CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Rice - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"6b5409f3-f90f-418e-896a-105c83fcaca1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rice","wgTitle":"Rice","wgCurRevisionId":1259831299,"wgRevisionId":1259831299,"wgArticleId":36979,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","Good articles","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","EngvarB from May 2024","Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use mdy dates from April 2024","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing Indonesian-language text","Rice","Crops originating from China","Grasses of Asia","Plant models","Types of food","Tropical agriculture"], "wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Rice","wgRelevantArticleId":36979,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q5090","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/1200px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/800px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="450"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/640px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="360"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rice - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Rice rootpage-Rice skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rice" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rice" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rice" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rice" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Agronomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Agronomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Agronomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Agronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Growing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Growing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harvesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harvesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Harvesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harvesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Evolution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phylogeny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogeny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Phylogeny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogeny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Commerce</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commerce subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yield_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yield_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Yield records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yield_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Food security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Processing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Trade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Worldwide_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Worldwide_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Worldwide consumption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worldwide_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Food-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Food subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eating_qualities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eating_qualities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Eating qualities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eating_qualities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nutrition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Golden_rice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_rice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Golden rice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_rice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rice_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rice_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rice and climate change</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rice_and_climate_change-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rice and climate change subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rice_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greenhouse_gases_from_rice_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greenhouse_gases_from_rice_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Greenhouse gases from rice production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greenhouse_gases_from_rice_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_climate_change_on_rice_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_climate_change_on_rice_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Effects of climate change on rice production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_climate_change_on_rice_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pests,_weeds,_and_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests,_weeds,_and_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pests, weeds, and diseases</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pests,_weeds,_and_diseases-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pests, weeds, and diseases subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pests,_weeds,_and_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pests_and_weeds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pests_and_weeds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Pests and weeds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pests_and_weeds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pest_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Pest management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecotypes_and_cultivars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecotypes_and_cultivars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ecotypes and cultivars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecotypes_and_cultivars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biotechnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biotechnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Biotechnology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biotechnology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biotechnology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biotechnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High-yielding_varieties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-yielding_varieties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>High-yielding varieties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-yielding_varieties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expression_of_human_proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expression_of_human_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Expression of human proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expression_of_human_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flood-tolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flood-tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Flood-tolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flood-tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drought-tolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drought-tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Drought-tolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drought-tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salt-tolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salt-tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Salt-tolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salt-tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_tolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Cold tolerance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reducing_methane_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reducing_methane_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.7</span> <span>Reducing methane emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reducing_methane_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_organism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_organism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.8</span> <span>Model organism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Model_organism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_human_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_human_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>In human culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_human_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rice</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 192 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-192" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">192 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6" title="Прунж – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Прунж" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rys" title="Rys – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rys" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reis" title="Reis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Reis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%A9%E1%8B%9D" title="ሩዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሩዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0" title="चॉर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चॉर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orysa" title="Orysa – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Orysa" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="أرز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أرز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roz" title="Roz – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Roz" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%99%DC%90" title="ܪܘܙܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܪܘܙܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Բրինձ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բրինձ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urizu" title="Urizu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Urizu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B2" title="চাউল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাউল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz" title="Arroz – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Arroz" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miromin" title="Miromin – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Miromin" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE" title="भाँटा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="भाँटा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arro" title="Arro – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Arro" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCy%C3%BC_(qida)" title="Düyü (qida) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Düyü (qida)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%88" title="دویو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دویو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baas" title="Baas – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Baas" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2" title="চাল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চাল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banih" title="Banih – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Banih" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D0%B3%D3%A9" title="Дөгө – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дөгө" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%81_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%82_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F)" title="Рыс (прадукт харчавання) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рыс (прадукт харчавання)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Рыс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рыс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0" title="चाउर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चाउर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagas" title="Bagas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bagas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Ориз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ориз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reis" title="Reis – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Reis" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="འབྲས། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འབྲས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C5%BEa" title="Riža – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Riža" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz" title="Riz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Riz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Сагаан будаа – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Сагаан будаа" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arr%C3%B2s" title="Arròs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Arròs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%80%C4%83)" title="Рис (тырă) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Рис (тырă)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BD%C5%BEe" title="Rýže – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rýže" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mupunga" title="Mupunga – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mupunga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reis" title="Reis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Reis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkafa" title="Shinkafa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Shinkafa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reis" title="Reis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%91%DE%AB" title="ހަނޑޫ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހަނޑޫ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%B3%C3%B3s" title="Alóós – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Alóós" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="धान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="धान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riis_(toiduaine)" title="Riis (toiduaine) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Riis (toiduaine)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8D%CE%B6%CE%B9" title="Ρύζι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρύζι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AEs" title="Rîs – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Rîs" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz" title="Arroz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arroz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizo" title="Rizo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rizo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz" title="Arroz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arroz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="برنج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برنج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaaur" title="Chaaur – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chaaur" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADs" title="Rís – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Rís" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz" title="Riz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Riz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rys" title="Rys – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rys" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADs" title="Rís – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Rís" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz" title="Arroz – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Arroz" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дуга – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дуга" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%BE" title="禾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="禾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AC" title="بج – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="بج" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2-%C3%A9" title="Vò-é – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Vò-é" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8C%80" title="쌀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="쌀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinkafa" title="Shinkafa – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Shinkafa" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B1" title="Բրինձ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրինձ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B2" title="चावल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चावल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajs" title="Rajs – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rajs" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C5%BEa" title="Riža – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Riža" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizo" title="Rizo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rizo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osik%C3%A0p%C3%A0" title="Osikàpà – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Osikàpà" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beras" title="Beras – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Beras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7" title="Пырындз – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пырындз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hr%C3%ADsgrj%C3%B3n" title="Hrísgrjón – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hrísgrjón" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riso_(alimento)" title="Riso (alimento) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riso (alimento)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%96" title="אורז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אורז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantun" title="Pantun – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pantun" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%94%CA%8B" title="Mɔʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɔʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಅಕ್ಕಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಕ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pale" title="Pale – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pale" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%98" title="ბრინჯი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრინჯი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D9%8F%D9%84." title="تۆمُل. – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تۆمُل." data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%96%D1%88" title="Күріш – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Күріш" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuceli" title="Umuceli – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umuceli" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuceri" title="Umuceri – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Umuceri" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diri" title="Diri – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Diri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douri" title="Douri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Douri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz" title="Riz – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Riz" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz" title="Arroz – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Arroz" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B6" title="Ппиринж – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Ппиринж" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%88%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7" title="ເຂົ້າຈ້າວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຂົ້າຈ້າວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryza_(victus)" title="Oryza (victus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oryza (victus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABsi" title="Rīsi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rīsi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4is" title="Räis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Räis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8C" title="Дуьгуь – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дуьгуь" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%BEis" title="Ryžis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ryžis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riso" title="Riso – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Riso" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ries" title="Ries – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ries" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C9%94%CC%81s%C9%94" title="Lɔ́sɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lɔ́sɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rismi" title="rismi – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rismi" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizs" title="Rizs – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rizs" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bherr%C3%A2s" title="Bherrâs – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Bherrâs" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B0" title="चाउर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चाउर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Ориз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ориз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vary" title="Vary – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vary" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="അരി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അരി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B3" title="तांदूळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तांदूळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ორზა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორზა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B2" title="رز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B9%E1%81%9A%E1%80%AF" title="သ္ၚု – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သ္ၚု" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="دونه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دونه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beras" title="Beras – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Beras" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareh" title="Bareh – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bareh" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AAu" title="Dêu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dêu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тутарга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тутарга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဆန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijst" title="Rijst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rijst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ries_(Oryza_sativa)" title="Ries (Oryza sativa) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Ries (Oryza sativa)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2" title="चामल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चामल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF" title="जाकि – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जाकि" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3" title="米 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="米" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Дуга – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дуга" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ii mw-list-item"><a href="https://ii.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%8D%AF" title="ꍯ – Sichuan Yi" lang="ii" hreflang="ii" data-title="ꍯ" data-language-autonym="ꆇꉙ" data-language-local-name="Sichuan Yi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꆇꉙ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%B3" title="ଚାଉଳ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚାଉଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruch" title="Guruch – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Guruch" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%B2" title="ਚਾਵਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਵਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panay" title="Panay – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Panay" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%DD%AA" title="چوݪ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چوݪ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rais" title="Rais – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Rais" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C" title="ស្រូវ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្រូវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ries" title="Ries – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ries" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%BC" title="Ryż – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ryż" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroz" title="Arroz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Arroz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orez" title="Orez – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Orez" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arus" title="Arus – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Arus" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81_(%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE)" title="Рис (зерно) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Рис (зерно)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Рис – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Рис" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuku_Tipus_Sayun." title="Yuku Tipus Sayun. – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Yuku Tipus Sayun." data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83" title="तण्डुलाः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तण्डुलाः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AB%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱫᱟᱠᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱫᱟᱠᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" title="Rice – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rice" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu" title="Masu – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Masu" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orizi" title="Orizi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Orizi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A" title="බත් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බත්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rice" title="Rice – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rice" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1" title="چانور – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چانور" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%BEa_(potravina)" title="Ryža (potravina) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ryža (potravina)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C5%BE" title="Riž – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Riž" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariis" title="Bariis – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bariis" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AC" title="برنج – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="برنج" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87" title="Пиринач – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пиринач" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C5%BEa" title="Riža – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Riža" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9as" title="Béas – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Béas" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riisi" title="Riisi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Riisi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ris" title="Ris – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ris" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palay" title="Palay – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palay" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நெல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Дөге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дөге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/lmyun" title="lmyun – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="lmyun" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81" title="బియ్యము – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బియ్యము" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="ข้าว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ข้าว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lop" title="Lop – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Lop" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D2%B7" title="Биринҷ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Биринҷ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%83%E1%8E%AE%E1%8F%85" title="ᎪᏃᎮᏅ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎪᏃᎮᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirin%C3%A7" title="Pirinç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pirinç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyia%CC%B1ga%CC%B1vang" title="Cyia̱ga̱vang – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Cyia̱ga̱vang" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Рис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="چاول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چاول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%88%D8%B1%DB%88%DA%86" title="گۈرۈچ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گۈرۈچ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeuxbieg" title="Haeuxbieg – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Haeuxbieg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A1o" title="Gạo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gạo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riis" title="Riis – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Riis" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riz" title="Riz – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Riz" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roo" title="Roo – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Roo" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%BB" title="稻 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="稻" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humay" title="Humay – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Humay" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%BB" title="稻 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="稻" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96" title="רייז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רייז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cr%E1%BA%B9s%C3%AC" title="Ìrẹsì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìrẹsì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%BB%E7%B1%B3" title="稻米 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="稻米" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%B1z_(nebat)" title="Rız (nebat) – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Rız (nebat)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%AB%C5%BE%C4%81" title="Rīžā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rīžā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A8%BB" title="稻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="稻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cr%E1%BB%8Dsi" title="Ọrọsi – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ọrọsi" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boras" title="Boras – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Boras" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buas" title="Buas – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Buas" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyas" title="Biyas – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Biyas" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mui" title="Mui – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Mui" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5090#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rice" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rice" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rice"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rice"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rice" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rice" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice&oldid=1259831299" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Rice&id=1259831299&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRice"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRice"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rice&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rice&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rice" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibooks mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cookbook:Rice" hreflang="en"><span>Wikibooks</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5090" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cereal grain and staple food</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rice_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rice (disambiguation)">Rice (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/300px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/450px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg/600px-20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Rice plant (<i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Oryza sativa</a></i>) with branched <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicles</a> containing many grains on each stem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_grains_(IRRI).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg/300px-Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg/450px-Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg/600px-Rice_grains_%28IRRI%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Rice grains of different <a href="/wiki/Variety_(botany)" title="Variety (botany)">varieties</a> at the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Rice</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Cereal_grain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereal grain">cereal grain</a> and in its <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> form is the <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple food</a> of over half of the <a href="/wiki/World%27s_population" class="mw-redirect" title="World's population">world's population</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Rice is the seed of the grass species <i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Oryza sativa</a></i> (Asian rice)—or, much less commonly, <i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_glaberrima" title="Oryza glaberrima">Oryza glaberrima</a></i> (African rice). Asian rice was domesticated in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> some 13,500 to 8,200 years ago; African rice was domesticated in Africa about 3,000 years ago. Rice has become commonplace in many cultures worldwide; in 2021, 787 million tons were produced, placing it fourth after <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>. Only some 8% of rice is traded internationally. China, India, and Indonesia are the largest consumers of rice. A substantial amount of the rice produced in developing nations is lost after harvest through factors such as poor transport and storage. Rice yields can be reduced by pests including <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rodent" title="Rodent">rodents</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a>, and by <a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_diseases" title="List of rice diseases">diseases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rice_blast" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice blast">rice blast</a>. Traditional <a href="/wiki/Rice_polyculture" title="Rice polyculture">rice polycultures</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">rice-duck farming</a>, and modern <a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">integrated pest management</a> seek to control damage from pests in a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a> way. </p><p>Many varieties of rice have been bred to improve crop quality and productivity. <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a> has created <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> rice able to produce high yields when supplied with <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen fertiliser">nitrogen fertiliser</a> and managed intensively. Other products are rice able to express human proteins for medicinal use; flood-tolerant or <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_rice" title="Deepwater rice">deepwater rice</a>; and drought-tolerant and <a href="/wiki/Crop_tolerance_to_seawater" title="Crop tolerance to seawater">salt-tolerant</a> varieties. Rice is used as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> in biology. </p><p>Dry rice grain is milled to remove the outer layers; depending on how much is removed, products range from brown rice to rice with germ and white rice. Some is <a href="/wiki/Parboiled_rice" title="Parboiled rice">parboiled</a> to make it easy to cook. Rice contains no <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>; it provides <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> but not all the <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential amino acids">essential amino acids</a> needed for good health. Rice of different types is eaten around the world. Long-grain rice tends to stay intact on cooking; medium-grain rice is stickier, and is used for sweet dishes, and in Italy for <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risotto</a>; and sticky short-grain rice is used in Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> as it keeps its shape when cooked. White rice when cooked contains 29% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> and 2% protein, with some <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>. <a href="/wiki/Golden_rice" title="Golden rice">Golden rice</a> is a variety produced by <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> to contain <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a>. </p><p>Production of rice is estimated to have caused over 1% of global <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> in 2022. Predictions of how rice yields will be affected by climate change vary across geographies and socioeconomic contexts. In human culture, rice plays a role in various religions and traditions, such as in <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div> <p>The rice plant can grow to over 1 m (3 ft) tall; if in deep water, it can reach a length of 5 m (16 ft). A single plant may have several leafy stems or <a href="/wiki/Tiller_(botany)" title="Tiller (botany)">tillers</a>. The upright stem is jointed with <a href="/wiki/Node_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Node (botany)">nodes</a> along its length; a long slender leaf arises from each node.