CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Nordic model - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"bdf4195f-ad9e-40f2-b7d6-8cb860d2bd78","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Nordic_model","wgTitle":"Nordic model","wgCurRevisionId":1255613492,"wgRevisionId":1255613492,"wgArticleId":11595783,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: periodical ignored","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2024","EngvarB from March 2019","Capitalism","Corporatism","Economic policy in Europe","Economic systems","Mixed economies","Nordic politics","Political-economic models","Social democracy", "Welfare in Europe"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Nordic_model","wgRelevantArticleId":11595783,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false, "wgWikibaseItemId":"Q921098","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready", "jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/1200px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="918"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/800px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="612"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/640px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="489"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Nordic model - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_model"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_model"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Nordic_model rootpage-Nordic_model skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nordic+model" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nordic+model" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Nordic+model" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Nordic+model" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview_and_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview_and_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Overview and aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overview_and_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overview and aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overview_and_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Economic system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Norway's_particularities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway's_particularities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Norway's particularities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway's_particularities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Social democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Lutheran influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labour_market_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labour_market_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Labour market policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labour_market_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nordic_welfare_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nordic_welfare_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Nordic welfare model</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nordic_welfare_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_equality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_equality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Gender equality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_equality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty_reduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_reduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.2</span> <span>Poverty reduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty_reduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Misconceptions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Misconceptions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Misconceptions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Misconceptions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Lists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nordic model</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="نموذج الشمال الأوروبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نموذج الشمال الأوروبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7_modeli" title="İsveç modeli – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsveç modeli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Nordik" title="Model Nordik – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Model Nordik" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Скандинавски модел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Скандинавски модел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_escandinau" title="Model escandinau – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Model escandinau" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinaviske_velf%C3%A6rdsmodel" title="Skandinaviske velfærdsmodel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skandinaviske velfærdsmodel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwedisches_Modell" title="Schwedisches Modell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwedisches Modell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B5hjamaade_heaolumudel" title="Põhjamaade heaolumudel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Põhjamaade heaolumudel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_n%C3%B3rdico" title="Modelo nórdico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modelo nórdico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinava_modelo" title="Skandinava modelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Skandinava modelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskandinaviar_eredua" title="Eskandinaviar eredua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskandinaviar eredua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%84_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مدل نوردیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدل نوردیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le_scandinave" title="Modèle scandinave – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Modèle scandinave" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandinavysk_model" title="Skandinavysk model – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skandinavysk model" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tSamhail_Nordach" title="An tSamhail Nordach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tSamhail Nordach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_n%C3%B3rdico" title="Modelo nórdico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Modelo nórdico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%95_%EB%AA%A8%EB%8D%B8" title="노르딕 모델 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노르딕 모델" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Սկանդինավյան մոդել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սկանդինավյան մոդել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0vedski_model" title="Švedski model – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Švedski model" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_Nordik" title="Model Nordik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Model Nordik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norr%C3%A6na_velfer%C3%B0arkerfi%C3%B0" title="Norræna velferðarkerfið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Norræna velferðarkerfið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modello_svedese" title="Modello svedese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Modello svedese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99" title="המודל הנורדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המודל הנורדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Швед тибиндеги социализм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Швед тибиндеги социализм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modell_nordegh" title="Modell nordegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Modell nordegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skandin%C3%A1v_j%C3%B3l%C3%A9ti_modell" title="Skandináv jóléti modell – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Skandináv jóléti modell" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavisch_model" title="Scandinavisch model – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scandinavisch model" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_nordiske_modellen" title="Den nordiske modellen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den nordiske modellen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_skandinaviske_samfunnsmodellen" title="Den skandinaviske samfunnsmodellen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den skandinaviske samfunnsmodellen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_nordycki" title="Model nordycki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Model nordycki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelo_n%C3%B3rdico" title="Modelo nórdico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modelo nórdico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Скандинавская модель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скандинавская модель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_model" title="Nordic model – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nordic model" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordijski_model" title="Nordijski model – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Nordijski model" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pohjoismainen_malli" title="Pohjoismainen malli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pohjoismainen malli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_svenska_modellen" title="Den svenska modellen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Den svenska modellen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="ตัวแบบนอร์ดิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตัวแบบนอร์ดิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0sve%C3%A7_modeli" title="İsveç modeli – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsveç modeli" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Скандинавська модель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Скандинавська модель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%AC%A7%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="北欧模式 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北欧模式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q921098#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Nordic_model" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nordic_model"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Nordic_model" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Nordic_model" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&oldid=1255613492" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Nordic_model&id=1255613492&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNordic_model"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FNordic_model"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Nordic_model&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q921098" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social and economic model in Nordic countries</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the social and economic model in Northern Europe. For the political ideology often associated with the Nordic model, see <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a>. For the type of prostitution law, see <a href="/wiki/Nordic_model_approach_to_prostitution" title="Nordic model approach to prostitution">Nordic model approach to prostitution</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_systems" title="Category:Economic systems">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#efefef;padding:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">Economic systems</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Major types</div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associative_economics" title="Associative economics">Associative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neomercantilism" title="Neomercantilism">Neomercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgism" title="Georgism">Georgist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy">Green</a></li> <li>Religious <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_finance" title="Christian finance">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbath_economics" title="Sabbath economics">Sabbath economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(movement)" title="Mutualism (movement)">Mutualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_economics" title="Participatory economics">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Socialist-oriented market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributist</a></li> <li>Traditionalist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By coordination</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">Closed (autarky)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_planning_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Decentralized planning (economics)">Decentralized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_economy" title="Digital economy">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_economy" title="Dual economy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">Informal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_economy" title="Natural economy">Natural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_economy" title="Open economy">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe_economy" title="Robinson Crusoe economy">Robinson Crusoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_economy" title="Subsistence economy">Subsistence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_archipelago" title="Vertical