.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wisdomlib.org&rft.atitle=Story+of+Kapila&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft.au=www.wisdomlib.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisdomlib.org%2Fhinduism%2Fcompilation%2Fpuranic-encyclopaedia%2Fd%2Fdoc241684.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannicakapila-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannicakapila_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannicakapila_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannicakapila_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditors_of_Encyclopædia_Britannica1998" class="citation book cs1">Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qH4xAQAAIAAJ"><i>The New Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 731. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-633-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85229-633-2"><bdi>978-0-85229-633-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416130243/https://books.google.com/books?id=qH4xAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=731&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-85229-633-2&rft.au=Editors+of+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqH4xAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote:"Kapila (fl. 550 BC), Vedic sage and founder of the system of Samkhya, one of the six schools of Vedic philosophy."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kapilavedic2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kapilavedic2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kapilavedic2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuida_Myrl_Jackson-Laufer1994" class="citation book cs1">Guida Myrl Jackson-Laufer (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LcLYAAAAMAAJ"><i>Traditional Epics: A Literary Companion</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 321. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510276-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510276-5"><bdi>978-0-19-510276-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161223203151/https://books.google.com/books?id=LcLYAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+Epics%3A+A+Literary+Companion&rft.pages=321&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510276-5&rft.au=Guida+Myrl+Jackson-Laufer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLcLYAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span>, <b>Quote:</b> "Kapila was a Vedic sage (ca. 550 B.C.) and founder of the Samkhya school of Vedic philosophy.";<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_HaldaneKrishna_Dronamraju2009" class="citation book cs1">John Haldane; Krishna Dronamraju (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5233gQF1kBEC&pg=PA225"><i>What I Require From Life</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923770-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923770-8"><bdi>978-0-19-923770-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416132809/https://books.google.com/books?id=5233gQF1kBEC&pg=PA225">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+I+Require+From+Life&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923770-8&rft.au=John+Haldane&rft.au=Krishna+Dronamraju&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5233gQF1kBEC%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhand2009p41-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dhand2009p41_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhand2009p41_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dhand2009p41_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArti_Dhand2009" class="citation book cs1">Arti Dhand (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rCopAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41"><i>Woman as Fire, Woman as Sage</i></a>. State University of New York Press. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7988-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7988-9"><bdi>978-0-7914-7988-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416134501/https://books.google.com/books?id=rCopAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA41">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Woman+as+Fire%2C+Woman+as+Sage&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7988-9&rft.au=Arti+Dhand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrCopAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-maxmuller9-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller9_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller9_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller9_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller9_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-maxmuller9_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller et al. (1999 Reprint), Studies in Buddhism, Asian Educational Services, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1226-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1226-4">81-206-1226-4</a>, pages 9–10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Woodhill Rockhill (2000 Reprint), The Life of the Buddha and the Early History of His Order, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37937-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37937-6">978-1-136-37937-6</a>, pages 11–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnut_A._Jacobsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Knut A. Jacobsen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC&pg=PA114"><i>Pilgrimage in the Hindu Tradition: Salvific Space</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 114–115. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59038-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59038-9"><bdi>978-0-415-59038-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200119033408/https://books.google.com/books?id=Kn6_3oBFAqIC&pg=PA114">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage+in+the+Hindu+Tradition%3A+Salvific+Space&rft.pages=114-115&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-415-59038-9&rft.au=Knut+A.+Jacobsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKn6_3oBFAqIC%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fynes144-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fynes144_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fynes144_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHemacandra1998" class="citation book cs1">Hemacandra (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=quNpKVqABGMC&pg=PA144"><i>The Lives of the Jain Elders</i></a>. Translated by Fynes, R. C. C. Oxford University Press. pp. 144–146, Canto Seven, verses 1–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283227-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283227-6"><bdi>978-0-19-283227-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200111181352/https://books.google.com/books?id=quNpKVqABGMC&pg=PA144">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lives+of+the+Jain+Elders&rft.pages=144-146%2C+Canto+Seven%2C+verses+1-19&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283227-6&rft.au=Hemacandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DquNpKVqABGMC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rajusdit304-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rajusdit304_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rajusdit304_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rajusdit304_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PT Raju (1985), Structural Depths of Indian Thought, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-139-4">978-0-88706-139-4</a>, page 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurley2009" class="citation journal cs1">Burley, M. (2009). "Kapila: Founder of Samkhya and Avatara of Visnu (with a Translation of Kapilasurisamvada). By Knut A. Jacobsen". <i>The Journal of Hindu Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (2). Oxford University Press: 244–246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhip013">10.1093/jhs/hip013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hindu+Studies&rft.atitle=Kapila%3A+Founder+of+Samkhya+and+Avatara+of+Visnu+%28with+a+Translation+of+Kapilasurisamvada%29.+By+Knut+A.+Jacobsen.&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=244-246&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhs%2Fhip013&rft.aulast=Burley&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._L._Herman1983" class="citation book cs1">A. L. Herman (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KJ8KAAAAYAAJ"><i>An Introduction to Buddhist Thought: A Philosophic History of Indian Buddhism</i></a>. University Press of America. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-3595-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8191-3595-7"><bdi>978-0-8191-3595-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170416134626/https://books.google.com/books?id=KJ8KAAAAYAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhist+Thought%3A+A+Philosophic+History+of+Indian+Buddhism&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-8191-3595-7&rft.au=A.+L.+Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKJ8KAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ballantyne156-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ballantyne156_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kapila (James Robert Ballantyne, Translator, 1865), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOY9AAAAcAAJ">The Sāmkhya aphorisms of Kapila</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pages 156–157</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Max Muller et al. (1999 Reprint), Studies in Buddhism, Asian Educational Services, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1226-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1226-4">81-206-1226-4</a>, page 10 with footnote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chakravarthi-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chakravarthi_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1951" class="citation book cs1">Chakravarti, Pulinbihari (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theosnet.net/dzyan/hindu/samkhya_karika_and_yukti-dipika_intro.pdf"><i>Origin and Development of the Sāṃkhya System of Thought</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation: exclusively distributed by Munshinam Manoharlal Publishers. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822014138/http://theosnet.net/dzyan/hindu/samkhya_karika_and_yukti-dipika_intro.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+Development+of+the+S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya+System+of+Thought&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Oriental+Books+Reprint+Corporation%3A+exclusively+distributed+by+Munshinam+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Pulinbihari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheosnet.net%2Fdzyan%2Fhindu%2Fsamkhya_karika_and_yukti-dipika_intro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larson-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-larson_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-larson_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-larson_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-larson_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-larson_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-larson_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson,_Gerald_JamesPotter,_Karl_H.Bhattacharya,_Ram_Shankar1987" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Gerald James; Potter, Karl H.; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar (1987). <i>The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Sāṃkhya, Volume 4 of The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies</i>. Princeton University Press, (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass). p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60441-1"><bdi>978-0-691-60441-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies%3A+S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya%2C+Volume+4+of+The+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%2C+%28Reprint%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-60441-1&rft.au=Larson%2C+Gerald+James&rft.au=Potter%2C+Karl+H.&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+Ram+Shankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/ixt/san0010/__POI.HTM">"Rig Veda (Sanskrit): Text - IntraText CT"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826163922/http://www.intratext.com/ixt/san0010/__POI.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rig+Veda+%28Sanskrit%29%3A+Text+-+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2Fixt%2Fsan0010%2F__POI.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/ixt/ENG0039/__PO0.HTM">"Rig Veda (Griffith tr.): Text - IntraText CT"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160826172005/http://www.intratext.com/ixt/ENG0039/__PO0.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rig+Veda+%28Griffith+tr.%29%3A+Text+-+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2Fixt%2FENG0039%2F__PO0.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mwitzel68-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mwitzel68_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mwitzel68_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Witzel (2003), "Vedas and Upaniṣads", in The Blackwell Companion to Hinduism (Editor: Gavin Flood), Blackwell, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21535-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21535-2">0-631-21535-2</a>, pages 68–70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChakravarti1951" class="citation book cs1">Chakravarti, Pulinbihari (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theosnet.net/dzyan/hindu/samkhya_karika_and_yukti-dipika_intro.pdf"><i>Origin and Development of the Sāṃkhya System of Thought</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Oriental Books Reprint Corporation: exclusively distributed by Munshinam Manoharlal Publishers. p. 7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160822014138/http://theosnet.net/dzyan/hindu/samkhya_karika_and_yukti-dipika_intro.