<sup id="cite_ref-RBG_Kew_botany_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBG_Kew_botany-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Autogamy" title="Autogamy">self-fertile</a> flowers are produced in a <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicle</a>, a branched <a href="/wiki/Inflorescence" title="Inflorescence">inflorescence</a> which arises from the last internode on the stem. There can be up to 350 <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelets</a> in a panicle, each containing male and female flower parts (<a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ovule" title="Ovule">ovule</a>). A fertilised ovule develops into the edible grain or <a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">caryopsis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_Hub_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice_Hub-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rice is a cereal belonging to the family <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>. As a <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> crop, it can be grown during the two distinct seasons (dry and wet) of the year provided that sufficient water is made available.<sup id="cite_ref-Kawure_Garba_Fagam_2022_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kawure_Garba_Fagam_2022-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is normally an annual, but in the tropics it can survive as a <a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">perennial</a>, producing a <a href="/wiki/Ratoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratoon">ratoon</a> crop.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_rice_plant_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_rice_plant-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oryza_sativa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-232.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anatomy of rice flowers: spikelet (left), plant with tillers (centre), caryopsis (top right), panicle (right)"><img alt="Anatomy of rice flowers: spikelet (left), plant with tillers (centre), caryopsis (top right), panicle (right)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Oryza_sativa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-232.jpg/229px-Oryza_sativa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-232.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Oryza_sativa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-232.jpg/343px-Oryza_sativa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-232.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Oryza_sativa_-_K%C3%B6hler%E2%80%93s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-232.jpg 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anatomy of rice flowers: <a href="/wiki/Spikelet" title="Spikelet">spikelet</a> (left), plant with <a href="/wiki/Tiller_(botany)" title="Tiller (botany)">tillers</a> (centre), <a href="/wiki/Caryopsis" title="Caryopsis">caryopsis</a> (top right), <a href="/wiki/Panicle" title="Panicle">panicle</a> (right)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oryza_sativa_of_Kadavoor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Detail of rice plant showing flowers grouped in panicle. Male anthers protrude into the air where they can disperse their pollen."><img alt="Detail of rice plant showing flowers grouped in panicle. Male anthers protrude into the air where they can disperse their pollen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Oryza_sativa_of_Kadavoor.jpg/225px-Oryza_sativa_of_Kadavoor.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Oryza_sativa_of_Kadavoor.jpg/337px-Oryza_sativa_of_Kadavoor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Oryza_sativa_of_Kadavoor.jpg/450px-Oryza_sativa_of_Kadavoor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Detail of rice plant showing flowers grouped in panicle. Male <a href="/wiki/Anther" class="mw-redirect" title="Anther">anthers</a> protrude into the air where they can disperse their <a href="/wiki/Pollen" title="Pollen">pollen</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agronomy">Agronomy</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing">Growing</h3></div> <p>Like all crops, rice depends for its growth on both biotic and abiotic environmental factors. The principal biotic factors are crop variety, <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Plant_disease" title="Plant disease">plant diseases</a>. Abiotic factors include the soil type, whether lowland or upland, amount of rain or irrigation water, temperature, <a href="/wiki/Photoperiodism" title="Photoperiodism">day length</a>, and intensity of sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-Verheye_2010_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Verheye_2010-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rice grains can be planted directly into the field where they will grow, or seedlings can be grown in a seedbed and transplanted into the field. Direct seeding needs some 60 to 80 kg of grain per hectare, while transplanting needs less, around 40 kg per hectare, but requires far more labour.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_planting_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_planting-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most rice in Asia is transplanted by hand. Mechanical transplanting takes less time but requires a carefully-prepared field and seedlings raised on mats or in trays to fit the machine.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_transplanting_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_transplanting-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice does not thrive if continuously submerged.<sup id="cite_ref-Cornell_2011_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cornell_2011-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice can be grown in different environments, depending upon water availability. The usual arrangement is for lowland fields to be surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Bunding" title="Bunding">bunds</a> and flooded to a depth of a few centimetres until around a week before harvest time; this requires a large amount of water. The "alternate wetting and drying" technique uses less water. One form of this is to flood the field to a depth of 5 cm (2 in), then to let the water level drop to 15 cm (6 in) below surface level, as measured by looking into a perforated field water tube sunk into the soil, and then repeating the cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_water_mgmt_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_water_mgmt-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_rice" title="Deepwater rice">Deepwater rice</a> varieties tolerate flooding to a depth of over 50 centimetres for at least a month.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Upland_rice" title="Upland rice">Upland rice</a> is grown without flooding, in hilly or mountainous regions; it is <a href="/wiki/Rainfed" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfed">rainfed</a> like wheat or maize.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:832px;max-width:832px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:10px;width:188px;max-width:188px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kerbau_Jawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kerbau_Jawa.jpg/186px-Kerbau_Jawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kerbau_Jawa.jpg/279px-Kerbau_Jawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Kerbau_Jawa.jpg/372px-Kerbau_Jawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="991" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ploughing a rice terrace with <a href="/wiki/Domestic_buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Domestic buffalo">water buffaloes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:10px;width:187px;max-width:187px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambodian_farmers_planting_rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cambodian_farmers_planting_rice.jpg/185px-Cambodian_farmers_planting_rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="185" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cambodian_farmers_planting_rice.jpg/278px-Cambodian_farmers_planting_rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Cambodian_farmers_planting_rice.jpg/370px-Cambodian_farmers_planting_rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Farmers planting rice by hand in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:10px;width:166px;max-width:166px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice-planting-machine_2,katori-city,japan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Rice-planting-machine_2%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG/164px-Rice-planting-machine_2%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG" decoding="async" width="164" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Rice-planting-machine_2%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG/246px-Rice-planting-machine_2%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Rice-planting-machine_2%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG/328px-Rice-planting-machine_2%2Ckatori-city%2Cjapan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Mechanised rice planting in Japan</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:256px;max-width:256px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pana_Banaue_Rice_Terraces_(Cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pana_Banaue_Rice_Terraces_%28Cropped%29.jpg/254px-Pana_Banaue_Rice_Terraces_%28Cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="254" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pana_Banaue_Rice_Terraces_%28Cropped%29.jpg/381px-Pana_Banaue_Rice_Terraces_%28Cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pana_Banaue_Rice_Terraces_%28Cropped%29.jpg/508px-Pana_Banaue_Rice_Terraces_%28Cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4070" data-file-height="1969" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Ancient mountainside <a href="/wiki/Banaue_Rice_Terraces" title="Banaue Rice Terraces">rice terraces at Banaue</a>, Philippines</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harvesting">Harvesting</h3></div> <p>Across Asia, unmilled rice or "paddy" (Indonesian and Malay <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">padi</i></span>), was traditionally the product of <a href="/wiki/Smallholder" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallholder">smallholder</a> agriculture, with manual <a href="/wiki/Harvest" title="Harvest">harvesting</a>. Larger farms make use of machines such as <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvesters</a> to reduce the input of labour.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_Harvesting_systems_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_Harvesting_systems-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The grain is ready to harvest when the moisture content is 20–25%. Harvesting involves <a href="/wiki/Reaping" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaping">reaping</a>, stacking the cut stalks, <a href="/wiki/Threshing" title="Threshing">threshing</a> to separate the grain, and cleaning by <a href="/wiki/Winnowing" title="Winnowing">winnowing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sieve" title="Sieve">screening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_Harvesting_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_Harvesting-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rice grain is dried as soon as possible to bring the moisture content down to a level that is safe from mould fungi. Traditional drying relies on the heat of the sun, with the grain spread out on mats or on pavements.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_Drying_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_Drying-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:832px;max-width:832px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:10px;width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice-combine-harvester,_Katori-city,_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg/172px-Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg/258px-Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg/344px-Rice-combine-harvester%2C_Katori-city%2C_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Rice <a href="/wiki/Combine_harvester" title="Combine harvester">combine harvester</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chiba_Prefecture" title="Chiba Prefecture">Chiba Prefecture</a>, Japan</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:10px;width:253px;max-width:253px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg/251px-Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="251" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg/377px-Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg/502px-Rice_farmers_Mae_Wang_Chiang_Mai_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1316" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">After the harvest, rice straw is gathered in the traditional way from small paddy fields in <a href="/wiki/Mae_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="Mae Wang">Mae Wang</a>, Thailand</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="margin-right:10px;width:196px;max-width:196px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NP_India_burning_48_(6315309342).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg/194px-NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg/291px-NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg/388px-NP_India_burning_48_%286315309342%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Burning of rice residues to prepare the land for <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> planting in <a href="/wiki/Sangrur" title="Sangrur">Sangrur</a>, India</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:none;;height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nellu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nellu.JPG/172px-Nellu.JPG" decoding="async" width="172" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nellu.JPG/258px-Nellu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Nellu.JPG/344px-Nellu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Drying rice in <a href="/wiki/Peravoor" title="Peravoor">Peravoor</a>, India</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution">Evolution</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phylogeny">Phylogeny</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Oryza sativa</a></div> <p>The edible rice species are members of the <a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> within the grass family, the <a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a>. The rice subfamily, <a href="/wiki/Oryzoideae" title="Oryzoideae">Oryzoideae</a>, is sister to the bamboos, <a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a>, and the cereal subfamily <a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a>. The rice genus <i>Oryza</i> is one of eleven in the Oryzeae; it is sister to the <a href="/wiki/Phyllorachideae" title="Phyllorachideae">Phyllorachideae</a>. The edible rice species <i>O. sativa</i> and <i>O. glaberrima</i> are among some 300 species or subspecies in the genus.<sup id="cite_ref-Soreng_Peterson_2017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soreng_Peterson_2017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="clade"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258728058">body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output div.clade,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade{overflow-x:auto;overflow-y:hidden}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output div.clade p{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade{border-spacing:0;margin:0;font-size:100%;line-height:100%;border-collapse:separate;width:auto}.mw-parser-output table.clade table.clade{width:100%;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label{min-width:0.2em;width:0.2em;padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:bottom;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label::before,.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel::before{content:"\2060 "}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-fixed-width:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.first{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-label.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel{padding:0.1em 0.25em;vertical-align:top;text-align:center;border-left:1px solid;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel:hover{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.last{border-left:none;border-right:none}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-slabel.reverse{border-left:none;border-right:1px solid}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar{vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-bar.reverse{text-align:right;position:relative}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf{border:0;padding:0;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leafR{border:0;padding:0;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade td.clade-leaf.reverse{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkA{background-color:yellow}.mw-parser-output table.clade:hover span.linkB{background-color:green}</style> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Poaceae" title="Poaceae">Poaceae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>other grasses </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/PACMAD_clade" title="PACMAD clade">PACMAD clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>(inc. the <a href="/wiki/C4_carbon_fixation" title="C4 carbon fixation">C4 grasses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/BOP_clade" title="BOP clade">BOP clade</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"><a href="/wiki/Oryzoideae" title="Oryzoideae">Oryzoideae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Streptogyneae" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptogyneae">Streptogyneae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Ehrharteae" title="Ehrharteae">Ehrharteae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Phyllorachideae" title="Phyllorachideae">Phyllorachideae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><a href="/wiki/Oryzeae" title="Oryzeae">Oryzeae</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>Wild rices inc. <i><a href="/wiki/Zizania" class="mw-redirect" title="Zizania">Zizania</a></i> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza" title="Oryza">Oryza</a></i> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p>other rice species and subspecies </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">O. sativa</a></b></i> (Asian rice) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryza_glaberrima" title="Oryza glaberrima">O. glaberrima</a></b></i> (African rice) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1258728058"> <table class="clade"> <tbody><tr> <td class="clade-label first"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Bambusoideae" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambusoideae">Bambusoideae</a> (bamboos) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel"> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-label"> </td> <td rowspan="2" class="clade-leaf"> <p><a href="/wiki/Pooideae" title="Pooideae">Pooideae</a> (grasses and cereals inc. <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="clade-slabel last"> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Domestication"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_rice_cultivation" title="History of rice cultivation">History of rice cultivation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_40091_-_Kassian_C%C3%A9phas_-_Relief_of_the_hidden_base_of_Borobudur_-_1890-1891.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KITLV_40091_-_Kassian_C%C3%A9phas_-_Relief_of_the_hidden_base_of_Borobudur_-_1890-1891.jpg/330px-KITLV_40091_-_Kassian_C%C3%A9phas_-_Relief_of_the_hidden_base_of_Borobudur_-_1890-1891.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KITLV_40091_-_Kassian_C%C3%A9phas_-_Relief_of_the_hidden_base_of_Borobudur_-_1890-1891.jpg/495px-KITLV_40091_-_Kassian_C%C3%A9phas_-_Relief_of_the_hidden_base_of_Borobudur_-_1890-1891.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/KITLV_40091_-_Kassian_C%C3%A9phas_-_Relief_of_the_hidden_base_of_Borobudur_-_1890-1891.jpg/660px-KITLV_40091_-_Kassian_C%C3%A9phas_-_Relief_of_the_hidden_base_of_Borobudur_-_1890-1891.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4210" data-file-height="1889" /></a><figcaption>Bas-relief of 9th century <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> in Indonesia describes <a href="/wiki/Rice_barn" title="Rice barn">rice barns</a> and rice plants infested by mice.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Oryza sativa</a></i> rice was first <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated</a> in <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">China</a> 9,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Fornasiero_Wing_Ronald_2022_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fornasiero_Wing_Ronald_2022-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by people of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> cultures in the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Yangtze" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Yangtze">Upper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Yangtze">Lower Yangtze</a>, associated with <a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien">Hmong-Mien</a>-speakers and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Austronesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Austronesians">pre-Austronesians</a>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood2011_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-He2017_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hsieh2011_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hsieh2011-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2008_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2008-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The functional <a href="/wiki/Allele" title="Allele">allele</a> for <a href="/wiki/Shattering_(agriculture)" title="Shattering (agriculture)">nonshattering</a>, the critical indicator of domestication in grains, as well as five other <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">single-nucleotide polymorphisms</a>, is identical in both <i>indica</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Japonica_rice" title="Japonica rice">japonica</a></i>. This implies a single domestication event for <i>O. sativa</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaughan_Lu_Tomooka_2008_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughan_Lu_Tomooka_2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <i>indica</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Japonica_rice" title="Japonica rice">japonica</a></i> forms of Asian rice sprang from a single domestication event in China from the wild rice <i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_rufipogon" title="Oryza rufipogon">Oryza rufipogon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Molina_Sikora_Garud_2011_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molina_Sikora_Garud_2011-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vaughan_Lu_Tomooka_2008_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaughan_Lu_Tomooka_2008-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this evidence, it appears that <i>indica</i> rice arose when <i>japonica</i> arrived in India about 4,500 years ago and hybridised with another rice, whether an undomesticated proto-<i>indica</i> or wild <i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_nivara" title="Oryza nivara">O. nivara</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Choi_2017_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi_2017-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rice was introduced early into <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan">Sino-Tibetan</a> cultures in northern China by around 6000 to 5600 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2012_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2012-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fuller2011_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fuller2011-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-He2017_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-He2017-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean</a> peninsula and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> by around 5500 to 3200 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Crawford_and_Shen_1998_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crawford_and_Shen_1998-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also carried into <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Dapenkeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Dapenkeng">Dapenkeng</a> culture by 5500 to 4000 years ago, before spreading southwards via the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian migrations</a> to <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, but did not survive the voyage to the rest of the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood2011_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beaujard2011_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaujard2011-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carson2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carson2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It reached <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Kra-Dai</a>-speakers in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a> and southern China by 5000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Bellwood2011_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Higham2015_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Higham2015-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rice spread around the rest of the world through cultivation, migration and trade, eventually to the Americas as part of the <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a> after 1492.<sup id="cite_ref-Choi_2019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The now less common <i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_glaberrima" title="Oryza glaberrima">Oryza glaberrima</a></i> (African rice) was independently domesticated in Africa around 3,000 years ago,<sup id="cite_ref-Choi_2019_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Choi_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and introduced to the Americas by the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-National_Academies_Press_1996_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-National_Academies_Press_1996-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> by the time of the start of the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>, rice had become the fourth most valuable export commodity behind only tobacco, wheat, and fish.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commerce">Commerce</h2></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; width:14em; text-align:center; margin-right:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Rice production – 2021 </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#ddf; width:50%;">Country </th> <th style="background:#ddf; width:50%;"><small> Millions of <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> </small> </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_China" title="Rice production in China">213</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_India" title="Rice production in India">195</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">57</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Indonesia" title="Rice production in Indonesia">54</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Vietnam" title="Rice production in Vietnam">44</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Thailand" title="Rice production in Thailand">30</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>World</b></td> <td><b>787</b><sup id="cite_ref-faostat_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rice_production" title="List of countries by rice production">List of countries by rice production</a></div> <p>In 2021, world production of rice was 787 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a>, led by China and India with a combined 52% of the total.<sup id="cite_ref-faostat_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faostat-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This placed rice fourth in the list of crops by production, after <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_production_stats_2021_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_production_stats_2021-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major producers were <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_production_stats_2021_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_production_stats_2021-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 90% of world production is from Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukagawa_Ziska_2019_pp._S2–S3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukagawa_Ziska_2019_pp._S2–S3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 455px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 450px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Production_of_rice_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Production of rice (2021)[35]"><img alt="Production of rice (2021)[35]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Production_of_rice_%282019%29.svg/450px-Production_of_rice_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Production_of_rice_%282019%29.svg/675px-Production_of_rice_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Production_of_rice_%282019%29.svg/900px-Production_of_rice_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="308" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Production of rice (2021)<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_production_stats_2021_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_production_stats_2021-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 455px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 450px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops,_Main_Commodities.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Since 2000, rice production (orange) has increased, but its share of total crop production has fallen."><img alt="Since 2000, rice production (orange) has increased, but its share of total crop production has fallen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/359px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png" decoding="async" width="359" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/538px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg/718px-World_Production_Of_Primary_Crops%2C_Main_Commodities.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="428" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Since 2000, rice production (orange) has increased,<br />but its share of total crop production has fallen.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yield_records">Yield records</h3></div> <p>The average world yield for rice was 4.7 metric tons per hectare (2.1 short tons per acre), in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Longping" title="Yuan Longping">Yuan Longping</a> of China's National Hybrid Rice Research and Development Center set a world record for rice yield in 1999 at 17.1 metric tons per hectare (7.6 short tons per acre) on a demonstration plot. This employed specially developed hybrid rice and the <a href="/wiki/System_of_Rice_Intensification" title="System of Rice Intensification">System of Rice Intensification</a> (SRI), an innovation in rice farming.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_security">Food security</h3></div> <p>Rice is a major food staple in Asia, Latin America, and some parts of Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-Nat_Geog_Food_Staple_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nat_Geog_Food_Staple-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> feeding over half the world's population.<sup id="cite_ref-Fukagawa_Ziska_2019_pp._S2–S3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fukagawa_Ziska_2019_pp._S2–S3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a substantial part of the crop can be lost post-harvest through inefficient transportation, storage, and milling. A quarter of the crop in Nigeria is lost after harvest. Storage losses include damage by <a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">mould</a> fungi if the rice is not dried sufficiently. In China, losses in modern metal <a href="/wiki/Silo" title="Silo">silos</a> were just 0.2%, compared to 7–13% when rice was stored by rural households.<sup id="cite_ref-Kumar_Kalita_2017_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kumar_Kalita_2017-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processing">Processing</h3></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size:85%;text-align:left;width:25em;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_Animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five-step animation showing the removal of successive layers from raw rice grains, starting with the grain with its inedible hull and ending with polished white rice." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rice_Animation.gif/250px-Rice_Animation.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rice_Animation.gif/375px-Rice_Animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Rice_Animation.gif/500px-Rice_Animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="1048" data-file-height="643" /></a></span><br /><a href="#Processing">Rice processing</a> removes one or more layers to create marketable products. </td></tr> <tr> <td><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha;"> <li>Rice with <a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">chaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice" title="Brown rice">Brown rice</a></li> <li>Rice with <a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">germ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">White rice</a> with <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a> <a href="/wiki/Crop_residue" title="Crop residue">residue</a></li> <li>Polished</li> </ol> </td> <td><ol> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaff" title="Chaff">Chaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">Bran</a></li> <li>Bran <a href="/wiki/Crop_residue" title="Crop residue">residue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">Cereal germ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">Endosperm</a></li> </ol> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The dry grain is milled to remove the outer layers, namely the <a href="/wiki/Husk" title="Husk">husk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a>. These can be removed in a single step, in two steps, or as in commercial milling in a multi-step process of cleaning, dehusking, separation, polishing, grading, and weighing.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_Milling_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_Milling-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown rice only has the inedible husk removed.<sup id="cite_ref-RA_varieties_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA_varieties-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further milling removes bran and the germ to create successively whiter products.