archipelago">Vertical archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_economy" title="Virtual economy">Virtual</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">By regional model</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Asian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian model of capitalism">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Consensus" title="Beijing Consensus">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Singapore" title="Economy of Singapore">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_model" title="Kerala model">Keralan</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_model" title="German model">German</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Rhenish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li>Latin America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Sectors</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">Voluntary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Property types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_ownership" title="Collective ownership">Collective ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">State ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_ownership" title="Social ownership">Social ownership</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Transition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_farming" title="Collective farming">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communization" title="Communization">Communization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatization" title="Corporatization">Corporatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demutualization" title="Demutualization">Demutualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expropriation" class="mw-redirect" title="Expropriation">Expropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financialization" title="Financialization">Financialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalization" title="Liberalization">Liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">Marketization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalization" title="Municipalization">Municipalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutualization">Mutualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization (economics)">Socialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Marxist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Coordination</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_(economics)" title="Market (economics)">Market</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_market" title="Open market">Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Planning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculation_in_kind" title="Calculation in kind">In kind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicative_planning" title="Indicative planning">Indicative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_balance_planning" title="Material balance planning">Material balancing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_system" title="Price system">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-managed_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-managed economy">Self-managed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes#P2P_economic_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Social peer-to-peer processes">Peer-to-peer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_access" title="Open access">Open access</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Other types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons-based_peer_production" title="Commons-based peer production">Commons-based peer production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_economics" title="Expeditionary economics">Expeditionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">Hunter-gatherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_economy" title="Information economy">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">Newly industrialized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palace_economy" title="Palace economy">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantation_economy" title="Plantation economy">Plantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonomy" title="Plutonomy">Plutonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_economy" title="Post-industrial economy">Post-industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource-based_economy" title="Resource-based economy">Resource-based</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Token_economy" title="Token economy">Token</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_economy" title="Traditional economy">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_economy" title="Transition economy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and economics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Template:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Template talk:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_systems_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic systems sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scandinavia" title="Category:Scandinavia">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Scandinavia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/250px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/375px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg/500px-Map_of_Scandinavia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Countries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Scandinavia" title="History of Scandinavia">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>History by country</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_%C3%85land" title="History of Åland">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark" title="History of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="History of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Finland" title="History of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greenland" title="History of Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iceland" title="History of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Norway" title="History of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Scotland" title="Scandinavian Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Chronological history</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_prehistory" title="Scandinavian prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93Norway" title="Denmark–Norway">Denmark–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Sweden_and_Norway" title="Union between Sweden and Norway">Sweden–Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union" title="Danish–Icelandic Act of Union">Denmark–Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Geography</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Peninsula" title="Scandinavian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Economy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nordic model</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavism" title="Scandinavism">Scandinavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Monetary_Union" title="Scandinavian Monetary Union">Monetary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_defence_union" title="Scandinavian defence union">Defence Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Airlines" title="Scandinavian Airlines">Scandinavian Airlines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/16px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/24px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/32px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Denmark" title="Portal:Denmark">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Faroe_Islands" title="Portal:Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Finland" title="Portal:Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iceland" title="Portal:Iceland">Iceland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/16px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/24px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/16px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/24px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/32px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sweden" title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scandinavia" title="Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scandinavia" title="Template talk:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scandinavia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.65em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/50px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/75px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg/100px-Pu%C3%B1o_y_rosa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="581" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_abuse" title="Institutional abuse">Institutional abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_abuse" title="Structural abuse">Structural abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_violence" title="Structural violence">Structural violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">Tripartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdal_%C4%B0n%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Erdal İnönü">İnönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamal_Jumblatt" title="Kamal Jumblatt">Jumblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal (Alva)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Myrdal (Gunnar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_S%C3%A1nchez" title="Pedro Sánchez">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaf_Scholz" title="Olaf Scholz">Scholz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_of_Social_Democracy_in_Asia" title="Network of Social Democracy in Asia">Network of Social Democracy in Asia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Labour_Party_(UK)" title="History of the Labour Party (UK)">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;background:transparent;padding-left:0.3em;text-align:center;color:black;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="margin-top:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Types of socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #B60202; border-bottom:none;"> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem-money.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/16px-Emblem-money.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/24px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/32px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/24px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/32px-Red_flag_II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="411" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></b></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top:1px solid #B60202;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Template talk:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nordic model</b> comprises the <a href="/wiki/Economic_policy" title="Economic policy">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_policies" class="mw-redirect" title="Social policies">social policies</a> as well as typical <a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">cultural practices</a> common in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes a comprehensive <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> and multi-level <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on the economic foundations of <a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">social corporatism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Private_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Private ownership">private ownership</a> within a market-based <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Sandbu_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Sandbu-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – with Norway being a partial exception due to a large number of <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">state-owned enterprises</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> in <a href="/wiki/Publicly_listed_firm" class="mw-redirect" title="Publicly listed firm">publicly listed firms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norway:_The_rich_cousin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norway:_The_rich_cousin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there are significant differences among the Nordic countries,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they all have some common traits. The three <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavian</a> countries are <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional monarchies">constitutional monarchies</a>, while Finland and Iceland have been republics since the 20th century. All the Nordic countries are however described as being highly democratic and all have a <a href="/wiki/Unicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Unicameral">unicameral</a> legislature and use <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> in their <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">electoral systems</a>. They all support a <a href="/wiki/Universalist_welfare_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Universalist welfare state">universalist welfare state</a> aimed specifically at enhancing individual autonomy and promoting <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a>, with a sizable percentage of the population employed by the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> (roughly 30% of the work force in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a>, education, and government),<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_leaders_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_leaders-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a corporatist system with a high percentage of the workforce <a href="/wiki/Unionized" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionized">unionized</a> and involving a <a href="/wiki/Tripartism" title="Tripartism">tripartite arrangement</a>, where representatives of labour and employers negotiate wages and labour market policy is mediated by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2020, all of the Nordic countries rank highly on the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_inequality-adjusted_HDI" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI">inequality-adjusted HDI</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a> as well as being ranked in the top 10 on the <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Report</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nordic model was originally developed in the 1930s under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Social_democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democrats">social democrats</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liukas_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> political parties, as well as labour unions, also contributed to the Nordic model's development.