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+and+Development+of+the+S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya+System+of+Thought&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oriental+Books+Reprint+Corporation%3A+exclusively+distributed+by+Munshinam+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Chakravarti&rft.aufirst=Pulinbihari&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheosnet.net%2Fdzyan%2Fhindu%2Fsamkhya_karika_and_yukti-dipika_intro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriz_WinternitzV._Srinivasa_Sarma1996" class="citation book cs1">Moriz Winternitz; V. Srinivasa Sarma (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C"><i>A History of Indian Literature</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 261–262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0264-3"><bdi>978-81-208-0264-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160708015319/https://books.google.com/books?id=JRfuJFRV_O8C">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Literature&rft.pages=261-262&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0264-3&rft.au=Moriz+Winternitz&rft.au=V.+Srinivasa+Sarma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJRfuJFRV_O8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-muller-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-muller_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2012" class="citation book cs1">Müller, F.Max (2012). <i>The Upanishads, Part 2</i>. Courier Corporation. p. xxxviii-xli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-15711-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-15711-5"><bdi>978-0-486-15711-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Upanishads%2C+Part+2&rft.pages=xxxviii-xli&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-486-15711-5&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=F.Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_M._Williams2008" class="citation book cs1">George M. Williams (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N7LOZfwCDpEC"><i>Handbook of Hindu Mythology</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533261-2"><bdi>978-0-19-533261-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Hindu+Mythology&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533261-2&rft.au=George+M.+Williams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN7LOZfwCDpEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSöhnen-Thieme,_RenateSöhnen,_RenateSchreiner,Peter1989" class="citation book cs1">Söhnen-Thieme, Renate; Söhnen, Renate; Schreiner,Peter (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2c6-tAt4vwC"><i>Brahmapurāṇa, Volume 2 of Purāṇa research publications, Tübingen</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-02960-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-02960-9"><bdi>3-447-02960-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222031509/https://books.google.com/books?id=J2c6-tAt4vwC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahmapur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a%2C+Volume+2+of+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+research+publications%2C+T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-447-02960-9&rft.au=S%C3%B6hnen-Thieme%2C+Renate&rft.au=S%C3%B6hnen%2C+Renate&rft.au=Schreiner%2CPeter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2c6-tAt4vwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sohnen234-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sohnen234_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSöhnen-Thieme,_RenateSöhnen,_RenateSchreiner,Peter1989" class="citation book cs1">Söhnen-Thieme, Renate; Söhnen, Renate; Schreiner,Peter (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2c6-tAt4vwC"><i>Brahmapurāṇa, Volume 2 of Purāṇa research publications, Tübingen</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 234–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-02960-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-02960-9"><bdi>3-447-02960-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222031509/https://books.google.com/books?id=J2c6-tAt4vwC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahmapur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a%2C+Volume+2+of+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+research+publications%2C+T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=234-235&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-447-02960-9&rft.au=S%C3%B6hnen-Thieme%2C+Renate&rft.au=S%C3%B6hnen%2C+Renate&rft.au=Schreiner%2CPeter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2c6-tAt4vwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSöhnen-Thieme,_RenateSöhnen,_RenateSchreiner,Peter1989" class="citation book cs1">Söhnen-Thieme, Renate; Söhnen, Renate; Schreiner,Peter (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J2c6-tAt4vwC"><i>Brahmapurāṇa, Volume 2 of Purāṇa research publications, Tübingen</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 22, 141–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-447-02960-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-447-02960-9"><bdi>3-447-02960-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191222031509/https://books.google.com/books?id=J2c6-tAt4vwC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brahmapur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a%2C+Volume+2+of+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87a+research+publications%2C+T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=22%2C+141-142&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3-447-02960-9&rft.au=S%C3%B6hnen-Thieme%2C+Renate&rft.au=S%C3%B6hnen%2C+Renate&rft.au=Schreiner%2CPeter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ2c6-tAt4vwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jacobsen-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jacobsen_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Knut A.