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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Early Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_and_Middle_Assyrian_Periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_and_Middle_Assyrian_Periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Old and Middle Assyrian Periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_and_Middle_Assyrian_Periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-Assyrian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-Assyrian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Neo-Assyrian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-Assyrian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Achaemenid_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Achaemenid_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Achaemenid Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Achaemenid_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parthian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parthian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Parthian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parthian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats_to_Assur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_to_Assur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Threats to Assur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_to_Assur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Assur</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%B9%E1%88%AD_(%E1%8A%A8%E1%89%B0%E1%88%9B)" title="አሹር (ከተማ) – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አሹር (ከተማ)" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="آشور (مدينة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="آشور (مدينة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9F%C5%9Fur" title="Aşşur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aşşur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="আশুর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আশুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80_(%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Ашшур (ҡала) – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ашшур (ҡала)" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Ашур (горад) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ашур (горад)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ашур – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ашур" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%BAr" title="Aššúr – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Aššúr" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur_(Stadt)" title="Aššur (Stadt) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aššur (Stadt)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%81_(%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7)" title="Ασσούρ (πόλη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασσούρ (πόλη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur" title="Aššur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aššur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Duro" title="Aŝuro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŝuro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="آشور (شهر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشور (شهر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_(ville)" title="Assur (ville) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Assur (ville)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EC%88%98%EB%A5%B4" title="아수르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아수르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Աշուր (քաղաք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աշուր (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0" title="अश्शूर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अश्शूर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1ur" title="Ašur – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ašur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Assur (città antica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assur (città antica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="אשור (עיר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשור (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98)" title="აშური (ქალაქი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აშური (ქალაქი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BA%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Ашшур (көне қала) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ашшур (көне қала)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%BBr" title="Asûr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asûr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ашшур – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ашшур" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_(urbs)" title="Assur (urbs) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Assur (urbs)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%ABra" title="Ašūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ašūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%ABras" title="Ašūras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ašūras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_(telep%C3%BCl%C3%A9s)" title="Assur (település) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Assur (település)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4)" title="अशुर (कलात शिरकत) – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="अशुर (कलात शिरकत)" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80" title="Асур – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Асур" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آشور – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="آشور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fat mw-list-item"><a href="https://fat.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Fanti" lang="fat" hreflang="fat" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Mfantse" data-language-local-name="Fanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mfantse</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80" title="Ашур – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ашур" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_(stad)" title="Assur (stad) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Assur (stad)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4)" title="अशुर (कलात शिरकत) – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अशुर (कलात शिरकत)" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AB" title="アッシュル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッシュル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_(by)" title="Assur (by) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Assur (by)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_(vila)" title="Assur (vila) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Assur (vila)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashshur" title="Ashshur – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ashshur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aszur_(miasto)" title="Aszur (miasto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aszur (miasto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur_(Ass%C3%ADria)" title="Assur (Assíria) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Assur (Assíria)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Ашшур (город) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ашшур (город)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur" title="Ashur – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ashur" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1%C5%A1ur" title="Aššur – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aššur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%A1ur" title="Ašur – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ašur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ئاشوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئاشوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%83%D1%80" title="Асур – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Асур" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asur" title="Asur – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Asur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashur" title="Ashur – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ashur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அசூர், பண்டைய நகரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அசூர், பண்டைய நகரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asur" title="Asur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Asur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%88%D1%88%D1%83%D1%80_(%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE)" title="Ашшур (місто) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ашшур (місто)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1" title="آشور – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آشور" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" title="亚述古城 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="亚述古城" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%8E" title="亚述古城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚述古城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assur" title="Assur – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Assur" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assur&params=35_27_24_N_43_15_45_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°27′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">43°15′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.45667°N 43.26250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.45667; 43.26250</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former Assyrian capital, now archaeological site in Iraq</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Assur</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">Aššur <br /> <span title="Syriac-language text"><span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܫܘܪ</span></span> <br /> <span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آشور</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_(218).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28218%29.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28218%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28218%29.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28218%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28218%29.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_The_U.S._Army_-_www.Army.mil_%28218%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">American soldiers on guard at the ruins of Ashur, 2008</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Near_East_non_political.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Assur is located in Near East"><img alt="Assur is located in Near East" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/250px-Near_East_non_political.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/375px-Near_East_non_political.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Near_East_non_political.png/500px-Near_East_non_political.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="842" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.28%;left:49.358%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Assur"><img alt="Assur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Near East</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Near East</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Assur is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Assur is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/250px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/375px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/500px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.976%;left:40.859%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Assur"><img alt="Assur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Assur (West and Central Asia)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of West and Central Asia</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Iraq_physical_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Assur is located in Iraq"><img alt="Assur is located in Iraq" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/250px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/375px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iraq_physical_map.svg/500px-Iraq_physical_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1238" data-file-height="1260" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:24.122%;left:46.31%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Assur"><img alt="Assur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Assur (Iraq)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Iraq</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assur&params=35_27_24_N_43_15_45_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">35°27′24″N</span> <span class="longitude">43°15′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">35.45667°N 43.26250°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">35.45667; 43.26250</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">3rd century AD<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner20157,_19_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20157,_19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Periods</th><td class="infobox-data">Early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> to <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Public access</th><td class="infobox-data">Inaccessible (in a war zone) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (November 2023)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Cultural</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criteria</th><td class="infobox-data">iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Designated</th><td class="infobox-data">2003 (27th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">session</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reference no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1130">1130</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Arab_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Arab States">Arab States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">Endangered</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2003–present</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Aššur</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ʊər/: 'our' in 'tour'">ʊər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <span lang="sux">𒀭𒊹𒆠</span> AN.