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nordic model began to gain attention after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has transformed in some ways over the last few decades, including increased <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and expanding <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2b_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2b-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liukas_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is still distinguished from other models by the strong emphasis on public services and social investment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2b_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2b-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview_and_aspects">Overview and aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview and aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordiske-flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nordiske-flag.jpg/225px-Nordiske-flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nordiske-flag.jpg/338px-Nordiske-flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Nordiske-flag.jpg/450px-Nordiske-flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>Flags of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a>, from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Nordic model has been characterized as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An elaborate <a href="/wiki/Social_safety_net" title="Social safety net">social safety net</a>, in addition to public services such as <a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">free education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal healthcare</a><sup id="cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a largely tax-funded system.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Strong property rights, contract enforcement and overall ease of doing business.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Public <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pension</a> plans.<sup id="cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>High levels of democracy as seen in the <i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a></i> survey and <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHR_2020_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHR_2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-index2020_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-index2020-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Free trade combined with collective risk sharing (<a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> social programmes and <a href="/wiki/Labour_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour market">labour market</a> institutions) which has provided a form of protection against the risks associated with economic openness.<sup id="cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Little <a href="/wiki/Product_market" title="Product market">product market</a> regulation. <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> rank very high in product market freedom according to <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> rankings.<sup id="cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Low levels of corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-WHR_2020_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHR_2020-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Transparency International's 2022 <i><a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a></i>, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden were ranked among the top 10 least corrupt of the 180 countries evaluated.<sup id="cite_ref-ti_2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ti_2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A partnership between employers, trade unions and the government, whereby these social partners negotiate the terms to regulating the workplace amongst themselves, rather than the terms being imposed by law.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sweden has decentralised wage co-ordination while Finland is ranked the least flexible.<sup id="cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changing economic conditions have given rise to fear among workers as well as resistance by trade unions in regards to reforms.<sup id="cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>High <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade union</a> density and <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-Bruhn_Kjellberg_Sandberg_2013_pp._126–186_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bruhn_Kjellberg_Sandberg_2013_pp._126–186-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, trade union density was 90.7% in Iceland, 67.0% in Denmark, 65.2% in Sweden, 58.8% in Finland, and 50.4% in Norway; in comparison, trade union density was 16.3% in Germany and 9.9% in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Trade_Union_Density_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trade_Union_Density-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, in 2018, collective bargaining coverage was 90% in Iceland, 88.8% in Finland (2017), 88% in Sweden, 82% in Denmark, and 69% in Norway; in comparison collective bargaining coverage was 54% in Germany and 11.7% in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lower union density in Norway is mainly explained by the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Ghent_system" title="Ghent system">Ghent system</a> since 1938. In contrast, Denmark, Finland and Sweden all have union-run unemployment funds.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Nordic countries received the highest ranking for protecting workers rights on the <a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a> 2014 Global Rights Index, with Denmark being the only nation to receive a perfect score.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Very high <a href="/wiki/Public_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="Public spending">public spending</a>, with Sweden at 56.6% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, Denmark at 51.7%, and Finland at 48.6%.<sup id="cite_ref-economicfreedom_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economicfreedom-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public expenditure for health and education is significantly higher in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden in comparison to the OECD average.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Overall <a href="/wiki/Tax_burden" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax burden">tax burdens</a> as a percentage of GDP are high, with Denmark at 45.9% and both Finland and Sweden at 44.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nordic countries have relatively flat tax rates, meaning that even those with medium and low incomes are taxed at relatively high levels.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The United Nations <a href="/wiki/World_Happiness_Report" title="World Happiness Report">World Happiness Reports</a> show that the happiest nations are concentrated in Northern Europe. The Nordics ranked highest on the metrics of real GDP per capita, healthy life expectancy, having someone to count on, perceived freedom to make life choices, generosity and freedom from corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nordic countries place in the top 10 of the <i>World Happiness Report 2018</i>, with Finland and Norway taking the top spots.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_system">Economic system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economic system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nordic model is underpinned by a mixed-market capitalist economic system that features high degrees of private ownership,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Nordic_Model:_Pros_and_Cons_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nordic_Model:_Pros_and_Cons-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exception of Norway which includes a large number of <a href="/wiki/State-owned" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned">state-owned</a> enterprises and state ownership in publicly listed firms.<sup id="cite_ref-Norway:_The_rich_cousin_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norway:_The_rich_cousin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nordic model is described as a system of competitive capitalism combined with a large percentage of the population employed by the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a>, which amounts to roughly 30% of the work force, in areas such as <a href="/wiki/Healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthcare">healthcare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a>. In Norway, Finland, and Sweden, many companies and/or industries are state-run or <a href="/wiki/State-owned" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned">state-owned</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Valtioneuvoston_kanslia_2022_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valtioneuvoston_kanslia_2022-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> like <a href="/wiki/Utilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Utilities">utilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_power_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical power industry">electrical power industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">steel mill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machine_industry" title="Machine industry">machine industry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_manufacturer" title="Aerospace manufacturer">aerospace manufacturer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">shipbuilding</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms industry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> described its countries as "stout free-traders who resist the temptation to intervene even to protect iconic companies", while also looking for ways to temper capitalism's harsher effects and declared that the Nordic countries "are probably the best-governed in the world."<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_leaders_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist_leaders-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some economists have referred to the Nordic economic model as a form of "cuddly capitalism", with low levels of inequality, generous welfare states, and reduced concentration of top incomes, contrasting it with the more "cut-throat capitalism" of the United States, which has high levels of <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">inequality</a> and a larger concentration of top incomes, among others social inequalities.<sup id="cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nordicmodel-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Sweden_financial_crisis_of_1990%E2%80%931994" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweden financial crisis of 1990–1994">Sweden financial crisis of 1990–1994</a>, Sweden implemented economic reforms that were focused on <a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">deregulation</a> and the strengthening of <a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">competition laws</a>. Despite this however, Sweden still has the highest government spending-to-GDP ratio of all the Nordic countries, it retains national-level sectoral bargaining unlike <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, with over 650 national-level bargaining agreements,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it retains the <a href="/wiki/Ghent_system" title="Ghent system">Ghent system</a> unlike <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> and consequently has the second-highest rate of unionization in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being one of the most equal OECD nations, from 1985 to the 2010s Sweden saw the largest growth in income inequality among OECD economies.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other effects of the 1990s reforms was the substantial growth of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_fund" title="Mutual fund">mutual fund</a> savings, which largely began with the government subsidizing mutual fund savings through the so-called Allemansfonder program in the 1980s;<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> today 4 out of 5 people aged 18–74 have fund savings.