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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lingnan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لينغنان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لينغنان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9ng-l%C3%A2m" title="Léng-lâm – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Léng-lâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lingnan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%81%EB%82%A8_(%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD)" title="영남 (중국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="영남 (중국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լիննան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիննան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lingnan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingnan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingnan" title="Lingnan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lingnan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97_(%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD)" title="嶺南 (中国) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="嶺南 (中国)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Линнань – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Линнань" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%A9nh_Nam" title="Lĩnh Nam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lĩnh Nam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97" title="嶺南 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="嶺南" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97" title="嶺南 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="嶺南" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B2%AD%E5%8D%97" title="岭南 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="岭南" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1368026#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Lingnan" title="View the content page [c]" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Geographic area in the south of the Nanling Mountains, China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lingnan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Lingnan (disambiguation)">Lingnan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lingnan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="zh">岭南</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanyue.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Maximum extent of the Nanyue kingdom, roughly corresponding to the geographical region of Lingnan with the exception of Central Vietnam"><img alt="Maximum extent of the Nanyue kingdom, roughly corresponding to the geographical region of Lingnan with the exception of Central Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nanyue.svg/250px-Nanyue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nanyue.svg/375px-Nanyue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Nanyue.svg/500px-Nanyue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="583" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Maximum extent of the <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a> kingdom, roughly corresponding to the geographical region of Lingnan with the exception of Central Vietnam</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Modern day-location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and North <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lingnan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B2%AD%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:岭南">岭南</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B6%BA%E5%8D%97" class="extiw" title="wikt:嶺南">嶺南</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">lǐng nán</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a>: <i><span lang="yue-Latn-jyutping">ling5 naam4</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'South of the [Nanling] Mountains'; <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a>: <i lang="vi">Lĩnh Nam</i>) is a geographic area referring to the lands in the south of the <a href="/wiki/Nanling_Mountains" title="Nanling Mountains">Nanling Mountains</a>. The region covers the modern <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> & <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a><sup id="cite_ref-Territory1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Territory1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Territory2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Territory2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Vietnam" title="Northern Vietnam">Northern Vietnam</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The area was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> and was the base of the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Nanyue" title="Nanyue">Nanyue</a>. At that time, Lingnan was considered by the ancient Chinese court to be a tropical barbarian land that had no contact with the <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Zhongyuan</a>, which was the cultural cradle of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a>. </p><p>In the second century BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Han_conquest_of_Nanyue" title="Han conquest of Nanyue">Han conquest of Nanyue</a> led to its absorption into the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> during its <a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">southward expansion</a>, and its development was boosted once the <a href="/wiki/Mei_Pass" title="Mei Pass">Mei Pass</a> was paved. The region was also the base of the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a> (917–971).