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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Possible mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Possible_mechanisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Possible mechanisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Possible_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Disrupting_rangefinding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disrupting_rangefinding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Disrupting rangefinding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disrupting_rangefinding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disguising_heading_and_speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disguising_heading_and_speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Disguising heading and speed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disguising_heading_and_speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Motion_dazzle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Motion_dazzle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Motion dazzle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motion_dazzle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>World War I</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War I subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_Royal_Navy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Royal_Navy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>British Royal Navy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Royal_Navy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Flying_Corps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Flying_Corps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Royal Flying Corps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Flying_Corps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effectiveness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effectiveness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Effectiveness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effectiveness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Since World War II</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Since_World_War_II-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Since World War II subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Since_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renewed_naval_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_naval_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Renewed naval use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_naval_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dazzle camouflage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camuflaje_disruptivo" title="Camuflaje disruptivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Camuflaje disruptivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84" title="استتار دازل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استتار دازل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camouflage_dazzle" title="Camouflage dazzle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Camouflage dazzle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dazzle camouflage" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camuffamento_Dazzle" title="Camuffamento Dazzle – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camuffamento Dazzle" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%82%BA%E3%83%AB%E8%BF%B7%E5%BD%A9" title="ダズル迷彩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダズル迷彩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blendingsmaling" title="Blendingsmaling – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Blendingsmaling" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camuflagem_disruptiva" title="Camuflagem disruptiva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camuflagem disruptiva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Ослепляющий камуфляж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ослепляющий камуфляж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dazzle-kamouflage" title="Dazzle-kamouflage – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dazzle-kamouflage" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%84%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B6" title="Сліпучий камуфляж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сліпучий камуфляж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%AB%E7%9B%AE%E8%BF%B7%E5%BD%A9" title="炫目迷彩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="炫目迷彩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2935197#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Family of ship camouflage</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Motion_dazzle" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion dazzle">Motion dazzle</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dazzle Ships" redirects here. For the OMD album, see <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_Ships_(album)" title="Dazzle Ships (album)">Dazzle Ships (album)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_West_Mahomet_(ID-3681)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USS_West_Mahomet_%28ID-3681%29_cropped.jpg/220px-USS_West_Mahomet_%28ID-3681%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USS_West_Mahomet_%28ID-3681%29_cropped.jpg/330px-USS_West_Mahomet_%28ID-3681%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/USS_West_Mahomet_%28ID-3681%29_cropped.jpg/440px-USS_West_Mahomet_%28ID-3681%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="3488" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SS_West_Mahomet" title="SS West Mahomet">USS <i>West Mahomet</i></a> in dazzle camouflage, 1918</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Dazzle camouflage</b>, also known as <b>razzle dazzle</b> (in the U.S.) or <b>dazzle painting</b>, is a type of <a href="/wiki/Ship_camouflage" title="Ship camouflage">ship camouflage</a> that was used extensively in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, and to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and afterwards. Credited to the British <a href="/wiki/Marine_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine artist">marine artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a>, though with a rejected prior claim by the <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoologist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Kerr" title="John Graham Kerr">John Graham Kerr</a>, it consisted of complex patterns of geometric shapes in contrasting colours interrupting and intersecting each other. </p><p>Unlike other forms of <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, the intention of dazzle is not to <a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">conceal</a> but to make it difficult to estimate a target's range, speed, and heading. Norman Wilkinson explained in 1919 that he had intended dazzle primarily to mislead the enemy about a ship's course and so cause them to take up a poor firing position.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dazzle was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> in the UK, and then by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. Each ship's dazzle pattern was unique to avoid making classes of ships instantly recognisable to the enemy. The result was that a profusion of dazzle schemes was tried, and the evidence for their success was, at best, mixed. So many factors were involved that it was impossible to determine which were important, and whether any of the colour schemes were effective. Experiments were carried out on aircraft in both World Wars with little success. </p><p>Dazzle attracted the notice of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a>, who claimed that <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubists</a> like himself had invented it.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell-Johnson,_Rachel_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-Johnson,_Rachel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wadsworth" title="Edward Wadsworth">Edward Wadsworth</a>, who supervised the camouflaging of over 2,000 ships during the First World War, painted a series of canvases of <b>dazzle ships</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the war, based on his wartime work. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lismer" title="Arthur Lismer">Arthur Lismer</a> similarly painted a series of dazzle ship canvases. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intended_purposes">Intended purposes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Intended purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dazzle_Camouflage_Effect.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dazzle_Camouflage_Effect.svg/370px-Dazzle_Camouflage_Effect.svg.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="315" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dazzle_Camouflage_Effect.svg/555px-Dazzle_Camouflage_Effect.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Dazzle_Camouflage_Effect.svg/740px-Dazzle_Camouflage_Effect.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of how <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a> intended dazzle camouflage to cause the enemy to take up poor firing positions<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes96_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes96-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>At first glance, dazzle seems an unlikely form of <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a>, drawing attention to the ship rather than hiding it. The approach was developed after Allied navies were unable to develop effective means to hide ships in all weather conditions. The British <a href="/wiki/Zoology" title="Zoology">zoologist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Kerr" title="John Graham Kerr">John Graham Kerr</a> proposed the application of camouflage to British warships in the First World War, outlining what he believed to be the applicable principle, <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_camouflage" class="mw-redirect" title="Disruptive camouflage">disruptive camouflage</a>, in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> in 1914 explaining the goal was to confuse, not to conceal, by disrupting a ship's outline. Kerr compared the effect to that created by the patterns on a series of land animals, the <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forbes87_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coincidence_rangefinder_(Warships_To-day,_1936).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coincidence_rangefinder_%28Warships_To-day%2C_1936%29.jpg/170px-Coincidence_rangefinder_%28Warships_To-day%2C_1936%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coincidence_rangefinder_%28Warships_To-day%2C_1936%29.jpg/255px-Coincidence_rangefinder_%28Warships_To-day%2C_1936%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Coincidence_rangefinder_%28Warships_To-day%2C_1936%29.jpg/340px-Coincidence_rangefinder_%28Warships_To-day%2C_1936%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Eyepiece image of a warship in a naval <a href="/wiki/Coincidence_rangefinder" title="Coincidence rangefinder">coincidence rangefinder</a>, image halves not yet adjusted for range. The target's masts are especially useful for rangefinding, so Kerr proposed disrupting these with white bands.