<sup id="cite_ref-RA_varieties_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA_varieties-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Parboiled_rice" title="Parboiled rice">Parboiled rice</a> is subjected to a steaming process before it is milled. This makes the grain harder, and moves some of the grain's <a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">vitamins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">minerals</a> into the white part of the rice so these are retained after milling.<sup id="cite_ref-RA_varieties_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RA_varieties-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice does not contain <a href="/wiki/Gluten" title="Gluten">gluten</a>, so is suitable for people on a <a href="/wiki/Gluten-free_diet" title="Gluten-free diet">gluten-free diet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penagini_Dilillo_Meneghin_Mameli_2013_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penagini_Dilillo_Meneghin_Mameli_2013-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice is a good source of protein and a staple food in many parts of the world, but it is not a <a href="/wiki/Complete_protein" title="Complete protein">complete protein</a> as it does not contain all of the <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acids" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential amino acids">essential amino acids</a> in sufficient amounts for good health.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Shi_Zhang_2002_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Shi_Zhang_2002-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 302px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stages_of_rice_milling.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Unmilled to milled Japanese rice, from left to right, brown rice, rice with germ, white rice"><img alt="Unmilled to milled Japanese rice, from left to right, brown rice, rice with germ, white rice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Stages_of_rice_milling.jpg/450px-Stages_of_rice_milling.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Stages_of_rice_milling.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Unmilled to milled <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rice" title="Japanese rice">Japanese rice</a>, from left to right, <a href="/wiki/Brown_rice" title="Brown rice">brown rice</a>, rice with <a href="/wiki/Cereal_germ" title="Cereal germ">germ</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">white rice</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade">Trade</h3></div> <p>World trade figures are much smaller than those for production, as less than 8% of rice produced is traded internationally. China, an exporter of rice in the early 2000s, had become the world's largest importer of rice by 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Cendrowski_2013_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cendrowski_2013-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing countries are the main players in the world rice trade; by 2012, India was the largest exporter of rice, with Thailand and Vietnam the other largest exporters.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Worldwide_consumption">Worldwide consumption</h3></div> <p>As of 2016, the countries that consumed the most rice were China (29% of total), India, and Indonesia.<sup id="cite_ref-Grain_Central_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grain_Central-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2020, Bangladesh had taken third place from Indonesia. On an annual average from 2020-23, China consumed 154 million tonnes of rice, India consumed 109 million tonnes, and Bangladesh and Indonesia consumed about 36 million tonnes each. Across the world, rice consumption per capita fell in the 21st century as people in Asia and elsewhere ate less grain and more meat. An exception is Sub-Saharan Africa, where both per capita consumption of rice and population are increasing.<sup id="cite_ref-usda_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usda-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food">Food</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowrap"><caption class="infobox-title" style="white-space:normal; padding-bottom:0.15em;">Cooked white rice, medium-grain, unenriched</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">Energy</a></th><td class="infobox-data">544 kJ (130 kcal)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">28.6 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">0.2 g</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">Protein</a></b></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="position:relative;left:-0.65em;">2.4 g</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; ;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Vitamins and minerals</div></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Thiamine" title="Thiamine">Thiamine (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">1</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.02 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Riboflavin" title="Riboflavin">Riboflavin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">2</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">2%</div> 0.02 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Niacin_(nutrient)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niacin (nutrient)">Niacin (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">3</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.4 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Pantothenic_acid" title="Pantothenic acid">Pantothenic acid (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">5</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">8%</div> 0.41 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B6" title="Vitamin B6">Vitamin B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.3em;">6</span></a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 0.05 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">Folate (B<span style="position: relative; top: 0.35em;">9</span>)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 2 μg</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em"><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Minerals</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b> <div style="float: right;"><abbr title="Percentage of Daily Value"><b>%DV</b></abbr><sup>†</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology#Humans" title="Calcium in biology">Calcium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 3 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Human_iron_metabolism" title="Human iron metabolism">Iron</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 0.2 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 13 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese#Human_health_and_nutrition" title="Manganese">Manganese</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">17%</div> 0.38 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Biological_role" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">3%</div> 37 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium_in_biology" title="Potassium in biology">Potassium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">1%</div> 29 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">Sodium</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">0%</div> 0 mg</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc#Biological_role" title="Zinc">Zinc</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><div style="float: right;">4%</div> 0.4 mg</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;"><b style="margin-left:-0.65em">Other constituents</b></th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;"><b>Quantity</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;font-weight:normal;padding-right:0.25em;">Water</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0.65em;line-height:1.1em;">69 g</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><hr /><div class="wrap" style="padding:0.3em;line-height:1.2em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168930/nutrients">FoodData Central entry</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below wrap" style="background:#e0e0e0;padding:0.3em;line-height:1.5em;font-weight:normal;font-size:0.9em"><sup>†</sup>Percentages estimated using <a href="/wiki/Reference_Daily_Intake#Daily_Values" title="Reference Daily Intake">US recommendations</a> for adults,<sup id="cite_ref-FDADailyValues_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FDADailyValues-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine" title="National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine">the National Academies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rice_as_food" title="Rice as food">Rice as food</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eating_qualities">Eating qualities</h3></div> <p>Rice is a commonly-eaten food around the world. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rice varieties">varieties of rice</a> are typically classified as short-, medium-, and long-grained. <i>Oryza sativa indica</i> varieties are usually long-grained; <i>Oryza sativa japonica</i> varieties are usually short- or medium-grained. Short-grain rice, with the exception of Spanish Bomba, is usually sticky when cooked, and is suitable for puddings. Thai <a href="/wiki/Jasmine_rice" title="Jasmine rice">Jasmine rice</a> is aromatic, and unusually for a long-grain rice has some stickiness, with a soft texture. Indian <a href="/wiki/Basmati" title="Basmati">Basmati rice</a> is very long-grained and aromatic. Italian <a href="/wiki/Arborio_rice" title="Arborio rice">Arborio rice</a>, used for <a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">risotto</a>, is of medium length, oval, and quite sticky. Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">sushi</a> rice is a sticky short-grain variety.<sup id="cite_ref-Rice_Association_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rice_Association-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> <p>Cooked white rice is 69% water, 29% <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Protein_(nutrient)" title="Protein (nutrient)">protein</a>, and contains negligible <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> (table). In a reference serving of 100 grams (3.5 oz), cooked white rice provides 130 <a href="/wiki/Calorie" title="Calorie">calories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Food_energy" title="Food energy">food energy</a>, and contains moderate levels of <a href="/wiki/Manganese_in_biology" title="Manganese in biology">manganese</a> (18% DV), with no other <a href="/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrients</a> in significant content (all less than 10% of the <a href="/wiki/Daily_Value" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Value">Daily Value</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-USDA_FoodData_Central_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USDA_FoodData_Central-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> strongly recommended <a href="/wiki/Food_fortification" title="Food fortification">fortifying</a> rice with <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, and conditionally recommended fortifying it with <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> and with <a href="/wiki/Folic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Folic acid">folic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whoguide_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoguide-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_rice">Golden rice</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Golden_rice" title="Golden rice">Golden rice</a></div> <p>Golden rice is a variety produced through <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-carotene">beta-carotene</a>, a precursor of vitamin A, in the <a href="/wiki/Endosperm" title="Endosperm">endosperm</a> of the rice grain. It is intended to be grown and eaten in parts of the world where <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_A_deficiency" title="Vitamin A deficiency">Vitamin A deficiency</a> is prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-Golden_Rice_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golden_Rice-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ye_Al-Babili_Klöti_Zhang_2000_pp._303–305_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ye_Al-Babili_Klöti_Zhang_2000_pp._303–305-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Golden rice has been opposed by activists, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lynas_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lynas-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 more than 100 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureates</a> encouraged the use of <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetically modified organisms</a>, such as golden rice, for the benefits these could bring.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_2018_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts_2018-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rice_and_climate_change">Rice and climate change</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greenhouse_gases_from_rice_production">Greenhouse gases from rice production</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NP_Rice_Emissions18_(5687953086).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg/220px-NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg/330px-NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg/440px-NP_Rice_Emissions18_%285687953086%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Scientists measuring the greenhouse gas emissions of rice</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a> from rice cultivation were estimated at 5.7 billion tonnes CO2eq, representing 1.2% of total emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the agriculture sector, rice produces almost half the greenhouse gas emissions from <a href="/wiki/Croplands" class="mw-redirect" title="Croplands">croplands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some 30% of agricultural <a href="/wiki/Methane_emissions" title="Methane emissions">methane emissions</a>, and 11% of agricultural <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a> is released from rice fields subject to long-term flooding, as this inhibits the soil from absorbing atmospheric oxygen, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_fermentation" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaerobic fermentation">anaerobic fermentation</a> of organic matter in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-heinz_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-heinz-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emissions can be limited by planting new varieties, not flooding continuously, and removing straw.<sup id="cite_ref-Qian_Zhu_Huang_2023_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qian_Zhu_Huang_2023-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is possible to cut methane emissions in rice cultivation by improved water management, combining dry seeding and one drawdown, or executing <a href="/wiki/Alternate_wetting_and_drying" title="Alternate wetting and drying">a sequence of wetting and drying</a>. This results in emission reductions of up to 90% compared to full flooding and even increased yields.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects_of_climate_change_on_rice_production">Effects of climate change on rice production</h3></div> <p>Predictions of climate change's effects on rice cultivation vary. Global rice yield has been projected to decrease by around 3.2% with each 1°C increase in global average temperature<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while another study predicts global rice cultivation will increase initially, plateauing at about 3°C warming (2091–2100 relative to 1850–1900).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The impacts of climate change on rice cultivation vary across geographic location and socioeconomic context. For example, rising temperatures and decreasing solar radiation during the later years of the 20th century decreased rice yield by between 10% and 20% across 200 farms in seven Asian countries. This may have been caused by increased night-time respiration.<sup id="cite_ref-Welch_Vincent_Auffhammer_Moya_2010_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch_Vincent_Auffhammer_Moya_2010-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Black_2010_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_2010-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IRRI has predicted that Asian rice yields will fall by some 20% per 1°C rise in global mean temperature. Further, rice is unable to yield grain if the flowers experience a temperature of 35 °C or more for over one hour, so the crop would be lost under these conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2016_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2016-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rao_Patil_2017_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rao_Patil_2017-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a> in Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Arborio_rice" title="Arborio rice">arborio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnaroli" title="Carnaroli">carnaroli</a> risotto rice varieties have suffered poor harvests through drought in the 21st century. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ente_Nazionale_Risi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ente Nazionale Risi (page does not exist)">Ente Nazionale Risi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ente_Nazionale_Risi" class="extiw" title="it:Ente Nazionale Risi">it</a>]</span> is developing drought-resistant varieties; its <i>nuovo prometeo</i> variety has deep roots that enable it to tolerate drought, but is not suitable for risotto.<sup id="cite_ref-Spaggiari_2024_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spaggiari_2024-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Pests"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pests,_weeds,_and_diseases"><span id="Pests.2C_weeds.2C_and_diseases"></span>Pests, weeds, and diseases</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pests_and_weeds">Pests and weeds</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_rice_grasshopper_(Oxya_chinensis).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chinese_rice_grasshopper_%28Oxya_chinensis%29.jpg/220px-Chinese_rice_grasshopper_%28Oxya_chinensis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chinese_rice_grasshopper_%28Oxya_chinensis%29.jpg/330px-Chinese_rice_grasshopper_%28Oxya_chinensis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Chinese_rice_grasshopper_%28Oxya_chinensis%29.jpg/440px-Chinese_rice_grasshopper_%28Oxya_chinensis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3432" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Chinese rice grasshopper (<i><a href="/wiki/Oxya_chinensis" title="Oxya chinensis">Oxya chinensis</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Rice yield can be reduced by weed growth, and a wide variety of pests including insects, nematodes, rodents such as rats, snails, and birds.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_Pests_and_diseases_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_Pests_and_diseases-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major rice insect pests include armyworms, <a href="/wiki/Rice_bug" title="Rice bug">rice bugs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotinophara" title="Scotinophara">black bugs</a>, cutworms, field crickets, grasshoppers, leafhoppers, mealybugs, and planthoppers.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI_Insects_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI_Insects-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High rates of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen fertiliser">nitrogen fertiliser</a> application may worsen aphid outbreaks.<sup id="cite_ref-Jahn_Almazan_2005_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jahn_Almazan_2005-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weather conditions can contribute to pest outbreaks: <a href="/wiki/Orseolia_oryzae" title="Orseolia oryzae">rice gall midge</a> outbreaks are worsened by high rainfall in the wet season, while <a href="/wiki/Stenchaetothrips_biformis" title="Stenchaetothrips biformis">thrips</a> outbreaks are associated with drought.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Insect_pests_of_rice" title="Category:Insect pests of rice">Category:Insect pests of rice</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diseases">Diseases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_diseases" title="List of rice diseases">List of rice diseases</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_blast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Rice_blast.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Healthy rice (left) and rice with <a href="/wiki/Magnaporthe_grisea" title="Magnaporthe grisea">rice blast</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Magnaporthe_grisea" title="Magnaporthe grisea">Rice blast</a>, caused by the fungus <i>Magnaporthe grisea</i>, is the most serious disease of growing rice.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean_Talbot_Ebbole_2005_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean_Talbot_Ebbole_2005-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It and <a href="/wiki/Bacterial_leaf_streak" title="Bacterial leaf streak">bacterial leaf streak</a> (caused by <a href="/wiki/Xanthomonas_oryzae_pv._oryzae" title="Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae"><i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>oryzae</i></a>) are perennially the two worst rice diseases worldwide; they are both among the ten most important diseases of all crop plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_Liu_Triplett_Leach_2014_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_Liu_Triplett_Leach_2014-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major rice diseases include <a href="/wiki/Sheath_blight" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheath blight">sheath blight</a> (caused by <i><a href="/wiki/Rhizoctonia_solani" title="Rhizoctonia solani">Rhizoctonia solani</a></i>), false smut (<i><a href="/wiki/Ustilaginoidea_virens" title="Ustilaginoidea virens">Ustilaginoidea virens</a></i>), and bacterial panicle blight (<i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_glumae" title="Burkholderia glumae">Burkholderia glumae</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Liu_Liu_Triplett_Leach_2014_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liu_Liu_Triplett_Leach_2014-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viral diseases include rice bunchy stunt, rice dwarf, rice <a href="/wiki/Tungro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungro">tungro</a>, and rice yellow mottle.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibino-1996_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibino-1996-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pest_management">Pest management</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management" title="Integrated pest management">Integrated pest management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">rice-duck farming</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crop_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Crop protection">Crop protection</a> scientists are developing <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a> techniques for managing rice pests.<sup id="cite_ref-Jahn_Khiev_Pol_2001_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jahn_Khiev_Pol_2001-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sustainable pest management is based on four principles: biodiversity, host plant resistance, landscape ecology, and hierarchies in a landscape—from biological to social.<sup id="cite_ref-Savary_Horgan_Willocquet_2012_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savary_Horgan_Willocquet_2012-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Farmers' pesticide applications are often unnecessary.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pesticides may actually induce <a href="/wiki/Resurgence_(pest)" title="Resurgence (pest)">resurgence</a> of populations of rice pests such as the <a href="/wiki/Brown_planthopper" title="Brown planthopper">brown planthopper</a>, both by destroying beneficial insects and by enhancing the pest's reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Ge_Liu_Song_2020_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Ge_Liu_Song_2020-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> (IRRI) demonstrated in 1993 that an 87.5% reduction in pesticide use can lead to an overall drop in pest numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_2008_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton_2008-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penggembala_Bebek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Penggembala_Bebek.jpg/220px-Penggembala_Bebek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Penggembala_Bebek.jpg/330px-Penggembala_Bebek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Penggembala_Bebek.jpg/440px-Penggembala_Bebek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A farmer <a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">grazes his ducks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddy fields</a>, Central Java</figcaption></figure> <p>Farmers in China, Indonesia and the Philippines have traditionally managed weeds and pests by the <a href="/wiki/Polyculture" title="Polyculture">polycultural</a> practice of <a href="/wiki/Rice-duck_farming" title="Rice-duck farming">raising ducks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rice-fish_system" title="Rice-fish system">sometimes fish</a> in their rice paddies. These produce valuable additional crops, eat small pest animals, manure the rice, and in the case of ducks also control weeds.<sup id="cite_ref-Bezemer_2022_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bezemer_2022-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cagauan_Branckaert_Van_Hove_2000_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cagauan_Branckaert_Van_Hove_2000-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rice plants produce their own chemical defences to protect themselves from pest attacks. Some synthetic chemicals, such as the herbicide <a href="/wiki/2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic_acid" title="2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid">2,4-D</a>, cause the plant to increase the production of certain defensive chemicals and thereby increase the plant's resistance to some types of pests.<sup id="cite_ref-Xin_Yu_Erb_2012_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xin_Yu_Erb_2012-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conversely, other chemicals, such as the insecticide <a href="/wiki/Imidacloprid" title="Imidacloprid">imidacloprid</a>, appear to induce changes in the gene expression of the rice that make the plant more susceptible to certain pests.<sup id="cite_ref-Cheng_Shi_Jiang_2012_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cheng_Shi_Jiang_2012-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plant breeders have created rice cultivars incorporating <a href="/wiki/Plant_resistance_to_insects" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant resistance to insects">resistance to various insect pests</a>. Conventional plant breeding of resistant varieties has been limited by challenges such as rearing insect pests for testing, and the great diversity and continuous evolution of pests. Resistance genes are being sought from wild species of rice, and genetic engineering techniques are being applied.<sup id="cite_ref-Makkar_Bhatia_Suri_Kaur_2019_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makkar_Bhatia_Suri_Kaur_2019-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Ecotypes"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ecotype"></span><span class="anchor" id="Cultivars"></span><span class="anchor" id="Cultivar"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecotypes_and_cultivars">Ecotypes and cultivars</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_cultivars" title="List of rice cultivars">List of rice cultivars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rice_diversity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rice_diversity.jpg/200px-Rice_diversity.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rice_diversity.jpg/300px-Rice_diversity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Rice_diversity.jpg/400px-Rice_diversity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Rice seed collection from <a href="/wiki/IRRI" class="mw-redirect" title="IRRI">IRRI</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> maintains the International Rice Genebank, which holds over 100,000 rice varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of southeast Asia grows <a href="/wiki/Sticky_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Sticky rice">sticky</a> or glutinous rice varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-Sattaka_2016_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sattaka_2016-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-yield cultivars of rice suitable for cultivation in Africa, called the <a href="/wiki/New_Rice_for_Africa" title="New Rice for Africa">New Rice for Africa</a> (NERICA), have been developed to improve <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> and alleviate poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complete <a href="/wiki/Genome" title="Genome">genome</a> of rice was <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">sequenced</a> in 2005, making it the first crop plant to reach this status.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillis_2005_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillis_2005-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the genomes of hundreds of types of rice, both wild and cultivated, and including both Asian and African rice species, have been sequenced.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-yielding_varieties">High-yielding varieties</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Green_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Green revolution">Green revolution</a></div> <p>The high-yielding varieties are a group of crops created during the <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> to increase global food production radically. The first Green Revolution rice variety, <a href="/wiki/IR8" title="IR8">IR8</a>, was produced in 1966 at the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> through a cross between an Indonesian variety named "Peta" and a Chinese variety named "Dee Geo Woo Gen".<sup id="cite_ref-Hettel_2016_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hettel_2016-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Green Revolution varieties were bred to have short strong stems so that the rice would not lodge or fall over. This enabled them to stay upright and productive even with heavy applications of fertiliser.<sup id="cite_ref-Hettel_2016_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hettel_2016-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expression_of_human_proteins">Expression of human proteins</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ventria_Bioscience" title="Ventria Bioscience">Ventria Bioscience</a> has <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetically modified">genetically modified</a> rice to <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">express</a> <a href="/wiki/Lactoferrin" title="Lactoferrin">lactoferrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lysozyme" title="Lysozyme">lysozyme</a> which are <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> usually found in <a href="/wiki/Breast_milk" title="Breast milk">breast milk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Human_serum_albumin" title="Human serum albumin">human serum albumin</a>. These proteins have <a href="/wiki/Antiviral_protein" title="Antiviral protein">antiviral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">antibacterial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antifungal_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal protein">antifungal</a> effects.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice containing these added proteins can be used as a component in <a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral rehydration solution">oral rehydration solutions</a> to treat <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrheal</a> diseases, thereby shortening their duration and reducing recurrence. Such supplements may also help reverse <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flood-tolerance">Flood-tolerance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_rice" title="Deepwater rice">Deepwater rice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Researchers_checking_deep_water_rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Researchers_checking_deep_water_rice.jpg/260px-Researchers_checking_deep_water_rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Researchers_checking_deep_water_rice.jpg/390px-Researchers_checking_deep_water_rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Researchers_checking_deep_water_rice.jpg/520px-Researchers_checking_deep_water_rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>International Rice Research Institute researchers checking <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_rice" title="Deepwater rice">deepwater rice</a> in the Philippines </figcaption></figure> <p>In areas subject to <a href="/wiki/Flooding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding">flooding</a>, farmers have long planted flood tolerant varieties known as <a href="/wiki/Deepwater_rice" title="Deepwater rice">deepwater rice</a>. In South and <a href="/wiki/South_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="South East Asia">South East Asia</a>, flooding affects some 20 million hectares (49 million acres) each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Debrata-2012_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrata-2012-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flooding has historically led to massive losses in yields, such as in the Philippines, where in 2006, rice crops worth $65 million were lost to flooding.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI-2012_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI-2012-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Standard rice varieties cannot withstand stagnant flooding for more than about a week, since it disallows the plant access to necessary requirements such as sunlight and gas exchange. The Swarna Sub1 cultivar can tolerate week-long submergence, consuming carbohydrates efficiently and continuing to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-Debrata-2012_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Debrata-2012-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So-called "<a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba</a> rice"<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Sub1A <a href="/wiki/Transgene" title="Transgene">transgene</a> is robustly tolerant of submergence for as long as two weeks, offering much improved flood survival for farmers' crops. IRRI has created Sub1A varieties and distributed them to Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nepal, and the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Emerick_Ronald_2019_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emerick_Ronald_2019-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drought-tolerance">Drought-tolerance</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a> represents a significant environmental stress for rice production, with 19–23 million hectares (47–57 million acres) of rainfed rice production in South and South East Asia often at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-irri.org_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irri.org-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IRRI-2014_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI-2014-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under drought conditions, without sufficient water to afford them the ability to obtain the required levels of <a href="/wiki/Nutrients" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutrients">nutrients</a> from the soil, conventional commercial rice varieties can be severely affected—as happened for example in India early in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2013_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> conducts research into developing drought-tolerant rice varieties, including the varieties Sahbhagi Dhan, Sahod Ulan, and Sookha dhan, currently being employed by farmers in India, the Philippines, and Nepal respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI-2014_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI-2014-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, in 2013 the Japanese National Institute for Agrobiological Sciences led a team which successfully inserted the <i>DEEPER ROOTING 1</i> (<i>DRO1</i>) gene, from the Philippine <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland_(freshwater_ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)">upland</a> rice variety Kinandang Patong, into the popular commercial rice variety IR64, giving rise to a far deeper root system in the resulting plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2013_103-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This facilitates an improved ability for the rice plant to derive its required nutrients in times of drought via accessing deeper layers of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, a feature demonstrated by trials which saw the IR64 + DRO1 rice yields drop by 10% under moderate drought conditions, compared to 60% for the unmodified IR64 variety.