</a> (2008). <i>Kapila, Founder of Sāṃkhya and Avatāra of Viṣṇu: With a Translation of Kapilāsurisaṃvāda</i>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Munshiram_Manoharlal" title="Munshiram Manoharlal">Munshiram Manoharlal</a>. pp. 9–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1194-0"><bdi>978-81-215-1194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kapila%2C+Founder+of+S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya+and+Avat%C4%81ra+of+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u%3A+With+a+Translation+of+Kapil%C4%81surisa%E1%B9%83v%C4%81da&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=9-25&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-215-1194-0&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Knut+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sheridan-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sheridan_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1986" class="citation book cs1">Sheridan, Daniel (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C"><i>The Advaitic Theism of the Bhagavata Purana</i></a>. Columbia, Mo: South Asia Books. pp. 42–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0179-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0179-2"><bdi>81-208-0179-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215105221/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrtYYTjYFY8C">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advaitic+Theism+of+the+Bhagavata+Purana&rft.place=Columbia%2C+Mo&rft.pages=42-43&rft.pub=South+Asia+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=81-208-0179-2&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrtYYTjYFY8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen1986" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Gunada Charan (1986). <i>Srimadbhagavatam: A Concise Narrative</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers. pp. 26–28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0036-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0036-2"><bdi>81-215-0036-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Srimadbhagavatam%3A+A+Concise+Narrative&rft.pages=26-28&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+Publishers&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=81-215-0036-2&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Gunada+Charan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1961" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, H.H (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EU8NAwAAQBAJ&q=kapila+kardama+%22legend+not+met+with+anywhere+else%22+wilson&pg=PA108"><i>The Vishnu Purana</i></a>. Рипол Классик. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-87618-744-5" title="Special:BookSources/5-87618-744-5"><bdi>5-87618-744-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BA&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=5-87618-744-5&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=H.H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEU8NAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkapila%2Bkardama%2B%2522legend%2Bnot%2Bmet%2Bwith%2Banywhere%2Belse%2522%2Bwilson%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Roshen (2014). <i>Hinduism--An Alphabetical Guide</i>. Penguin, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8475-277-9"><bdi>978-81-8475-277-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism--An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin%2C+UK&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-81-8475-277-9&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Roshen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vp112-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vp112_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vp112_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vp112_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp112.htm">"The Vishnu Purana: Book IV: Chapter XIX"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512051546/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/vp/vp112.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Vishnu+Purana%3A+Book+IV%3A+Chapter+XIX&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fvp%2Fvp112.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alan-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-alan_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-alan_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniélou1991" class="citation book cs1">Daniélou, Alan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani/page/183"><i>The Myths and Gods of India: The Classic Work on Hindu Polytheism from the Princeton Bollingen Series</i></a>. Inner Traditions / Bear & Co. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsgodsofindia00dani/page/183">183</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-354-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-354-7"><bdi>0-89281-354-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+and+Gods+of+India%3A+The+Classic+Work+on+Hindu+Polytheism+from+the+Princeton+Bollingen+Series&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-89281-354-7&rft.aulast=Dani%C3%A9lou&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythsgodsofindia00dani%2Fpage%2F183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarmah1991" class="citation book cs1">Sarmah, Taneswar (1991). <i>Bharadvājas in Ancient India</i>. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0639-5" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0639-5"><bdi>81-208-0639-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bharadv%C4%81jas+in+Ancient+India&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publ&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=81-208-0639-5&rft.aulast=Sarmah&rft.aufirst=Taneswar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HoubenKooij1999p131-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HoubenKooij1999p131_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoubenKooij1999p131_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HoubenKooij1999p131_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_E._M._HoubenKarel_Rijk_van_Kooij1999" class="citation book cs1">Jan E. M. Houben; Karel Rijk van Kooij (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6znfIA3UfWcC&pg=PA131"><i>Violence Denied: Violence, Non-Violence and the Rationalization of Violence in South Asian Cultural History</i></a>. BRILL. pp. 131–132, 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11344-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11344-4"><bdi>90-04-11344-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200112183407/https://books.google.com/books?id=6znfIA3UfWcC&pg=PA131">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+Denied%3A+Violence%2C+Non-Violence+and+the+Rationalization+of+Violence+in+South+Asian+Cultural+History&rft.pages=131-132%2C+143&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-04-11344-4&rft.au=Jan+E.+M.+Houben&rft.au=Karel+Rijk+van+Kooij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6znfIA3UfWcC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeaneane D Fowler (2012), The Bhagavad Gita, Sussex Academic Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-346-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84519-346-1">978-1-84519-346-1</a>, pages 253–262</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Bühler1898" class="citation web cs1">Georg Bühler (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sacredlawsofarya00buhliala#page/256/mode/2up">"The sacred laws of the Aryas : as taught in the schools of Apastamba, Gautama, Vasishtha and Baudhayana"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. The Christian Literature Company. pp. 256–262 (verses II.6.11.1–34). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319071743/https://archive.org/stream/sacredlawsofarya00buhliala#page/256/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=The+sacred+laws+of+the+Aryas+%3A+as+taught+in+the+schools+of+Apastamba%2C+Gautama%2C+Vasishtha+and+Baudhayana&rft.pages=256-262+%28verses+II.6.11.1-34%29&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Georg+B%C3%BChler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsacredlawsofarya00buhliala%23page%2F256%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-buhlerbaudh-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-buhlerbaudh_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-buhlerbaudh_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorg_Bühler1898" class="citation web cs1">Georg Bühler (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sacredlawsofarya00buhliala#page/260/mode/2up">"The sacred laws of the Aryas : as taught in the schools of Apastamba, Gautama, Vasishtha and Baudhayana"</a>. <i>Internet Archive</i>. The Christian Literature Company. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160319071743/https://archive.org/stream/sacredlawsofarya00buhliala#page/260/mode/2up">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Archive&rft.atitle=The+sacred+laws+of+the+Aryas+%3A+as+taught+in+the+schools+of+Apastamba%2C+Gautama%2C+Vasishtha+and+Baudhayana&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Georg+B%C3%BChler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsacredlawsofarya00buhliala%23page%2F260%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaturvedi1985" class="citation journal cs1">Chaturvedi, S.N. (1985). "The Vaikuṇtha image and the Khajurāho inscription of Yaśovarmmadeva". <i>Journal of the Indian Society of Oriental Art</i>. <b>14</b>. Indian Society of Oriental Art: 49–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Indian+Society+of+Oriental+Art&rft.atitle=The+Vaiku%E1%B9%87tha+image+and+the+Khajur%C4%81ho+inscription+of+Ya%C5%9Bovarmmadeva&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=49-51&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Chaturvedi&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rao-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rao_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rao_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rao_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rao_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT.A.Gopinatha1993" class="citation book cs1">T.A.Gopinatha, Rao (1993). <i>Elements of Hindu iconography</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 247–248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0878-9" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0878-9"><bdi>81-208-0878-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pages=247-248&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=81-208-0878-9&rft.aulast=T.A.Gopinatha&rft.aufirst=Rao&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĀnandavardhanaIngalls,_Daniel_Henry_Holmes1990" class="citation book cs1">Ānandavardhana; Ingalls, Daniel Henry Holmes (1990). <i>Locana: Volume 49 of The Dhvanyāloka of Ānandavardhana with the Locana of Abhinavagupta</i>. Harvard University Press. p. 694. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-20278-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-20278-3"><bdi>0-674-20278-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Locana%3A+Volume+49+of+The+Dhvany%C4%81loka+of+%C4%80nandavardhana+with+the+Locana+of+Abhinavagupta&rft.pages=694&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-674-20278-3&rft.au=%C4%80nandavardhana&rft.au=Ingalls%2C+Daniel+Henry+Holmes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalla1996" class="citation book cs1">Malla, Bansi Lal (1996). <i>Vaiṣṇava Art and Iconography of Kashmir</i>. Abhinav Publications. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7017-305-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-7017-305-1"><bdi>81-7017-305-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vai%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87ava+Art+and+Iconography+of+Kashmir&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=81-7017-305-1&rft.aulast=Malla&rft.aufirst=Bansi+Lal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-misra-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-misra_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisra1981" class="citation book cs1">Misra, Ram Nath (1981). <i>Yaksha cult and iconography</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 6, 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yaksha+cult+and+iconography&rft.pages=6%2C+22&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Misra&rft.aufirst=Ram+Nath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikshitar1995" class="citation book cs1">Dikshitar, V.R.Ramachandra (1995). <i>The Purana Index: Volume I (from A to N)</i>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 314.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Purana+Index%3A+Volume+I+%28from+A+to+N%29&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Dikshitar&rft.aufirst=V.R.Ramachandra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacred-texts.com-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sacred-texts.com_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sacred-texts.com_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01066.htm">"The Mahabharata, Book 1: Adi Parva: Sambhava Parva: Section LXV"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160618180243/http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m01/m01066.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Book+1%3A+Adi+Parva%3A+Sambhava+Parva%3A+Section+LXV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fhin%2Fm01%2Fm01066.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eremita.di.uminho.pt/gutenberg/1/5/4/7/15474/15474-h/15474-h.htm">"The Mahabharata, Volume I., Book 1-3 by Kisari Mohan Ganguli"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160827045158/http://eremita.di.uminho.pt/gutenberg/1/5/4/7/15474/15474-h/15474-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Mahabharata%2C+Volume+I.%2C+Book+1-3+by+Kisari+Mohan+Ganguli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feremita.di.uminho.pt%2Fgutenberg%2F1%2F5%2F4%2F7%2F15474%2F15474-h%2F15474-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shrimad Bhagwatam.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BYVOCgAAQBAJ&dq=srimad+bhagavatam+canto+third&pg=PT766">[1]</a> Canto Three, Chapter 25. Retrieved on 18 January 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1999287-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvon_Glasenapp1999287_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Glasenapp1999">von Glasenapp 1999</a>, p. 287.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĀryaśūra2009" class="citation book cs1">Āryaśūra (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OOJAAQAAIAAJ"><i>Garland of the Buddha's Past Lives</i></a>. Translated by Meiland, Justin. New York University Press. pp. 172, 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9581-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-9581-1"><bdi>978-0-8147-9581-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219032758/https://books.google.com/books?id=OOJAAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garland+of+the+Buddha%27s+Past+Lives&rft.pages=172%2C+354&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-9581-1&rft.au=%C4%80rya%C5%9B%C5%ABra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOOJAAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAiyangar_Narayan" class="citation book cs1">Aiyangar Narayan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oym17qIeB-0C"><i>Essays On Indo-Aryan Mythology</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 472. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0140-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-0140-6"><bdi>978-81-206-0140-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200128201247/https://books.google.com/books?id=Oym17qIeB-0C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+On+Indo-Aryan+Mythology&rft.pages=472&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.isbn=978-81-206-0140-6&rft.au=Aiyangar+Narayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOym17qIeB-0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJF_Fleet1906" class="citation book cs1">JF Fleet (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8t0sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA164"><i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 164. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171105145949/https://books.google.com/books?id=8t0sAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA164">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.au=JF+Fleet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8t0sAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. 269 <i>Introduction to Buddhist art</i> By Chikyō Yamamoto</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdkins2013" class="citation book cs1">Edkins, Joseph (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RVH_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39"><i>Chinese Buddhism: A Volume of Sketches, Historical, Descriptive and Critical</i></a>. Routledge. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-37881-2"><bdi>978-1-136-37881-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191219011536/https://books.google.com/books?id=RVH_AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Buddhism%3A+A+Volume+of+Sketches%2C+Historical%2C+Descriptive+and+Critical&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-37881-2&rft.aulast=Edkins&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRVH_AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-larson108-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-larson108_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-larson108_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson,_Gerald_JamesPotter,_Karl_H.Bhattacharya,_Ram_Shankar1987" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Gerald James; Potter, Karl H.; Bhattacharya, Ram Shankar (1987). <i>The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies: Sāṃkhya, Volume 4 of The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies</i>. Princeton University Press, (Reprint: Motilal Banarsidass). p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60441-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-60441-1"><bdi>978-0-691-60441-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies%3A+S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya%2C+Volume+4+of+The+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press%2C+%28Reprint%3A+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-691-60441-1&rft.au=Larson%2C+Gerald+James&rft.au=Potter%2C+Karl+H.&rft.au=Bhattacharya%2C+Ram+Shankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastern-spirituality.com/glossary/spirituality-terms/k-definitions">"K Definitions"</a>. <i>Eastern Spirituality</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eastern+Spirituality&rft.atitle=K+Definitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastern-spirituality.com%2Fglossary%2Fspirituality-terms%2Fk-definitions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlood1996" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Flood" title="Gavin Flood">Flood, Gavin D.</a> (1996), <i>An Introduction to Hinduism</i>, Cambridge University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Hinduism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Gavin+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Glasenapp1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_von_Glasenapp" title="Helmuth von Glasenapp">von Glasenapp, Helmuth</a> (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEzXDk0v6sC"><i>Jainism: An Indian Religion of Salvation</i></a> [<i>Der Jainismus: Eine Indische Erlosungsreligion</i>], Shridhar B. Shrotri (trans.), <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Motilal_Banarsidass" title="Motilal Banarsidass">Motilal Banarsidass</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1376-6" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1376-6"><bdi>81-208-1376-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jainism%3A+An+Indian+Religion+of+Salvation&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=81-208-1376-6&rft.aulast=von+Glasenapp&rft.aufirst=Helmuth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWzEzXDk0v6sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Knut_A._Jacobsen" title="Knut A. Jacobsen">Jacobsen, Knut A.</a> (2008). <i>Kapila, Founder of Sāṃkhya and Avatāra of Viṣṇu: With a Translation of Kapilāsurisaṃvāda</i>. New Delhi: <a href="/wiki/Munshiram_Manoharlal" title="Munshiram Manoharlal">Munshiram Manoharlal</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1194-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-1194-0"><bdi>978-81-215-1194-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kapila%2C+Founder+of+S%C4%81%E1%B9%83khya+and+Avat%C4%81ra+of+Vi%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%87u%3A+With+a+Translation+of+Kapil%C4%81surisa%E1%B9%83v%C4%81da&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-215-1194-0&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Knut+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitzel1995" class="citation cs2">Witzel, Michael (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120220153727/http://www.ejvs.laurasianacademy.com/ejvs0104/ejvs0104article.pdf">"Early Sanskritization: Origin and Development of the Kuru state"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>EJVS</i>, <b>1</b> (4), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.uic.edu/pub/library/scua/Vedic%20Studies/1995.01.04.EJVS.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 February 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EJVS&rft.atitle=Early+Sanskritization%3A+Origin+and+Development+of+the+Kuru+state&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Witzel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.uic.edu%2Fpub%2Flibrary%2Fscua%2FVedic%2520Studies%2F1995.01.04.EJVS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKapila" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kapila&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Kapila" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Kapila">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kapila" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Kapila">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Kapila" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Kapila">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/sak/">The Sánkhya Aphorisms of Kapila</a>, 1885 translation by James R. Ballantyne, edited by Fitzedward Hall.