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes87_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Taking up the zebra example, Kerr proposed that the vertical lines of ships' masts be disrupted with irregular white bands. Hiding these would make ships less conspicuous, and would "greatly increase the difficulty of accurate range finding".<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes87_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the same letter, Kerr also called for <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a>, the use of paint to obliterate self-shading and thus to flatten out the appearance of solid, recognisable shapes. For example, he proposed painting ships' guns grey on top, grading to white below, so the guns would disappear against a grey background.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes87_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, he advised painting shaded parts of the ship white, and brightly lit parts in grey, again with smooth grading between them, making shapes and structures invisible. Kerr was thus hoping to achieve both a measure of invisibility and a degree of confusion for the enemy using a rangefinder. Whether through this mixing of goals, or the Admiralty's scepticism about "any theory based upon the analogy of animals",<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes87_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Admiralty claimed in July 1915 to have conducted "various trials" and decided to paint its ships in monotone grey, not adopting any of Kerr's suggestions. It had made up its mind, and all Kerr's subsequent letters achieved nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes87_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American artist <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Handerson Thayer</a> had developed a theory of camouflage based on countershading and disruptive coloration, which he had published in the controversial 1909 book <i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roosevelt_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roosevelt-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LRB_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LRB-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeing the opportunity to put his theory into service, Thayer wrote to Churchill in February 1915, proposing to camouflage submarines by countershading them like fish such as <a href="/wiki/Mackerel" title="Mackerel">mackerel</a>, and advocating painting ships white to make them invisible.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes87_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ideas were considered by the Admiralty, but rejected along with Kerr's proposals as being "freak methods of painting ships ... of academic interest but not of practical advantage".<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes87_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Admiralty noted that the required camouflage would vary depending on the light, the changing colours of sea and sky, the time of day, and the angle of the sun. Thayer made repeated and desperate efforts to persuade the authorities, and in November 1915 travelled to England where he gave demonstrations of his theory around the country. He had a warm welcome from Kerr in Glasgow, and was so enthused by this show of support that he avoided meeting the War Office, who he had been intending to win over, and instead sailed home, continuing to write ineffective letters to the British and American authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes87_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The marine artist and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Naval_Volunteer_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve">Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a>, agreed with Kerr that dazzle's aim was confusion rather than concealment, but disagreed about the type of confusion to be sown in the enemy's mind. What Wilkinson wanted to do was to make it difficult for an enemy to estimate a ship's type, size, speed, and heading, and thereby confuse enemy ship commanders into taking mistaken or poor firing positions.<sup id="cite_ref-Newark74_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newark74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An observer would find it difficult to know exactly whether the stern or the bow was in view; and it would be correspondingly difficult to estimate whether the observed vessel was moving towards or away from the observer's position.<sup id="cite_ref-glover_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glover-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg/370px-EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="370" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg/555px-EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg/740px-EB1922_Camouflage_Periscope_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption>Claimed effectiveness: Artist's conception of a <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> commander's periscope view of a merchant ship in dazzle camouflage (left) and the same ship uncamouflaged (right), <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>, 1922. The conspicuous markings obscure the ship's heading.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wilkinson advocated "masses of strongly contrasted colour" to confuse the enemy about a ship's heading.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newark74_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newark74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, while dazzle, in some lighting conditions or at close ranges, might actually increase a ship's visibility,<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes91_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes91-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the conspicuous patterns would obscure the outlines of the ship's hull (though admittedly not the superstructure<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes97_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes97-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), disguising the ship's correct heading and making it harder to hit.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes96_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes96-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dazzle was created in response to an extreme need, and hosted by an organisation, the Admiralty, which had already rejected an approach supported by scientific theory: Kerr's proposal to use "parti-colouring" based on the known camouflage methods of disruptive coloration and countershading. This was dropped in favour of an admittedly non-scientific approach, led by the socially well-connected Wilkinson.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes98_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes98-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kerr's explanations of the principles were clear, logical, and based on years of study, while Wilkinson's were simple and inspirational, based on an artist's perception.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes91_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes91-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decision was likely because the Admiralty felt comfortable with Wilkinson, in sharp contrast to their awkward relationship with the stubborn and pedantic Kerr.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes98_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes98-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forbes92_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes92-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilkinson claimed not to have known of the zoological theories of camouflage of Kerr and Thayer, admitting only to having heard of the "old invisibility-idea" from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman times</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes91_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes91-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possible_mechanisms">Possible mechanisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Possible mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polish_destroyer%27s_range-finder.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Polish_destroyer%27s_range-finder.JPG/150px-Polish_destroyer%27s_range-finder.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Polish_destroyer%27s_range-finder.JPG/225px-Polish_destroyer%27s_range-finder.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Polish_destroyer%27s_range-finder.JPG/300px-Polish_destroyer%27s_range-finder.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="1846" /></a><figcaption>A naval <a href="/wiki/Coincidence_rangefinder" title="Coincidence rangefinder">coincidence rangefinder</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1930</span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disrupting_rangefinding">Disrupting rangefinding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Disrupting rangefinding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1973, the naval museum curator Robert F. Sumrall<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (following Kerr<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes87_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) suggested a mechanism by which dazzle camouflage may have sown the kind of confusion that Wilkinson had intended for it. <a href="/wiki/Coincidence_rangefinder" title="Coincidence rangefinder">Coincidence rangefinders</a> used for <a href="/wiki/Naval_artillery" title="Naval artillery">naval artillery</a> had an <a href="/wiki/Optics" title="Optics">optical mechanism</a>, operated by a human to compute the range. The operator adjusted the mechanism until the two half-images of the target lined up in a complete picture. Dazzle, Sumrall argued, was intended to make that hard, as clashing patterns looked abnormal even when the two halves were aligned, something that became more important when <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Periscope" title="Periscope">periscopes</a> included such rangefinders. Patterns sometimes also included a false <a href="/wiki/Bow_wave" title="Bow wave">bow wave</a> to make it difficult for an enemy to estimate the ship's speed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disguising_heading_and_speed">Disguising heading and speed</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disguising heading and speed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg/290px-Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg/435px-Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg/580px-Arthur_Lismer_-_Olympic_with_Returned_Soldiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6132" data-file-height="4598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RMS_Olympic" title="RMS Olympic">HMT <i>Olympic</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>'s sister ship, in dazzle camouflage while in service as a World War I <a href="/wiki/Troopship" title="Troopship">troopship</a>, from September 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>The historian <a href="/wiki/Sam_Willis" title="Sam Willis">Sam Willis</a> argued that since Wilkinson knew it was impossible to make a ship invisible with paint, the "extreme opposite"<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the answer, using conspicuous shapes and violent colour contrasts to confuse enemy submarine commanders. Willis pointed out, using the <a href="/wiki/RMS_Olympic" title="RMS Olympic">HMT <i>Olympic</i></a> dazzle scheme as an example, that different mechanisms could have been at work. The contradictory patterns on the ship's funnels could imply the ship was on a different heading (as Wilkinson had said<sup id="cite_ref-Newark74_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newark74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The curve on the hull below the front funnel could seem to be a false bow wave, creating a misleading impression of the ship's speed; additionally, the striped patterns on the bow and stern could create confusion about which end of the ship was which.