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer-2013_103-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer-2013-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salt-tolerance">Salt-tolerance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Crop_tolerance_to_seawater" title="Crop tolerance to seawater">Crop tolerance to seawater</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Soil salinity</a> poses a major threat to rice crop productivity, particularly along low-lying coastal areas during the dry season.<sup id="cite_ref-irri.org_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-irri.org-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, roughly 1 million hectares (2.5 million acres) of the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> are affected by saline soils.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These high concentrations of salt can severely affect rice plants' <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>, especially during early stages of growth, and as such farmers are often forced to abandon these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI-2013_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI-2013-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Progress has been made in developing rice varieties capable of tolerating such conditions; the hybrid created from the cross between the commercial rice variety IR56 and the wild rice species <i>Oryza coarctata</i> is one example.<sup id="cite_ref-Integrated_Breeding_Platform_(IBP)-2013_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Integrated_Breeding_Platform_(IBP)-2013-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>O. coarctata</i> can grow in soils with double the limit of salinity of normal varieties, but does not produce edible rice.<sup id="cite_ref-Integrated_Breeding_Platform_(IBP)-2013_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Integrated_Breeding_Platform_(IBP)-2013-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developed by the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> variety utilises specialised leaf glands that remove salt into the atmosphere. It was produced from one successful <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryo</a> out of 34,000 crosses between the two species; this was then <a href="/wiki/Backcrossing" title="Backcrossing">backcrossed</a> to IR56 with the aim of preserving the genes responsible for salt tolerance that were inherited from <i>O. coarctata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-IRRI-2013_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRRI-2013-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_tolerance">Cold tolerance</h3></div> <p>Rice is sensitive to temperatures below 12C. Sowing takes place once the daily average temperature is reliably above this limit. Average temperatures below that reduce growth; if sustained for over four days, germination and seedling growth are harmed and seedlings may die. In larger plants subjected to cold, rice blast is encouraged, seriously reducing yield. As of 2022, researchers continue to study the mechanisms of chilling tolerance in rice and its genetic basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Li_Zhang_Chong_2022_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li_Zhang_Chong_2022-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reducing_methane_emissions">Reducing methane emissions</h3></div> <p>Producing rice in <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">paddies</a> is harmful for the environment due to the release of methane by <a href="/wiki/Methanogen" title="Methanogen">methanogenic bacteria</a>. These bacteria live in the anaerobic waterlogged soil, consuming nutrients released by rice roots. Putting the <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> gene <i>SUSIBA2</i> into rice creates a shift in biomass production from root to shoot, decreasing the methanogen population, and resulting in a reduction of methane emissions of up to 97%. Further, the modification increases the amount of rice grains.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Model_organism">Model organism</h3></div> <p>Rice is used as a <a href="/wiki/Model_organism" title="Model organism">model organism</a> for investigating the mechanisms of <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">DNA repair</a> in higher plants.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, study using rice has shown that the gene <i>OsRAD51C</i> is necessary for the accurate repair of DNA double-strand breaks during meiosis.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Culture"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_human_culture">In human culture</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Beeld_van_Dewi_Sri_de_rijstgodin_TMnr_60016918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Ancient statue of the rice goddess <a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Dewi Sri</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kompas.id-Sri_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kompas.id-Sri-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wessing_1990_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessing_1990-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from Java (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 9th century</span>) </figcaption></figure> <p>Rice plays an important role in certain religions and popular beliefs. In Hindu wedding ceremonies, rice, denoting fertility, prosperity, and purity, is thrown into the sacred fire, a custom modified in Western weddings, where people throw rice.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Malay weddings, rice features in multiple special wedding foods such as sweet glutinous rice.<sup id="cite_ref-Muhammad_Zahari_Ramly_Ahmad_2013_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muhammad_Zahari_Ramly_Ahmad_2013-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Japan and the Philippines, rice wine is used for weddings and other celebrations.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dewi_Sri" title="Dewi Sri">Dewi Sri</a> is a goddess of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago, who in myth is transformed into rice or other crops.<sup id="cite_ref-Wessing_1990_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wessing_1990-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The start of the rice planting season is marked in Asian countries including Nepal and Cambodia with a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ploughing_Ceremony" title="Royal Ploughing Ceremony">Royal Ploughing Ceremony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Xinhua-Camb-plough-2017_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xinhua-Camb-plough-2017-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Khmer-Times_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khmer-Times-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sen-2019_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-2019-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_rice" title="Artificial rice">Artificial rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_seeded_rice" title="Direct seeded rice">Direct seeded rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_dishes" title="List of rice dishes">List of rice dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Belt" title="Rice Belt">Rice Belt</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RBG_Kew_botany-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RBG_Kew_botany_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316812-2/general-information">"Oryza sativa L."</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oryza+sativa+L.&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpowo.science.kew.org%2Ftaxon%2Furn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A316812-2%2Fgeneral-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice_Hub-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rice_Hub_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ricehub.org/RT/crop-establishment/-the-rice-plant/">"The Rice Plant"</a>. <i>Rice Hub</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rice+Hub&rft.atitle=The+Rice+Plant&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ricehub.org%2FRT%2Fcrop-establishment%2F-the-rice-plant%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kawure_Garba_Fagam_2022-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kawure_Garba_Fagam_2022_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKawureGarbaFagamShuaibu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Kawure, S.; Garba, A.A.; Fagam, A.S.; Shuaibu, Y.M.; Sabo, M.U.; Bala, R.A. (December 31, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36959%2F973%2F440">"Performance of Lowland Rice (Oryza sativa L.) as Influenced by Combine Effect of Season and Sowing Pattern in Zigau"</a>. <i>Journal of Rice Research and Developments</i>. <b>5</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.36959%2F973%2F440">10.36959/973/440</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Rice+Research+and+Developments&rft.atitle=Performance+of+Lowland+Rice+%28Oryza+sativa+L.%29+as+Influenced+by+Combine+Effect+of+Season+and+Sowing+Pattern+in+Zigau&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2022-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.36959%2F973%2F440&rft.aulast=Kawure&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Garba%2C+A.A.&rft.au=Fagam%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Shuaibu%2C+Y.M.&rft.au=Sabo%2C+M.U.&rft.au=Bala%2C+R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.36959%252F973%252F440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_rice_plant-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_rice_plant_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106224427/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/riceIPM/IPM_Information/PestEcologyBasics/CropGrowthAndPestDamage/RicePlantHowItGrows/The_Rice_plant_and_How_it_Grows.htm">"The Rice Plant and How it Grows"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/riceIPM/IPM_Information/PestEcologyBasics/CropGrowthAndPestDamage/RicePlantHowItGrows/The_Rice_plant_and_How_it_Grows.htm">the original</a> on January 6, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Rice+Plant+and+How+it+Grows&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2FriceIPM%2FIPM_Information%2FPestEcologyBasics%2FCropGrowthAndPestDamage%2FRicePlantHowItGrows%2FThe_Rice_plant_and_How_it_Grows.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Verheye_2010-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Verheye_2010_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeighley2010" class="citation book cs1">Beighley, Donn H. (2010). "Growth and Production of Rice". In Verheye, Willy H. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eolss.net/ebooklib/bookinfo/soils-plant-growth-crop-production.aspx"><i>Soils, Plant Growth and Crop Production Volume II</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/EOLSS" class="mw-redirect" title="EOLSS">EOLSS</a> Publishers. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-368-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84826-368-0"><bdi>978-1-84826-368-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Growth+and+Production+of+Rice&rft.btitle=Soils%2C+Plant+Growth+and+Crop+Production+Volume+II&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=EOLSS+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84826-368-0&rft.aulast=Beighley&rft.aufirst=Donn+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eolss.net%2Febooklib%2Fbookinfo%2Fsoils-plant-growth-crop-production.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_planting-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_planting_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/planting">"How to plant rice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+plant+rice&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2Fstep-by-step-production%2Fgrowth%2Fplanting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_transplanting-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_transplanting_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/planting/transplanting">"Transplanting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transplanting&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2Fstep-by-step-production%2Fgrowth%2Fplanting%2Ftransplanting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cornell_2011-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cornell_2011_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUphoff" class="citation web cs1">Uphoff, Norman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226111455/https://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/extmats/philmanual.pdf">"More rice with less water through SRI - the System of Rice Intensification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/extmats/philmanual.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 26, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+rice+with+less+water+through+SRI+-+the+System+of+Rice+Intensification&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.aulast=Uphoff&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciifad.cornell.edu%2Fsri%2Fextmats%2Fphilmanual.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_water_mgmt-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_water_mgmt_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/growth/water-management">"Water Management"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+Management&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2Fstep-by-step-production%2Fgrowth%2Fwater-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCatling1992" class="citation book cs1">Catling, David (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N5JxwKx1RAgC&pg=PA230">"Deepwater Rice Cultures in the Ganges-Brahmaputra Basin"</a>. <i>Rice in Deep Water</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-22-0005-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-22-0005-2"><bdi>978-971-22-0005-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deepwater+Rice+Cultures+in+the+Ganges-Brahmaputra+Basin&rft.btitle=Rice+in+Deep+Water&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-971-22-0005-2&rft.aulast=Catling&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN5JxwKx1RAgC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaO'Toole1986" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Phool Chand; O'Toole, J. C. O'Toole (1986). <i>Upland Rice: A Global Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-10-4172-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-10-4172-4"><bdi>978-971-10-4172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upland+Rice%3A+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-971-10-4172-4&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Phool+Chand&rft.au=O%27Toole%2C+J.+C.+O%27Toole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_Harvesting_systems-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_Harvesting_systems_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/harvesting/harvesting-systems">"Harvesting systems"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvesting+systems&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2Fstep-by-step-production%2Fpostharvest%2Fharvesting%2Fharvesting-systems&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_Harvesting-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_Harvesting_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/harvesting#guidelines-on-proper-harvesting">"Harvesting"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harvesting&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2Fstep-by-step-production%2Fpostharvest%2Fharvesting%23guidelines-on-proper-harvesting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_Drying-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_Drying_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/drying">"Drying"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drying&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2Fstep-by-step-production%2Fpostharvest%2Fdrying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soreng_Peterson_2017-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soreng_Peterson_2017_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorengPetersonRomaschenkoDavidse2017" class="citation journal cs1">Soreng, Robert J.; Peterson, Paul M.; Romaschenko, Konstantin; Davidse, Gerrit; Teisher, Jordan K.; Clark, Lynn G.; Barberá, Patricia; Gillespie, Lynn J.; Zuloaga, Fernando O. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12262">"A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae) II: An update and a comparison of two 2015 classifications"</a>. <i>Journal of Systematics and Evolution</i>. <b>55</b> (4): 259–290. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12262">10.1111/jse.12262</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F240149">10261/240149</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematics+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=A+worldwide+phylogenetic+classification+of+the+Poaceae+%28Gramineae%29+II%3A+An+update+and+a+comparison+of+two+2015+classifications&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=259-290&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F240149&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fjse.12262&rft.aulast=Soreng&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft.au=Peterson%2C+Paul+M.&rft.au=Romaschenko%2C+Konstantin&rft.au=Davidse%2C+Gerrit&rft.au=Teisher%2C+Jordan+K.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Lynn+G.&rft.au=Barber%C3%A1%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Gillespie%2C+Lynn+J.&rft.au=Zuloaga%2C+Fernando+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fjse.12262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fornasiero_Wing_Ronald_2022-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fornasiero_Wing_Ronald_2022_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFornasieroWingRonald2022" class="citation journal cs1">Fornasiero, Alice; Wing, Rod A.; Ronald, Pamela (January 2022). "Rice domestication". <i>Current Biology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): R20–R24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022CBio...32..R20F">2022CBio...32..R20F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.11.025">10.1016/j.cub.2021.11.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35015986">35015986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Rice+domestication&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=R20-R24&rft.date=2022-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35015986&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.11.025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022CBio...32..R20F&rft.aulast=Fornasiero&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft.au=Wing%2C+Rod+A.&rft.au=Ronald%2C+Pamela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellwood2011-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bellwood, Peter (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9068-9">"The Checkered Prehistory of Rice Movement Southwards as a Domesticated Cereal—from the Yangzi to the Equator"</a>. <i>Rice</i>. <b>4</b> (3–4): 93–103. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4...93B">2011Rice....4...93B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9068-9">10.1007/s12284-011-9068-9</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=The+Checkered+Prehistory+of+Rice+Movement+Southwards+as+a+Domesticated+Cereal%E2%80%94from+the+Yangzi+to+the+Equator&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=93-103&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9068-9&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Rice....4...93B&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9068-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-He2017-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-He2017_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeLuZhangWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">He, Keyang; Lu, Houyuan; Zhang, Jianping; Wang, Can; Huan, Xiujia (December 2017). "Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet farming in China". <i>The Holocene</i>. <b>27</b> (12): 1885–1898. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0959683617708455">10.1177/0959683617708455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Holocene&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+evolution+of+the+dualistic+structure+mixed+rice+and+millet+farming+in+China&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1885-1898&rft.date=2017-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0959683617708455&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=Keyang&rft.au=Lu%2C+Houyuan&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jianping&rft.au=Wang%2C+Can&rft.au=Huan%2C+Xiujia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hsieh2011-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hsieh2011_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiehHsingHsuLi2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hsieh, Jaw-shu; Hsing, Yue-ie Caroline; Hsu, Tze-fu; Li, Paul Jen-kuei; Li, Kuang-ti; Tsang, Cheng-hwa (December 24, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9075-x">"Studies on Ancient Rice—Where Botanists, Agronomists, Archeologists, Linguists, and Ethnologists Meet"</a>. <i>Rice</i>. <b>4</b> (3–4): 178–183. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4..178H">2011Rice....4..178H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9075-x">10.1007/s12284-011-9075-x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=Studies+on+Ancient+Rice%E2%80%94Where+Botanists%2C+Agronomists%2C+Archeologists%2C+Linguists%2C+and+Ethnologists+Meet&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=178-183&rft.date=2011-12-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9075-x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Rice....4..178H&rft.aulast=Hsieh&rft.aufirst=Jaw-shu&rft.au=Hsing%2C+Yue-ie+Caroline&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Tze-fu&rft.au=Li%2C+Paul+Jen-kuei&rft.au=Li%2C+Kuang-ti&rft.au=Tsang%2C+Cheng-hwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9075-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang2008-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2008_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiHung2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chi, Zhang; Hung, Hsiao-Chun (2008). "The Neolithic of Southern China—Origin, Development, and Dispersal". <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>47</b> (2): 299–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.0.0004">10.1353/asi.0.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17291">10125/17291</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42928744">42928744</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Gale_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale (identifier)">Gale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA191316867">A191316867</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/257900">257900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Neolithic+of+Southern+China%E2%80%94Origin%2C+Development%2C+and+Dispersal&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=299-329&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F17291&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42928744%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fasi.0.0004&rft.aulast=Chi&rft.aufirst=Zhang&rft.au=Hung%2C+Hsiao-Chun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaughan_Lu_Tomooka_2008-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaughan_Lu_Tomooka_2008_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaughan_Lu_Tomooka_2008_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughanLuTomooka2008" class="citation journal cs1">Vaughan, Duncan A.; Lu, Bao-Rong; Tomooka, Norihiko (April 2008). "The evolving story of rice evolution". <i>Plant Science</i>. <b>174</b> (4): 394–408. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plantsci.2008.01.016">10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Science&rft.atitle=The+evolving+story+of+rice+evolution&rft.volume=174&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=394-408&rft.date=2008-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plantsci.2008.01.016&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Duncan+A.&rft.au=Lu%2C+Bao-Rong&rft.au=Tomooka%2C+Norihiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Molina_Sikora_Garud_2011-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Molina_Sikora_Garud_2011_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolinaSikoraGarudFlowers2011" class="citation journal cs1">Molina, J.; Sikora, M.; Garud, N.; Flowers, J. M.; Rubinstein, S.; et al. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3101000">"Molecular evidence for a single evolutionary origin of domesticated rice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>108</b> (20): 8351–8356. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011PNAS..108.8351M">2011PNAS..108.8351M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1104686108">10.1073/pnas.1104686108</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3101000">3101000</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21536870">21536870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Molecular+evidence+for+a+single+evolutionary+origin+of+domesticated+rice&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=8351-8356&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3101000%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21536870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1104686108&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011PNAS..108.8351M&rft.aulast=Molina&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Sikora%2C+M.&rft.au=Garud%2C+N.&rft.au=Flowers%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Rubinstein%2C+S.&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+A.&rft.au=Huang%2C+P.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+S.&rft.au=Schaal%2C+B.+A.&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+C.+D.&rft.au=Boyko%2C+A.+R.&rft.au=Purugganan%2C+M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3101000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choi_2017-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Choi_2017_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2017" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Jae; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5400379">"The Rice Paradox: Multiple Origins but Single Domestication in Asian Rice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Molecular_Biology_and_Evolution" title="Molecular Biology and Evolution">Molecular Biology and Evolution</a></i>. <b>34</b> (4): 969–979. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsx049">10.1093/molbev/msx049</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5400379">5400379</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28087768">28087768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=The+Rice+Paradox%3A+Multiple+Origins+but+Single+Domestication+in+Asian+Rice&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=969-979&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5400379%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28087768&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsx049&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Jae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5400379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang2012-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2012_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhangLuGuWu2012" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; et al. (December 17, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3524165">"Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>7</b> (12): e52146. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...752146Z">2012PLoSO...752146Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052146">10.1371/journal.pone.0052146</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3524165">3524165</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23284907">23284907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Early+Mixed+Farming+of+Millet+and+Rice+7800+Years+Ago+in+the+Middle+Yellow+River+Region%2C+China&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=e52146&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3524165%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23284907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0052146&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PLoSO...752146Z&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Jianping&rft.au=Lu%2C+Houyuan&rft.au=Gu%2C+Wanfa&rft.au=Wu%2C+Naiqin&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Kunshu&rft.au=Hu%2C+Yayi&rft.au=Xin%2C+Yingjun&rft.au=Wang%2C+Can&rft.au=Kashkush%2C+Khalil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3524165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fuller2011-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fuller2011_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2011" class="citation journal cs1">Fuller, Dorian Q. (December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9078-7">"Pathways to Asian Civilizations: Tracing the Origins and Spread of Rice and Rice Cultures"</a>. <i>Rice</i>. <b>4</b> (3–4): 78–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Rice....4...78F">2011Rice....4...78F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9078-7">10.1007/s12284-011-9078-7</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rice&rft.atitle=Pathways+to+Asian+Civilizations%3A+Tracing+the+Origins+and+Spread+of+Rice+and+Rice+Cultures&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=78-92&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12284-011-9078-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Rice....4...78F&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Dorian+Q.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs12284-011-9078-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford_and_Shen_1998-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_and_Shen_1998_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordShen1998" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford; Shen (1998). "The Origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>72</b> (278): 858–866. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00087494">10.1017/S0003598X00087494</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162486123">162486123</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+rice+agriculture%3A+recent+progress+in+East+Asia&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=278&rft.pages=858-866&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00087494&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162486123%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Crawford&rft.au=Shen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawfordLee2003" class="citation journal cs1">Crawford, G. W. & Lee, G.-A. (March 2003). "Agricultural Origins in the Korean Peninsula". <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>77</b> (295): 87–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003598x00061378">10.1017/s0003598x00061378</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163060564">163060564</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Agricultural+Origins+in+the+Korean+Peninsula&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=295&rft.pages=87-95&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003598x00061378&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163060564%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=G.+W.&rft.au=Lee%2C+G.-A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beaujard2011-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beaujard2011_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaujard2011" class="citation journal cs1">Beaujard, Philippe (August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00706173/file/Beaujard.azania2.pdf">"The first migrants to Madagascar and their introduction of plants: linguistic and ethnological evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 169–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0067270X.2011.580142">10.1080/0067270X.2011.580142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Azania%3A+Archaeological+Research+in+Africa&rft.atitle=The+first+migrants+to+Madagascar+and+their+introduction+of+plants%3A+linguistic+and+ethnological+evidence&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=169-189&rft.date=2011-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0067270X.2011.580142&rft.aulast=Beaujard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00706173%2Ffile%2FBeaujard.azania2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carson2012-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carson2012_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2012" class="citation journal cs1">Carson, Mike T. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/1_carson1-79sm.pdf">"An overview of latte period archaeology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Micronesica</i>. <b>42</b> (1/2): 1–79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412090641/https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/1_carson1-79sm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 12, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Micronesica&rft.atitle=An+overview+of+latte+period+archaeology&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=1-79&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Mike+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmicronesica.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F1_carson1-79sm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Higham2015-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Higham2015_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighamDoukaHighamHart2015" class="citation journal cs1">Higham, Charles F. W.; Douka, Katerina; Higham, Thomas F. G.; Hart, John P. (September 18, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4575132">"A New Chronology for the Bronze Age of Northeastern Thailand and Its Implications for Southeast Asian Prehistory"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>10</b> (9): e0137542. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1037542H">2015PLoSO..1037542H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0137542">10.1371/journal.pone.0137542</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4575132">4575132</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26384011">26384011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=A+New+Chronology+for+the+Bronze+Age+of+Northeastern+Thailand+and+Its+Implications+for+Southeast+Asian+Prehistory&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e0137542&rft.date=2015-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4575132%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26384011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0137542&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1037542H&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles+F.+W.&rft.au=Douka%2C+Katerina&rft.au=Higham%2C+Thomas+F.+G.