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rishis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rishis_of_Hindu_mythology" title="Template:Rishis of Hindu mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rishis_of_Hindu_mythology" title="Template talk:Rishis of Hindu mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rishis_of_Hindu_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rishis of Hindu mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rishis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rishi" title="Rishi">Rishis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Saptarishi" class="mw-redirect" title="Saptarishi">Saptarshi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">1st (Svayambhuva) <a href="/wiki/Manvantara" title="Manvantara">Manvantara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marichi" title="Marichi">Marichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulaha" title="Pulaha">Pulaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kratu" title="Kratu">Kratu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulastya" title="Pulastya">Pulastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha" title="Vasishtha">Vasishtha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">2nd (Svarocisha) Manvantara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urja" class="mw-redirect" title="Urja">Urja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stambha_(sage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stambha (sage) (page does not exist)">Stambha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prana_(sage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prana (sage) (page does not exist)">Prana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dattoli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dattoli (page does not exist)">Dattoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nischara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nischara (page does not exist)">Nischara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arvarivat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arvarivat (page does not exist)">Arvarivat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">3rd (Uttama) Manvantara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaukundihi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaukundihi (page does not exist)">Kaukundihi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kurundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kurundi (page does not exist)">Kurundi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalaya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalaya (page does not exist)">Dalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sankha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sankha (page does not exist)">Sankha</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravahita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravahita (page does not exist)">Pravahita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mita_(sage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mita (sage) (page does not exist)">Mita</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sammita&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sammita (page does not exist)">Sammita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">4th (Tapasa) Manvantara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jyotirdhama&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jyotirdhama (page does not exist)">Jyotirdhama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavya_(sage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavya (sage) (page does not exist)">Kavya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chaitra_(sage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaitra (sage) (page does not exist)">Chaitra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agni_(sage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agni (sage) (page does not exist)">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanaka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanaka (page does not exist)">Vanaka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pivara_(sage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pivara (sage) (page does not exist)">Pivara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">5th (Raivata) Manvantara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hirannyaroma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hirannyaroma (page does not exist)">Hirannyaroma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedasri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vedasri (page does not exist)">Vedasri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urddhabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urddhabahu (page does not exist)">Urddhabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vedabahu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vedabahu (page does not exist)">Vedabahu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sudhaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sudhaman (page does not exist)">Sudhaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parjanya" title="Parjanya">Parjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mahamuni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mahamuni (page does not exist)">Mahamuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">6th (Cakshusha) Manvantara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sumedhas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sumedhas (page does not exist)">Sumedhas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virajas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virajas (page does not exist)">Virajas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Havishmat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Havishmat (page does not exist)">Havishmat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uttama_(sage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uttama (sage) (page does not exist)">Uttama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madhu_(sage)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madhu (sage) (page does not exist)">Madhu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abhinaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abhinaman (page does not exist)">Abhinaman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sahishnnu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sahishnnu (page does not exist)">Sahishnnu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">7th (Vaivasvata) Manvantara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasishtha" title="Vasishtha">Vasishtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Maharishi" title="Gautama