<sup id="cite_ref-Willis_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Willis-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That dazzle did indeed work along these lines is suggested by the testimony of a <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> captain:<sup id="cite_ref-Newark74_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newark74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It was not until she was within half a mile that I could make out she was one ship [not several] steering a course at right angles, crossing from starboard to port. The dark painted stripes on her after part made her stern appear her bow, and a broad cut of green paint amidships looks like a patch of water. The weather was bright and visibility good; this was the best camouflage I have ever seen.<sup id="cite_ref-Newark74_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newark74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motion_dazzle">Motion dazzle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Motion dazzle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the scientist Nicholas E. Scott-Samuel and colleagues presented evidence using moving patterns on a computer that human perception of speed is distorted by dazzle patterns. However, the speeds required for <a href="/wiki/Camouflage#Motion_dazzle" title="Camouflage">motion dazzle</a> are much larger than were available to First World War ships: Scott-Samuel notes that the targets in the experiment would correspond to a dazzle-patterned <a href="/wiki/Land_Rover" title="Land Rover">Land Rover</a> vehicle at a range of 70 m (77 yd), travelling at 90 km/h (56 mph). If such a dazzling target causes a 7% confusion in the observed speed, a <a href="/wiki/Rocket_propelled_grenade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket propelled grenade">rocket propelled grenade</a> travelling that distance in half a second would strike 90 cm (35 in) from the intended aiming point, or 7% of the distance moved by the target. This might be enough to save lives in the dazzle-patterned vehicle, and perhaps to cause the missile to miss entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Camoufleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Camoufleurs">Camoufleurs</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Argus_(1917)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HMS_Argus_%281917%29_cropped.jpg/260px-HMS_Argus_%281917%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HMS_Argus_%281917%29_cropped.jpg/390px-HMS_Argus_%281917%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/HMS_Argus_%281917%29_cropped.jpg/520px-HMS_Argus_%281917%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Argus_(I49)" title="HMS Argus (I49)">HMS <i>Argus</i></a> displaying a coat of dazzle camouflage in 1918</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Royal_Navy">British Royal Navy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British Royal Navy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1914, Kerr persuaded the <a href="/wiki/First_Lord_of_the_Admiralty" title="First Lord of the Admiralty">First Lord of the Admiralty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, to adopt a form of <a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">military camouflage</a> which he called "parti-colouring". He argued both for <a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">countershading</a> (following the American artist <a href="/wiki/Abbott_Thayer" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbott Thayer">Abbott Thayer</a>), and for <a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">disruptive coloration</a>, both as used by animals.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A general order to the British fleet issued on 10 November 1914 advocated use of Kerr's approach. It was applied in various ways to British warships such as <a href="/wiki/HMS_Implacable_(1899)" title="HMS Implacable (1899)">HMS <i>Implacable</i></a>, where officers noted approvingly that the pattern "increased difficulty of accurate range finding". However, following Churchill's departure from the Admiralty, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> reverted to plain grey paint schemes,<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> informing Kerr in July 1915 that "various trials had been undertaken and that the range of conditions of light and surroundings rendered it necessary to modify considerably any theory based upon the analogy of [the colours and patterns of] animals".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%27Dazzle-painting%27_was_a_form_of_camouflage,_and_was_particularly_effective_in_moonlight._Wilkinson_was_responsible_for_the_introduction_of_the_%27dazzle%27_painted_effect._As_is_evident_in_this_image,_the_paint_des_Art.IWMART4029.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%27Dazzle-painting%27_was_a_form_of_camouflage%2C_and_was_particularly_effective_in_moonlight._Wilkinson_was_responsible_for_the_introduction_of_the_%27dazzle%27_painted_effect._As_is_evident_in_this_image%2C_the_paint_des_Art.IWMART4029.jpg/260px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%27Dazzle-painting%27_was_a_form_of_camouflage%2C_and_was_particularly_effective_in_moonlight._Wilkinson_was_responsible_for_the_introduction_of_the_%27dazzle%27_painted_effect._As_is_evident_in_this_image%2C_the_paint_des_Art.IWMART4029.jpg/390px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/%27Dazzle-painting%27_was_a_form_of_camouflage%2C_and_was_particularly_effective_in_moonlight._Wilkinson_was_responsible_for_the_introduction_of_the_%27dazzle%27_painted_effect._As_is_evident_in_this_image%2C_the_paint_des_Art.IWMART4029.jpg/520px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>A painting by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a> of a moonlit convoy wearing his dazzle camouflage, 1918</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S.S._Alban_camouflage_by_Thomas_Hart_Benton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/S.S._Alban_camouflage_by_Thomas_Hart_Benton.jpg/220px-S.S._Alban_camouflage_by_Thomas_Hart_Benton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/S.S._Alban_camouflage_by_Thomas_Hart_Benton.jpg/330px-S.S._Alban_camouflage_by_Thomas_Hart_Benton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bb/S.S._Alban_camouflage_by_Thomas_Hart_Benton.jpg/440px-S.S._Alban_camouflage_by_Thomas_Hart_Benton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1597" data-file-height="2608" /></a><figcaption>Official report on a camouflaged ship in 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> inaugurated its Camouflage Section for land use at the end of 1916. At sea in 1917, heavy losses of merchant ships to Germany's <a href="/wiki/Unrestricted_submarine_warfare" title="Unrestricted submarine warfare">unrestricted submarine warfare</a> campaign led to new desire for camouflage. The marine painter <a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a> promoted a system of stripes and broken lines "to distort the external shape by violent colour contrasts" and confuse the enemy about the speed and dimensions of a ship.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilkinson, then a lieutenant commander on Royal Navy patrol duty, implemented the precursor of "dazzle" beginning with the merchantman SS <i>Industry</i>. Wilkinson was put in charge of a camouflage unit which used the technique on large groups of merchant ships. Over 4000 British merchant ships were painted in what came to be known as "dazzle camouflage"; dazzle was also applied to some 400 naval vessels, starting in August 1917.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All British patterns were different, first tested on small wooden models viewed through a periscope in a studio. Most of the model designs were painted by women from London's <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a>. A foreman then scaled up their designs for the real thing. Painters, however, were not alone in the project. Creative people including sculptors, artists, and set designers designed camouflage.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilkinson's dazzle camouflage was accepted by the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a>, even without practical visual assessment protocols for improving performance by modifying designs and colours.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dazzle camouflage strategy was adopted by other navies. This led to more scientific studies of colour options which might enhance camouflage effectiveness.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, starting on 27 October 1919, an Admiralty committee met to determine who had priority for the invention of dazzle. Kerr was asked whether he thought Wilkinson had personally benefited from anything that he, Kerr, had written. Kerr avoided the question, implying that he had not, and said "I make no claim to have invented the principle of parti-colouring, this principle was, of course, invented by nature".<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes98_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes98-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He agreed also that he had not suggested anywhere in his letters that his system would "create an illusion as to the course of the vessel painted".<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes98_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes98-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1920 the Admiralty told Kerr that he was not seen as responsible for dazzle painting.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes98_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes98-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922 Wilkinson was awarded the sum of £2000 for the invention.