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway's_particularities"><span id="Norway.27s_particularities"></span>Norway's particularities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Norway's particularities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The state of Norway has ownership stakes in many of the country's largest publicly listed companies, owning 37% of the Oslo stock market<sup id="cite_ref-Economist2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and operating the country's largest non-listed companies, including <a href="/wiki/Equinor" title="Equinor">Equinor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statkraft" title="Statkraft">Statkraft</a>. In January 2013, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i> reported that "after the second world war the government nationalised all German business interests in Norway and ended up owning 44% of Norsk Hydro's shares. The formula of controlling business through shares rather than regulation seemed to work well, so the government used it wherever possible. 'We invented the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Chinese way of doing things</a> before the Chinese', says Torger Reve of the Norwegian Business School."<sup id="cite_ref-Economist2_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government also operates a sovereign wealth fund, the <a href="/wiki/Government_Pension_Fund_of_Norway" title="Government Pension Fund of Norway">Government Pension Fund of Norway</a>, whose partial objective is to prepare Norway for a post-oil future but "unusually among oil-producing nations, it is also a big advocate of human rights – and a powerful one, thanks to its control of the Nobel peace prize."<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway is the only major economy in the north of Europe where younger generations are getting richer, with a 13% increase in <a href="/wiki/Disposable_and_discretionary_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Disposable and discretionary income">disposable income</a> income for 2018, bucking the trend seen in other european-northern nations of <a href="/wiki/Millennials" title="Millennials">Millennials</a> becoming poorer than the generations which came before.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_democracy">Social democracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_democratic_parties_in_Nordic_countries_-_percentage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Social_democratic_parties_in_Nordic_countries_-_percentage.jpg/300px-Social_democratic_parties_in_Nordic_countries_-_percentage.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Social_democratic_parties_in_Nordic_countries_-_percentage.jpg/450px-Social_democratic_parties_in_Nordic_countries_-_percentage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Social_democratic_parties_in_Nordic_countries_-_percentage.jpg/600px-Social_democratic_parties_in_Nordic_countries_-_percentage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption>Vote percentage over time of the main social democratic parties in Denmark, Finland, Sweden, and Norway<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fd0100; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)" title="Labour Party (Norway)">Labour Party (Norway)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c10001; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fcc0bf; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats_(Denmark)" title="Social Democrats (Denmark)">Social Democrats (Denmark)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff7266; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Finland" title="Social Democratic Party of Finland">Social Democratic Party of Finland</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Social democrats have played a pivotal role in shaping the Nordic model, with policies enacted by social democrats being pivotal in fostering the <a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social cohesion</a> in the Nordic countries.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among political scientists and sociologists, the term <i>social democracy</i> has become widespread to describe the Nordic model due to the influence of social democratic party governance in Sweden and Norway, in contrast to other classifications such as liberal or Christian democratic.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferragini_&_Seeleib-Kaiser_2011_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferragini_&_Seeleib-Kaiser_2011-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to sociologist <a href="/wiki/Lane_Kenworthy" title="Lane Kenworthy">Lane Kenworthy</a>, the meaning of <i>social democracy</i> in this context refers to a variant of capitalism based on the predominance of private property and market allocation mechanisms alongside a set of policies for promoting economic security and opportunity within the framework of a capitalist economy as opposed to a political ideology that aims to replace capitalism.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While many countries have been categorized as <i>social democratic</i>, the Nordic countries have been the only ones to be constantly categorized as such. In a review by Emanuele Ferragina and Martin Seeleib-Kaiser of works about the different models of welfare states, apart from Belgium and the Netherlands, categorized as "medium-high socialism", the Scandinavian countries analyzed (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) were the only ones to be categorized by sociologist <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B8sta_Esping-Andersen" title="Gøsta Esping-Andersen">Gøsta Esping-Andersen</a> as "high socialism", which is defined as socialist attributes and values (equality and universalism) and the social democratic model, which is characterized by "a high level of decommodification and a low degree of stratification. Social policies are perceived as 'politics against the market.'" They summarized the social democratic model as being based on "the principle of universalism, granting access to benefits and services based on citizenship. Such a welfare state is said to provide a relatively high degree of autonomy, limiting the reliance on family and market."<sup id="cite_ref-Ferragini_&_Seeleib-Kaiser_2011_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferragini_&_Seeleib-Kaiser_2011-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Johan Strang, since the 1990s, politicians, researchers and the media have shifted to explaining the Nordic model with cultural rather than political factors. These cultural explanations benefit <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberalism</a>, whose rise this cultural phenomenon coincided with. By the 2010s, politics has been re-entering the conversation on the Nordic model.<sup id="cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liukas_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_influence">Lutheran influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lutheran influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some academics have theorized that <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, the dominant traditional religion of the Nordic countries, had an effect on the development of <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a> there. Schröder posits that Lutheranism promoted the idea of a nationwide community of believers and led to increased state involvement in economic and social life, allowing for nationwide welfare solidarity and economic co-ordination.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kettunen_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettunen-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Esa Mangeloja says that the revival movements helped to pave the way for the modern Finnish welfare state. During that process, the church lost some of its most important social responsibilities (health care, education, and social work) as these tasks were assumed by the secular Finnish state.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pauli Kettunen presents the Nordic model as the outcome of a sort of mythical "Lutheran peasant enlightenment", portraying the Nordic model as the result of a sort of "secularized Lutheranism";<sup id="cite_ref-Kettunen_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kettunen-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, mainstream academic discourse on the subject focuses on "historical specificity", with the centralized structure of the Lutheran church being but one aspect of the cultural values and state structures that led to the development of the welfare state in Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labour_market_policy">Labour market policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Labour market policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nordic countries share active labour market policies as part of a <a href="/wiki/Social_corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social corporatist">social corporatist</a> economic model intended to reduce conflict between labour and the interests of capital. This <a href="/wiki/Corporatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporatist">corporatist</a> system is most extensive in Norway and Sweden, where employer federations and labour representatives bargain at the national level mediated by the government. Labour market interventions are aimed at providing job retraining and relocation.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nordic labour market is flexible, with laws making it easy for employers to hire and shed workers or introduce labour-saving technology. To mitigate the negative effect on workers, the government labour market policies are designed to provide generous social welfare, job retraining and relocation services to limit any conflicts between capital and labour that might arise from this process.<sup id="cite_ref-James_E._McWhinney_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_E._McWhinney-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nordic_welfare_model">Nordic welfare model</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Nordic welfare model"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nordic welfare model refers to the <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_policy" title="Social policy">policies</a> of the Nordic countries, which also tie into their labour market policies. The Nordic model of welfare is distinguished from other types of welfare states by its emphasis on maximising labour force participation, promoting <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a>, and extensive benefit levels, the large magnitude of income redistribution and liberal use of expansionary fiscal policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Esping-Andersen_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Esping-Andersen-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While there are differences among the Nordic countries, they all share a broad commitment to <a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">social cohesion</a>, a universal nature of welfare provision in order to safeguard individualism by providing protection for vulnerable individuals and groups in society, and maximising public participation in social decision-making. It is characterized by flexibility and openness to innovation in the provision of welfare. The Nordic welfare systems are mainly funded through <a href="/wiki/Taxation" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation">taxation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nordic_Council_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nordic_Council-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the common values, the Nordic countries take different approaches to the practical administration of the welfare state. Denmark features a high degree of <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> provision of public services and welfare, alongside an assimilation immigration policy. Iceland's welfare model is based on a "welfare-to-work" (see <a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">workfare</a>) model while part of Finland's welfare state includes the <a href="/wiki/Voluntary_sector" title="Voluntary sector">voluntary sector</a> playing a significant role in providing care for the elderly. Norway relies most extensively on public provision of welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nordic_Council_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nordic_Council-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gender_equality">Gender equality</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gender equality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When it comes to gender equality, the Nordic countries hold one of the smallest gaps in gender employment inequality of all OECD countries,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with less than 8 points in all Nordic countries according to <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">International Labour Organization</a> standards.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been at the front of the implementation of policies that promote gender equality; the Scandinavian governments were some of the first to make it unlawful for companies to dismiss women on grounds of marriage or motherhood. Mothers in Nordic countries are more likely to be working mothers than in any other region and families enjoy pioneering legislation on parental leave policies that compensate parents for moving from work to home to care for their child, including fathers.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the specifics of gender equality policies in regards to the work place vary from country to country, there is a widespread focus in Nordic countries to highlight "continuous full-time employment" for both men and women as well as single parents as they fully recognize that some of the most salient gender gaps arise from parenthood. Aside from receiving incentives to take shareable parental leave, Nordic families benefit from subsidized early childhood education and care and activities for out-of-school hours for those children that have enrolled in full-time education.