ŠAR<sub>2</sub><sup>KI</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian cuneiform</a>: <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rassam_cylinder_Anshar-ki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rassam_cylinder_Anshar-ki.jpg/50px-Rassam_cylinder_Anshar-ki.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rassam_cylinder_Anshar-ki.jpg/75px-Rassam_cylinder_Anshar-ki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Rassam_cylinder_Anshar-ki.jpg/100px-Rassam_cylinder_Anshar-ki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="176" /></a></span> <i>Aš-šur<sup>KI</sup></i>, "City of God <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Aššur</a>";<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: <span lang="syr" dir="rtl">ܐܫܘܪ</span> <i>Āšūr</i>; <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: <span lang="peo">𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼</span> <i>Aθur</i>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">آشور</span> <i>Āšūr</i>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">אַשּׁוּר</span> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾAššūr</i></span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">اشور</span>), also known as <b>Ashur</b> and <b>Qal'at Sherqat</b>, was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Assyrian_period" title="Old Assyrian period">Old Assyrian</a> city-state (2025–1364 BC), the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Assyrian_Empire" title="Middle Assyrian Empire">Middle Assyrian Empire</a> (1363–912 BC), and for a time, of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (911–609 BC). The remains of the city lie on the western bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigris River">Tigris River</a>, north of the confluence with its tributary, the <a href="/wiki/Little_Zab" title="Little Zab">Little Zab</a>, in what is now <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, more precisely in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Shirqat_District" title="Al-Shirqat District">al-Shirqat District</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Saladin_Governorate" title="Saladin Governorate">Saladin Governorate</a>. </p><p>Occupation of the city itself continued for approximately 3,000 years,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner20152_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20152-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Mesopotamia)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)">Early Dynastic Period</a> to the mid-3rd century AD, when the city was sacked by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>. The site is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and was added to that organisation's list of <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">sites in danger</a> in 2003 as a result of a proposed dam, which would flood some of the site. It has been further threatened by the conflict that erupted following the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>-led <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. Assur lies 65 kilometres (40 mi) south of the site of <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a> and 100 km (60 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_research">History of research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Exploration of the site of Assur began in 1898 by German archaeologists. Excavations began in 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Delitzsch" title="Friedrich Delitzsch">Friedrich Delitzsch</a>, and were continued in 1903–1913 by a team from the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Orient-Gesellschaft" title="Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft">Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft</a> led initially by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koldewey" title="Robert Koldewey">Robert Koldewey</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Andrae" title="Walter Andrae">Walter Andrae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 16,000 <a href="/wiki/Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">clay tablets</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a> texts were discovered. The German archeologists brought objects they found to Berlin enhancing the collection of the <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Museum" title="Pergamon Museum">Pergamon Museum</a>. </p><p>More recently, Ashur was excavated by B. Hrouda for the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a> and the Bavarian Ministry of Culture in 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same period, in 1988 and 1989, the site was being worked by R. Dittmann on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Forschungsgemeinschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft">Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Syria" title="Name of Syria">Name of Syria</a></div> <p><i><span title="Akkadian-language text"><i lang="akk-Latn">Aššur</i></span></i> is the name of the city, of the land ruled by the city, and of its <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">tutelary deity</a> from which the natives took their name, as did the entire nation of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> which encompassed what is today northern Iraq, north east Syria and south east Turkey. Today the Assyrians are still found throughout the Middle East, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, and the Diaspora in the western world. Assur is also the origin of the names <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terms_for_Syriac_Christians" title="Terms for Syriac Christians">terms for Syriac Christians</a>, these being originally <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> derivations of Assyria, and for many centuries applying only to Assyria and the Assyrians (see <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Etymology of Syria">Etymology of Syria</a>) before also being applied to the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and its inhabitants by the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a> in the 3rd century BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Bronze_Age">Early Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the Oxford Companion to the Bible, Assur was "built on a <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> cliff on the west bank of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> about 35 km (24 mi) north of its confluence with the <a href="/wiki/Little_Zab" title="Little Zab">lower Zab River</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeology reveals the site of the city was occupied by the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. This was still the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sumer" title="History of Sumer">Sumerian period</a>, before <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> emerged. The oldest remains of the city were discovered in the foundations of the <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> temple, as well as at the Old Palace. In the subsequent period, the city was ruled by kings from the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a>, the city was ruled by Assyrian governors subject to the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumerian people">Sumerians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_and_Middle_Assyrian_Periods">Old and Middle Assyrian Periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Old and Middle Assyrian Periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meso2mil-English.