&rft.au=Hart%2C+John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4575132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Choi_2019-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Choi_2019_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Choi_2019_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Choi, Jae Young (March 7, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6424484">"The complex geography of domestication of the African rice Oryza glaberrima"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>15</b> (3): e1007414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1007414">10.1371/journal.pgen.1007414</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6424484">6424484</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30845217">30845217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+complex+geography+of+domestication+of+the+African+rice+Oryza+glaberrima&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e1007414&rft.date=2019-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6424484%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30845217&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1007414&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Jae+Young&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6424484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Academies_Press_1996-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-National_Academies_Press_1996_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Research_Council1996" class="citation book cs1">National Research Council (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305&page=17">"African Rice"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305"><i>Lost Crops of Africa: Volume I: Grains</i></a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/National_Academies_Press" title="National Academies Press">National Academies Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F2305">10.17226/2305</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04990-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-04990-0"><bdi>978-0-309-04990-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090122104044/http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=2305">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=African+Rice&rft.btitle=Lost+Crops+of+Africa%3A+Volume+I%3A+Grains&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F2305&rft.isbn=978-0-309-04990-0&rft.au=National+Research+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.nap.edu%2Fopenbook.php%3Frecord_id%3D2305%26page%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan1995" class="citation journal cs1">Morgan, Kenneth (July 1995). "The Organization of the Colonial American Rice Trade". <i><a href="/wiki/The_William_and_Mary_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The William and Mary Quarterly">The William and Mary Quarterly</a></i>. <b>52</b> (3): 433–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2947294">10.2307/2947294</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947294">2947294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Organization+of+the+Colonial+American+Rice+Trade&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=433-452&rft.date=1995-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2947294&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2947294%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faostat-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-faostat_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC">"Rice production in 2021; Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity/Year (from pick lists)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FAOSTAT" class="mw-redirect" title="FAOSTAT">FAOSTAT</a>, UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rice+production+in+2021%3B+Crops%2FRegions%2FWorld+list%2FProduction+Quantity%2FYear+%28from+pick+lists%29&rft.pub=FAOSTAT%2C+UN+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization%2C+Corporate+Statistical+Database&rft.date=2023&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO_production_stats_2021-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_production_stats_2021_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_production_stats_2021_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_production_stats_2021_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/documents/card/en/c/cb4477en/"><i>World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021</i></a>. United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4060%2Fcb4477en">10.4060/cb4477en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134332-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134332-6"><bdi>978-92-5-134332-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240163091">240163091</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 10,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Food+and+Agriculture+%E2%80%93+Statistical+Yearbook+2021&rft.pub=United+Nations+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240163091%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4060%2Fcb4477en&rft.isbn=978-92-5-134332-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocuments%2Fcard%2Fen%2Fc%2Fcb4477en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fukagawa_Ziska_2019_pp._S2–S3-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fukagawa_Ziska_2019_pp._S2–S3_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fukagawa_Ziska_2019_pp._S2–S3_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFukagawaZiska2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fukagawa, Naomi K.; Ziska, Lewis H. (October 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3177%2Fjnsv.65.S2">"Rice: Importance for Global Nutrition"</a>. <i>Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology</i>. <b>65</b> (Supplement): S2–S3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3177%2Fjnsv.65.S2">10.3177/jnsv.65.S2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31619630">31619630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Nutritional+Science+and+Vitaminology&rft.atitle=Rice%3A+Importance+for+Global+Nutrition&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=Supplement&rft.pages=S2-S3&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3177%2Fjnsv.65.S2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31619630&rft.aulast=Fukagawa&rft.aufirst=Naomi+K.&rft.au=Ziska%2C+Lewis+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3177%252Fjnsv.65.S2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120619130038/http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor">"FAOSTAT: Production-Crops, 2022 data"</a>. United Nations <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a>. 2022. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor">the original</a> on June 19, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAOSTAT%3A+Production-Crops%2C+2022+data&rft.pub=United+Nations+Food+and+Agriculture+Organization&rft.date=2022&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaostat.fao.org%2Fsite%2F567%2FDesktopDefault.aspx%3FPageID%3D567%23ancor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan2010" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Longping" title="Yuan Longping">Yuan, Longping</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111120010557/http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/proc1/sri_06.pdf">"A Scientist's Perspective on Experience with SRI in China for Raising the Yields of Super Hybrid Rice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ciifad.cornell.edu/sri/proc1/sri_06.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 20, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Scientist%27s+Perspective+on+Experience+with+SRI+in+China+for+Raising+the+Yields+of+Super+Hybrid+Rice&rft.pub=Cornell+University&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Yuan&rft.aufirst=Longping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fciifad.cornell.edu%2Fsri%2Fproc1%2Fsri_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nat_Geog_Food_Staple-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nat_Geog_Food_Staple_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/food-staple/">"Food Staple"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a> Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Staple&rft.pub=National+Geographic+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Ffood-staple%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kumar_Kalita_2017-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kumar_Kalita_2017_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumarKalita2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kumar, Deepak; Kalita, Prasanta (January 15, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5296677">"Reducing Postharvest Losses during Storage of Grain Crops to Strengthen Food Security in Developing Countries"</a>. <i>Foods</i>. <b>6</b> (1): 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffoods6010008">10.3390/foods6010008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5296677">5296677</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28231087">28231087</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foods&rft.atitle=Reducing+Postharvest+Losses+during+Storage+of+Grain+Crops+to+Strengthen+Food+Security+in+Developing+Countries&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2017-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5296677%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28231087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ffoods6010008&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Deepak&rft.au=Kalita%2C+Prasanta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5296677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_Milling-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_Milling_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/step-by-step-production/postharvest/milling">"Milling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milling&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2Fstep-by-step-production%2Fpostharvest%2Fmilling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RA_varieties-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RA_varieties_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RA_varieties_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RA_varieties_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180802162740/http://www.riceassociation.org.uk/content/1/10/varieties.html">"Types of rice"</a>. Rice Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.riceassociation.org.uk/content/1/10/varieties.html">the original</a> on August 2, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+rice&rft.pub=Rice+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.riceassociation.org.uk%2Fcontent%2F1%2F10%2Fvarieties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penagini_Dilillo_Meneghin_Mameli_2013-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penagini_Dilillo_Meneghin_Mameli_2013_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenaginiDililloMeneghinMameli2013" class="citation journal cs1">Penagini, Francesca; Dilillo, Dario; Meneghin, Fabio; Mameli, Chiara; Fabiano, Valentina; Zuccotti, Gian (November 18, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847748">"Gluten-Free Diet in Children: An Approach to a Nutritionally Adequate and Balanced Diet"</a>. <i>Nutrients</i>. <b>5</b> (11). <a href="/wiki/MDPI" title="MDPI">MDPI AG</a>: 4553–4565. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fnu5114553">10.3390/nu5114553</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3847748">3847748</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24253052">24253052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nutrients&rft.atitle=Gluten-Free+Diet+in+Children%3A+An+Approach+to+a+Nutritionally+Adequate+and+Balanced+Diet&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=4553-4565&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3847748%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24253052&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fnu5114553&rft.aulast=Penagini&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft.au=Dilillo%2C+Dario&rft.au=Meneghin%2C+Fabio&rft.au=Mameli%2C+Chiara&rft.au=Fabiano%2C+Valentina&rft.au=Zuccotti%2C+Gian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3847748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wu_Shi_Zhang_2002-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wu_Shi_Zhang_2002_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuShiZhang2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Jianguo G.; Shi, Chunhai; Zhang, Xiaoming (March 2002). "Estimating the amino acid composition in milled rice by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy". <i>Field Crops Research</i>. <b>75</b> (1): 1–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002FCrRe..75....1W">2002FCrRe..75....1W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0378-4290%2802%2900006-0">10.1016/s0378-4290(02)00006-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Field+Crops+Research&rft.atitle=Estimating+the+amino+acid+composition+in+milled+rice+by+near-infrared+reflectance+spectroscopy&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0378-4290%2802%2900006-0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002FCrRe..75....1W&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Jianguo+G.&rft.au=Shi%2C+Chunhai&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Xiaoming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cendrowski_2013-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cendrowski_2013_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCendrowski2013" class="citation web cs1">Cendrowski, Scott (July 25, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fortune.com/2013/07/25/the-rice-rush/">"The Rice Rush"</a>. <i>Fortune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fortune&rft.atitle=The+Rice+Rush&rft.date=2013-07-25&rft.aulast=Cendrowski&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2F2013%2F07%2F25%2Fthe-rice-rush%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilkoti2012" class="citation news cs1">Chilkoti, A. (October 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120052047/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/10/30/india-and-the-price-of-rice/#axzz2d3SGzLpN">"India and the Price of Rice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/10/30/india-and-the-price-of-rice/#axzz2d3SGzLpN">the original</a> on January 20, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=India+and+the+Price+of+Rice&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft.aulast=Chilkoti&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ft.com%2Fbeyond-brics%2F2012%2F10%2F30%2Findia-and-the-price-of-rice%2F%23axzz2d3SGzLpN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grain_Central-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grain_Central_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.graincentral.com/cropping/global-rice-consumption-continues-to-grow/">"Global rice consumption continues to grow"</a>. Grain Central. March 26, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+rice+consumption+continues+to+grow&rft.pub=Grain+Central&rft.date=2018-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.graincentral.com%2Fcropping%2Fglobal-rice-consumption-continues-to-grow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usda-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-usda_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/rice/rice-sector-at-a-glance/#Global">"Rice Sector at a Glance"</a>. Economic Research Service, <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Agriculture">US Department of Agriculture</a>. September 27, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rice+Sector+at+a+Glance&rft.pub=Economic+Research+Service%2C+US+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ers.usda.gov%2Ftopics%2Fcrops%2Frice%2Frice-sector-at-a-glance%2F%23Global&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FDADailyValues-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FDADailyValues_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Food_and_Drug_Administration2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">United States Food and Drug Administration</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">"Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"</a>. <i>FDA</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels">Archived</a> from the original on March 27, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDA&rft.atitle=Daily+Value+on+the+Nutrition+and+Supplement+Facts+Labels&rft.date=2024&rft.au=United+States+Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Ffood%2Fnutrition-facts-label%2Fdaily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NationalAcademiesPotassium-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NationalAcademiesPotassium_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_MedicineHealth_and_Medicine_DivisionFood_and_Nutrition_BoardCommittee_to_Review_the_Dietary_Reference_Intakes_for_Sodium_and_Potassium2019" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/"><i>Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium</i></a>. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1"><bdi>978-0-309-48834-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154">30844154</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240509063633/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/">Archived</a> from the original on May 9, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.series=The+National+Academies+Collection%3A+Reports+funded+by+National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.pub=National+Academies+Press+%28US%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30844154&rft.isbn=978-0-309-48834-1&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft.au=Health+and+Medicine+Division&rft.au=Food+and+Nutrition+Board&rft.au=Committee+to+Review+the+Dietary+Reference+Intakes+for+Sodium+and+Potassium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK538102%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rice_Association-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rice_Association_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riceassociation.org.uk/types-of-rice">"Types of rice"</a>. The Rice Association<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 24,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Types+of+rice&rft.pub=The+Rice+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riceassociation.org.uk%2Ftypes-of-rice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDA_FoodData_Central-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USDA_FoodData_Central_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/168930/nutrients">"FoodData Central: Rice, white, medium-grain, cooked, unenriched"</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Agriculture">US Department of Agriculture</a>. April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FoodData+Central%3A+Rice%2C+white%2C+medium-grain%2C+cooked%2C+unenriched&rft.pub=US+Department+of+Agriculture&rft.date=2018-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdc.nal.usda.gov%2Ffdc-app.html%23%2Ffood-details%2F168930%2Fnutrients&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whoguide-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whoguide_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._M.J._P.A.R.2018" class="citation book cs1">L. M., De-Regil; J. P., Peña-Rosas; A., Laillou; R., Moench-Pfanner; L. A., Mejia; et al. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK531762/"><i>Guideline: Fortification of Rice with Vitamins and Minerals as a Public Health Strategy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-155029-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-155029-1"><bdi>978-92-4-155029-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30307723">30307723</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guideline%3A+Fortification+of+Rice+with+Vitamins+and+Minerals+as+a+Public+Health+Strategy&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30307723&rft.isbn=978-92-4-155029-1&rft.aulast=L.+M.&rft.aufirst=De-Regil&rft.au=J.+P.%2C+Pe%C3%B1a-Rosas&rft.au=A.%2C+Laillou&rft.au=R.%2C+Moench-Pfanner&rft.au=L.+A.%2C+Mejia&rft.au=A.+M.%2C+Bower&rft.au=S.%2C+de+Pee&rft.au=L.+M.%2C+De-Regil&rft.au=P.+S.%2C+Suchdev&rft.au=G.+E.%2C+Vist&rft.au=S.%2C+Walleser&rft.au=J.+P.%2C+Pe%C3%B1a-Rosas&rft.au=N.+B.%2C+Piccoli&rft.au=N.%2C+Grede&rft.au=S.%2C+de+Pee&rft.au=A.%2C+Singhkumarwong&rft.au=E.%2C+Roks&rft.au=R.%2C+Moench-Pfanner&rft.au=M.+W.%2C+Bloem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK531762%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golden_Rice-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Golden_Rice_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goldenrice.org/Content3-Why/why3_FAQ.php#Solution">"Golden Rice Q&A"</a>. Golden Rice Project<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+Rice+Q%26A&rft.pub=Golden+Rice+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goldenrice.org%2FContent3-Why%2Fwhy3_FAQ.php%23Solution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ye_Al-Babili_Klöti_Zhang_2000_pp._303–305-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ye_Al-Babili_Klöti_Zhang_2000_pp._303–305_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeAl-BabiliKlötiZhang2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ye, Xudong; Al-Babili, Salim; Klöti, Andreas; Zhang, Jing; Lucca, Paola; et al. (January 14, 2000). "Engineering the Provitamin A (β-Carotene) Biosynthetic Pathway into (Carotenoid-Free) Rice Endosperm". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>287</b> (5451): 303–305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...287..303Y">2000Sci...287..303Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.287.5451.303">10.1126/science.287.5451.303</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10634784">10634784</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40258379">40258379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Engineering+the+Provitamin+A+%28%CE%B2-Carotene%29+Biosynthetic+Pathway+into+%28Carotenoid-Free%29+Rice+Endosperm&rft.volume=287&rft.issue=5451&rft.pages=303-305&rft.date=2000-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.287.5451.303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40258379%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10634784&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...287..303Y&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Xudong&rft.au=Al-Babili%2C+Salim&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ti%2C+Andreas&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Jing&rft.au=Lucca%2C+Paola&rft.au=Beyer%2C+Peter&rft.au=Potrykus%2C+Ingo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lynas-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lynas_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynas2013" class="citation web cs1">Lynas, Mark (August 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://slate.com/technology/2013/08/golden-rice-attack-in-philippines-anti-gmo-activists-lie-about-protest-and-safety.html">"Anti-GMO Activists Lie About Attack on Rice Crop (and About So Many Other Things)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate Magazine</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slate+Magazine&rft.atitle=Anti-GMO+Activists+Lie+About+Attack+on+Rice+Crop+%28and+About+So+Many+Other+Things%29&rft.date=2013-08-26&rft.aulast=Lynas&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fslate.com%2Ftechnology%2F2013%2F08%2Fgolden-rice-attack-in-philippines-anti-gmo-activists-lie-about-protest-and-safety.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts_2018-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_2018_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2018" class="citation journal cs1">Roberts, Richard J. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jik.2017.12.006">"The Nobel Laureates' Campaign Supporting GMOs"</a>. <i>Journal of Innovation & Knowledge</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 61–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jik.2017.12.006">10.1016/j.jik.2017.12.006</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Innovation+%26+Knowledge&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Laureates%27+Campaign+Supporting+GMOs&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61-65&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jik.2017.12.006&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jik.2017.12.006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://climatetrace.org/sectors">"Sectors: Rice cultivation"</a>. <i>climatetrace.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climatetrace.org&rft.atitle=Sectors%3A+Rice+cultivation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fclimatetrace.org%2Fsectors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQianZhuHuangLinquist2023" class="citation journal cs1">Qian, Haoyu; Zhu, Xiangchen; Huang, Shan; Linquist, Bruce; Kuzyakov, Yakov; et al. (October 2023). "Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation in rice agriculture". <i>Nature Reviews Earth & Environment</i>. <b>4</b> (10): 716–732. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NRvEE...4..716Q">2023NRvEE...4..716Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43017-023-00482-1">10.1038/s43017-023-00482-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12327%2F2431">20.500.12327/2431</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263197017">263197017</a>. <q>Rice paddies …. account for ~48% of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from croplands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Earth+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Greenhouse+gas+emissions+and+mitigation+in+rice+agriculture&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=716-732&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12327%2F2431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263197017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43017-023-00482-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NRvEE...4..716Q&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Haoyu&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xiangchen&rft.au=Huang%2C+Shan&rft.au=Linquist%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Kuzyakov%2C+Yakov&rft.au=Wassmann%2C+Reiner&rft.au=Minamikawa%2C+Kazunori&rft.au=Martinez-Eixarch%2C+Maite&rft.au=Yan%2C+Xiaoyuan&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Feng&rft.au=Sander%2C+Bjoern+Ole&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Weijian&rft.au=Shang%2C+Ziyin&rft.au=Zou%2C+Jianwen&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Xunhua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuptaKumarBaruahHazarika2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gupta, Khushboo; Kumar, Raushan; Baruah, Kushal Kumar; Hazarika, Samarendra; Karmakar, Susmita; Bordoloi, Nirmali (June 2021). "Greenhouse gas emission from rice fields: a review from Indian context". <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research International</i>. <b>28</b> (24): 30551–30572. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ESPR...2830551G">2021ESPR...2830551G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-021-13935-1">10.1007/s11356-021-13935-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33905059">33905059</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:233403787">233403787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research+International&rft.atitle=Greenhouse+gas+emission+from+rice+fields%3A+a+review+from+Indian+context&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=30551-30572&rft.date=2021-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-021-13935-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A233403787%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33905059&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021ESPR...2830551G&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Khushboo&rft.au=Kumar%2C+Raushan&rft.au=Baruah%2C+Kushal+Kumar&rft.au=Hazarika%2C+Samarendra&rft.au=Karmakar%2C+Susmita&rft.au=Bordoloi%2C+Nirmali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-heinz-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-heinz_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeue1993" class="citation journal cs1">Neue, Heinz-Ulrich (1993). "Methane Emission from Rice Fields". <i>BioScience</i>. <b>43</b> (7): 466–474. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1311906">10.2307/1311906</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1311906">1311906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=Methane+Emission+from+Rice+Fields&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=466-474&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1311906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1311906%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Neue&rft.aufirst=Heinz-Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qian_Zhu_Huang_2023-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qian_Zhu_Huang_2023_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQianZhuHuangLinquist2023" class="citation journal cs1">Qian, Haoyu; Zhu, Xiangchen; Huang, Shan; Linquist, Bruce; Kuzyakov, Yakov; et al. (October 2023). "Greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation in rice agriculture". <i>Nature Reviews Earth & Environment</i>. <b>4</b> (10): 716–732. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023NRvEE...4..716Q">2023NRvEE...4..716Q</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs43017-023-00482-1">10.1038/s43017-023-00482-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12327%2F2431">20.500.12327/2431</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263197017">263197017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews+Earth+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Greenhouse+gas+emissions+and+mitigation+in+rice+agriculture&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=716-732&rft.date=2023-10&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.12327%2F2431&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263197017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs43017-023-00482-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023NRvEE...4..716Q&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Haoyu&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xiangchen&rft.au=Huang%2C+Shan&rft.au=Linquist%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Kuzyakov%2C+Yakov&rft.au=Wassmann%2C+Reiner&rft.au=Minamikawa%2C+Kazunori&rft.au=Martinez-Eixarch%2C+Maite&rft.au=Yan%2C+Xiaoyuan&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Feng&rft.au=Sander%2C+Bjoern+Ole&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Weijian&rft.au=Shang%2C+Ziyin&rft.au=Zou%2C+Jianwen&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Xunhua&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSearchingerAdhya2014" class="citation web cs1">Searchinger, Tim; Adhya, Tapan K. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wri.org/research/wetting-and-drying-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-saving-water-rice-production">"Wetting and Drying: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Saving Water from Rice Production"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Resources_Institute" title="World Resources Institute">World Resources Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wetting+and+Drying%3A+Reducing+Greenhouse+Gas+Emissions+and+Saving+Water+from+Rice+Production&rft.pub=World+Resources+Institute&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Searchinger&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Adhya%2C+Tapan+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wri.org%2Fresearch%2Fwetting-and-drying-reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-and-saving-water-rice-production&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhaoLiuPiaoWang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Zhao, Chuang; Liu, Bing; Piao, Shilong; Wang, Xuhui; Lobell, David B.; et al. (August 29, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5584412">"Temperature increase reduces global yields of major crops in four independent estimates"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a></i>. <b>114</b> (35): 9326–9331. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114.9326Z">2017PNAS..114.9326Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1701762114">10.1073/pnas.1701762114</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5584412">5584412</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28811375">28811375</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Temperature+increase+reduces+global+yields+of+major+crops+in+four+independent+estimates&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=9326-9331&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5584412%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28811375&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1701762114&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114.9326Z&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Chuang&rft.au=Liu%2C+Bing&rft.au=Piao%2C+Shilong&rft.au=Wang%2C+Xuhui&rft.au=Lobell%2C+David+B.&rft.au=Huang%2C+Yao&rft.au=Huang%2C+Mengtian&rft.au=Yao%2C+Yitong&rft.au=Bassu%2C+Simona&rft.au=Ciais%2C+Philippe&rft.au=Durand%2C+Jean-Louis&rft.au=Elliott%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Ewert%2C+Frank&rft.au=Janssens%2C+Ivan+A.&rft.au=Li%2C+Tao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5584412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIizumiFuruyaShenKim2017" class="citation journal cs1">Iizumi, Toshichika; Furuya, Jun; Shen, Zhihong; Kim, Wonsik; Okada, Masashi; et al. (August 10, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5552729">"Responses of crop yield growth to global temperature and socioeconomic changes"</a>. <i>Scientific Reports</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 7800. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017NatSR...7.7800I">2017NatSR...7.7800I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-017-08214-4">10.1038/s41598-017-08214-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5552729">5552729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28798370">28798370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Responses+of+crop+yield+growth+to+global+temperature+and+socioeconomic+changes&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=7800&rft.date=2017-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5552729%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28798370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-017-08214-4&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017NatSR...7.7800I&rft.aulast=Iizumi&rft.aufirst=Toshichika&rft.au=Furuya%2C+Jun&rft.au=Shen%2C+Zhihong&rft.au=Kim%2C+Wonsik&rft.au=Okada%2C+Masashi&rft.au=Fujimori%2C+Shinichiro&rft.au=Hasegawa%2C+Tomoko&rft.au=Nishimori%2C+Motoki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5552729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welch_Vincent_Auffhammer_Moya_2010-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Welch_Vincent_Auffhammer_Moya_2010_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelchVincentAuffhammerMoya2010" class="citation journal cs1">Welch, Jarrod R.; Vincent, Jeffrey R.; Auffhammer, Maximilian; Moya, Piedad F.; Dobermann, Achim; Dawe, David (August 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930450">"Rice yields in tropical/subtropical Asia exhibit large but opposing sensitivities to minimum and maximum temperatures"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>107</b> (33): 14562–14567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1001222107">10.1073/pnas.1001222107</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930450">2930450</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20696908">20696908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Rice+yields+in+tropical%2Fsubtropical+Asia+exhibit+large+but+opposing+sensitivities+to+minimum+and+maximum+temperatures&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=33&rft.pages=14562-14567&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2930450%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20696908&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1001222107&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Jarrod+R.&rft.au=Vincent%2C+Jeffrey+R.&rft.au=Auffhammer%2C+Maximilian&rft.au=Moya%2C+Piedad+F.&rft.au=Dobermann%2C+Achim&rft.au=Dawe%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2930450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_2010-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Black_2010_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2010" class="citation web cs1">Black, R. (August 9, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180405034821/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10918591">"Rice yields falling under global warming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>: Science & Environment</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10918591">the original</a> on April 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News%3A+Science+%26+Environment&rft.atitle=Rice+yields+falling+under+global+warming&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fscience-environment-10918591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_2016-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_2016_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2016" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, S.K. (2016). "Climate Change: Impact on Indian Agriculture & its Mitigation". <i>Journal of Basic and Applied Engineering Research</i>. <b>3</b> (10): 857–859.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Basic+and+Applied+Engineering+Research&rft.atitle=Climate+Change%3A+Impact+on+Indian+Agriculture+%26+its+Mitigation&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=857-859&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=S.K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rao_Patil_2017-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rao_Patil_2017_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaoPatil2017" class="citation book cs1">Rao, Prakash; Patil, Y. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=st52DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA330"><i>Reconsidering the Impact of Climate Change on Global Water Supply, Use, and Management</i></a>. IGI Global. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5225-1047-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5225-1047-5"><bdi>978-1-5225-1047-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconsidering+the+Impact+of+Climate+Change+on+Global+Water+Supply%2C+Use%2C+and+Management&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=IGI+Global&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-5225-1047-5&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Prakash&rft.au=Patil%2C+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dst52DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spaggiari_2024-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spaggiari_2024_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaggiari2024" class="citation news cs1">Spaggiari, Ottavia (February 29, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/feb/29/risotto-crisis-the-fight-to-save-italys-beloved-dish-from-extinction-aoe">"Risotto crisis: the fight to save Italy's beloved dish from extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Risotto+crisis%3A+the+fight+to+save+Italy%27s+beloved+dish+from+extinction&rft.date=2024-02-29&rft.aulast=Spaggiari&rft.aufirst=Ottavia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F29%2Frisotto-crisis-the-fight-to-save-italys-beloved-dish-from-extinction-aoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_Pests_and_diseases-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_Pests_and_diseases_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management">"Pests and diseases management"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pests+and+diseases+management&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2Ftraining%2Ffact-sheets%2Fpest-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI_Insects-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI_Insects_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/insects">"Insects"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 4,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Insects&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2Ftraining%2Ffact-sheets%2Fpest-management%2Finsects&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahn_Almazan_2005-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jahn_Almazan_2005_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahnAlmazanPacia2005" class="citation journal cs1">Jahn, Gary C.; Almazan, Liberty P.; Pacia, Jocelyn B. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1603%2F0046-225X-34.4.938">"Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on the Intrinsic Rate of Increase of <i>Hysteroneura setariae</i> (Thomas) (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Environmental_Entomology" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Entomology">Environmental Entomology</a></i>. <b>34</b> (4): 938. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1603%2F0046-225X-34.4.938">10.1603/0046-225X-34.4.938</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1941852">1941852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Entomology&rft.atitle=Effect+of+Nitrogen+Fertilizer+on+the+Intrinsic+Rate+of+Increase+of+Hysteroneura+setariae+%28Thomas%29+%28Homoptera%3A+Aphididae%29+on+Rice+%28Oryza+sativa+L.%29&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=938&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1603%2F0046-225X-34.4.938&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1941852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jahn&rft.aufirst=Gary+C.&rft.au=Almazan%2C+Liberty+P.&rft.au=Pacia%2C+Jocelyn+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1603%252F0046-225X-34.4.938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouangbouphaKhamphoukeoInthavongSchiller2006" class="citation book cs1">Douangboupha, B.; Khamphoukeo, K.; Inthavong, S.; Schiller, J.M.; Jahn, G.C. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403052249/http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/756/Rice%20In%20Laos%20chapter%2016-25.pdf">"Chapter 17: Pests and diseases of the rice production systems of Laos"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Schiller, J.M.; Chanphengxay, M.B.; Linquist, B.; Rao, S.A. (eds.). <i>Rice in Laos</i>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Ba%C3%B1os,_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Baños, Philippines">Los Baños, Philippines</a>: <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>. pp. 265–281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-22-0211-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-22-0211-7"><bdi>978-971-22-0211-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/756/Rice%20In%20Laos%20chapter%2016-25.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 3, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+17%3A+Pests+and+diseases+of+the+rice+production+systems+of+Laos&rft.btitle=Rice+in+Laos&rft.place=Los+Ba%C3%B1os%2C+Philippines&rft.pages=265-281&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-971-22-0211-7&rft.aulast=Douangboupha&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Khamphoukeo%2C+K.&rft.au=Inthavong%2C+S.&rft.au=Schiller%2C+J.M.&rft.au=Jahn%2C+G.C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faciar.gov.au%2Ffiles%2Fnode%2F756%2FRice%2520In%2520Laos%2520chapter%252016-25.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean_Talbot_Ebbole_2005-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dean_Talbot_Ebbole_2005_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanTalbotEbboleFarman2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dean, Ralph A.; Talbot, Nicholas J.; Ebbole, Daniel J.; et al. (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03449">"The genome sequence of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>434</b> (7036): 980–986. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.434..980D">2005Natur.434..980D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03449">10.1038/nature03449</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15846337">15846337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+genome+sequence+of+the+rice+blast+fungus+Magnaporthe+grisea&rft.volume=434&rft.issue=7036&rft.pages=980-986&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15846337&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03449&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.434..980D&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Ralph+A.&rft.au=Talbot%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Ebbole%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Farman%2C+Mark+L.&rft.au=Mitchell%2C+Thomas+K.&rft.au=Orbach%2C+Marc+J.&rft.au=Thon%2C+Michael&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+Resham&rft.au=Xu%2C+Jin-Rong&rft.au=Pan%2C+Huaqin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fnature03449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liu_Liu_Triplett_Leach_2014-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_Liu_Triplett_Leach_2014_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liu_Liu_Triplett_Leach_2014_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuLiuTriplettLeach2014" class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Wende; Liu, Jinling; Triplett, Lindsay; Leach, Jan E.; Wang, Guo-Liang (August 4, 2014). "Novel Insights into Rice Innate Immunity Against Bacterial and Fungal Pathogens". <i>Annual Review of Phytopathology</i>. <b>52</b> (1): 213–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-phyto-102313-045926">10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24906128">24906128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Novel+Insights+into+Rice+Innate+Immunity+Against+Bacterial+and+Fungal+Pathogens&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=213-241&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-phyto-102313-045926&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24906128&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Wende&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jinling&rft.au=Triplett%2C+Lindsay&rft.au=Leach%2C+Jan+E.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Guo-Liang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibino-1996-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hibino-1996_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibino1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hibino, H. (1996). "Biology and epidemiology of rice viruses". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Phytopathology" title="Annual Review of Phytopathology">Annual Review of Phytopathology</a></i>. <b>34</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: 249–274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.phyto.34.1.249">10.1146/annurev.phyto.34.1.249</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15012543">15012543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Biology+and+epidemiology+of+rice+viruses&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=249-274&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.phyto.34.1.249&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15012543&rft.aulast=Hibino&rft.aufirst=H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahn_Khiev_Pol_2001-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jahn_Khiev_Pol_2001_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahnKhiev,_B.Pol,_C.Chhorn,_N.2001" class="citation book cs1">Jahn, Gary C.; Khiev, B.; Pol, C.; Chhorn, N.; Pheng, S.; Preap, V. (2001). "Developing sustainable pest management for rice in Cambodia". In Suthipradit, S.; Kuntha, C.; Lorlowhakarn, S.; Rakngan, J. (eds.). <i>Sustainable Agriculture: Possibility and Direction</i>. Bangkok (Thailand): National Science and Technology Development Agency. pp. 243–258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Developing+sustainable+pest+management+for+rice+in+Cambodia&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Agriculture%3A+Possibility+and+Direction&rft.place=Bangkok+%28Thailand%29&rft.pages=243-258&rft.pub=National+Science+and+Technology+Development+Agency&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jahn&rft.aufirst=Gary+C.&rft.au=Khiev%2C+B.&rft.au=Pol%2C+C.&rft.au=Chhorn%2C+N.&rft.au=Pheng%2C+S.&rft.au=Preap%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savary_Horgan_Willocquet_2012-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Savary_Horgan_Willocquet_2012_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavaryHorganWillocquetHeong2012" class="citation journal cs1">Savary, S.; Horgan, F.; Willocquet, L.; Heong (2012). "A review of principles for sustainable pest management in rice". <i>Crop Protection</i>. <b>32</b>: 54. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012CrPro..32...54S">2012CrPro..32...54S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cropro.2011.10.012">10.1016/j.cropro.2011.10.012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Crop+Protection&rft.atitle=A+review+of+principles+for+sustainable+pest+management+in+rice&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=54&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cropro.2011.10.012&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012CrPro..32...54S&rft.aulast=Savary&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Horgan%2C+F.&rft.au=Willocquet%2C+L.&rft.au=Heong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080126115934/http://www.scidev.net/Features/index.cfm?fuseaction=readfeatures&itemid=306&language=1">"Bangladeshi farmers banish insecticides"</a>. <i>SCIDEV.net</i>. July 30, 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scidev.net/Features/index.cfm?fuseaction=readfeatures&itemid=306&language=1">the original</a> on January 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SCIDEV.net&rft.atitle=Bangladeshi+farmers+banish+insecticides&rft.date=2004-07-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scidev.net%2FFeatures%2Findex.cfm%3Ffuseaction%3Dreadfeatures%26itemid%3D306%26language%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wu_Ge_Liu_Song_2020-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wu_Ge_Liu_Song_2020_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuGeLiuSong2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wu, Jincai; Ge, Linquan; Liu, Fang; Song, Qisheng; Stanley, David (January 7, 2020). "Pesticide-Induced Planthopper Population Resurgence in Rice Cropping Systems". <i>Annual Review of Entomology</i>. <b>65</b> (1): 409–429. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-011019-025215">10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-025215</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31610135">31610135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:204702698">204702698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Entomology&rft.atitle=Pesticide-Induced+Planthopper+Population+Resurgence+in+Rice+Cropping+Systems&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=409-429&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A204702698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31610135&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-ento-011019-025215&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Jincai&rft.au=Ge%2C+Linquan&rft.au=Liu%2C+Fang&rft.au=Song%2C+Qisheng&rft.au=Stanley%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton_2008-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_2008_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2008" class="citation web cs1">Hamilton, Henry Sackville (January 18, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119053923/http://irri.org/knowledge/publications/rice-today/special-reports/science-shorts/the-pesticide-paradox">"The pesticide paradox"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/knowledge/publications/rice-today/special-reports/science-shorts/the-pesticide-paradox">the original</a> on January 19, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+pesticide+paradox&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.date=2008-01-18&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Henry+Sackville&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firri.org%2Fknowledge%2Fpublications%2Frice-today%2Fspecial-reports%2Fscience-shorts%2Fthe-pesticide-paradox&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bezemer_2022-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bezemer_2022_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezemer2022" class="citation web cs1">Bezemer, Marjolein (October 23, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.renature.co/articles/mixed-farming-increase-rice-yield/">"Mixed farming increases rice yield"</a>. <i>reNature Foundation</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191011124422/https://renaturefoundation.nl/2018/12/12/mixed-farming-increase-rice-yield/">Archived</a> from the original on October 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reNature+Foundation&rft.atitle=Mixed+farming+increases+rice+yield&rft.date=2022-10-23&rft.aulast=Bezemer&rft.aufirst=Marjolein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.renature.co%2Farticles%2Fmixed-farming-increase-rice-yield%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cagauan_Branckaert_Van_Hove_2000-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cagauan_Branckaert_Van_Hove_2000_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCagauanBranckaertVan_Hove2000" class="citation journal cs1">Cagauan, A. G.; Branckaert, R. D.; Van Hove, C. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aquadocs.org/bitstream/handle/1834/25720/na_2359.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"Integrating fish and azolla into rice-duck farming in Asia"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Naga (ICLARM Quarterly)</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 4–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naga+%28ICLARM+Quarterly%29&rft.atitle=Integrating+fish+and+azolla+into+rice-duck+farming+in+Asia&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4-10&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Cagauan&rft.aufirst=A.+G.&rft.au=Branckaert%2C+R.+D.&rft.au=Van+Hove%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faquadocs.org%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1834%2F25720%2Fna_2359.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xin_Yu_Erb_2012-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xin_Yu_Erb_2012_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXinYuErbTurlings2012" class="citation journal cs1">Xin, Zhaojun; Yu, Zhaonan; Erb, Matthias; Turlings, Ted C. J.; Wang, Baohui; et al. (April 2012). "The broad-leaf herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid turns rice into a living trap for a major insect pest and a parasitic wasp". <i>The New Phytologist</i>. <b>194</b> (2): 498–510. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2012.04057.x">10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04057.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22313362">22313362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Phytologist&rft.atitle=The+broad-leaf+herbicide+2%2C4-dichlorophenoxyacetic+acid+turns+rice+into+a+living+trap+for+a+major+insect+pest+and+a+parasitic+wasp&rft.volume=194&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=498-510&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-8137.2012.04057.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22313362&rft.aulast=Xin&rft.aufirst=Zhaojun&rft.au=Yu%2C+Zhaonan&rft.au=Erb%2C+Matthias&rft.au=Turlings%2C+Ted+C.+J.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Baohui&rft.au=Qi%2C+Jinfeng&rft.au=Liu%2C+Shengning&rft.au=Lou%2C+Yonggen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheng_Shi_Jiang_2012-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cheng_Shi_Jiang_2012_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChengShiJiangGe2012" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Yao; Shi, Zhao-Peng; Jiang, Li-Ben; Ge, Lin-Quan; Wu, Jin-Cai; Jahn, Gary C. (March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334832">"Possible connection between imidacloprid-induced changes in rice gene transcription profiles and susceptibility to the brown plant hopper Nilaparvatalugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)"</a>. <i>Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology</i>. <b>102</b> (3): 213–219. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PBioP.102..213C">2012PBioP.102..213C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pestbp.2012.01.003">10.1016/j.pestbp.2012.01.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3334832">3334832</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22544984">22544984</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pesticide+Biochemistry+and+Physiology&rft.atitle=Possible+connection+between+imidacloprid-induced+changes+in+rice+gene+transcription+profiles+and+susceptibility+to+the+brown+plant+hopper+Nilaparvatalugens+St%C3%A5l+%28Hemiptera%3A+Delphacidae%29&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=213-219&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3334832%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22544984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pestbp.2012.01.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PBioP.102..213C&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Yao&rft.au=Shi%2C+Zhao-Peng&rft.au=Jiang%2C+Li-Ben&rft.au=Ge%2C+Lin-Quan&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jin-Cai&rft.au=Jahn%2C+Gary+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3334832&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Makkar_Bhatia_Suri_Kaur_2019-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Makkar_Bhatia_Suri_Kaur_2019_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakkarBhatiaSuriKaur2019" class="citation journal cs1">Makkar, Gurpreet Singh; Bhatia, Dharminder; Suri, K.S.; Kaur, Simranjeet (2019). "Insect resistance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.): overview on current breeding interventions". <i>International Journal of Tropical Insect Science</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 259–272. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42690-019-00038-1">10.1007/s42690-019-00038-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:202011174">202011174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Tropical+Insect+Science&rft.atitle=Insect+resistance+in+Rice+%28Oryza+sativa+L.%29%3A+overview+on+current+breeding+interventions&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=259-272&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs42690-019-00038-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A202011174%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Makkar&rft.aufirst=Gurpreet+Singh&rft.au=Bhatia%2C+Dharminder&rft.au=Suri%2C+K.S.&rft.au=Kaur%2C+Simranjeet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121023054703/http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=9960&lang=en">"The International Rice Genebank – conserving rice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=9960&lang=en">the original</a> on October 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+International+Rice+Genebank+%E2%80%93+conserving+rice&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firri.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_k2%26view%3Ditem%26id%3D9960%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Jackson, M. T. (September 1997). "Conservation of rice genetic resources: the role of the International Rice Genebank at IRRI". <i><a href="/wiki/Plant_Molecular_Biology" title="Plant Molecular Biology">Plant Molecular Biology</a></i>. <b>35</b> (1–2): 61–67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1005709332130">10.1023/A:1005709332130</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9291960">9291960</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3360337">3360337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Plant+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Conservation+of+rice+genetic+resources%3A+the+role+of+the+International+Rice+Genebank+at+IRRI&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=61-67&rft.date=1997-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3360337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9291960&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1005709332130&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=M.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sattaka_2016-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sattaka_2016_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSattaka2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sattaka, Patcha (December 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://so03.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/mekongjournal/article/view/73311">"Geographical Distribution of Glutinous Rice in the Greater Mekong Sub-region"</a>. <i>Journal of Mekong Societies</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 27–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mekong+Societies&rft.atitle=Geographical+Distribution+of+Glutinous+Rice+in+the+Greater+Mekong+Sub-region&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=27-48&rft.date=2016-12-27&rft.aulast=Sattaka&rft.aufirst=Patcha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fso03.tci-thaijo.org%2Findex.php%2Fmekongjournal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F73311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031204153208/http://www.warda.cgiar.org/publications/NERICA8.pdf">"NERICA: Rice for Life"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Africa_Rice_Center" title="Africa Rice Center">Africa Rice Center</a> (WARDA). 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.warda.cgiar.org/publications/NERICA8.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 4, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NERICA%3A+Rice+for+Life&rft.pub=Africa+Rice+Center+%28WARDA%29&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warda.cgiar.org%2Fpublications%2FNERICA8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillis_2005-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gillis_2005_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGillis2005" class="citation news cs1">Gillis, J. (August 11, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/10/AR2005081001054.html">"Rice Genome Fully Mapped"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330212346/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/10/AR2005081001054.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rice+Genome+Fully+Mapped&rft.date=2005-08-11&rft.aulast=Gillis&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F08%2F10%2FAR2005081001054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShangLiHeYuan2022" class="citation journal cs1">Shang, Lianguang; Li, Xiaoxia; He, Huiying; Yuan, Qiaoling; Song, Yanni; et al. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9525306">"A super pan-genomic landscape of rice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cell_Research" title="Cell Research">Cell Research</a></i>. <b>32</b> (10): 878–896. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41422-022-00685-z">10.1038/s41422-022-00685-z</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9525306">9525306</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35821092">35821092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell+Research&rft.atitle=A+super+pan-genomic+landscape+of+rice&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=878-896&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9525306%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35821092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41422-022-00685-z&rft.aulast=Shang&rft.aufirst=Lianguang&rft.au=Li%2C+Xiaoxia&rft.au=He%2C+Huiying&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Qiaoling&rft.au=Song%2C+Yanni&rft.au=Wei%2C+Zhaoran&rft.au=Lin%2C+Hai&rft.au=Hu%2C+Min&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Fengli&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Chao&rft.au=Li%2C+Yuhua&rft.au=Gao%2C+Hongsheng&rft.au=Wang%2C+Tianyi&rft.au=Liu%2C+Xiangpei&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Hong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9525306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hettel_2016-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hettel_2016_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hettel_2016_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHettel2016" class="citation web cs1">Hettel, Gene (November 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricetoday.irri.org/ir8-a-rice-variety-for-the-ages/">"IR8—a rice variety for the ages"</a>. <i>Rice Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rice+Today&rft.atitle=IR8%E2%80%94a+rice+variety+for+the+ages&rft.date=2016-11-18&rft.aulast=Hettel&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricetoday.irri.org%2Fir8-a-rice-variety-for-the-ages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarris2007" class="citation journal cs1">Marris, E. (May 18, 2007). "Rice with human proteins to take root in Kansas". <i>Nature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews070514-17">10.1038/news070514-17</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84688423">84688423</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Rice+with+human+proteins+to+take+root+in+Kansas&rft.date=2007-05-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews070514-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84688423%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marris&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethellHuang2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bethell, D.R.; Huang, J. (June 2004). "Recombinant human lactoferrin treatment for global health issues: iron deficiency and acute diarrhea". <i>Biometals</i>. <b>17</b> (3): 337–342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FB%3ABIOM.0000027714.56331.b8">10.1023/B:BIOM.0000027714.56331.b8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15222487">15222487</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3106602">3106602</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biometals&rft.atitle=Recombinant+human+lactoferrin+treatment+for+global+health+issues%3A+iron+deficiency+and+acute+diarrhea&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=337-342&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3106602%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15222487&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FB%3ABIOM.0000027714.56331.b8&rft.aulast=Bethell&rft.aufirst=D.R.&rft.au=Huang%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Debrata-2012-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Debrata-2012_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Debrata-2012_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebrataSarkar2012" class="citation journal cs1">Debrata, Panda; Sarkar, Ramani Kumar (2012). "Role of Non-Structural Carbohydrate and its Catabolism Associated with Sub 1 QTL in Rice Subjected to Complete Submergence". <i>Experimental Agriculture</i>. <b>48</b> (4): 502–512. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0014479712000397">10.1017/S0014479712000397</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86192842">86192842</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Experimental+Agriculture&rft.atitle=Role+of+Non-Structural+Carbohydrate+and+its+Catabolism+Associated+with+Sub+1+QTL+in+Rice+Subjected+to+Complete+Submergence&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=502-512&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0014479712000397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A86192842%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Debrata&rft.aufirst=Panda&rft.au=Sarkar%2C+Ramani+Kumar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI-2012-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRRI-2012_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121028234824/http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=9148&lang=en">"Climate change-ready rice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=9148&lang=en">the original</a> on October 28, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+change-ready+rice&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firri.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_k2%26view%3Ditem%26id%3D9148%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGautam2017" class="citation web cs1">Gautam, Priyanka; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://krishi.icar.gov.in/jspui/bitstream/123456789/8940/1/Research%20Bulletin-13.pdf">"Nutrient Management for Enhancing Submergence Tolerance in Rice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cuttack, Odisha, India: National Rice Research Institute. p. 3. <q>NRRI Research Bulletin No. 13</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nutrient+Management+for+Enhancing+Submergence+Tolerance+in+Rice&rft.place=Cuttack%2C+Odisha%2C+India&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=National+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Gautam&rft.aufirst=Priyanka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkrishi.icar.gov.in%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F8940%2F1%2FResearch%2520Bulletin-13.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Emerick_Ronald_2019-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Emerick_Ronald_2019_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmerickRonald2019" class="citation journal cs1">Emerick, Kyle; Ronald, Pamela C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6886445">"Sub1 Rice: Engineering Rice for Climate Change"</a>. <i>Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology</i>. <b>11</b> (12): a034637. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a034637">10.1101/cshperspect.a034637</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6886445">6886445</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31182543">31182543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Perspectives+in+Biology&rft.atitle=Sub1+Rice%3A+Engineering+Rice+for+Climate+Change&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=a034637&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6886445%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31182543&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a034637&rft.aulast=Emerick&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rft.au=Ronald%2C+Pamela+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6886445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-irri.org-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-irri.org_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-irri.org_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101131821/http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=9952%3Adrought-submergence-an">"Drought, submergence and salinity management"</a>. <i>International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=9952:drought-submergence-an">the original</a> on November 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Rice+Research+Institute+%28IRRI%29&rft.atitle=Drought%2C+submergence+and+salinity+management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firri.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_k2%26view%3Ditem%26id%3D9952%3Adrought-submergence-an&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI-2014-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRRI-2014_102-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRRI-2014_102-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314033307/http://irri.org/our-work/research/better-rice-varieties/climate-change-ready-rice">"Climate change-ready rice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> (IRRI). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/our-work/research/better-rice-varieties/climate-change-ready-rice">the original</a> on March 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate+change-ready+rice&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute+%28IRRI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firri.org%2Four-work%2Fresearch%2Fbetter-rice-varieties%2Fclimate-change-ready-rice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer-2013-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-2013_103-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-2013_103-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer-2013_103-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2013" class="citation web cs1">Palmer, Neil (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103182251/http://www.ciatnews.cgiar.org/2013/08/06/newly-discovered-rice-gene-goes-to-the-root-of-drought-resistance/">"Newly-discovered rice gene goes to the root of drought resistance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Center_for_Tropical_Agriculture" title="International Center for Tropical Agriculture">International Center for Tropical Agriculture</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciatnews.cgiar.org/2013/08/06/newly-discovered-rice-gene-goes-to-the-root-of-drought-resistance/">the original</a> on November 3, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Newly-discovered+rice+gene+goes+to+the+root+of+drought+resistance&rft.pub=International+Center+for+Tropical+Agriculture&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ciatnews.cgiar.org%2F2013%2F08%2F06%2Fnewly-discovered-rice-gene-goes-to-the-root-of-drought-resistance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102113839/http://phys.org/news/2013-08-roots-breakthrough-drought-resistant-rice.html">"Roots breakthrough for drought resistant rice"</a>. <i>Phys.org</i>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phys.org/news/2013-08-roots-breakthrough-drought-resistant-rice.html">the original</a> on November 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phys.org&rft.atitle=Roots+breakthrough+for+drought+resistant+rice&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2013-08-roots-breakthrough-drought-resistant-rice.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505220950/http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ricebreedingcourse/Breeding_for_salt_tolerance.htm">"Rice Breeding Course, Breeding for salt tolerance in rice, on line"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/ricebreedingcourse/Breeding_for_salt_tolerance.htm">the original</a> on May 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Rice+Breeding+Course%2C+Breeding+for+salt+tolerance+in+rice%2C+on+line&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knowledgebank.irri.org%2Fricebreedingcourse%2FBreeding_for_salt_tolerance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredenburg2007" class="citation web cs1">Fredenburg, P. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131101133710/http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=10379&Itemid=100242&lang=en">"Less salt, please"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://irri.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=10379&Itemid=100242&lang=en">the original</a> on November 1, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Less+salt%2C+please&rft.pub=International+Rice+Research+Institute&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fredenburg&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firri.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_k2%26view%3Ditem%26id%3D10379%26Itemid%3D100242%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRRI-2013-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IRRI-2013_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IRRI-2013_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarona-Edna2013" class="citation web cs1">Barona-Edna, Liz (April 15, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricetoday.irri.org/wild-parent-spawns-super-salt-tolerant-rice/">"Wild parent spawns super salt tolerant rice"</a>. <i>Rice Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rice+Today&rft.atitle=Wild+parent+spawns+super+salt+tolerant+rice&rft.date=2013-04-15&rft.aulast=Barona-Edna&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fricetoday.irri.org%2Fwild-parent-spawns-super-salt-tolerant-rice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Integrated_Breeding_Platform_(IBP)-2013-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Integrated_Breeding_Platform_(IBP)-2013_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Integrated_Breeding_Platform_(IBP)-2013_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102081913/https://www.integratedbreeding.net/news/breakthrough-salt-resistant-rice-research-single-baby-rice-plant-may-hold-future-extending-rice">"Breakthrough in salt-resistant rice research—single baby rice plant may hold the future to extending rice farming"</a>. <i>Integrated Breeding Platform (IBP)</i>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.integratedbreeding.net/news/breakthrough-salt-resistant-rice-research-single-baby-rice-plant-may-hold-future-extending-rice">the original</a> on November 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 6,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Integrated+Breeding+Platform+%28IBP%29&rft.atitle=Breakthrough+in+salt-resistant+rice+research%E2%80%94single+baby+rice+plant+may+hold+the+future+to+extending+rice+farming&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.integratedbreeding.net%2Fnews%2Fbreakthrough-salt-resistant-rice-research-single-baby-rice-plant-may-hold-future-extending-rice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Li_Zhang_Chong_2022-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Li_Zhang_Chong_2022_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiZhangChongXu2022" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Junhua; Zhang, Zeyong; Chong, Kang; Xu, Yunyuan (2022). "Chilling tolerance in rice: Past and present". <i>Journal of Plant Physiology</i>. <b>268</b>: 153576. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JPPhy.26853576L">2022JPPhy.26853576L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jplph.2021.153576">10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153576</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34875419">34875419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Plant+Physiology&rft.atitle=Chilling+tolerance+in+rice%3A+Past+and+present&rft.volume=268&rft.pages=153576&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34875419&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jplph.2021.153576&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JPPhy.26853576L&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Junhua&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Zeyong&rft.au=Chong%2C+Kang&rft.au=Xu%2C+Yunyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuHuYanJin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Su, J.; Hu, C.; Yan, X.; Jin, Y.; Chen, Z.; et al. (July 2015). "Expression of barley SUSIBA2 transcription factor yields high-starch low-methane rice". <i>Nature</i>. <b>523</b> (7562): 602–606. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.523..602S">2015Natur.523..602S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14673">10.1038/nature14673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26200336">26200336</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4454200">4454200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Expression+of+barley+SUSIBA2+transcription+factor+yields+high-starch+low-methane+rice&rft.volume=523&rft.issue=7562&rft.pages=602-606&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14673&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4454200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26200336&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.523..602S&rft.aulast=Su&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Hu%2C+C.&rft.au=Yan%2C+X.&rft.au=Jin%2C+Y.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Z.&rft.au=Guan%2C+Q.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Y.&rft.au=Zhong%2C+D.&rft.au=Jansson%2C+C.&rft.au=Wang%2C+F.&rft.au=Schn%C3%BCrer%2C+A.&rft.au=Sun%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerry2015" class="citation web cs1">Gerry, C. (August 9, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/feeding-the-world/">"Feeding the World One Genetically Modified Tomato at a Time: A Scientific Perspective"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150910164510/http://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2015/feeding-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on September 10, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feeding+the+World+One+Genetically+Modified+Tomato+at+a+Time%3A+A+Scientific+Perspective&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2015-08-09&rft.aulast=Gerry&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsitn.hms.harvard.edu%2Fflash%2F2015%2Ffeeding-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuoLiShenCheng2014" class="citation journal cs1">Luo, Qiong; Li, Yafei; Shen, Yi; Cheng, Zhukuan (March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jgg.2014.02.002">"Ten years of gene discovery for meiotic event control in rice"</a>. <i>Journal of Genetics and Genomics</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 125–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jgg.2014.02.002">10.1016/j.jgg.2014.02.002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24656233">24656233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genetics+and+Genomics&rft.atitle=Ten+years+of+gene+discovery+for+meiotic+event+control+in+rice&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=125-137&rft.date=2014-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jgg.2014.02.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24656233&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Qiong&rft.au=Li%2C+Yafei&rft.au=Shen%2C+Yi&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Zhukuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jgg.2014.02.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangMiaoLiWang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tang, Ding; Miao, Chunbo; Li, Yafei; Wang, Hongjun; Liu, Xiaofei; Yu, Hengxiu; Cheng, Zhukuan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019848">"OsRAD51C is essential for double-strand break repair in rice meiosis"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Plant Science</i>. <b>5</b>: 167. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2014.00167">10.3389/fpls.2014.00167</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4019848">4019848</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24847337">24847337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Plant+Science&rft.atitle=OsRAD51C+is+essential+for+double-strand+break+repair+in+rice+meiosis&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=167&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4019848%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24847337&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpls.2014.00167&rft.aulast=Tang&rft.aufirst=Ding&rft.au=Miao%2C+Chunbo&rft.au=Li%2C+Yafei&rft.au=Wang%2C+Hongjun&rft.au=Liu%2C+Xiaofei&rft.au=Yu%2C+Hengxiu&rft.au=Cheng%2C+Zhukuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4019848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kompas.id-Sri-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kompas.id-Sri_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgus_Dermawan_T2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Agus Dermawan T (September 25, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kompas.id/baca/opini/2021/09/26/menjumpai-dewi-sri-pada-hari-tani">"Menjumpai Dewi Sri pada Hari Tani"</a>. <i>kompas.id</i> (in Indonesian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kompas.id&rft.atitle=Menjumpai+Dewi+Sri+pada+Hari+Tani&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft.au=Agus+Dermawan+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompas.id%2Fbaca%2Fopini%2F2021%2F09%2F26%2Fmenjumpai-dewi-sri-pada-hari-tani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessing_1990-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wessing_1990_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wessing_1990_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWessing1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wessing, Robert (1990). "Sri and Sedana and Sita and Rama: Myths of Fertility and Generation". <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Folklore_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian Folklore Studies">Asian Folklore Studies</a></i>. <b>49</b> (2): 235–257. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1178035">10.2307/1178035</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1178035">1178035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Folklore+Studies&rft.atitle=Sri+and+Sedana+and+Sita+and+Rama%3A+Myths+of+Fertility+and+Generation&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=235-257&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1178035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1178035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Wessing&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhujaAhuja2006" class="citation journal cs1">Ahuja, Subhash C.; Ahuja, Uma (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321334487">"Rice in religion and tradition"</a>. <i>2nd International Rice Congress, October 9–13, 2006</i>. New Delhi: 45–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=2nd+International+Rice+Congress%2C+October+9%E2%80%9313%2C+2006&rft.atitle=Rice+in+religion+and+tradition&rft.pages=45-52&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ahuja&rft.aufirst=Subhash+C.&rft.au=Ahuja%2C+Uma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F321334487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muhammad_Zahari_Ramly_Ahmad_2013-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muhammad_Zahari_Ramly_Ahmad_2013_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhammadZahariRamlyAhmad2013" class="citation journal cs1">Muhammad, Rosmaliza; Zahari, Mohd Salehuddin Mohd; Ramly, Alina Shuhaida Muhammad; Ahmad, Roslina (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2013.07.200">"The Roles and Symbolism of Foods in Malay Wedding Ceremony"</a>. <i>Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences</i>. <b>101</b>: 268–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2013.07.200">10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.07.200</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+-+Social+and+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Roles+and+Symbolism+of+Foods+in+Malay+Wedding+Ceremony&rft.volume=101&rft.pages=268-276&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.sbspro.2013.07.200&rft.aulast=Muhammad&rft.aufirst=Rosmaliza&rft.au=Zahari%2C+Mohd+Salehuddin+Mohd&rft.au=Ramly%2C+Alina+Shuhaida+Muhammad&rft.au=Ahmad%2C+Roslina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.sbspro.2013.07.200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhujaThakrarAhuja2001" class="citation journal cs1">Ahuja, Uma; Thakrar, Rashmi; Ahuja, S. C. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301948904">"Alcoholic rice beverages"</a>. <i>Asian Agri-History</i>. <b>5</b> (4): 309–319.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Agri-History&rft.atitle=Alcoholic+rice+beverages&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=309-319&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ahuja&rft.aufirst=Uma&rft.au=Thakrar%2C+Rashmi&rft.au=Ahuja%2C+S.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F301948904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xinhua-Camb-plough-2017-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xinhua-Camb-plough-2017_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180503130501/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/03/c_137153698.htm">"Cambodia marks beginning of farming season with royal ploughing ceremony"</a>. <i>Xinhua</i>. March 21, 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-05/03/c_137153698.htm">the original</a> on May 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Xinhua&rft.atitle=Cambodia+marks+beginning+of+farming+season+with+royal+ploughing+ceremony&rft.date=2017-03-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.xinhuanet.com%2Fenglish%2F2018-05%2F03%2Fc_137153698.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khmer-Times-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Khmer-Times_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.khmertimeskh.com/24156/ceremony-predicts-good-year/">"Ceremony Predicts Good Year"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Times" title="Khmer Times">Khmer Times</a></i>. May 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khmer+Times&rft.atitle=Ceremony+Predicts+Good+Year&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.khmertimeskh.com%2F24156%2Fceremony-predicts-good-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-2019-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sen-2019_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2019" class="citation web cs1">Sen, S. (July 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/ancient-royal-paddy-planting-ceremony-marked">"Ancient royal paddy planting ceremony marked"</a>. <i>The Himalayan Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Himalayan+Times&rft.atitle=Ancient+royal+paddy+planting+ceremony+marked&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehimalayantimes.com%2Fnepal%2Fancient-royal-paddy-planting-ceremony-marked&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Liu, Wende; Liu, Jinling; Triplett, Lindsay; Leach, Jan E.; Wang, Guo-Liang (August 4, 2014). "Novel insights into rice innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens". <i><a href="/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Phytopathology" title="Annual Review of Phytopathology">Annual Review of Phytopathology</a></i>. <b>52</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews</a>: 213–241. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-phyto-102313-045926">10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24906128">24906128</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:9244874">9244874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Phytopathology&rft.atitle=Novel+insights+into+rice+innate+immunity+against+bacterial+and+fungal+pathogens&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=213-241&rft.date=2014-08-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A9244874%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24906128&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-phyto-102313-045926&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Wende&rft.au=Liu%2C+Jinling&rft.au=Triplett%2C+Lindsay&rft.au=Leach%2C+Jan+E.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Guo-Liang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Deb, D. (October 2019). "Restoring Rice Biodiversity". <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. <b>321</b> (4): 54–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1019-54">10.1038/scientificamerican1019-54</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39010400">39010400</a>. <q>India originally possessed some 110,000 <a href="/wiki/Landrace" title="Landrace">landraces</a> of rice with diverse and valuable properties. These include enrichment in vital nutrients and the ability to withstand flood, drought, salinity or pest infestations. The <a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a> covered fields with a few high-yielding varieties, so that roughly 90 percent of the landraces vanished from farmers' collections. High-yielding varieties require expensive inputs. They perform abysmally on marginal farms or in adverse environmental conditions, forcing poor farmers into debt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Restoring+Rice+Biodiversity&rft.volume=321&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=54-61&rft.date=2019-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican1019-54&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39010400&rft.aulast=Deb&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Singh, B. N. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314175208/http://www.studiumpress.in/global-rice-cultivation-cultivars.html"><i>Global Rice Cultivation & Cultivars</i></a>. New Delhi: Studium Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62699-107-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62699-107-1"><bdi>978-1-62699-107-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studiumpress.in/global-rice-cultivation-cultivars.html">the original</a> on March 14, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Rice+Cultivation+%26+Cultivars&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Studium+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-62699-107-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=B.+N.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studiumpress.in%2Fglobal-rice-cultivation-cultivars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARice" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rice" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rice" title="Template:Rice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rice" title="Template talk:Rice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rice" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rice</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_rice_cultivation" title="History of rice cultivation">History of rice cultivation</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oryza_glaberrima" title="Oryza glaberrima">African rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Asian rice</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White,_Brown,_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg/100px-White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg/150px-White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg/200px-White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_varieties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rice varieties">Varieties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties of<br /><a href="/wiki/Oryza_sativa" title="Oryza sativa">Asian rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajara_Ghansal_rice" title="Ajara Ghansal rice">Ajara Ghansal rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambemohar" title="Ambemohar">Ambemohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arborio_rice" title="Arborio rice">Arborio rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balaghat_Chinnor" class="mw-redirect" title="Balaghat Chinnor">Balaghat Chinnor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhandara_Chinoor_rice" title="Bhandara Chinoor rice">Bhandara Chinoor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basmati" title="Basmati">Basmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_red_rice" title="Bhutanese red rice">Bhutanese red rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomba_rice" title="Bomba rice">Bomba rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_saul" title="Bora saul">Bora saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calasparra_rice" title="Calasparra rice">Calasparra rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calrose_rice" title="Calrose rice">Calrose rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camargue_red_rice" title="Camargue red rice">Camargue red rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnaroli" title="Carnaroli">Carnaroli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa_rice" title="Champa rice">Champa rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokuwa_saul" title="Chokuwa saul">Chokuwa saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubraj_rice" title="Dubraj rice">Dubraj rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindobhog" title="Gobindobhog">Gobindobhog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_rice" title="Golden rice">Golden rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IR8" title="IR8">IR8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rice" title="Japanese rice">Japanese rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonica_rice" title="Japonica rice">Japonica rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmati" title="Jasmati">Jasmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmine_rice" title="Jasmine rice">Jasmine rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joha_rice" title="Joha rice">Joha rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalonunia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalonunia">Kalonunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koraput_Kalajeera_rice" title="Koraput Kalajeera rice">Koraput Kalajeera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshihikari" title="Koshihikari">Koshihikari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratelli" title="Maratelli">Maratelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcha_rice" title="Marcha rice">Marcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matta_rice" title="Matta rice">Matta rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molakolukulu" title="Molakolukulu">Molakolukulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushqbudji_rice" title="Mushqbudji rice">Mushqbudji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A0ng_Th%C6%A1m_Ch%E1%BB%A3_%C4%90%C3%A0o_rice" title="Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào rice">Nàng Thơm Chợ Đào rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navara_rice" title="Navara rice">Navara rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishiki_rice" title="Nishiki rice">Nishiki rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patna_rice" title="Patna rice">Patna rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paw_hsan_hmwe" title="Paw hsan hmwe">Paw hsan hmwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokkali_Rice" title="Pokkali Rice">Pokkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponni_rice" title="Ponni rice">Ponni rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusa_Basmati_1121" title="Pusa Basmati 1121">Pusa Basmati 1121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cargo_rice" title="Red Cargo rice">Red Cargo rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riceberry" title="Riceberry">Riceberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_(rice)" title="Samba (rice)">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasanishiki" title="Sasanishiki">Sasanishiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-dwarf_IR36" title="Semi-dwarf IR36">Semi-dwarf IR36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sona_masuri_rice" title="Sona masuri rice">Sona masuri rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulaipanji" class="mw-redirect" title="Tulaipanji">Tulaipanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand_Lal_Chawal_(Red_Rice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttarakhand Lal Chawal (Red Rice)">Uttarakhand Lal Chawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vialone_Nano" title="Vialone Nano">Vialone Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehani_rice" title="Wehani rice">Wehani rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamada_Nishiki" title="Yamada Nishiki">Yamada Nishiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Varieties of<br /><a href="/wiki/Oryza_glaberrima" title="Oryza glaberrima">African rice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carolina_Gold" title="Carolina Gold">Carolina Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Rice_for_Africa" title="New Rice for Africa">New Rice for Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characteristics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_rice" title="Aromatic rice">Aromatic rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_rice" title="Hybrid rice">Hybrid rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_rice" title="Perennial rice">Perennial rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">Glutinous rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weedy_rice" title="Weedy rice">Weedy rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processed forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flattened_rice" title="Flattened rice">Flattened rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffed_rice" title="Puffed rice">Puffed rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_rice" title="Broken rice">Broken rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice" title="Brown rice">Brown rice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_rice" title="Red rice">Red rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_rice" title="Black rice">Black rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germinated_brown_rice" title="Germinated brown rice">Germinated brown rice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiled_rice" title="Parboiled rice">Parboiled rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">White rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Rice_dishes" title="Category:Rice dishes">Rice dishes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_con_pollo" title="Arroz con pollo">Arroz con pollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopao" title="Asopao">Asopao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champorado" title="Champorado">Champorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">Congee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimbap" title="Gimbap">Gimbap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">Gumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabsa" title="Kabsa">Kabsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprais" title="Lamprais">Lamprais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_rice" title="Mexican rice">Mexican rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Pilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puto_(food)" title="Puto (food)">Puto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">Risotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahchin" title="Tahchin">Tahchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuwon_shinkafa" title="Tuwon shinkafa">Tuwon shinkafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_rice" title="Yellow rice">Yellow rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decoration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolam" title="Kolam">Kolam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_rice_production" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rice_production" title="Template:Rice production"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rice_production" title="Template talk:Rice production"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rice_production" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rice production"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_rice_production" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">World <a class="mw-selflink selflink">rice</a> production</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding-left:50px"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bangladesh" title="Rice production in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bhutan" title="Rice production in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Brazil">Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Chad" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Chad">Chad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_China" title="Rice production in China">China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Cuba">Cuba</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Guyana" title="Rice production in Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Haiti" title="Rice production in Haiti">Haiti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_India" title="Rice production in India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Indonesia" title="Rice production in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Japan" title="Rice production in Japan">Japan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Laos" title="Rice production in Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Liberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Liberia">Liberia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Mali">Mali</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Myanmar" title="Rice production in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Nepal">Nepal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Pakistan" title="Rice production in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Panama" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Panama">Panama</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_the_Philippines" title="Rice production in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Romania" title="Rice production in Romania">Romania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Sierra_Leone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_South_Korea" title="Rice production in South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Rice production in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice production in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Thailand" title="Rice production in Thailand">Thailand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_the_United_States" title="Rice production in the United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_production_in_Vietnam" title="Rice production in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:White,_Brown,_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg/50px-White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg" decoding="async" width="50" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg/75px-White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg/100px-White%2C_Brown%2C_Red_%26_Wild_rice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cereals_and_pseudocereals" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cereals" title="Template:Cereals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cereals" title="Template talk:Cereals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cereals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cereals_and_pseudocereals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">pseudocereals</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cereal" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">Barley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonio" title="Fonio">Fonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job%27s_tears" title="Job's tears">Job's tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">Maize (Corn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">Millets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">Oats</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">Rye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teff" title="Teff">Teff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triticale" title="Triticale">Triticale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_rice" title="Wild rice">Wild rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Wheat_(Triticum)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">Wheat <span class="nobold">(Triticum)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_wheat" title="Common wheat">Bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">Durum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasan_wheat" title="Khorasan wheat">Khorasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fife_wheat" title="Red Fife wheat">Red Fife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norin_10_wheat" title="Norin 10 wheat">Norin 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_wheat" title="Winter wheat">Winter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Farro" title="Farro">Farro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">Einkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmer" title="Emmer">Emmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spelt" title="Spelt">Spelt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudocereal" title="Pseudocereal">Pseudocereals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polygonaceae" title="Polygonaceae">Polygonaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckwheat" title="Buckwheat">Buckwheat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fagopyrum_tataricum" title="Fagopyrum tataricum">Tartary buckwheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranthaceae" title="Amaranthaceae">Amaranthaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Amaranth" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">Amaranth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_caudatus" title="Amaranthus caudatus">A. caudatus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_cruentus" title="Amaranthus cruentus">A. cruentus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Amaranthus_hypochondriacus" title="Amaranthus hypochondriacus">A. hypochondriacus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Celosia" title="Celosia">Celosia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinoa" title="Quinoa">Quinoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_berlandieri" title="Chenopodium berlandieri">Pitseed goosefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_pallidicaule" title="Chenopodium pallidicaule">Cañihua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenopodium_formosanum" title="Chenopodium formosanum">Djulis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lamiaceae" title="Lamiaceae">Lamiaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_hispanica" title="Salvia hispanica">Chia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emerging grain crops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_grass" title="Canary grass">Canary grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Drinn">Drinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_ricegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian ricegrass">Indian ricegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_wheatgrass" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermediate wheatgrass">Intermediate wheatgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangaroo_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangaroo grass">Kangaroo grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipa_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipa grass">Nipa grass</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oryza_coarctata" title="Oryza coarctata">Oryza coarctata</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Triticeae" title="Triticeae">Triticeae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Green_Revolution" title="Green Revolution">Green Revolution</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Crop_wild_relative" title="Crop wild relative">Crop wild relative</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rice_dishes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rice_dishes" title="Template:Rice dishes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rice_dishes" title="Template talk:Rice dishes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rice_dishes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rice dishes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rice_dishes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rice dishes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_rice_dishes" title="List of rice dishes">List of rice dishes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_fried_rice_dishes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fried rice dishes">List of fried rice dishes</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_poblano" title="Arroz poblano">Arroz poblano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_a_la_tumbada" title="Arroz a la tumbada">Arroz a la tumbada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_con_gandules" title="Arroz con gandules">Arroz con gandules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_con_pollo" title="Arroz con pollo">Arroz con pollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_red_rice" title="Charleston red rice">Charleston red rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diri_djondjon" title="Diri djondjon">Diri ak djon djon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_rice" title="Dirty rice">Dirty rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo_pinto" title="Gallo pinto">Gallo pinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorified_rice" title="Glorified rice">Glorified rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbo" title="Gumbo">Gumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_haystack" title="Hawaiian haystack">Hawaiian haystack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoppin%27_John" title="Hoppin' John">Hoppin' John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jambalaya" title="Jambalaya">Jambalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loco_moco" title="Loco moco">Loco moco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrio" title="Locrio">Locrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_rice" title="Mexican rice">Mexican rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moros_y_Cristianos_(dish)" title="Moros y Cristianos (dish)">Moros y Cristianos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_beans_and_rice" title="Red beans and rice">Red beans and rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_Krispies_Treats" title="Rice Krispies Treats">Rice Krispies Treats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_gravy" title="Rice and gravy">Rice and gravy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_cereal" title="Rice cereal">Rice cereal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_creole" title="Shrimp creole">Shrimp creole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_%C3%A0_grega" title="Arroz à grega">Arroz à grega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_a_la_valenciana" title="Arroz a la valenciana">Arroz a la valenciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_chaufa" title="Arroz chaufa">Arroz chaufa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_tapado" class="mw-redirect" title="Arroz tapado">Arroz tapado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandeja_paisa" title="Bandeja paisa">Bandeja paisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabell%C3%B3n_criollo" title="Pabellón criollo">Pabellón criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_beans" title="Rice and beans">Rice and beans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_a_la_cubana" title="Arroz a la cubana">Arroz a la cubana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arancini" title="Arancini">Arancini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arr%C3%B2s_negre" title="Arròs negre">Arròs negre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arr%C3%B2s_a_banda" title="Arròs a banda">Arròs a banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedgeree" title="Kedgeree">Kedgeree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamischijf" title="Bamischijf">Nasischijf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paella" title="Paella">Paella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijsttafel" title="Rijsttafel">Rijsttafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risalamande" title="Risalamande">Risalamande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risotto" title="Risotto">Risotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riz_Casimir" title="Riz Casimir">Riz Casimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppl%C3%AC" title="Supplì">Supplì</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-in-1_(fast_food_dish)" title="3-in-1 (fast food dish)">Three-in-One</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_cuisine" title="African cuisine">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banga_rice" title="Banga rice">Banga rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concoction_rice" title="Concoction rice">Concoction rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jollof_rice" title="Jollof rice">Jollof rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshary" title="Koshary">Koshary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofada_rice" title="Ofada rice">Ofada rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieboudienne" title="Thieboudienne">Thieboudienne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabsa" title="Kabsa">Kabsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kateh" title="Kateh">Kateh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshary" title="Koshary">Kushari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A2pa" title="Lâpa">Lâpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_(food)" title="Mandi (food)">Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">Mansaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqluba" title="Maqluba">Maqluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujaddara" title="Mujaddara">Mujaddara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orez_Shu%27it" title="Orez Shu'it">Orez Shu'it</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Pilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabzi_polo" title="Sabzi polo">Sabzi polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleeg" title="Saleeg">Saleeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtla%C3%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Sütlaç">Sütlaç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahdig" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahdig">Tahdig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahri_(dish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahri (dish)">Tahri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerde" title="Zerde">Zerde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plov" class="mw-redirect" title="Plov">Plov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osh_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osh (food)">Osh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baji_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baji (food)">Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisi_Bele_Bath" title="Bisi Bele Bath">Bisi Bele Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora_saul" title="Bora saul">Bora saul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">Chaaler Payesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitranna" title="Chitranna">Chitranna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattened_rice" title="Flattened rice">Chirha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunga_Pitha" title="Chunga Pitha">Chungapura Pitha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_rice" title="Coconut rice">Coconut rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curd_rice" title="Curd rice">Curd rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">Congee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosa_(food)" title="Dosa (food)">Dosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_bhat" title="Dal bhat">Daal Bhaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyabath" title="Diyabath">Diyabath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiyappam" title="Idiyappam">Idiyappam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idli" title="Idli">Idli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newa_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Newa cuisine">Jaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeera_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeera rice">Jeera rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhalmuri" title="Jhalmuri">Jhalmuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabuli_pulaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabuli pulaw">Kabuli pulaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khichdi_(dish)" title="Khichdi (dish)">Khichdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kori_rotti" title="Kori rotti">Kori rotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheer" title="Kheer">Payesh/Payasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffed_rice" title="Puffed rice">Murhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiribath" title="Kiribath">Kiribath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamprais" title="Lamprais">Lamprais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kuning" title="Nasi kuning">Kaha bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng" title="Nasi goreng">Nasi goreng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neer_dosa" title="Neer dosa">Neer dosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddu" title="Paddu">Paniyaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_rice_dishes" title="Pakistani rice dishes">Pakistani rice dishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panta_bhat" title="Panta bhat">Panta bhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">Pulao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puttu" title="Puttu">Pittu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattened_rice" title="Flattened rice">Poha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(dish)" title="Pongal (dish)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulihora" title="Pulihora">Pulihora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulihora" title="Pulihora">Puliyogare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_and_curry" title="Rice and curry">Rice and curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevai" title="Sevai">Sevai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Khichuri" title="Soft Khichuri">Soft Khichuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron_rice" title="Saffron rice">Zafran Bhaat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boluo_fan" title="Boluo fan">Boluo fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baked_pork_chop_rice" title="Baked pork chop rice">Baked pork chop rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claypot_rice" title="Claypot rice">Claypot chicken rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkuai" title="Erkuai">Erkuai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_fried_rice" title="Chinese fried rice">Fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaifan" title="Gaifan">Gaifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Guoba">Guoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_fried_rice" title="Hokkien fried rice">Hokkien fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migan" title="Migan">Migan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixian_(noodle)" title="Mixian (noodle)">Mixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_bah_png" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo bah png">Minced pork rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_noodle_roll" title="Rice noodle roll">Rice noodle roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siu_mei" title="Siu mei">Siu mei rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sticky_rice" title="Chinese sticky rice">Sticky rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou_fried_rice" title="Yangzhou fried rice">Yangzhou fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongzi" title="Zongzi">Zongzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agemochi" title="Agemochi">Agemochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botamochi" title="Botamochi">Botamochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chahan_(dish)" title="Chahan (dish)">Chahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazuke" title="Chazuke">Chazuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%ABkadon" title="Chūkadon">Chūkadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donburi" title="Donburi">Donburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doria_(food)" title="Doria (food)">Doria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%ABdon" title="Gyūdon">Gyūdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayashi_rice" title="Hayashi rice">Hayashi rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitsumabushi" title="Hitsumabushi">Hitsumabushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichij%C5%AB-sansai" title="Ichijū-sansai">Ichijū-sansai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikameshi" title="Ikameshi">Ikameshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_curry" title="Japanese curry">Japanese curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamameshi" title="Kamameshi">Kamameshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kankoro_Mochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kankoro Mochi">Kankoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karukan" title="Karukan">Karukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katemeshi" title="Katemeshi">Katemeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsudon" title="Katsudon">Katsudon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keihan_rice" title="Keihan rice">Keihan rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiritanpo" title="Kiritanpo">Kiritanpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Mochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moffle" title="Moffle">Moffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Okayu">Okayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omurice" title="Omurice">Omurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onigiri" title="Onigiri">Onigiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyakodon" title="Oyakodon">Oyakodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_burger" title="Rice burger">Rice burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbei" title="Senbei">Senbei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushi" title="Sushi">Sushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taco_rice" title="Taco rice">Taco rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takikomi_gohan" title="Takikomi gohan">Takikomi gohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamago_kake_gohan" title="Tamago kake gohan">Tamago kake gohan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekkadon" title="Tekkadon">Tekkadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uir%C5%8D" title="Uirō">Uirō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unadon" title="Unadon">Unadon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakimochi" title="Yakimochi">Yakimochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosui" title="Zosui">Zosui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bap_(rice_dish)" title="Bap (rice dish)">Bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibimbap" title="Bibimbap">Bibimbap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bokkeum-bap" title="Bokkeum-bap">Bokkeum-bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garae-tteok" title="Garae-tteok">Garae-tteok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimbap" title="Gimbap">Gimbap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeongdan" title="Gyeongdan">Gyeongdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heotjesatbap" title="Heotjesatbap">Heotjesatbap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobak-juk" title="Hobak-juk">Hobak-juk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoe-deopbap" title="Hoe-deopbap">Hoe-deopbap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injeolmi" title="Injeolmi">Injeolmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatjuk" title="Jatjuk">Jatjuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeonbok-juk" title="Jeonbok-juk">Jeonbok-juk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi_fried_rice" title="Kimchi fried rice">Kimchi bokkeumbap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongbap" title="Kongbap">Kongbap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurungji" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurungji">Nurungji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogok-bap" title="Ogok-bap">Ogok-bap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundae_(sausage)" title="Sundae (sausage)">Sundae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarak-juk" title="Tarak-juk">Tarak-juk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tteok" title="Tteok">Tteok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksik" title="Yaksik">Yaksik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rice_vermicelli" title="Rice vermicelli">Bí-hún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffed_rice" title="Puffed rice">Bí-pang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_needle_noodles" title="Silver needle noodles">Bí-tâi-ba̍k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiayi_turkey_rice" title="Chiayi turkey rice">Chiayi turkey rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicken_wing_rice_roll" title="Chicken wing rice roll">Chicken wing rice roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaifan" title="Gaifan">Donfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fried_rice" title="Fried rice">Fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">Glutinous rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangyuan_(food)" title="Tangyuan (food)">Tangyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khong_bah_png" class="mw-redirect" title="Khong bah png">Khong bah png</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuih" title="Kuih">Kuih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_bah_png" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo bah png">Lo bah png</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milkfish_congee" title="Milkfish congee">Milkfish congee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misua" title="Misua">Misua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mochi" title="Mochi">Mochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_sticky_rice" title="Chinese sticky rice">Sticky rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ti_hoeh_koe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ti hoeh koe">Ti hoeh koe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_rice_pudding" title="Tube rice pudding">Tube rice pudding</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%97%E7%B2%BF" class="extiw" title="zh:碗粿">Wa Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongzi" title="Zongzi">Zongzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Brunei</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysia</a><br />and<br /><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singapore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_tortoise_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tortoise cake">Angku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_mangkok" title="Kue mangkok">Apam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongzi" title="Zongzi">Bakcang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_leaf_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Banana leaf rice">Banana leaf rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubur_ayam" title="Bubur ayam">Bubur ayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burasa" title="Burasa">Burasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chwee_kueh" title="Chwee kueh">Chwee kueh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claypot_chicken_rice" class="mw-redirect" title="Claypot chicken rice">Claypot chicken rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodol" title="Dodol">Dodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duck_rice" title="Duck rice">Duck rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_rice" title="Economy rice">Economy rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_chicken_rice" title="Hainanese chicken rice">Hainanese chicken rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_curry_rice" title="Hainanese curry rice">Hainanese curry rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelupis" title="Kelupis">Kelupis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketupat" title="Ketupat">Ketupat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamban" title="Lamban">Lamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemang" title="Lemang">Lemang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemper" title="Lemper">Pulut panggang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontong" title="Lontong">Lontong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue" title="Kue">Moci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_ambeng" title="Nasi ambeng">Nasi ambeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biryani#Malaysia" title="Biryani">Nasi beriani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_campur" title="Nasi campur">Nasi campur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_dagang" title="Nasi dagang">Nasi dagang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng" title="Nasi goreng">Nasi goreng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng_pattaya" title="Nasi goreng pattaya">Nasi goreng pattaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kandar" title="Nasi kandar">Nasi kandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kari" title="Nasi kari">Nasi kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_katok" title="Nasi katok">Nasi katok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kebuli" title="Nasi kebuli">Nasi kebuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kerabu" title="Nasi kerabu">Nasi kerabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_lemak" title="Nasi lemak">Nasi lemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_lemuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasi lemuni">Nasi lemuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_minyak" title="Nasi minyak">Nasi minyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_paprik" title="Nasi paprik">Nasi paprik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_ulam" title="Nasi ulam">Nasi ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasari" title="Nagasari">Nagasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jian_dui" title="Jian dui">Onde-onde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_pinyaram" title="Kue pinyaram">Penyiram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satti_Sorru" class="mw-redirect" title="Satti Sorru">Satti Sorru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajik" title="Wajik">Wajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arem-arem" title="Arem-arem">Arem-arem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongzi" title="Zongzi">Bakcang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubur_ayam" title="Bubur ayam">Bubur ayam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_bugis" title="Kue bugis">Bugis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burasa" title="Burasa">Burasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgo_(food)" title="Burgo (food)">Burgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodol" title="Dodol">Dodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketupat" title="Ketupat">Ketupat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klepon" title="Klepon">Klepon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_tortoise_cake" class="mw-redirect" title="Red tortoise cake">Ku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laklak_(food)" title="Laklak (food)">Laklak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemang" title="Lemang">Lemang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemper" title="Lemper">Lemper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepet" title="Lepet">Lepet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontong" title="Lontong">Lontong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontong_balap" title="Lontong balap">Lontong balap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontong_cap_go_meh" title="Lontong cap go meh">Lontong cap go meh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontong_dekem" title="Lontong dekem">Lontong dekem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontong_sayur" title="Lontong sayur">Lontong sayur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupis_(food)" title="Lupis (food)">Lupis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madumongso" title="Madumongso">Madumongso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue" title="Kue">Moci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_ambeng" title="Nasi ambeng">Nasi ambeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_bakar" title="Nasi bakar">Nasi bakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biryani#Indonesia" title="Biryani">Nasi beriani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_bogana" title="Nasi bogana">Nasi bogana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_campur" title="Nasi campur">Nasi campur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng" title="Nasi goreng">Nasi goreng</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng_jawa" title="Nasi goreng jawa">Nasi goreng jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng_pattaya" title="Nasi goreng pattaya">Nasi goreng pattaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_gurih" title="Nasi gurih">Nasi gurih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_jamblang" title="Nasi jamblang">Nasi jamblang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_jinggo" title="Nasi jinggo">Nasi jinggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kapau" title="Nasi kapau">Nasi kapau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kari" title="Nasi kari">Nasi kari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kebuli" title="Nasi kebuli">Nasi kebuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kucing" title="Nasi kucing">Nasi kucing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_kuning" title="Nasi kuning">Nasi kuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_lemak" title="Nasi lemak">Nasi lemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_lengko" title="Nasi lengko">Nasi lengko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_liwet" title="Nasi liwet">Nasi liwet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_(food)" title="Mandi (food)">Nasi mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_megono" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasi megono">Nasi megono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_minyak" title="Nasi minyak">Nasi minyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_padang" title="Nasi padang">Nasi padang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_pecel" title="Nasi pecel">Nasi pecel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_tempong" title="Nasi tempong">Nasi tempong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_tim" title="Nasi tim">Nasi tim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_timbel" title="Nasi timbel">Nasi timbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_tutug_oncom" title="Nasi tutug oncom">Nasi tutug oncom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_uduk" title="Nasi uduk">Nasi uduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_ulam" title="Nasi ulam">Nasi ulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasari" title="Nagasari">Nagasari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jian_dui" title="Jian dui">Onde-onde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_pinyaram" title="Kue pinyaram">Pinyaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulot_tartal" title="Pulot tartal">Pulot tartal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_putu" title="Kue putu">Putu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_mangkok" title="Kue mangkok">Putu mangkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kue_putu_mayang" title="Kue putu mayang">Putu mayang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijsttafel" title="Rijsttafel">Rijsttafel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serabi" title="Serabi">Serabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Tapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinutuan" title="Tinutuan">Tinutuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumpeng" title="Tumpeng">Tumpeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wajik" title="Wajik">Wajik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Philippines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aligue_fried_rice" title="Aligue fried rice">Aligue fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampaw" title="Ampaw">Ampaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_a_la_cubana" title="Arroz a la cubana">Arroz a la cubana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_a_la_valenciana" title="Arroz a la valenciana">Arroz a la valenciana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arroz_caldo" title="Arroz caldo">Arroz caldo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagoong_fried_rice" title="Bagoong fried rice">Bagoong fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balao-balao" title="Balao-balao">Balao-balao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baye_baye" title="Baye baye">Baye baye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibingka" title="Bibingka">Bibingka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biko_(food)" title="Biko (food)">Biko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binakle" title="Binakle">Binakle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binalot" title="Binalot">Binalot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binignit" title="Binignit">Binignit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bringhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bringhe">Bringhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapai" title="Tapai">Buro</a> (Tapay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burong_isda" title="Burong isda">Burong isda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champorado" title="Champorado">Champorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodol" title="Dodol">Dodol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espasol" title="Espasol">Espasol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginataang_mais" title="Ginataang mais">Ginataang mais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginataang_munggo" title="Ginataang munggo">Ginataang munggo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goto_(food)" title="Goto (food)">Goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_rice" title="Java rice">Java rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junay_(food)" title="Junay (food)">Junay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamay" title="Kalamay">Kalamay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiampong" title="Kiampong">Kiampong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiping" title="Kiping">Kiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuning" title="Kuning">Kuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutsinta" title="Kutsinta">Kutsinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugaw" title="Lugaw">Lugaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mache_(food)" title="Mache (food)">Mache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masi_(food)" title="Masi (food)">Masi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moche_(food)" title="Moche (food)">Moche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morisqueta_tostada" title="Morisqueta tostada">Morisqueta tostada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moron_(food)" title="Moron (food)">Moron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasing_biringyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasing biringyi">Nasing biringyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oko-oko" title="Oko-oko">Oko-oko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okoy" title="Okoy">Okoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paelya" title="Paelya">Paelya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palitaw" title="Palitaw">Palitaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancit_bihon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pancit bihon">Pancit bihon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancit_choca" title="Pancit choca">Pancit choca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancit_Malabon" title="Pancit Malabon">Pancit Malabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancit" title="Pancit">Pancit palabok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyalam" title="Panyalam">Panyalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastil" title="Pastil">Pastil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichi-pichi" title="Pichi-pichi">Pichi-pichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilipit" title="Pilipit">Pilipit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinipig" title="Pinipig">Pinipig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pus%C3%B4" title="Pusô">Pusô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putli_mandi" title="Putli mandi">Putli mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puto_(food)" title="Puto (food)">Puto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puto_bumbong" title="Puto bumbong">Puto bumbong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puto_seco" title="Puto seco">Puto seco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salukara" title="Salukara">Salukara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapin-sapin" title="Sapin-sapin">Sapin-sapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayongsong" title="Sayongsong">Sayongsong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakoy" title="Shakoy">Shakoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silog" title="Silog">Silog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinangag" title="Sinangag">Sinangág</a> (Garlic fried rice)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinigapuna" title="Sinigapuna">Sinigapuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suman_(food)" title="Suman (food)">Suman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinapayan" title="Tinapayan">Tinapayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupig" title="Tupig">Tupig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Myanmar</a><br />(Burma)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_fried_rice" title="Burmese fried rice">Burmese fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_htaw_bhut_htamin" title="Pe htaw bhut htamin">Buttered rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_rice" title="Coconut rice">Coconut rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Htaman%C3%A8" title="Htamanè">Htamanè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsi_htamin" title="Hsi htamin">Hsi htamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_htamin" title="No htamin">No htamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thingyan_rice" title="Thingyan rice">Thingyan rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thailand</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_fried_rice" title="American fried rice">American fried rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_chae" title="Khao chae">Khao chae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_kaeng" title="Khao kaeng">Khao kaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_kha_mu" title="Khao kha mu">Khao kha mu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khao_mu_daeng" title="Khao mu daeng">Khao mu daeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_rice_in_bamboo" title="Sticky rice in bamboo">Khao lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_fried_rice" title="Thai fried rice">Thai fried rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1nh_b%C3%A8o" title="Bánh bèo">Bánh bèo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bun_cha" title="Bun cha">Bun cha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAn_ri%C3%AAu" title="Bún riêu">Bún riêu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAn_b%C3%B2_Hu%E1%BA%BF" title="Bún bò Huế">Bún bò Huế</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAn_th%E1%BB%8Bt_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bng" title="Bún thịt nướng">Bún thịt nướng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C6%A1m_h%E1%BA%BFn" title="Cơm hến">Cơm hến</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C6%A1m_t%E1%BA%A5m" title="Cơm tấm">Cơm tấm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C6%A1m_n%E1%BA%AFm" title="Cơm nắm">Cơm nắm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C6%A1m_r%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3u" title="Cơm rượu">Cơm rượu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%BB%8Fi_cu%E1%BB%91n" title="Gỏi cuốn">Gỏi cuốn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pho" title="Pho">Pho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_noodles" title="Rice noodles">Rice noodles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%B4i" title="Xôi">Xôi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_rice" title="Brown rice">Brown rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_rice" title="Coconut rice">Coconut rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congee" title="Congee">Congee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_rice" title="Instant rice">Instant rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parboiled_rice" title="Parboiled rice">Parboiled rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffed_rice_cakes" title="Puffed rice cakes">Puffed rice cakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puffed_rice" title="Puffed rice">Puffed rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_pudding" title="Rice pudding">Rice pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_vermicelli" title="Rice vermicelli">Rice vermicelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_rice" title="White rice">White rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_rice" title="Yellow rice">Yellow rice</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Rice_dishes" title="Category:Rice dishes">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Food_and_drink" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Food and drink">WikiProject Food and drink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5090#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Reis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4049271-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566513">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="rýže"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph125397&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647207">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rice&oldid=1259831299">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rice&oldid=1259831299</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rice" title="Category:Rice">Rice</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Crops_originating_from_China" title="Category:Crops originating from China">Crops originating from China</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasses_of_Asia" title="Category:Grasses of Asia">Grasses of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plant_models" title="Category:Plant models">Plant models</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_food" title="Category:Types of food">Types of food</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tropical_agriculture" title="Category:Tropical agriculture">Tropical agriculture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Good_articles" title="Category:Good articles">Good articles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_May_2024" title="Category:EngvarB from May 2024">EngvarB from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2024" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2024">Use mdy dates from April 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Indonesian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Indonesian-language text">Articles containing Indonesian-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 08:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rice&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-ckpcf","wgBackendResponseTime":167,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.127","walltime":"2.575","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11331,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":486909,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2515,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":228,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":554560,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2198.860 1 -total"," 43.95% 966.316 1 Template:Reflist"," 21.96% 482.809 60 Template:Cite_journal"," 14.16% 311.281 10 Template:Clade"," 13.64% 299.909 49 Template:Cite_web"," 6.77% 148.883 1 Template:Rice_production"," 6.74% 148.121 11 Template:Navbox"," 6.60% 145.030 1 Template:World_topic"," 6.15% 135.141 7 Template:Infobox"," 4.92% 108.196 1 Template:Lang"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.388","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19058789,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","15.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","140","9.6"],["?","140","9.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpensiveData","100","6.8"],["type","80","5.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","60","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","2.7"],["(for generator)","40","2.7"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","2.7"],["[others]","480","32.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-vvc7w","timestamp":"20241127132635","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rice","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rice","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5090","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q5090","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T08:36:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0a\/20201102.Hengnan.Hybrid_rice_Sanyou-1.6.jpg","headline":"staple grain of Oryza and Zizania species"}</script> </body> </html>