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes98_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes98-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_Flying_Corps">Royal Flying Corps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Royal Flying Corps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Felixstowe_F.2A_Q_082243_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Felixstowe_F.2A_Q_082243_%28detail%29.jpg/220px-Felixstowe_F.2A_Q_082243_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e3/Felixstowe_F.2A_Q_082243_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="202" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_F.2" title="Felixstowe F.2">Felixstowe F.2</a>, finished in a naval black and white scheme</figcaption></figure> <p>In the First World War, experiments were conducted on British aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Flying_Corps" title="Royal Flying Corps">Royal Flying Corps</a>' <a href="/wiki/Sopwith_Camel" title="Sopwith Camel">Sopwith Camels</a> to make their angle and direction difficult to judge for an enemy gunner.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly the Royal Navy painted some of their <a href="/wiki/Felixstowe_F.2" title="Felixstowe F.2">Felixstowe flying boats</a> with bold disrupting lines similar to those of their ship camouflage. The effect remained dubious, but was found to reduce the incidence of the planes being targeted by anti-aircraft gunners on their own side.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effectiveness">Effectiveness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Effectiveness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dazzle's effectiveness was highly uncertain at the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>, but it was nonetheless adopted both in the UK and North America. In 1918, the Admiralty analysed shipping losses, but was unable to draw clear conclusions. Dazzle ships had been attacked in 1.47% of sailings, compared to 1.12% for uncamouflaged ships, suggesting increased visibility, but as Wilkinson had argued, dazzle was not attempting to make ships hard to see. Suggestively, of the ships that were struck by <a href="/wiki/Torpedo" title="Torpedo">torpedoes</a>, 43% of the dazzle ships sank, compared to 54% of the uncamouflaged.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes96_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes96-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartcup_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartcup-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, 41% of the dazzle ships were struck amidships, compared to 52% of the uncamouflaged. These comparisons could be taken to imply that submarine commanders had more difficulty in deciding where a ship was heading and where to aim. Furthermore, the ships painted in dazzle were larger than the uncamouflaged ships, 38% of them being over 5000 tons compared to only 13% of uncamouflaged ships, making comparisons unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes96_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes96-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hartcup_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartcup-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With hindsight, too many factors (choice of colour scheme; size and speed of ships; tactics used) had been varied for it to be possible to determine which factors were significant or which schemes worked best.<sup id="cite_ref-Scott-Samuel_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scott-Samuel-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thayer did carry out an experiment on dazzle camouflage, but it failed to show any reliable advantage over plain paintwork.<sup id="cite_ref-StevensDazzle_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StevensDazzle-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The American data were analysed by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Van_Buskirk" title="Harold Van Buskirk">Harold Van Buskirk</a> in 1919. About 1,256 ships were painted in dazzle between 1 March 1918 and the end of the war on 11 November that year. Among American merchantmen 2,500 tons and over, 78 uncamouflaged ships were sunk, and only 18 camouflaged ships; out of these 18, 11 were sunk by torpedoes, 4 in collisions and 3 by mines. No US Navy ships (all camouflaged) were sunk in the period.<sup id="cite_ref-Buskirk_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buskirk-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships">Ships</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ship_camouflage#Second_World_War" title="Ship camouflage">Ship camouflage in World War II</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy">World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Outside_Viewing-tank_Directorate_of_Camouflage_Naval_Section_(1943)_(Art._IWM_ART_LD_2759).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Outside_Viewing-tank_Directorate_of_Camouflage_Naval_Section_%281943%29_%28Art._IWM_ART_LD_2759%29.jpg/170px-The_Outside_Viewing-tank_Directorate_of_Camouflage_Naval_Section_%281943%29_%28Art._IWM_ART_LD_2759%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Outside_Viewing-tank_Directorate_of_Camouflage_Naval_Section_%281943%29_%28Art._IWM_ART_LD_2759%29.jpg/255px-The_Outside_Viewing-tank_Directorate_of_Camouflage_Naval_Section_%281943%29_%28Art._IWM_ART_LD_2759%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Outside_Viewing-tank_Directorate_of_Camouflage_Naval_Section_%281943%29_%28Art._IWM_ART_LD_2759%29.jpg/340px-The_Outside_Viewing-tank_Directorate_of_Camouflage_Naval_Section_%281943%29_%28Art._IWM_ART_LD_2759%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Dazzle under development: the "Outside Viewing-tank" on the roof of the Directorate of Camouflage Naval Section, <a href="/wiki/Leamington_Spa" title="Leamington Spa">Leamington Spa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger_2016_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger_2016-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James Yunge-Bateman, 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>However effective dazzle camouflage may have been in World War I, it became less useful as rangefinders and especially aircraft became more advanced, and, by the time it was put to use again in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> further reduced its effectiveness. However, it may still have confounded enemy submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, dazzle paint schemes reappeared in January 1940. These were unofficial, and competitions were often held between ships for the best camouflage patterns. The Royal Navy's Camouflage Department came up with a scheme devised by a young naval officer, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Scott" title="Peter Scott">Peter Scott</a>, a wildlife artist, which were developed into the <i><a href="/wiki/Western_Approaches_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Approaches Command">Western Approaches</a> Schemes</i>. In 1942 the <i>Admiralty Intermediate Disruptive Pattern</i> came into use, followed in 1944 by the <i>Admiralty Standard Schemes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dazzle patterns were tested on small model ships at the Royal Navy's Directorate of Camouflage in Leamington Spa; these were painted and then viewed in a shallow tank on the building's roof.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodger_2016_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodger_2016-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IWM_Leamington_Spa_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IWM_Leamington_Spa-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USS_Northampton_(CA-26)_at_Brisbane_on_5_August_1941_(NH_94596).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/USS_Northampton_%28CA-26%29_at_Brisbane_on_5_August_1941_%28NH_94596%29.jpg/220px-USS_Northampton_%28CA-26%29_at_Brisbane_on_5_August_1941_%28NH_94596%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/USS_Northampton_%28CA-26%29_at_Brisbane_on_5_August_1941_%28NH_94596%29.jpg/330px-USS_Northampton_%28CA-26%29_at_Brisbane_on_5_August_1941_%28NH_94596%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/USS_Northampton_%28CA-26%29_at_Brisbane_on_5_August_1941_%28NH_94596%29.jpg/440px-USS_Northampton_%28CA-26%29_at_Brisbane_on_5_August_1941_%28NH_94596%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5812" data-file-height="4364" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/USS_Northampton_(CA-26)" title="USS Northampton (CA-26)">USS <i>Northampton</i></a> wearing Measure 5, a false <a href="/wiki/Bow_wave" title="Bow wave">bow wave</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> implemented a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy">camouflage painting program in World War II</a>, and applied it to many ship classes, from patrol craft and auxiliaries to <a href="/wiki/Battleships" class="mw-redirect" title="Battleships">battleships</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Essex-class_aircraft_carrier" title="Essex-class aircraft carrier"><i>Essex</i>-class aircraft carriers</a>. The designs (known as Measures, each identified with a number) were not arbitrary, but were standardised in a process which involved a planning stage, then a review, and then fleet-wide implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-proceedings_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-proceedings-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Not all United States Navy measures involved dazzle patterns; some were simple or even totally unsophisticated, such as a false bow wave on traditional Haze Gray, or Deck Blue replacing grey over part or all of the ship (the latter to counter the <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> threat).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dazzle measures were used until 1945; in February 1945 the United States Navy's Pacific Fleet decided to repaint its ships in non-dazzle measures against the kamikaze threat, while the Atlantic Fleet continued to use dazzle, ships being repainted if transferred to the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-brand_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brand-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nazi Germany's <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i> first used camouflage in the 1940 <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a>. A wide range of patterns were authorised, but most commonly black and white diagonal stripes were used. Most patterns were designed to hide ships in harbour or near the coast; they were often painted over with plain grey when operating in the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1940, the US Navy conducted experiments with dazzle-type camouflage for aircraft. The artist <a href="/wiki/McClelland_Barclay" title="McClelland Barclay">McClelland Barclay</a> designed "pattern camouflage" schemes for US Navy aircraft such as the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_TBD_Devastator" title="Douglas TBD Devastator">Douglas TBD Devastator</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo" title="Brewster F2A Buffalo">Brewster F2A Buffalo</a> to make it difficult for the enemy to gauge the shape and position of the aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camouflaged aircraft were flown in combat, but the effect was found not to be satisfactory.