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/220px-Meso2mil-English.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/330px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Meso2mil-English.JPG/440px-Meso2mil-English.JPG 2x" data-file-width="577" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> in the 2nd millennium BC</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time the Neo-Sumerian Ur-III dynasty collapsed at the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamites</a> around the end of the 21st century BC according to the Middle Chronology and mid-20th century according to the Short Chronology following increasing raids by <a href="/wiki/Gutians" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutians">Gutians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>. The native Akkadian-speaking Assyrian kings were now free while Sumer fell under the yoke of the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a>. The historically unverified king <a href="/wiki/Ushpia" title="Ushpia">Ushpia</a> is credited with dedicating the first temple of the god Ashur in his home city, although this comes from a later inscription from <a href="/wiki/Shalmaneser_I" title="Shalmaneser I">Shalmaneser I</a> in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In around 2000 BC, <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_I" title="Puzur-Ashur I">Puzur-Ashur I</a> founded a new dynasty, with his successors such as <a href="/wiki/Ilushuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilushuma">Ilushuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erishum_I" title="Erishum I">Erishum I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sargon_I" title="Sargon I">Sargon I</a> leaving inscriptions regarding the building of temples to <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a> in the city. Prosperity and independence produced the first significant fortifications in this period. As the region enjoyed relative peace and stability, trade between <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> increased, and the city of Ashur greatly benefited from its strategic location. Merchants would dispatch their merchandise via caravan into Anatolia and trade primarily at Assyrian colonies in Anatolia, the primary one being at Karum Kanesh (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCltepe" title="Kültepe">Kültepe</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Shamshi-Adad_I" title="Shamshi-Adad I">Shamshi-Adad I</a>'s (1813–1781 BC), Amorite ruler of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia, conquered Assur and made it his religious capital (his primary capital being <a href="/wiki/Ekallatum" title="Ekallatum">Ekallatum</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Shubat-Enlil" class="mw-redirect" title="Shubat-Enlil">Shubat-Enlil</a>). In this era, the Great Royal Palace was built, and the temple of Assur was expanded and enlarged with a <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a>. However, this empire met its end when <a href="/wiki/Hammurabi" title="Hammurabi">Hammurabi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> conquered and incorporated the city into the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">First Babylonian dynasty</a> empire following the death of <a href="/wiki/Ishme-Dagan_I" title="Ishme-Dagan I">Ishme-Dagan I</a> around 1756 BC, while the next three Assyrian kings were viewed as vassals of Babylon.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not long after, the native king <a href="/wiki/Adasi" title="Adasi">Adasi</a> expelled the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonians</a> and Amorites from Assur and Assyria as a whole around 1720 BC, although little is known of his successors. Evidence of further building activity is known from a few centuries later, during the reign of a native king <a href="/wiki/Puzur-Ashur_III" title="Puzur-Ashur III">Puzur-Ashur III</a>, when the city was refortified and the southern districts incorporated into the main city defenses. Temples to the moon god <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a>) and the sun god <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a> were built and dedicated through the 15th century BC. The city was subsequently subjugated by the king of <a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaushtatar" title="Shaushtatar">Shaushtatar</a> in the late 15th century, taking the gold and silver doors of the temple to his capital, <a href="/wiki/Washukanni" class="mw-redirect" title="Washukanni">Washukanni</a>, as spoils.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ashur-uballit_I" title="Ashur-uballit I">Ashur-uballit I</a> emulated his ancestor Adasi and overthrew the Mitanni empire in 1365 BC. The Assyrians reaped the benefits of this triumph by taking control of the eastern portion of the Mitanni Empire, and later also annexing <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorite" class="mw-redirect" title="Amorite">Amorite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> territory. The following centuries witnessed the restoration of the old temples and palaces of Assur, and the city once more became the throne of an empire from 1365 BC to 1076 BC. <a href="/wiki/Tukulti-Ninurta_I" title="Tukulti-Ninurta I">Tukulti-Ninurta I</a> (1244–1208 BC) also constructed a new temple to the goddess <a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Adad" class="mw-redirect" title="Adad">Adad</a> temple was established later during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiglath-Pileser_I" title="Tiglath-Pileser I">Tiglath-Pileser I</a> (1115–1075 BC). The walled area of the city in the Middle Assyrian period made up some 1.2 square kilometres (300 acres).