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nordic countries have been at the forefront of championing gender equality and this has been historically shown by substantial increases in women's employment. Between 1965 and 1990, Sweden's employment rate for women in working-age (15–64) went from 52.8% to 81.0%.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, nearly three out of every four women in working-age in the Nordic countries were taking part in paid work. Nevertheless, women are still the main users of the shareable parental leave (fathers use less than 30% of their paid parental-leave-days), foreign women are being subjected to under-representation,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Finland still holds a notable gender pay-gap; the average woman's salary is 83% of that of a man, not accounting for confounding factors such as career choice.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poverty_reduction">Poverty reduction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Poverty reduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nordic model has been successful at significantly reducing poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011, poverty rates before taking into account the effects of taxes and transfers stood at 24.7% in Denmark, 31.9% in Finland, 21.6% in Iceland, 25.6% in Norway, and 26.5% in Sweden. After accounting for taxes and transfers, the poverty rates for the same year became 6%, 7.5%, 5.7%, 7.7% and 9.7% respectively, for an average reduction of 18.7 p.p.<sup id="cite_ref-compareyourcountry.org_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compareyourcountry.org-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to the United States, which has a poverty level pre-tax of 28.3% and post-tax of 17.4% for a reduction of 10.9 p.p., the effects of tax and transfers on poverty in all the Nordic countries are substantially bigger.<sup id="cite_ref-compareyourcountry.org_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compareyourcountry.org-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison to France (27 p.p. reduction) and Germany (24.2 p.p. reduction), the taxes and transfers in the Nordic countries are smaller on average.<sup id="cite_ref-compareyourcountry.org_75-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-compareyourcountry.org-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term 'peasant republic' is sometimes applied to certain communities in Scandinavia during the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, where royal power seems to have been initially somewhat weak,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in areas of modern day Sweden that were not under the rule of the Swedish king yet, as well as in Iceland where the <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Commonwealth" title="Icelandic Commonwealth">Icelandic Commonwealth</a> serves as an example of an unusually large and sophisticated peasant republic building on the same democratic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians have also argued that <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> was a peasant republic before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Visby" title="Battle of Visby">attack by the Danes in 1361</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Central for the old Scandinavian democratic traditions was the assemblies called the <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing or Moot</a>. </p><p>The Nordic model traces its foundation to the "grand compromise" between workers and employers spearheaded by farmer and worker parties in the 1930s. Following a long period of economic crisis and class struggle, the "grand compromise" served as the foundation for the post-World War II Nordic model of welfare and labour market organization. The key characteristics of the Nordic model were the centralized coordination of wage negotiation between employers and <a href="/wiki/Labour_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour organization">labour organizations</a>, termed a social partnership, as well as providing a peaceful means to address class conflict between capital and labour.<sup id="cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Magnus Bergli Rasmussen has challenged that farmers played an important role in ushering Nordic welfare states. A 2022 study by him found that farmers had strong incentives to resist welfare state expansion and farmer MPs consistently opposed generous welfare policies.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although often linked to <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> governance, the Nordic model's parentage also stems from a mixture of mainly social democratic, <a href="/wiki/Centrist" class="mw-redirect" title="Centrist">centrist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing" class="mw-redirect" title="Right-wing">right-wing</a> political parties, especially in Finland and Iceland, along with the social trust that emerged from the "great compromise" between capital and labour. The influence of each of these factors on each Nordic country varied as social democratic parties played a larger role in the formation of the Nordic model in Sweden and Norway, whereas in Iceland and Finland, right-wing political parties played a much more significant role in shaping their countries' social models. However, even in Iceland and Finland, strong labour unions contributed to the development of universal welfare.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Social security and collective wage bargaining policies were rolled back following economic imbalances in the 1980s and the financial crises of the 1990s which led to more restrictive budgetary policies that were most pronounced in Sweden and Iceland. Nonetheless, welfare expenditure remained high in these countries, compared to the European average.<sup id="cite_ref-NordicModelArrivalandDecline1_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NordicModelArrivalandDecline1-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Social welfare reforms emerged from the <a href="/wiki/Kanslergade_Agreement" title="Kanslergade Agreement">Kanslergade Agreement</a> of 1933 as part of a compromise package to save the Danish economy.<sup id="cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Denmark was the first Nordic country to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in the 1970s, reflecting the different political approaches to it among the Nordic countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liukas_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Early_1990s_recession" title="Early 1990s recession">early 1990s recession</a> affected the Nordic countries and caused a deep crisis in Finland, and came amid the context of the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> and collapse of trade from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a>. Like in Sweden, Finland's universalistic welfare state based on the Nordic model was weakened and no longer based on the social-democratic middle ground, as several social welfare policies were often permanently dismantled; however, Finland was hit even harder than Sweden. During the crisis, Finland looked to the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, which they were more committed and open to joining than Sweden and especially Norway, while Denmark had already joined the EU by the 1970s. Finland is, to date, the only Nordic country to become a <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> member state after fully adopting the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as its official currency in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liukas_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Economy_and_Finance_1999_d937_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economy_and_Finance_1999_d937-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to analyst Harpa Njálsdóttir, Iceland in the late 2010s moved away from the Nordic model towards the <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic liberal">economic liberal</a> model of <a href="/wiki/Workfare" title="Workfare">workfare</a>. She also noted that with the large changes having been made to the social security system, "70% of elderly people now live well below national subsistence criteria, while about 70% of those who live alone and in bad conditions are women."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, as of 2021, Iceland has the lowest poverty rate in the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> of only 4.9%.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norway's "grand compromise" emerged as a response to the crisis of the early 1930s between the trade union confederation and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Employers%27_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Employers' Association">Norwegian Employers' Association</a>, agreeing on national standards in labour–capital relations and creating the foundation for social harmony throughout the period of compromises. For a period between the 1980s and the 1990s, Norway underwent more neoliberal reforms and <a href="/wiki/Marketization" title="Marketization">marketization</a> than Sweden during the same time frame, while still holding to the traditional foundations of the "social democratic compromise" that was specific to Western capitalism from 1945 to 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Norway was the Nordic country least willing to join the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. While Finland and Sweden suffered greatly from the 1990s recession, Norway began to earn enough revenue from their oil.<sup id="cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liukas_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2007, the Norwegian state maintained large ownership positions in key industrial sectors, among them petroleum, natural gas, minerals, lumber, seafood and fresh water. The petroleum industry accounts for around a quarter of the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sweden, the grand compromise was pushed forward by the <a href="/wiki/Saltsj%C3%B6baden_Agreement" title="Saltsjöbaden Agreement">Saltsjöbaden Agreement</a> signed by employer and trade union associations at the seaside retreat of Saltsjöbaden in 1938. This agreement provided the foundation for Scandinavian industrial relations throughout Europe's <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Capitalism">Golden Age of Capitalism</a>. The Swedish model of capitalism developed under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Social_Democratic_Party" title="Swedish Social Democratic Party">Swedish Social Democratic Party</a> which assumed power in 1932 and retained uninterrupted power until 1976. Initially differing very little from other industrialized capitalist countries, the state's role in providing comprehensive welfare and infrastructure expanded after the Second World War until reaching a broadly <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> consensus in the 1950s which would become known as the <a href="/wiki/Social_liberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social liberal">social liberal</a> paradigm,<sup id="cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> paradigm by the 1980s and 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Phillip O'Hara, "Sweden eventually became part of the Great Capitalist Restoration of the 1980s and 1990s. In all the industrial democracies and beyond, this recent era has seen the retrenchment of the welfare state by reduced social spending in real terms, tax cuts, deregulation and privatization, and a weakening of the influence of organized labor."<sup id="cite_ref-O'Hara_1999_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-O'Hara_1999-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> and the prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Tage Erlander</a> formulated the basis of Swedish social democracy and what would become known as the "Swedish model", drawing inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Reformist_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist socialism">reformist socialism</a> of party founder <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Hjalmar Branting</a>, who stated that <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> "would not be created by brutalized...slaves [but by] the best positioned workers, those who have gradually obtained a normal workday, protective legislation, minimum wages." Arguing against those to their left, the party favored moderatism and wanted to help workers in the here and now, and followed the <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian</a> argument that the policies were steps on the road to socialism, which would not come about through violent revolution but through the <a href="/wiki/Social_corporative" class="mw-redirect" title="Social corporative">social corporative</a> model of <a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">welfare capitalism</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to be seen as progressive in providing institutional legitimacy to the <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> by recognizing the existence of the <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletariat</a> as a class compromise within the context of existing class conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Swedish model was characterized by a strong labour movement as well as inclusive publicly funded and often publicly administered welfare institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the early 1980s, the Swedish model began to suffer from international imbalances, declining competitiveness and capital flight. Two polar opposite solutions emerged to restructure the Swedish economy, the first being a transition to socialism by <a href="/wiki/Socialization_as_a_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialization as a process">socializing</a> the ownership of industry and the second providing favorable conditions for the formation of private capital by embracing neoliberalism. The Swedish model was first challenged in 1976 by the <a href="/wiki/Meidner_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Meidner Plan">Meidner Plan</a> promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="Swedish Trade Union Confederation">Swedish Trade Union Confederation</a> and trade unions which aimed at the gradual socialization of Swedish companies through wage earner funds. The Meidner Plan aimed to collectivize capital formation in two generations by having the wage earner funds own predominant stakes in Swedish corporations on behalf of workers. This proposal was supported by Palme and the Social Democratic party leadership, but it did not garner enough support upon Palme's assassination and was defeated by the conservatives in the <a href="/wiki/1991_Swedish_general_election" title="1991 Swedish general election">1991 Swedish general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon returning to power in 1982, the Social Democratic party inherited a slowing economy resulting from the end of the post-war boom. The Social Democrats adopted <a href="/wiki/Monetarist" class="mw-redirect" title="Monetarist">monetarist</a> and neoliberal policies, <a href="/wiki/Deregulating" class="mw-redirect" title="Deregulating">deregulating</a> the banking industry, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">liberalizing</a> currency in the 1980s. The economic crisis of the 1990s saw greater <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> measures, deregulation, and the <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of public services.