<sup id="cite_ref-NHHC_Barclay_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHHC_Barclay-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_TBD_in_experimental_camouflage_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="US Navy Douglas TBD Devastator in experimental "pattern camouflage" by McClelland Barclay, 1940[47]"><img alt="US Navy Douglas TBD Devastator in experimental "pattern camouflage" by McClelland Barclay, 1940[47]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Douglas_TBD_in_experimental_camouflage_1940.jpg/288px-Douglas_TBD_in_experimental_camouflage_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Douglas_TBD_in_experimental_camouflage_1940.jpg/432px-Douglas_TBD_in_experimental_camouflage_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Douglas_TBD_in_experimental_camouflage_1940.jpg/575px-Douglas_TBD_in_experimental_camouflage_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">US Navy <a href="/wiki/Douglas_TBD_Devastator" title="Douglas TBD Devastator">Douglas TBD Devastator</a> in experimental "pattern camouflage" by <a href="/wiki/McClelland_Barclay" title="McClelland Barclay">McClelland Barclay</a>, 1940<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 249.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 247.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brewster_F2A_Buffalo_in_dazzle_camouflage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="US Navy Brewster F2A Buffalo in experimental camouflage, 1940"><img alt="US Navy Brewster F2A Buffalo in experimental camouflage, 1940" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo_in_dazzle_camouflage.jpg/371px-Brewster_F2A_Buffalo_in_dazzle_camouflage.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo_in_dazzle_camouflage.jpg/558px-Brewster_F2A_Buffalo_in_dazzle_camouflage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo_in_dazzle_camouflage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">US Navy <a href="/wiki/Brewster_F2A_Buffalo" title="Brewster F2A Buffalo">Brewster F2A Buffalo</a> in experimental camouflage, 1940</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Since_World_War_II">Since World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Since World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewed_naval_use">Renewed naval use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Renewed naval use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Tamar_leaving_Portsmouth_MOD_45169282.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/HMS_Tamar_leaving_Portsmouth_MOD_45169282.jpg/220px-HMS_Tamar_leaving_Portsmouth_MOD_45169282.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/HMS_Tamar_leaving_Portsmouth_MOD_45169282.jpg/330px-HMS_Tamar_leaving_Portsmouth_MOD_45169282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/HMS_Tamar_leaving_Portsmouth_MOD_45169282.jpg/440px-HMS_Tamar_leaving_Portsmouth_MOD_45169282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>HMS <i>Tamar</i> (P233) painted in the 2021 Royal Navy version of dazzle camouflage</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Navy" title="Royal Canadian Navy">Royal Canadian Navy</a> frigate <a href="/wiki/HMCS_Regina_(FFH_334)" title="HMCS Regina (FFH 334)">HMCS <i>Regina</i></a> was painted in a 1944 pattern to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>; the pattern was described variously as "dazzle" and "disruptive".<sup id="cite_ref-CKOM_2019_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CKOM_2019-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the Royal Navy painted <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tamar_(P233)" title="HMS Tamar (P233)">HMS <i>Tamar</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/River-class_offshore_patrol_vessel" title="River-class offshore patrol vessel">River-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_patrol_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore patrol vessel">offshore patrol vessel</a>, in patches of black and four shades of grey. It described this as "dazzle camouflage", making the ship the first Royal Navy vessel to have such a paint scheme since the Second World War. It stated that the scheme was "more about supporting the unique identity of the squadron" than for concealment.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Spey_(P234)" title="HMS Spey (P234)">HMS <i>Spey</i></a> and most recently <a href="/wiki/HMS_Medway_(P223)" title="HMS Medway (P223)">HMS <i>Medway</i></a> <a href="/wiki/River-class_offshore_patrol_vessel" title="River-class offshore patrol vessel">River-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Offshore_patrol_vessel" class="mw-redirect" title="Offshore patrol vessel">offshore patrol vessel</a> has been painted in this Dazzle Camouflage. </p><p>For concealment purposes, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> littoral combat ship <a href="/wiki/USS_Freedom_(LCS-1)" title="USS Freedom (LCS-1)">USS <i>Freedom</i></a> used the "<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy#Late_wartime_measures" title="World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy">Measure 32</a>" paint scheme during a deployment to Singapore in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also reported that during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Navy" title="Russian Navy">Russian Navy</a> painted "dark stripes on its warships to make them look smaller and confuse Ukrainian drones".<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The abstract patterns in dazzle camouflage inspired artists including Picasso. He claimed credit for camouflage experiments, which seemed to him a quintessentially Cubist technique.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell-Johnson,_Rachel_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell-Johnson,_Rachel-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a conversation with <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Stein" title="Gertrude Stein">Gertrude Stein</a> shortly after he first saw a painted cannon trundling through the streets of Paris he remarked, "Yes it is we who made it, that is cubism".<sup id="cite_ref-glover_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glover-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wadsworth" title="Edward Wadsworth">Edward Wadsworth</a>, who supervised dazzle camouflage painting in the war, created a series of canvases after the war based on his dazzle work on ships. His work later inspired <a href="/wiki/Peter_Saville_(graphic_designer)" title="Peter Saville (graphic designer)">Peter Saville</a>'s cover and the title of <a href="/wiki/Orchestral_Manoeuvres_in_the_Dark" title="Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark">Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark</a>'s 1983 album <i><a href="/wiki/Dazzle_Ships_(album)" title="Dazzle Ships (album)">Dazzle Ships</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Canada, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lismer" title="Arthur Lismer">Arthur Lismer</a> used dazzle ships in some of his wartime compositions.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In America, <a href="/wiki/Burnell_Poole" title="Burnell Poole">Burnell Poole</a> painted canvases of United States Navy ships in dazzle camouflage at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian of camouflage Peter Forbes comments that the ships had a <a href="/wiki/Modernist_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist art">Modernist</a> look, their designs succeeding as avant-garde or <a href="/wiki/Vorticist" class="mw-redirect" title="Vorticist">Vorticist</a> art.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes98_21-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes98-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, the art of camouflage, including the evolution of dazzle, was featured as the theme for a show at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum" title="Imperial War Museum">Imperial War Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, the Fleet Library at the <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_School_of_Design" title="Rhode Island School of Design">Rhode Island School of Design</a> exhibited its rediscovered collection of lithographic printed plans for the camouflage of American World War I merchant ships, in an exhibition titled "Bedazzled".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, the Centenary Art Commission backed three <a href="/wiki/Dazzle_artwork_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Dazzle artwork ship">dazzle camouflage installations</a> in Britain:<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Cruz-Diez" title="Carlos Cruz-Diez">Carlos Cruz-Diez</a> covered the pilot ship <a href="/wiki/MV_Edmund_Gardner" title="MV Edmund Gardner">MV <i>Edmund Gardner</i></a> in Liverpool's <a href="/wiki/Canning_Dock" title="Canning Dock">Canning Dock</a> with bright multi-coloured dazzle artwork, as part of the city's 2014 <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Biennial" title="Liverpool Biennial">Liverpool Biennial</a> art festival;<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Rehberger" title="Tobias Rehberger">Tobias Rehberger</a> painted <a href="/wiki/HMS_President_(1918)" title="HMS President (1918)">HMS <i>President</i></a>, anchored since 1922 at <a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_Bridge" title="Blackfriars Bridge">Blackfriars Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, to commemorate the use of dazzle, a century on.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Blake_(artist)" title="Peter Blake (artist)">Peter Blake</a> was commissioned to design exterior paintwork for <a href="/wiki/MV_Snowdrop" title="MV Snowdrop">MV <i>Snowdrop</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mersey_Ferry" title="Mersey Ferry">Mersey Ferry</a>, which he called "Everybody Razzle Dazzle", combining his trademark motifs (stars, targets etc.) with First World War dazzle designs.