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lingnan_Jiedushi">Lingnan Jiedushi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lingnan Jiedushi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lingnan <a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a> or military command, were ruled by military governors during the Tang dynasty. </p><p>List of jiedushis: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Song_Jing" title="Song Jing">Song Jing</a> 716</li> <li>Zhen Dan 717</li> <li>Pei Zhouxian 719-722</li> <li>Li Ju 727-735</li> <li>Li Shangyin 727</li> <li>Li Chaoyin 733-735</li> <li>Song Ding 739</li> <li>Pei Dunfu 745</li> <li>Peng Guo 745-747</li> <li>Lu Huan 749-751</li> <li>Zhang Jiugao 751-753</li> <li>A Lüguang 754-756</li> <li>Helan Jinming 756</li> <li>Wei Lijian 757-758</li> <li>Zhang Wanqing 758-760</li> <li>Zhao Liangbi 760-761</li> <li>Zhang Xiu 763</li> <li>Yang Shenwei 764-767</li> <li>Xu Hao 767-768</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Mian" title="Li Mian">Li Mian</a> 768-772</li> <li>Li Chongben 772-773</li> <li>Lu Sigong 773</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shu_(Tang_Dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Shu (Tang Dynasty)">Li Shu</a> 775</li> <li>Gao Yun 776-777</li> <li>Zhang Boyi 777-782</li> <li>Yuan Xiu 782-784</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_You" title="Du You">Du You</a> 784-787</li> <li>Li Fu 787-792</li> <li>Xue Jue 792-795</li> <li>Wang E 795-801</li> <li>Zhao Zhi 801-802</li> <li>Xu Shen 802-806</li> <li>Zhao Chang 806-808</li> <li>Yang Yuling 808-810</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yin_(Middle_Tang)" title="Zheng Yin (Middle Tang)">Zheng Yin</a> 810-813</li> <li>Ma Zong 813-816</li> <li>Cui Yong 817</li> <li>Kong Kui 817-820</li> <li>Cui Neng 820-823</li> <li>Zheng Quan 823-824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Zhi" title="Cui Zhi">Cui Zhi</a> 824-826</li> <li>Hu Zheng 826-828</li> <li>Li Xian 828-829</li> <li>Cui Hu 829-830</li> <li>Li Liang 831-833</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Gong" title="Cui Gong">Cui Gong</a> 833</li> <li>Wang Maoyuan 833-835</li> <li>Li Congyi 835-836</li> <li>Lu Jun 836-840</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Guicong" title="Cui Guicong">Cui Guicong</a> 844-845</li> <li>Lu Zhen 845-846</li> <li>Li Pin 847-848</li> <li>Li Xingxiu 848-849</li> <li>Wei Zhengguan 849-851</li> <li>Ge Ganzhong 851-854</li> <li>Wei Shu 855-858</li> <li>Yang Fa 858</li> <li>Li Sui 858</li> <li>Li Chengxun 858-859</li> <li>Xiao Fang 859-860</li> <li>Wei Zhou 861-868</li> <li>Zheng Yu 868-871</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Congdang" title="Zheng Congdang">Zheng Congdang</a> 871-874</li> <li>Wei He 874-876</li> <li>Li Tiao 877-879</li> <li>Zheng Xu 879-886</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Yongzhi" title="Lü Yongzhi">Lü Yongzhi</a> 886</li> <li>Pei Qu 887-889</li> <li>Li Chonggui 890-895</li> <li>Chen Pei 893</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Yin" title="Cui Yin">Cui Yin</a> 896</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zhirou" title="Li Zhirou">Li Zhirou</a> 896-900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Yin" title="Cui Yin">Cui Yin</a> 900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Yanruo" title="Xu Yanruo">Xu Yanruo</a> 900-901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yin_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Yin (Southern Han)">Liu Yin</a> 901-911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pei_Shu" title="Pei Shu">Pei Shu</a> 903</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cui_Yuan_(died_905)" title="Cui Yuan (died 905)">Cui Yuan</a> 904</li> <li>Liu Yan 911-917</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jiangnan" title="Jiangnan">Jiangnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingnan culture">Lingnan culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liangguang" title="Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin" title="Tonkin">Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_H%E1%BA%A3i_qu%C3%A2n" title="Tĩnh Hải quân">Tĩnh Hải quân</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lingnan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Territory1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Territory1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGuoZuo2018" class="citation book cs1">Guo, Jie; Zuo, Pengjun (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yNZKDwAAQBAJ&q=%E5%B2%AD%E5%8D%97+%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C+%E5%B9%BF%E8%A5%BF+%E6%B5%B7%E5%8D%97+%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF+%E6%BE%B3%E9%97%A8&pg=PT3"><i>岭南文化研究</i></a>. 清華大學出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787302399476" title="Special:BookSources/9787302399476"><bdi>9787302399476</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%B2%AD%E5%8D%97%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.pub=%E6%B8%85%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9787302399476&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Jie&rft.au=Zuo%2C+Pengjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyNZKDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25B2%25AD%25E5%258D%2597%2B%25E5%25B9%25BF%25E4%25B8%259C%2B%25E5%25B9%25BF%25E8%25A5%25BF%2B%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E5%258D%2597%2B%25E9%25A6%2599%25E6%25B8%25AF%2B%25E6%25BE%25B3%25E9%2597%25A8%26pg%3DPT3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Territory2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Territory2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXie2015" class="citation book cs1">Xie, Xuanjun (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wO-zCgAAQBAJ&q=%E5%B2%AD%E5%8D%97+%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8&pg=PA527"><i>辛亥革命百年透视现代南北朝的曙光</i></a>. Lulu.com. p. 527. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781329581210" title="Special:BookSources/9781329581210"><bdi>9781329581210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%BE%9B%E4%BA%A5%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD%E7%99%BE%E5%B9%B4%E9%80%8F%E8%A7%86+%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D%E7%9A%84%E6%9B%99%E5%85%89&rft.pages=527&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781329581210&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=Xuanjun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwO-zCgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E5%25B2%25AD%25E5%258D%2597%2B%25E8%25B6%258A%25E5%258D%2597%25E5%258C%2597%25E9%2583%25A8%26pg%3DPA527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALingnan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081006131337/http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1610147-social-clan-culture-lingnan-region/">"Social and Clan Culture in the Lingnan Region"</a>. <i>Shvoong.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shvoong.com/humanities/1610147-social-clan-culture-lingnan-region/">the original</a> on October 6, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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