<sup id="cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Into the 21st century, it greatly affected Sweden and its universalistic welfare state, although not as hard as Finland. Sweden remained more <a href="/wiki/Eurosceptic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurosceptic">Eurosceptic</a> than Finland, and its struggles affected all the other Nordic countries, as it was seen as "the guiding star of the north", and with Sweden fading away, other Nordic countries also felt like they were losing their political identities.<sup id="cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liukas_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the Nordic model was then gradually rediscovered, cultural explanations were sought for the special features of the Nordic countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liukas_2019-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Nordic model has been positively received by some American politicians and political commentators. <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mander" title="Jerry Mander">Jerry Mander</a> has likened the Nordic model to a kind of "hybrid" system which features a blend of <a href="/wiki/Capitalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitalist">capitalist</a> economics with <a href="/wiki/Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> values, representing an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">American-style capitalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vermont Senator <a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a> has pointed to Scandinavia and the Nordic model as something the United States can learn from, in particular with respect to the benefits and social protections the Nordic model affords workers and its provision of universal healthcare.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scandinavian political scientist Daniel Schatz argued that Sanders is wrong, saying that "the success of Nordic countries like Sweden – as measured by relatively high living standards accompanied by low poverty, with government-funded education through university, universal health coverage, generous parental-leave policies and long life spans – precedes the contemporary welfare state.", adding that "Research has suggested that the Northern European success story has its roots in cultural rather than economic factors. The Scandinavian countries ... historically developed remarkably high levels of social trust, a robust work ethic and considerable social cohesion".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pellicani" title="Luciano Pellicani">Luciano Pellicani</a>, the social and political measures adopted in countries like Sweden and Denmark are the same that some other European left-wing politicians theorised to combine <i>justice and freedom</i>, referring to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">liberal socialism</a> and movements like <i><a href="/wiki/Giustizia_e_Libert%C3%A0" title="Giustizia e Libertà">Giustizia e Libertà</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Soviet_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet leader">Soviet leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> sought to move the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in a similar direction to the Nordic system, combining free markets with a social safety net, but still retaining public ownership of key sectors of the economy – ingredients that he believed would transform the Soviet Union into "a socialist beacon for all mankind."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Nordic model has also been positively received by various social scientists and economists. American professor of sociology and political science <a href="/wiki/Lane_Kenworthy" title="Lane Kenworthy">Lane Kenworthy</a> advocates for the United States to make a gradual transition toward a social democracy similar to those of the Nordic countries, defining social democracy as such: "The idea behind social democracy was to make capitalism better. There is disagreement about how exactly to do that, and others might think the proposals in my book aren't true social democracy. But I think of it as a commitment to use government to make life better for people in a capitalist economy. To a large extent, that consists of using public insurance programs – government transfers and services."<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nobel Prize-winning economist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a> says that there is higher social mobility in the Scandinavian countries than in the United States and posits that Scandinavia is now the land of opportunity that the United States once was.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American author <a href="/wiki/Ann_Jones_(author)" title="Ann Jones (author)">Ann Jones</a>, who lived in Norway for four years, posits that "the Nordic countries give their populations freedom <i>from</i> the market by using capitalism as a tool to benefit everyone" whereas in the United States "<a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> politics puts the foxes in charge of the henhouse, and capitalists have used the wealth generated by their enterprises (as well as financial and political manipulations) to capture the state and pluck the chickens."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economist <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a> is a proponent of the Nordic model, having pointed out that the Nordic model is "the proof that modern capitalism can be combined with decency, fairness, trust, honesty, and environmental sustainability."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nordic combination of extensive public provision of <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> and a culture of <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> has been described by Lars Trägårdh of <a href="/wiki/Ersta_Sk%C3%B6ndal_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Ersta Sköndal University College">Ersta Sköndal University College</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Statist_individualism" title="Statist individualism">statist individualism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Economist_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Economist-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2016 survey by the think tank <a href="/wiki/Israel_Democracy_Institute" title="Israel Democracy Institute">Israel Democracy Institute</a> found that nearly 60 percent of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> preferred a "Scandinavian model" economy, with high taxes and a robust welfare state.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criticism">Criticism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Socialist economists <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Bardhan" title="Pranab Bardhan">Pranab Bardhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Roemer" title="John Roemer">John Roemer</a> criticize Nordic-style social democracy for its questionable effectiveness in promoting relative <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a> as well as its <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">sustainability</a>. They posit that Nordic social democracy requires a strong <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> to sustain the heavy redistribution required, arguing that it is idealistic to think similar levels of redistribution can be accomplished in countries with weaker labour movements. They say that even in the Scandinavian countries social democracy has been in decline since the weakening of the labour movement in the early 1990s, arguing that the sustainability of social democracy is limited. Roemer and Bardham posit that establishing a market-based socialist economy by changing enterprise ownership would be more effective than social democratic redistribution at promoting egalitarian outcomes, particularly in countries with weak labour movements.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%B0mundur_J%C3%B3nsson" title="Guðmundur Jónsson">Guðmundur Jónsson</a> said that it would be historically inaccurate to include Iceland in one aspect of the Nordic model, that of <a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">consensus democracy</a>. Addressing the time period from 1950 to 2000, Jónsson writes that "Icelandic democracy is better described as more adversarial than consensual in style and practice. The labour market was rife with conflict and strikes more frequent than in Europe, resulting in strained government–trade union relationship. Secondly, Iceland did not share the Nordic tradition of power-sharing or corporatism as regards labour market policies or macro-economic policy management, primarily because of the weakness of Social Democrats and the Left in general. Thirdly, the legislative process did not show a strong tendency towards consensus-building between government and opposition with regard to government seeking consultation or support for key legislation. Fourthly, the political style in legislative procedures and public debate in general tended to be adversarial rather than consensual in nature."<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a 2017 study, economists <a href="/wiki/James_Heckman" title="James Heckman">James Heckman</a> and Rasmus Landersøn compared American and Danish social mobility, and found that social mobility is not as high as figures might suggest in the Nordic countries, although they did find that Denmark ranks higher in income mobility. When looking exclusively at wages (before taxes and transfers), Danish and American social mobility are very similar; it is only after taxes and transfers are taken into account that Danish social mobility improves, indicating that Danish economic redistribution policies are the key drivers of greater mobility. Additionally, Denmark's greater investment in public education did not improve educational mobility significantly, meaning children of non-college educated parents are still unlikely to receive college education, although this public investment did result in improved cognitive skills amongst poor Danish children compared to their American peers. There was evidence that generous welfare policies could discourage the pursuit of higher-level education due to decreasing the economic benefits that college education level jobs offer and increasing welfare for workers of a lower education level.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some welfare and gender researchers based in the Nordic countries suggest that these states have often been over-privileged when different European societies are being assessed in terms of how far they have achieved gender equality. They posit that such assessments often utilise international comparisons adopting conventional economic, political, educational, and well-being measures.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast, they suggest that if one takes a broader perspective on well-being incorporating, such as social issues associated with bodily integrity or bodily citizenship,<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then some major forms of men's domination still stubbornly persist in the Nordic countries, e.g. business, violence to women, sexual violence to children, the military, academia, and religion.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While praising the Nordic model as a "clear and compelling contrast to the neoliberal ideology that has strafed the rest of the world with inequality, ill-health and needless poverty," economic anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Jason_Hickel" title="Jason Hickel">Jason Hickel</a> sharply criticizes the "ecological disaster" that accompanies it, noting that data shows the Nordic countries "have some of the highest levels of resource use and CO2 emissions in the world, in consumption based terms, drastically overshooting safe planetary boundaries," and rank towards the bottom of the Sustainable Development Index. He argues that the model needs to be updated for the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>, and reduce <a href="/wiki/Overconsumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Overconsumption">overconsumption</a> while retaining the positive elements of progressive social democracy including universal healthcare and education, paid vacations and reasonable working hours, which have resulted in much better health outcomes and poverty reduction compared to overtly neoliberal countries like the United States, in order to "stand as a beacon for the rest of the world in the 21st century."