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-Assyrian_Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Neo-Assyrian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unfinished_basalt_statue_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Assur,_Iraq._858-824_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum,_Istanbul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Unfinished_basalt_statue_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Assur%2C_Iraq._858-824_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/170px-Unfinished_basalt_statue_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Assur%2C_Iraq._858-824_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Unfinished_basalt_statue_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Assur%2C_Iraq._858-824_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/255px-Unfinished_basalt_statue_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Assur%2C_Iraq._858-824_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Unfinished_basalt_statue_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Assur%2C_Iraq._858-824_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg/340px-Unfinished_basalt_statue_of_Shalmaneser_III._From_Assur%2C_Iraq._858-824_BCE._Ancient_Orient_Museum%2C_Istanbul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>An unfinished basalt statue of Shalmaneser III. From Assur, Iraq. 858–824 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_of_the_god_Kidudu,_guardian_spirit_of_the_wall_of_the_city_of_Ashur._Circa_835_BCE._From_Ashur,_Iraq._The_British_Mueum,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Statue_of_the_god_Kidudu%2C_guardian_spirit_of_the_wall_of_the_city_of_Ashur._Circa_835_BCE._From_Ashur%2C_Iraq._The_British_Mueum%2C_London.jpg/170px-Statue_of_the_god_Kidudu%2C_guardian_spirit_of_the_wall_of_the_city_of_Ashur._Circa_835_BCE._From_Ashur%2C_Iraq._The_British_Mueum%2C_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Statue_of_the_god_Kidudu%2C_guardian_spirit_of_the_wall_of_the_city_of_Ashur._Circa_835_BCE._From_Ashur%2C_Iraq._The_British_Mueum%2C_London.jpg/255px-Statue_of_the_god_Kidudu%2C_guardian_spirit_of_the_wall_of_the_city_of_Ashur._Circa_835_BCE._From_Ashur%2C_Iraq._The_British_Mueum%2C_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Statue_of_the_god_Kidudu%2C_guardian_spirit_of_the_wall_of_the_city_of_Ashur._Circa_835_BCE._From_Ashur%2C_Iraq._The_British_Mueum%2C_London.jpg/340px-Statue_of_the_god_Kidudu%2C_guardian_spirit_of_the_wall_of_the_city_of_Ashur._Circa_835_BCE._From_Ashur%2C_Iraq._The_British_Mueum%2C_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>A statue of the god Kidudu, guardian spirit of the wall of the city of Ashur. Circa 835 BC. From Ashur, Iraq. The British Museum, London</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Assyria.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/310px-Map_of_Assyria.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/465px-Map_of_Assyria.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/620px-Map_of_Assyria.png 2x" data-file-width="1983" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg/220px-Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg/330px-Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg/440px-Ashurnasipal_with_official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1484" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>A relief of <a href="/wiki/Ashurnasirpal_II" title="Ashurnasirpal II">Ashurnasirpal II</a>, with an official</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> (912–605 BC), the royal residence was transferred to other Assyrian cities. <a href="/wiki/Ashur-nasir-pal_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashur-nasir-pal II">Ashur-nasir-pal II</a> (884–859 BC) moved the capital from Assur to Kalhu (<a href="/wiki/Calah" class="mw-redirect" title="Calah">Calah</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>) following a series of successful campaigns and produced some of the greatest artworks in the form of colossal <a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">lamassu</a> statues and low-relief depictions of the royal court as well as battles.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon II</a> (722–705 BC), a new capital began to rise: <a href="/wiki/Dur-Sharrukin" title="Dur-Sharrukin">Dur-Sharrukin</a> (Fortress of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_II" title="Sargon II">Sargon</a>). Dur-Sharrukin was originally planned to be built on a scale set to surpass that of Ashurnasirpal's.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in battle and his son and successor <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (705–682 BC) abandoned the city, choosing to magnify Nineveh as his royal capital. The city of Ashur remained the religious center of the empire and continued to be revered as the holy crown of the empire, due to its temple of the national god <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sennacherib" title="Sennacherib">Sennacherib</a> (705–682 BC), the House of the New Year, <i>Akitu</i>, was built, and the festivities celebrated in the city. Many of the kings were also buried beneath the Old Palace while some queens were buried in the other capitals such as the wife of Sargon, Ataliya. The city was sacked and largely destroyed during the decisive <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Assur" title="Fall of Assur">battle of Assur</a>, a major confrontation between the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> armies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenid_Empire">Achaemenid Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Achaemenid Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the Medes were overthrown by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> as the dominant force in ancient Iran, Assyria was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persian</a> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Athura" class="mw-redirect" title="Athura">Athura</a>) from 549 BC to 330 BC (see <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Assyria" title="Achaemenid Assyria">Achaemenid Assyria</a>). The Assyrians of Mada (<a href="/wiki/Media_(region)" title="Media (region)">Media</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Athura" class="mw-redirect" title="Athura">Athura</a> (Assyria) had been responsible for gold and glazing works of the palace and for providing Lebanese cedar timber, respectively. The city and region of Ashur had once more gained a degree of militaristic and economic strength. Along with the Assyrians in Mada, a revolt took place in 520 BC but ultimately failed. Assyria seems to have recovered dramatically, and flourished during this period. It became a major agricultural and administrative centre of the Achaemenid Empire, and its soldiers were a mainstay of the Persian Army.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_Empire">Parthian Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Parthian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assur_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Assur_temple.jpg/120px-Assur_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Assur_temple.jpg/180px-Assur_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Assur_temple.jpg/240px-Assur_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="958" data-file-height="1242" /></a><figcaption>Parthian temple in Assur.