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:B.Poole_2_American_Ships_in_Dazzle_Camouflage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two American ships in dazzle camouflage, painted by Burnell Poole, 1918"><img alt="Two American ships in dazzle camouflage, painted by Burnell Poole, 1918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/B.Poole_2_American_Ships_in_Dazzle_Camouflage.jpg/200px-B.Poole_2_American_Ships_in_Dazzle_Camouflage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/B.Poole_2_American_Ships_in_Dazzle_Camouflage.jpg/300px-B.Poole_2_American_Ships_in_Dazzle_Camouflage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/B.Poole_2_American_Ships_in_Dazzle_Camouflage.jpg/400px-B.Poole_2_American_Ships_in_Dazzle_Camouflage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="951" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two American ships in dazzle camouflage, painted by <a href="/wiki/Burnell_Poole" title="Burnell Poole">Burnell Poole</a>, 1918</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool, by Edward Wadsworth, 1919"><img alt="Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool, by Edward Wadsworth, 1919" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg/158px-Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg/238px-Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg/317px-Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1154" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool" title="Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool">Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Wadsworth" title="Edward Wadsworth">Edward Wadsworth</a>, 1919</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_President_Dazzle_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HMS President, painted by Tobias Rehberger in 2014 to commemorate the use of dazzle in World War I"><img alt="HMS President, painted by Tobias Rehberger in 2014 to commemorate the use of dazzle in World War I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HMS_President_Dazzle_2.jpg/200px-HMS_President_Dazzle_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HMS_President_Dazzle_2.jpg/300px-HMS_President_Dazzle_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/HMS_President_Dazzle_2.jpg/400px-HMS_President_Dazzle_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2488" data-file-height="1043" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/HMS_President_(1918)" title="HMS President (1918)">HMS <i>President</i></a>, painted by <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Rehberger" title="Tobias Rehberger">Tobias Rehberger</a> in 2014 to commemorate the use of dazzle in World War I</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Bull_RB11_16355850249_45c5240d97_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red_Bull_RB11_16355850249_45c5240d97_o.jpg/220px-Red_Bull_RB11_16355850249_45c5240d97_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red_Bull_RB11_16355850249_45c5240d97_o.jpg/330px-Red_Bull_RB11_16355850249_45c5240d97_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Red_Bull_RB11_16355850249_45c5240d97_o.jpg/440px-Red_Bull_RB11_16355850249_45c5240d97_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5267" data-file-height="2963" /></a><figcaption>Red Bull RB11 racing car in camouflage livery</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erlk%C3%B6nig_BMW_2er_Gran_Tourer_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Erlk%C3%B6nig_BMW_2er_Gran_Tourer_2.jpg/220px-Erlk%C3%B6nig_BMW_2er_Gran_Tourer_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Erlk%C3%B6nig_BMW_2er_Gran_Tourer_2.jpg/330px-Erlk%C3%B6nig_BMW_2er_Gran_Tourer_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Erlk%C3%B6nig_BMW_2er_Gran_Tourer_2.jpg/440px-Erlk%C3%B6nig_BMW_2er_Gran_Tourer_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2645" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>BMW 2 Series Gran Tourer development mule car in camouflage livery</figcaption></figure> <p>In civilian life, patterns reminiscent of dazzle camouflage are sometimes used to mask a <a href="/wiki/Development_mule" title="Development mule">test car</a> during trials, to make determining its exterior design difficult.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> testing period, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_Racing" title="Red Bull Racing">Red Bull</a> <a href="/wiki/Red_Bull_RB11" title="Red Bull RB11">RB11</a> car was painted in a scheme intended to confound rival teams' ability to analyse its aerodynamics.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The designer Adam Harvey has similarly proposed a form of camouflage reminiscent of dazzle for personal camouflage from face-detection technology, which he calls <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision_dazzle" title="Computer vision dazzle">computer vision dazzle</a>. Its intention is to block detection by facial recognition technologies such as <a href="/wiki/DeepFace" title="DeepFace">DeepFace</a> "by creating an 'anti-face<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>".<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses occlusion, covering certain facial features; transformation, altering the shape or colour of parts of the face; and a combination of the two.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a> has used dazzle patterns on its fleet since 2009 for recognition rather than camouflage.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>English football team <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a> used a <a href="/wiki/Kit_(association_football)" title="Kit (association football)">football kit</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Manchester_United_F.C._season" title="2020–21 Manchester United F.C. season">2020–21 season</a> that resembled a dazzle design.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson said "The primary object of this scheme was not so much to cause the enemy to miss his shot when actually in firing position, but to mislead him, when the ship was first sighted, as to the correct position to take up. Dazzle was a method to produce an effect by paint in such a way that all accepted forms of a ship are broken up by masses of strongly contrasted colour, consequently making it a matter of difficulty for a submarine to decide on the exact course of the vessel to be attacked." For example, an enemy submarine might position itself poorly, leaving itself at long range or out of range altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Newark74_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newark74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilkinson further wrote that dazzle was designed "not for low visibility, but in such a way as to break up her form and thus confuse a submarine officer as to the course on which she was heading".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, Wadsworth's <i><a href="/wiki/Dazzle-ships_in_Drydock_at_Liverpool" title="Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool">Dazzle-ships in Drydock at Liverpool</a></i>, 1919.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kerr thought this because, as shown in the rangefinder eyepiece image, masts provide ideal verticals to align.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson said that dazzle was a "method to produce an effect by paint in such a way that all accepted forms of a ship are broken up by masses of strongly contrasted colour, consequently making it a matter of difficulty for a submarine to decide on the exact course of the vessel to be attacked."<sup id="cite_ref-Newark74_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newark74-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Flavius_Vegetius_Renatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus">Vegetius</a> had recorded "Venetian blue" (bluish-green, the same colour as the sea) was used for <a href="/wiki/Ship_camouflage#Early_use" title="Ship camouflage">ship camouflage</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> had sent his scout ships to gather intelligence along the coast of Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooklyn1917_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooklyn1917-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The equivalent for naval artillery at a range of 7,000 m (7,700 yd) would require a ship to travel at 7000 × 90/70 = 9,000 km/h (4,900 kn; 5,600 mph) to achieve motion dazzle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In August 1917, <a href="/wiki/RMS_Empress_of_France_(1913)" title="RMS Empress of France (1913)">HMS <i>Alsatian</i></a> was painted in a dazzle pattern, perhaps the first Royal Navy vessel to be camouflaged in this way.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As Buskirk claimed, less than 1% of the US merchant ships painted in dazzle were lost; but without knowing the number of non-camouflaged ships, it is not possible to calculate the comparative rates of loss.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Newark74-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newark74_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newark74_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newark74_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newark74_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newark74_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newark74_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newark74_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNewark,_Tim2007" class="citation book cs1">Newark, Tim (2007). <i>Camouflage</i>. Thames and Hudson / Imperial War Museum. p. 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Camouflage&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson+%2F+Imperial+War+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Newark%2C+Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADazzle+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson,_Norman1969" class="citation book cs1">Wilkinson, Norman (1969). <i>A Brush with Life</i>. Seeley Service. p. 79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brush+with+Life&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Seeley+Service&rft.date=1969&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADazzle+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell-Johnson,_Rachel-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell-Johnson,_Rachel_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campbell-Johnson,_Rachel_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Johnson,_Rachel2007" class="citation web cs1">Campbell-Johnson, Rachel (21 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/visual_arts/article1543756.ece">"Camouflage at IWM"</a>. <i>The Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Camouflage+at+IWM&rft.date=2007-03-21&rft.au=Campbell-Johnson%2C+Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Farts_and_entertainment%2Fvisual_arts%2Farticle1543756.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADazzle+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marter, Joan M. <i>The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art</i>, Oxford University Press, 2011, vol. 1, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders, Nicholas J.; Cornish, Paul. (eds). <i>Contested Objects: Material Memories of the Great War</i>, Routledge, 2014. Jonathan Black: <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'A few broad stripes': Perception, Deception, and the 'Dazzle Ship' phenomenon of the First World War", pp. 190–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Newbolt" title="Henry Newbolt">Newbolt, Sir Henry John Newbolt</a>. <i>Submarine and Anti-Submarine</i>, Longmans, Green and Co, 1919. p. 46. "You look long and hard at this dazzle-ship. She doesn't give you any sensation of being dazzled; but she is, in some queer way, all wrong".