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Swedish economist John Gustavsson, writing for American conservative magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i>, criticized the Nordic model for its high taxation rates, including on the middle class and poor people.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Cottakis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Cottakis (page does not exist)">Michael Cottakis</a> has noted the rise of <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing populist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">anti-immigration sentiment</a> in the Nordic countries, arguing that these countries, in particular Sweden, have failed to handle immigration effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Misconceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/George_Lakey" title="George Lakey">George Lakey</a>, author of <i>Viking Economics</i>, says that Americans generally misunderstand the nature of the Nordic model, commenting: "Americans imagine that "welfare state" means the U.S. welfare system on steroids. Actually, the Nordics scrapped their American-style welfare system at least 60 years ago, and substituted universal services, which means everyone – rich and poor – gets free higher education, free medical services, free eldercare, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a speech at Harvard's Kennedy School of Government, <a href="/wiki/Lars_L%C3%B8kke_Rasmussen" title="Lars Løkke Rasmussen">Lars Løkke Rasmussen</a>, the centre-right Danish prime minister from the conservative-liberal <a href="/wiki/Venstre_(Denmark)" title="Venstre (Denmark)">Venstre</a> party, addressed the American misconception that the Nordic model is a form of socialism, which is conflated with any form of <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">planned economy</a>, stating: "I know that some people in the US associate the Nordic model with some sort of socialism. Therefore, I would like to make one thing clear. Denmark is far from a socialist planned economy. Denmark is a market economy."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a>, a socioeconomic model associated with France</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Folkhemmet" title="Folkhemmet">Folkhemmet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefco" title="Nefco">Nefco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polder_model" title="Polder model">Polder model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehn%E2%80%93Meidner_model" title="Rehn–Meidner model">Rehn–Meidner model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhenish_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhenish model">Rhenish model</a>, a socioeconomic model associated with Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Finland" title="Welfare in Finland">Welfare in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_Sweden" title="Welfare in Sweden">Welfare in Sweden</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lists">Lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legatum_Prosperity_Index" title="Legatum Prosperity Index">Legatum Prosperity Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GDP per capita">List of countries by GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_income_equality" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by income equality">List of countries by income equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">List of countries by life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_share_of_income_of_the_richest_one_percent" title="List of countries by share of income of the richest one percent">List of countries by share of income of the richest one percent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_per_adult" title="List of countries by wealth per adult">List of countries by wealth per adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Progress_Index" title="Social Progress Index">Social Progress Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where-to-be-born_Index" title="Where-to-be-born Index">Where-to-be-born Index</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSimon2017" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, Carsta (20 December 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Fbsi.v26i0.7317">"Why Norwegians Don't Have Their Pigs in the Forest: Enlightening the Nordic Art of 'Co-operation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Behavior and Social Issues</i>. <b>26</b>: 172. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5210%2Fbsi.v26i0.7317">10.5210/bsi.v26i0.7317</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10642%2F5688">10642/5688</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1064-9506">1064-9506</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavior+and+Social+Issues&rft.atitle=Why+Norwegians+Don%27t+Have+Their+Pigs+in+the+Forest%3A+Enlightening+the+Nordic+Art+of+%27Co-operation%27&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=172&rft.date=2017-12-20&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10642%2F5688&rft.issn=1064-9506&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5210%2Fbsi.v26i0.7317&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Carsta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5210%252Fbsi.v26i0.7317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kjellberg, Anders (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/sv/publications/sweden-collective-bargaining-under-the-industry-norm(11510a6d-057c-4a81-b69b-a82670685caa).html">"Sweden: Collective Bargaining Under the Industry Norm"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190725151859/https://portal.research.lu.se/portal/sv/publications/sweden-collective-bargaining-under-the-industry-norm(11510a6d-057c-4a81-b69b-a82670685caa).html">Archived</a> 25 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In Müller, Torsten; Vandaele, Kurt; Waddington, Jeremy, eds. (2019). <i>Collective Bargaining in Europe: Towards an Endgame</i>. Brussels: European Trade Union Institute. <b>III</b>. pp. 583–604. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2874525148" title="Special:BookSources/978-2874525148">978-2874525148</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosser, J. Barkley; Rosser, Marina V. (2003). <i>Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. p. 226. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262182348" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262182348">978-0262182348</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ThePoliticalOriginsofInequality1_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon_Reid2015" class="citation book cs1">Simon Reid, Henry (2015). <i>The Political Origins of Inequality: Why a More Equal World Is Better for Us All</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226236797" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226236797"><bdi>978-0226236797</bdi></a>. <q>The dynamics were slightly different in each country. The social welfare reforms that emerged out of the Kanslergae Agreement in Denmark in 1933 came at the height of the interwar economic crisis and was part of a wider compromise package to save the Danish economy. It was a coincidence, but a telling one, that on the same day that the agreement was ratified, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of the Reich in Berlin, convinced that he had a better way of saving the economy. In Sweden, the politics of grand compromise were pushed forward with the so-called Basic Agreement – essentially a commitment to the spirit of give-and-take in labour disputes – signed by the employer and labour union associations at the unprepossessing seaside retreat of Saltsjobaden in 1938 ... But in truth the Agreement was the foundation for the relative industrial harmony that would mark Scandinavian industrial relations throughout Europe's Golden Age. In Norway, the empowerment of women as well as workers was key. Women workers marched in 1905 and achieved limited suffrage in 1907, with full suffrage coming in 1913, some five years before it came to Sweden.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Origins+of+Inequality%3A+Why+a+More+Equal+World+Is+Better+for+Us+All&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0226236797&rft.aulast=Simon+Reid&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Sandbu-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Sandbu_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandbu2018" class="citation news cs1">Sandbu, Martin (28 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/6297bf96-aa16-11e8-94bd-cba20d67390c">"What the Nordic mixed economy can teach today's new left"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024090858/https://www.ft.com/content/6297bf96-aa16-11e8-94bd-cba20d67390c">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=What+the+Nordic+mixed+economy+can+teach+today%27s+new+left&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft.aulast=Sandbu&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F6297bf96-aa16-11e8-94bd-cba20d67390c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norway:_The_rich_cousin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norway:_The_rich_cousin_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norway:_The_rich_cousin_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570842-oil-makes-norway-different-rest-region-only-up-point-rich">"Norway: The rich cousin"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 2 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315074202/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570842-oil-makes-norway-different-rest-region-only-up-point-rich">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Norway%3A+The+rich+cousin&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-report%2F21570842-oil-makes-norway-different-rest-region-only-up-point-rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2013" class="citation book cs1">Lane, Kenworthy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVTSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138"><i>Social Democratic America</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199322527" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199322527"><bdi>978-0199322527</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103161357/https://books.google.com/books?id=eVTSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA138#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Democratic+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199322527&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Kenworthy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeVTSAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist_leaders-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_leaders_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_leaders_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21571136-politicians-both-right-and-left-could-learn-nordic-countries-next-supermodel">"The Nordic countries: The next supermodel"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 2 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150617034731/http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21571136-politicians-both-right-and-left-could-learn-nordic-countries-next-supermodel">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+Nordic+countries%3A+The+next+supermodel&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fleaders%2F21571136-politicians-both-right-and-left-could-learn-nordic-countries-next-supermodel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHicks2000" class="citation book cs1">Hicks, Alexander (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdemocracyw00hick_0"><i>Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A Century of Income Security Politics</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/socialdemocracyw00hick_0/page/130">130</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801485565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801485565"><bdi>978-0801485565</bdi></a>. <q>By the late 1950s, labor had been incorporated alongside Swedish business in fully elaborated corporatist institutions of collective bargaining and policy making, public as well as private, supply-side (as for labour training) as well as demand side (e.g., Keynesian). During the 1950s and 1960s, similar neocorpratist institutions developed in Denmark and Norway, in Austria and the Netherlands, and somewhat later, in Belgium and Finland.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Democracy+and+Welfare+Capitalism%3A+A+Century+of+Income+Security+Politics&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0801485565&rft.aulast=Hicks&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocialdemocracyw00hick_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelliwellLayardSachsDe_Neve2020" class="citation web cs1">Helliwell, John; et al. (20 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2020/">"World Happiness Report 2020"</a>. United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206221847/https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Happiness+Report+2020&rft.pub=United+Nations+Sustainable+Development+Solutions+Network&rft.date=2020-03-20&rft.aulast=Helliwell&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Layard%2C+Richard&rft.au=Sachs%2C+Jeffrey+D.