</figcaption></figure> <p>The city revived during the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> period, particularly between 150 BC and 270 AD, its population expanding and it becoming an administrative centre of Parthian-ruled <a href="/wiki/Assuristan" class="mw-redirect" title="Assuristan">Assuristan</a>. Assyriologists <a href="/wiki/Simo_Parpola" title="Simo Parpola">Simo Parpola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> suggest Assur may have had outright independence in this period. New administrative buildings were erected to the north of the old city, and a palace to the south. The old temple dedicated to the national god of the Assyrians Assur (<a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>) was rebuilt, as were temples to other Assyrian gods. </p><p>Assyrian <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Aramaic">Eastern Aramaic</a> inscriptions from the remains of Ashur have yielded insight into the Parthian-era city with Assyria having its own Mesopotamian Aramaic <a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> script, which was the same in terms of grammar and syntax as that found at <a href="/wiki/Edessa" title="Edessa">Edessa</a> and elsewhere in the state of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>. </p><p>German semiticist Klaus Beyer (1929-2014) published over 600 inscriptions from Mesopotamian towns and cities including Ashur, <a href="/wiki/Dura-Europos" title="Dura-Europos">Dura-Europos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a>, Gaddala, <a href="/wiki/Tikrit" title="Tikrit">Tikrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tur_Abdin" title="Tur Abdin">Tur Abdin</a>. Given that Christianity had begun to spread amongst the Assyrians throughout the Parthian era, the original Assyrian culture and religion persisted for some time, as proven by the inscriptions that include invocations to the gods <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Ishtar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Tammuz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shamash" title="Shamash">Shamash</a>, as well as mentions of citizens having compound names that refer to Assyrian gods, such as ʾAssur-ḥēl (Ashur [is] my strength), ʾAssur-emar (Ashur decreed/commanded), ʾAssur-ntan (Ashur gave [a son]), and ʾAssur-šma' (Ashur has heard; cf. <a href="/wiki/Esarhaddon" title="Esarhaddon">Esarhaddon</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Festus_(historian)" title="Festus (historian)">Festus</a> wrote in about 370 that in AD 116 <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> formed from his conquests east of the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a> the new Roman provinces of Mesopotamia and <a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a>. The existence of the latter Roman province is questioned by C.S. Lightfoot and F. Miller.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, just two years after the province's supposed creation, Trajan's successor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> restored Trajan's eastern conquests to the Parthians, preferring to live with him in peace and friendship.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were later Roman incursions into Mesopotamia under <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> and under <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, who set up the Roman provinces of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a> and the Neo-Assyrian kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a>. </p><p>Assur was captured and sacked by <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 240 AD, whereafter the city was largely destroyed and much of its population was dispersed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner20157,_19_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20157,_19-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats_to_Assur">Threats to Assur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Threats to Assur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The site was put on <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_in_Danger" title="List of World Heritage in Danger">List of World Heritage in Danger</a> in 2003, at which time the site was threatened by a looming large-scale dam project that would have submerged the ancient archaeological site.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dam project was put on hold shortly after the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">2003 invasion of Iraq</a>. </p><p>The territory around the ancient site was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a> (ISIL) in 2015. Since ISIL had <a href="/wiki/Destruction_of_cultural_heritage_by_ISIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL">destroyed</a> a number of ancient historical sites, including the cities of <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorsabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Khorsabad">Khorsabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nimrud" title="Nimrud">Nimrud</a>, fears rose that Assur would be destroyed too. According to some sources, the citadel of Assur was destroyed or badly damaged in May 2015 by members of ISIL using <a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">improvised explosive devices</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a> report from December 2016 after the Iraqi forces had retaken the area, said that the militants tried to destroy the city's grand entrance arches, but they remained standing and a local historian described the damage as "minor".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of February 2023, a German archaeological team from Munich has resumed work at Assur. The work is focusing on the New City. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur (god)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashurism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashurism">Ashurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Chronology of the ancient Near East">Chronology of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of the ancient Near East">Cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Assyria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Assyria">Kings of Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_chronology_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Short chronology timeline">Short chronology timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyrian homeland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20157,_19-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner20157,_19_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner20157,_19_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadner2015">Radner 2015</a>, pp. 7, 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also phonetically <span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk">𒀀𒇳𒊬</span></span> <i>a-šur<sub>4</sub></i> or <span title="Akkadian-language text"><span lang="akk">𒀸𒋩</span></span> <i>aš-šur</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracc.iaas.upenn.edu/epsd2/cbd/sux/A.html">Sumerian dictionary entry Aššur (GN)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPongratz-Leisten2015" class="citation book cs1">Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LJqnCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA110"><i>Religion and Ideology in Assyria</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-426-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-426-8"><bdi>978-1-61451-426-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Ideology+in+Assyria&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-426-8&rft.aulast=Pongratz-Leisten&rft.aufirst=Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLJqnCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadner20152-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadner20152_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRadner2015">Radner 2015</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Andrae, Der Anu-Adad-Tempel in Assur, JC Hinrichs, 1909, (1984 reprint <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7648-1805-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-7648-1805-0">3-7648-1805-0</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Andrae, Die Stelenreihen in Assur, JC Hinrichs, 1913, (1972 reprint <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-535-00587-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-535-00587-6">3-535-00587-6</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Andrae, Die archaischen Ischtar-Tempel in Assur, JC Hinrichs, 1922, (1970 reprint <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7648-1806-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-7648-1806-9">3-7648-1806-9</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Andrae, Hethitische Inschriften auf Bleistreifen aus Assur, JC Hinrichs, 1924</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Andrae, Das wiedererstandene Assur, 1938, JC Hinrichs, (1977 reprint <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-02947-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-02947-7">3-406-02947-7</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Excavations in Iraq 1989–1990, Iraq, vol. 53, pp. 169-182, 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Dittmann, Ausgrabungen der Freien Universitat Berlin in Ashur und Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta in den Jahren 1986-1989, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MDPG" class="extiw" title="de:MDPG">MDOG</a>, vol. 122, pp. 157–171, 1990</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetzgerCoogan1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (1993). "Assyria". <i>The Oxford Companion to the Bible</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Assyria&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+the+Bible&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Metzger&rft.aufirst=Bruce+M.&rft.au=Coogan%2C+Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2014" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (2014-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/ashur">"Ashur"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Ashur&rft.date=2014-06-30&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fashur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2014" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (2014-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Kalhu">"Kalhu / Nimrud"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Kalhu+%2F+Nimrud&rft.date=2014-08-03&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FKalhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2014" class="citation web cs1">Mark, Joshua J. (2014-07-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Dur-Sharrukin">"Dur-Sharrukin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Dur-Sharrukin&rft.date=2014-07-05&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Joshua+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2FDur-Sharrukin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5q7DDqMbF0C&q=fall+of+assur+614+BC%2F&pg=PA854">A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</a> "In 614 BC Assur was conquered by the Medes under king <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> (625-585 BC)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P5q7DDqMbF0C&q=fall+of+assur+614+BC%2F&pg=PA854">A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East</a> "In 614 BC Assur was conquered by the Medes under king <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> (625-585 BC)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C&q=fall+of+nimrud+medes%2F&pg=PA18">The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah Under Babylonian Rule</a> "the Medes left Arrapha, attacked Kalhu (Nimrud) and Ninuwa (Nineveh), and continued rapidly northward to capture the nearby city of Tarbisu. Afterward, they went back down the Tigris and laid siege to the city of Assur. The Babylonian army came to the aid of the Medes only after the Medes had begun the decisive offensive against the city, capturing it, killing many of its residents, and taking many others captive."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nineveh.com/Assyrians%20after%20Assyria.html">"Assyrians after Assyria"</a>. Nineveh.com. 4 September 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714183623/http://www.nineveh.com/Assyrians%20after%20Assyria.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assyrians+after+Assyria&rft.pub=Nineveh.com&rft.date=1999-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nineveh.com%2FAssyrians%2520after%2520Assyria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeyer1998">Beyer 1998</a>, p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-studies/article/trajans-parthian-war-and-the-fourthcentury-perspective/D5CCE57D517EE6E9AF24CAD504E72371">C. S. Lightfoot, "Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective" in <i>The Journal of Roman Studies</i>, Vol. 80 (1990), pp. 115-126</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/classical-quarterly/article/another-look-at-the-breviarium-of-festus/6E9C796F42187BFBC7671CC48B1A9DD8">Simon Grote, "Another look at the <i>Breviarium</i> of Festus" in <i>The Classical Quarterly</i>, Volume 61, Issue 2 (December 2011), pp. 704-721</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_gWcNAAAAQAAJ/page/n411">Theodore Mommsen, <i>Römische Geschichte</i> (Berlin 1885), vol. V (<i>Die Provinzen von Caesar bis Diocletian</i>), p. 403</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1130/threats/">UNESCO World Heritage in Danger 2003</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/iraqi-site-assur-ancient-history-stands-risk-disappearing-180979241/">At the Iraqi Site of Assur, Ancient History Stands at Risk of Destruction - Smithsonian Magazine - January 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMezzofioreLimam2015" class="citation news cs1">Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Limam, Arij (28 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/isis-blows-unesco-world-heritage-assyrian-site-ashur-near-tikrit-1503367">"Iraq: Isis 'blows up Unesco world heritage Assyrian site of Ashur' near Tikrit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Iraq%3A+Isis+%27blows+up+Unesco+world+heritage+Assyrian+site+of+Ashur%27+near+Tikrit&rft.date=2015-05-28&rft.aulast=Mezzofiore&rft.aufirst=Gianluca&rft.au=Limam%2C+Arij&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.co.uk%2Fisis-blows-unesco-world-heritage-assyrian-site-ashur-near-tikrit-1503367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aparchive.com/metadata/youtube/5a3b876a357496bbe394f88f929e873e">"Iraq Assur | AP Archive"</a>. <i>www.aparchive.com</i>. 2016-12-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-03-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aparchive.com&rft.atitle=Iraq+Assur+%7C+AP+Archive&rft.date=2016-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aparchive.com%2Fmetadata%2Fyoutube%2F5a3b876a357496bbe394f88f929e873e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer1998" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Klaus (1998). <i>Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Hatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien</i>. Germany.