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Deer, Patrick. <i>Culture in Camouflage: War, Empire, and Modern British Literature</i>. Oxford University Press, 2009, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes96-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes96_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes96_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes96_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes96_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, 2009. p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyBellamy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Murphy, Hugh; Bellamy, Martin (April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol19/tnm_19_171-192.pdf">"The Dazzling Zoologist: John Graham Kerr and the Early Development of Ship Camouflage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Mariner" title="The Northern Mariner">The Northern Mariner</a></i>. <b>XIX</b> (2): 171–192. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25071%2F2561-5467.330">10.25071/2561-5467.330</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247298555">247298555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Northern+Mariner&rft.atitle=The+Dazzling+Zoologist%3A+John+Graham+Kerr+and+the+Early+Development+of+Ship+Camouflage&rft.volume=XIX&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=171-192&rft.date=2009-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25071%2F2561-5467.330&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247298555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Bellamy%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnrs-scrn.org%2Fnorthern_mariner%2Fvol19%2Ftnm_19_171-192.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADazzle+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes87-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes87_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes87_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes87_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes87_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes87_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes87_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes87_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes87_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes87_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Forbes87_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes, 2009. pp. 87–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roosevelt-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roosevelt_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoosevelt,_Theodore1911" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt, Theodore</a> (1911). 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ACM. pp. 793–802. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2502081.2502121">10.1145/2502081.2502121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-2404-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4503-2404-5"><bdi>978-1-4503-2404-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1547688">1547688</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Facilitating+fashion+camouflage+art&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+21st+ACM+international+conference+on+Multimedia&rft.series=MM+%2713&rft.pages=793-802&rft.pub=ACM&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1547688%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2502081.2502121&rft.isbn=978-1-4503-2404-5&rft.aulast=Feng&rft.aufirst=Ranran&rft.au=Prabhakaran%2C+Balakrishnan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADazzle+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seashepherd.org.au/news-and-commentary/news/sea-shepherd-fleet-sets-sail-for-summer-campaigns.html">"Sea Shepherd Fleet Gets Ready for Upcoming Campaigns"</a>. Sea Shepherd. 15 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sea+Shepherd+Fleet+Gets+Ready+for+Upcoming+Campaigns&rft.pub=Sea+Shepherd&rft.date=2011-04-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seashepherd.org.au%2Fnews-and-commentary%2Fnews%2Fsea-shepherd-fleet-sets-sail-for-summer-campaigns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADazzle+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dezeen.com/2020/09/08/manchester-united-kit-2020-21-dazzle-camouflage/">"Manchester United reveals dazzle camouflage kit for 2020/21 season"</a>. <i>Dezeen</i>. 2020-09-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dezeen&rft.atitle=Manchester+United+reveals+dazzle+camouflage+kit+for+2020%2F21+season&rft.date=2020-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dezeen.com%2F2020%2F09%2F08%2Fmanchester-united-kit-2020-21-dazzle-camouflage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADazzle+camouflage" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Forbes, Peter (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/Dazzled_and_Deceived:_Mimicry_and_Camouflage" class="mw-redirect" title="Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage">Dazzled and Deceived: Mimicry and Camouflage</a></i>. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17896-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-17896-8">978-0-300-17896-8</a>.</li> <li>Williams, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0vomT0cjY9IC"><i>Naval camouflage, 1914–1945: a complete visual reference.</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_Institute_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Institute Press">Naval Institute Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-496-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-496-8">978-1-55750-496-8</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behrens,_Roy_R." class="mw-redirect" title="Behrens, Roy R.">Behrens, Roy R.</a>, ed. (2012). <i>Ship Shape: A Dazzle Camouflage Sourcebook</i>. Bobolink Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9713244-7-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9713244-7-3">978-0-9713244-7-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Dazzle_camouflage" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Dazzle camouflage">Dazzle camouflage</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111116220642/http://dazzle.risd.edu/">Newly discovered dazzle plans at Rhode Island School of Design</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shipcamouflage.com/1_4.htm">The development of naval camouflage 1914–1945</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090130132547/http://bobolinkbooks.com/Camoupedia/CamouflageArtists.html">Artists and other contributors to camouflage in the 20th century</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100303055428/http://www.bobolinkbooks.com/Camoupedia/DazzleCamouflage.html">Camoupedia: dazzle camouflage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotouring.com/razzledazzle/articles/dazzle.html">Razzle dazzle camouflage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA55">"She's All Dressed Up For Peace", <i>Popular Science</i> (February 1919), p. 55.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_CgDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17">"Fighting the U-Boat with Paint", <i>Popular Science</i> (April 1919), pp. 17–19.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ussslater.org/tour/exterior/exterior.html">Destroyer Escort Historical Museum: USS <i>Slater</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181210003804/http://www.ussslater.org/tour/exterior/exterior.html">Archived</a> 2018-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> painted in 1945 Dazzle camouflage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navsource.org/archives/12/05170.htm">US Navy PT Boats in Dazzle Camouflage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207234035/http://usndazzle.com/1Web/Index">Catalogue of US Navy World War II ships in Dazzle Camouflage</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Camouflage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_camouflage_methods" title="List of camouflage methods">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Countershading" title="Countershading">Countershading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Active_camouflage" title="Active camouflage">Active camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-illumination" title="Counter-illumination">Counter-illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_coloration" title="Disruptive coloration">Disruptive coloration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coincident_disruptive_coloration" title="Coincident disruptive coloration">Coincident disruptive coloration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_eye_mask" title="Disruptive eye mask">Disruptive eye mask</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distractive_markings" title="Distractive markings">Distractive markings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_camouflage" title="Motion camouflage">Motion camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-scale_camouflage" title="Multi-scale camouflage">Multi-scale camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-spectral_camouflage" title="Multi-spectral camouflage">Multi-spectral camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-decoration_camouflage" title="Self-decoration camouflage">Self-decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_camouflage" title="Snow camouflage">Snow camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_camouflage" title="Urban camouflage">Urban camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_(vertical).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/100px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/150px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg/200px-Peacock_Flounder_Bothus_mancus_in_Kona_%28vertical%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="6438" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coloration_evidence_for_natural_selection" title="Coloration evidence for natural selection">As evidence for natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypsis" title="Crypsis">Crypsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decorator_crab" title="Decorator crab">Decorator crab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_mantis" title="Flower mantis">Flower mantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimicry" title="Mimicry">Mimicry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batesian_mimicry" title="Batesian mimicry">Batesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCllerian_mimicry" title="Müllerian mimicry">Müllerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggressive_mimicry" title="Aggressive mimicry">Aggressive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_camouflage" title="Underwater camouflage">Underwater camouflage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bagnall_Poulton" title="Edward Bagnall Poulton">Edward Bagnall Poulton</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Colours_of_Animals" title="The Colours of Animals">The Colours of Animals</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Handerson_Thayer" title="Abbott Handerson Thayer">Abbott Handerson Thayer</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Concealing-Coloration_in_the_Animal_Kingdom" title="Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom">Concealing-Coloration in the Animal Kingdom</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Camoufleurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Camoufleurs">Camoufleurs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Taylor_Brush" title="Mary