Maharishi">Gautama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadvaja" title="Bharadvaja">Bharadvaja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#FFC569;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnivesha" title="Agnivesha">Agnivesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astika_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika (Hinduism)">Astika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvan" title="Atharvan">Atharvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atreya" title="Atreya">Atreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aupamanyava" title="Aupamanyava">Aupamanyava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurva" title="Aurva">Aurva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrigu" title="Bhrigu">Bhrigu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhringi" title="Bhringi">Bhringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmarshi" title="Brahmarshi">Brahmarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chyavana" title="Chyavana">Chyavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadhichi" title="Dadhichi">Dadhichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devala" title="Devala">Devala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirghatamas" title="Dirghatamas">Dirghatamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durvasa" title="Durvasa">Durvasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garga_(sage)" title="Garga (sage)">Garga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gritsamada" title="Gritsamada">Gritsamada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahnu" title="Jahnu">Jahnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mimansa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Kambhoja" title="Sage Kambhoja">Kambhoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambu_Swayambhuva" title="Kambu Swayambhuva">Kambu Swayambhuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva" title="Kanva">Kanva</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kapila</a> (<a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindama" title="Kindama">Kindama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutsa" title="Kutsa">Kutsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomasha" title="Lomasha">Lomasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandavya" title="Mandavya">Mandavya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya" title="Markandeya">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendra" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendra">Matsyendra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrikanda" title="Mrikanda">Mrikanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachiketa" title="Nachiketa">Nachiketa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashara" title="Parashara">Parashara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajarshi" title="Rajarshi">Rajarshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renukacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Renukacharya">Renukacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishyasringa" title="Rishyasringa">Rishyasringa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandipani" title="Sandipani">Sandipani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankriti" title="Sankriti">Sankriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shukra" title="Shukra">Shukra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuka" title="Shuka">Shuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upamanyu" title="Upamanyu">Upamanyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisampayana" title="Vaisampayana">Vaisampayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vartantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vartantu">Vartantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibhandaka" title="Vibhandaka">Vibhandaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC569;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rishis" title="Category:Rishis">Other Hindu sages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Avatars_of_Vishnu" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:VishnuAvatars" title="Template talk:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:VishnuAvatars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Avatars_of_Vishnu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatars</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a><br />(for example)<sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parashurama" title="Parashurama">Parashurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/60px-Vishnu.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/90px-Vishnu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vishnu.jpg/120px-Vishnu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;">Other avatars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Kumaras" title="Four Kumaras">Four Kumaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narada" title="Narada">Narada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna_(avatar)" title="Yajna (avatar)">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rishabha_(Hinduism)" title="Rishabha (Hinduism)">Rishabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prsnigarbha" title="Prsnigarbha">Prsnigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamsa_(bird)" title="Hamsa (bird)">Hamsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><div><small><sup><small>1</small></sup> The list of the "ten avatars" varies regionally. Two substitutions<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> involve Balarama, Krishna, and Buddha. Krishna is almost always included; in exceptions, he is considered the source of all avatars.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indian_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indian_philosophy" title="Template talk:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indian_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indian philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indian_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Indian philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheism in Hinduism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomism" title="Atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_idealism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu idealism">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_logic" title="Indian logic">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_views_on_monotheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu views on monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion#Philosophy" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Āstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras"><i>Brahma Sutra</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta 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title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a 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