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+aram%C3%A4ischen+Inschriften+aus+Assur%2C+Hatra+und+dem+%C3%BCbrigen+Ostmesopotamien&rft.place=Germany&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Andrae" title="Walter Andrae">Walter Andrae</a>: Babylon. Die versunkene Weltstadt und ihr Ausgräber Robert Koldewey. de Gruyter, Berlin 1952.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Heidemann" title="Stefan Heidemann">Stefan Heidemann</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515233802/http://www.uni-jena.de/unijenamedia/Downloads/faculties/phil/iskvo/Heidemann_Texte/Heidemann_Continuity_1996_Assur.pdf"><i>Al-'Aqr, das islamische Assur. Ein Beitrag zur historischen Topographie Nordmesopotamiens.</i></a> In: Karin Bartl and Stefan hauser et al. (eds.): <i>Berliner Beiträge zum Vorderen Orient. Seminar fur Altorientalische Philologie und Seminar für Vorderasiatische Altertumskunde der Freien Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Altertumswissenschaften.</i> Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 1996, pp. 259–285</li> <li>Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum: Die Assyrer. Geschichte, Gesellschaft, Kultur. C.H.Beck Wissen, München 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-406-50828-6" title="Special:BookSources/3-406-50828-6">3-406-50828-6</a></li> <li>Olaf Matthes: Zur Vorgeschichte der Ausgrabungen in Assur 1898-1903/05. MDOG Berlin 129, 1997, 9-27. ISSN 0342-118X</li> <li>Peter A. Miglus: Das Wohngebiet von Assur, Stratigraphie und Architektur. Berlin 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-1731-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-1731-4">3-7861-1731-4</a></li> <li>Susan L. Marchand: Down from Olympus. Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany 1750–1970. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-04393-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-04393-0">0-691-04393-0</a></li> <li>Conrad Preusser: Die Paläste in Assur. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1955, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7861-2004-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-7861-2004-8">3-7861-2004-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Pedde" title="Friedhelm Pedde">Friedhelm Pedde</a>, The Assur-Project. An old excavation newly analyzed, in: J.M. Córdoba et al. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3–8, 2006. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ediciones, Madrid 2008, Vol. II, 743–752.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41147573">https://www.jstor.org/stable/41147573</a></li> <li>Steven Lundström, From six to seven Royal Tombs. The documentation of the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft excavation at Assur (1903-1914) – Possibilities and limits of its reexamination, in: J.M. Córdoba et al. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3–8, 2006. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ediciones, Madrid 2008, Vol. II, 445–463.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Pedde" title="Friedhelm Pedde">Friedhelm Pedde</a>, The Assur-Project: A new Analysis of the Middle- and Neo-Assyrian Graves and Tombs, in: P. Matthiae – F. Pinnock – L. Nigro – N. Marchetti (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, May, 5th-10th 2008, "Sapienza" – Università di Roma. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010, Vol. 1, 913–923.</li> <li>Barbara Feller, Seal Images and Social Status: Sealings on Middle Assyrian Tablets from Ashur, in: P. Matthiae – F. Pinnock – L. Nigro – N. Marchetti (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, May, 5th-10th 2008, "Sapienza" – Università di Roma. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010, Vol. 1, 721–729.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Pedde" title="Friedhelm Pedde">Friedhelm Pedde</a>, The Assur Project: The Middle and Neo-Assyrian Graves and Tombs, in: R. Matthews – J. Curtis (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, London 2010. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2012, Vol. 1, 93–108.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Pedde" title="Friedhelm Pedde">Friedhelm Pedde</a>, The Assyrian heartland, in: D.T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, Vol. II, 851–866.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadner2015" class="citation book cs1">Radner, Karen (2015). <i>Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871590-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871590-0"><bdi>978-0-19-871590-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1202732830">1202732830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Assyria%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1202732830&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871590-0&rft.aulast=Radner&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Assur&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Assur_(city)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Assur (city)">Assur (city)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchippmann1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schippmann, K. (1987). "ASSYRIA iii. Parthian Assur". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/assyria-iii"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 8</i></a>. pp. 816–817.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ASSYRIA+iii.+Parthian+Assur&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+II%2C+Fasc.+8&rft.pages=816-817&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schippmann&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fassyria-iii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssur" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/42692">Assyrian origins: discoveries at Ashur on the Tigris: antiquities in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin</a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Assur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedhelm_Pedde" title="Friedhelm Pedde">Friedhelm Pedde</a>, Recovering Assur. From the German Excavations of 1903–1914 to today's Assur Project in Berlin <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150120120853/http://asorblog.org/recovering-assur/">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1896834/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4003281-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85008605">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119799975">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119799975">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Aššúr (zaniklé město)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge518194&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295504605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/893945">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027846040">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assur&oldid=1252441493">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assur&oldid=1252441493</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:25th-century_BC_establishments" title="Category:25th-century BC establishments">25th-century BC establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_places_established_in_the_3rd_millennium_BC" title="Category:Populated places established in the 3rd millennium 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