Taylor Brush">Mary Taylor Brush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien-Victor_Guirand_de_Sc%C3%A9vola" title="Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola">Lucien-Victor Guirand de Scévola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_Kerr" title="John Graham Kerr">John Graham Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Wilkinson_(artist)" title="Norman Wilkinson (artist)">Norman Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Warner" title="Everett Warner">Everett Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Underwood" title="Leon Underwood">Leon Underwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Otto_Schick" class="mw-redirect" title="Johann Georg Otto Schick">Johann Georg Otto Schick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_B._Cott" title="Hugh B. Cott">Hugh Cott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Coloration_in_Animals" title="Adaptive Coloration in Animals">Adaptive Coloration in Animals</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Barkas" title="Geoffrey Barkas">Geoffrey Barkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_O%27Neill_(camoufleur)" title="Timothy O'Neill (camoufleur)">Timothy O'Neill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Researchers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Behrens" title="Roy Behrens">Roy Behrens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Caro" title="Tim Caro">Tim Caro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innes_Cuthill" title="Innes Cuthill">Innes Cuthill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_N._Sherratt" title="Thomas N. Sherratt">Thomas N. Sherratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Stevens_(biologist)" title="Martin Stevens (biologist)">Martin Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_camouflage" title="Military camouflage">Military camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_camouflage" title="Aircraft camouflage">Aircraft camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_clothing_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago">Camouflage clothing in Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dazzle camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_that_prohibit_camouflage_clothing" title="List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing">List of countries that prohibit camouflage clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_camouflage" title="Ship camouflage">Ship camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_ship_camouflage_measures_of_the_United_States_Navy" title="World War II ship camouflage measures of the United States Navy">USN WWII camouflage measures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_clothing_camouflage_patterns" title="List of military clothing camouflage patterns">Patterns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Up to WWII</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_World_War_II_camouflage_patterns" title="German World War II camouflage patterns">German<br />WWII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splittertarnmuster" title="Splittertarnmuster">Splittertarnmuster</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platanenmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Platanenmuster">Platanenmuster</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rauchtarnmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rauchtarnmuster">Rauchtarnmuster</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmenmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmenmuster">Palmenmuster</a> (c 1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumpfmuster" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumpfmuster">Sumpfmuster</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbsenmuster" title="Erbsenmuster">Erbsenmuster</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leibermuster" title="Leibermuster">Leibermuster</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_tree" title="Camouflage tree">Camouflage tree</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozenge_camouflage" title="Lozenge camouflage">Lozenge</a> (1917 aircraft)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telo_mimetico" title="Telo mimetico">Telo mimetico</a> (1929 tent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denison_smock" title="Denison smock">Denison smock</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frog_Skin" title="Frog Skin">Frog Skin</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_suit" title="Ghillie suit">Ghillie suit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-war</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lizard_(camouflage)" title="Lizard (camouflage)">Lizard</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strichtarn" title="Strichtarn">Strichtarn</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamuflirovannyi_Letnyi_Maskirovochnyi_Kombinezon" title="Kamuflirovannyi Letnyi Maskirovochnyi Kombinezon">KLMK</a> (1968)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jigsaw_camouflage" title="Jigsaw camouflage">Jigsaw</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_stripe_camouflage" title="Tiger stripe camouflage">Tiger stripe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Brushstroke" title="Rhodesian Brushstroke">Rhodesian Brushstroke</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ERDL_pattern" title="ERDL pattern">ERDL</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Material" title="Disruptive Pattern Material">Disruptive Pattern Material</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._68_Moro" title="Wz. 68 Moro">wz. 68 Moro</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Battle_Dress_Uniform" title="Desert Battle Dress Uniform">Six-Color Desert Pattern (Chocolate Chip)</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Woodland" title="U.S. Woodland">U.S. "M81" Woodland</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruptive_Pattern_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Disruptive Pattern Camouflage Uniform">Australian Disruptive Pattern</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZ_83" title="TAZ 83">TAZ 83</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubok_(camouflage)" title="Dubok (camouflage)">Dubok</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M84_camouflage_pattern" title="M84 camouflage pattern">M84</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_87_(camouflage)" title="Type 87 (camouflage)">Type 87 (China)</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._89_Puma" title="Wz. 89 Puma">wz. 89 Puma</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Daguet" title="Camouflage Daguet">Camouflage Daguet</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M90_(camouflage)" title="M90 (camouflage)">M90</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Night_Camouflage" title="Desert Night Camouflage">Desert Night Camouflage</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flecktarn" title="Flecktarn">Flecktarn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropentarn" title="Tropentarn">Tropentarn</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Desert Camouflage Uniform">Desert Camouflage Pattern</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camouflage_Central-Europe" title="Camouflage Central-Europe">Camouflage Central-Europe</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldier_2000" title="Soldier 2000">Soldier 2000</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAZ_90" title="TAZ 90">TAZ 90</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wz._93_Pantera" title="Wz. 93 Pantera">wz. 93 Pantera</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CADPAT" title="CADPAT">CADPAT</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M98_camouflage_pattern" title="M98 camouflage pattern">M98</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_camouflage" title="Flora camouflage">Flora</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st<br />century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MARPAT" title="MARPAT">MARPAT</a> (2001) (<a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_Combat_Utility_Uniform" title="Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform">Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform</a> (2002))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiCam" title="MultiCam">MultiCam</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_Assault_Camouflage" title="Tactical Assault Camouflage">Tactical Assault Camouflage</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Universal Camouflage Pattern">Universal Camouflage Pattern</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESTDCU" title="ESTDCU">ESTDCU</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M05" title="M05">M05</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airman_Battle_Uniform" title="Airman Battle Uniform">Airman Battle Uniform</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_07" title="Type 07">Type 07</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMR_camouflage" title="EMR camouflage">EMR</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-Terrain_Pattern" title="Multi-Terrain Pattern">Multi-Terrain Pattern</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Multicam_Camouflage_Uniform" title="Australian Multicam Camouflage Uniform">Australian Multicam</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_camouflage_pattern_2015M" title="Hungarian camouflage pattern 2015M">HunCam</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Camouflage_Pattern" title="Operational Camouflage Pattern">Operational Camouflage Pattern</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Fractal_Pattern" title="Netherlands Fractal Pattern">Netherlands Fractal Pattern</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xingkong_(camouflage)" title="Xingkong (camouflage)">Xingkong</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berberys-R" title="Berberys-R">Berberys-R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakidka" title="Nakidka">Nakidka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prototypes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffused_lighting_camouflage" title="Diffused lighting camouflage">Diffused lighting camouflage</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehudi_lights" title="Yehudi lights">Yehudi lights</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptiv" title="Adaptiv">Adaptiv</a> (2011)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dazzled_and_Deceived" title="Dazzled and Deceived">Dazzled and Deceived</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stealth_technology" title="Stealth technology">Stealth technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloaking_device" title="Cloaking device">Cloaking device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility" title="Invisibility">Invisibility</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&oldid=1260057141">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dazzle_camouflage&oldid=1260057141</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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