&rft.au=De+Neve%2C+Jan+Emmanuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldhappiness.report%2Fed%2F2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Liukas_2019-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liukas_2019_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiukas2019" class="citation web cs1">Liukas, Christa (1 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/nordic-welfare-news/the-nordic-brand-replaced-the-welfare-state-did-politics-disappear-from-the-nordic-model">"The Nordic brand replaced the welfare state – did politics disappear from the Nordic model?"</a>. University of Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819102616/https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/nordic-welfare-news/the-nordic-brand-replaced-the-welfare-state-did-politics-disappear-from-the-nordic-model">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+brand+replaced+the+welfare+state+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Bdid+politics+disappear+from+the+Nordic+model%3F&rft.pub=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft.aulast=Liukas&rft.aufirst=Christa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnordic-welfare-news%2Fthe-nordic-brand-replaced-the-welfare-state-did-politics-disappear-from-the-nordic-model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolvikFlottenHippeJordfald2015" class="citation book cs1">Dolvik, Jon Erick; Flotten, Tone; Hippe, Jon M.; Jordfald, Bard (2015). <i>The Nordic Model towards 2030: A New Chapter? NordMod2030</i>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8232401857" title="Special:BookSources/978-8232401857"><bdi>978-8232401857</bdi></a>. <q>The Nordic model therefore cannot exclusively be tied to social democratic party support and political dominance. In Sweden, Denmark and Norway, where the social democrats held power for large periods from the 1930s onwards, that description fits better than it does for Finland and Iceland, where centrist and right-leaning parties have set the terms of debate. But in these countries, too, the building of strong labour unions – in line with Walter Korpi's power resource mobilization thesis (Korpi 1981) – was crucial to the central role of labour and employer organizations in developing universal welfare schemes. A variety of modern social security programmes, whether sickness benefits or pensions, first appeared in negotiated collective agreements. It is moreover likely that inspirational ideas and learning experiences that passed between Nordic countries also transcended party lines within these countries. The political underpinnings of the Nordic model have thus been built on broadbased power mobilization and a higher degree of balance between the core interests in society than is evident in most other countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model+towards+2030%3A+A+New+Chapter%3F+NordMod2030&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8232401857&rft.aulast=Dolvik&rft.aufirst=Jon+Erick&rft.au=Flotten%2C+Tone&rft.au=Hippe%2C+Jon+M.&rft.au=Jordfald%2C+Bard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2009" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Klaus (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.helsinki.fi/nord-wel/files/2009/03/ncoe-petersen-2006-part-i.pdf">"Constructing Nordic Welfare? Nordic Social Political Cooperation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Christiansen, Niels Finn; Edling, Nils; Haave, Per; Petersen, Klaus (eds.). <i>The Nordic Model of Welfare: A Historical Reappraisal</i>. Copenaghen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 67–96. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020080022/http://blogs.helsinki.fi/nord-wel/files/2009/03/ncoe-petersen-2006-part-i.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2020</span> – via Helsinki University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constructing+Nordic+Welfare%3F+Nordic+Social+Political+Cooperation&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model+of+Welfare%3A+A+Historical+Reappraisal&rft.place=Copenaghen&rft.pages=67-96&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2009-03&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.helsinki.fi%2Fnord-wel%2Ffiles%2F2009%2F03%2Fncoe-petersen-2006-part-i.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2b-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2b_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2b_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKauttoKuitto2021" class="citation book cs1">Kautto, Mikko; Kuitto, Kati (2021). Béland, Daniel; Leibfried, Stephan; Morgan, Kimberly J.; Obinger, Herbert (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198828389-e-46"><i>The Nordic Countries</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 802–825. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198828389.013.46">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.013.46</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198828389" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198828389"><bdi>978-0198828389</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211226135131/https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198828389.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780198828389-e-46">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Countries&rft.pages=802-825&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198828389.013.46&rft.isbn=978-0198828389&rft.aulast=Kautto&rft.aufirst=Mikko&rft.au=Kuitto%2C+Kati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780198828389.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780198828389-e-46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nordicmodel-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nordicmodel_15-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersenHolmströmHonkapohjaKorkman2007" class="citation book cs1">Andersen, Torben M.; Holmström, Bengt; Honkapohja, Seppo; Korkman, Sixten; Söderström, Hans Tson; Vartiainen, Juhana (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arhiv.svrez.gov.si/fileadmin/svez.gov.si/pageuploads/docs/Strategija_razvoja_Slovenije/The_Nordic_Model.PDF#page=1&zoom=auto,371,608"><i>The Nordic Model: Embracing globalization and sharing risks</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Yliopistopaino, Helsinki: Taloustieto Oy. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9516284685" title="Special:BookSources/978-9516284685"><bdi>978-9516284685</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606231627/http://www.arhiv.svrez.gov.si/fileadmin/svez.gov.si/pageuploads/docs/Strategija_razvoja_Slovenije/The_Nordic_Model.PDF#page=1&zoom=auto,371,608">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model%3A+Embracing+globalization+and+sharing+risks&rft.place=Yliopistopaino%2C+Helsinki&rft.pub=Taloustieto+Oy&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9516284685&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Torben+M.&rft.au=Holmstr%C3%B6m%2C+Bengt&rft.au=Honkapohja%2C+Seppo&rft.au=Korkman%2C+Sixten&rft.au=S%C3%B6derstr%C3%B6m%2C+Hans+Tson&rft.au=Vartiainen%2C+Juhana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arhiv.svrez.gov.si%2Ffileadmin%2Fsvez.gov.si%2Fpageuploads%2Fdocs%2FStrategija_razvoja_Slovenije%2FThe_Nordic_Model.PDF%23page%3D1%26zoom%3Dauto%2C371%2C608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sweden.se/society/health-care-in-sweden/">"Healthcare in Sweden"</a>. Sweden. 12 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191017055443/https://sweden.se/society/health-care-in-sweden/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Healthcare+in+Sweden&rft.pub=Sweden&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsweden.se%2Fsociety%2Fhealth-care-in-sweden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings">"Economy Rankings"</a>. <i>Doing Business</i>. The World Bank Group. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150206025936/http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Doing+Business&rft.atitle=Economy+Rankings&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.doingbusiness.org%2Frankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHR_2020-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHR_2020_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHR_2020_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">20 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2020/the-nordic-exceptionalism-what-explains-why-the-nordic-countries-are-constantly-among-the-happiest-in-the-world/">The Nordic Exceptionalism: What Explains Why the Nordic Countries Are Constantly Among the Happiest in the World.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826125507/https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2020/the-nordic-exceptionalism-what-explains-why-the-nordic-countries-are-constantly-among-the-happiest-in-the-world/">Archived</a> 26 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> WHR 2020. Chapter 7. Retrieved: 2 September 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-index2020-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-index2020_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/">"Democracy Index 2020: In sickness and in health?"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">EIU.com</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303040250/https://www.eiu.com/n/campaigns/democracy-index-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EIU.com&rft.atitle=Democracy+Index+2020%3A+In+sickness+and+in+health%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eiu.com%2Fn%2Fcampaigns%2Fdemocracy-index-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ti_2022-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ti_2022_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022">"CPI 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>. 31 January 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230416180715/https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2022">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CPI+2022&rft.pub=Transparency+International&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fen%2Fcpi%2F2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nordiclabourjournal.org/i-fokus/in-focus-2001/the-nordic-model">"The Nordic Model"</a>. In focus 2001. Nordic Labour Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190907024505/http://www.nordiclabourjournal.org/i-fokus/in-focus-2001/the-nordic-model">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model&rft.series=In+focus+2001&rft.pub=Nordic+Labour+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nordiclabourjournal.org%2Fi-fokus%2Fin-focus-2001%2Fthe-nordic-model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anders Kjellberg (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418083350/http://portal.research.lu.se/ws/files/23904978/Kjellberg_FSNumhauserHenning_Self_Regulation_State_Regulation.pdf">"Self-regulation versus State Regulation in Swedish Industrial Relations"</a>. In Mia Rönnmar and Jenny Julén Votinius (eds.) <i>Festskrift till Ann Numhauser-Henning</i>. Lund: Juristförlaget i Lund 2017, pp. 357–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bruhn_Kjellberg_Sandberg_2013_pp._126–186-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bruhn_Kjellberg_Sandberg_2013_pp._126–186_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruhnKjellbergSandberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Bruhn, Anders; Kjellberg, Anders; Sandberg, Åke (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/a-new-world-of-work-challenging-swedish-unions">"A New World of Work Challenging Swedish Unions"</a>. In Sandberg, Åke; Allvin, Michael (eds.). <i>Nordic Lights. Work, Management and Welfare in Scandinavia</i>. Stockholm. pp. 126–186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9186949372" title="Special:BookSources/978-9186949372"><bdi>978-9186949372</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/860835691">860835691</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220925193128/https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/a-new-world-of-work-challenging-swedish-unions">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+New+World+of+Work+Challenging+Swedish+Unions&rft.btitle=Nordic+Lights.+Work%2C+Management+and+Welfare+in+Scandinavia&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=126-186&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F860835691&rft.isbn=978-9186949372&rft.aulast=Bruhn&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Kjellberg%2C+Anders&rft.au=Sandberg%2C+%C3%85ke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fportal.research.lu.se%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fa-new-world-of-work-challenging-swedish-unions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trade_Union_Density-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Union_Density_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TUD">"Trade Union Density"</a>. <i>OECD StatExtracts</i>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190813183237/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TUD">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD+StatExtracts&rft.atitle=Trade+Union+Density&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DTUD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC">"Collective bargaining coverage"</a>. OECD. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171103135859/http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=CBC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collective+bargaining+coverage&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2Findex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DCBC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKjellberg2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kjellberg, Anders (4 April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=155589&fileOId=625408">"The Swedish unemployment insurance – will the Ghent system survive?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(pdf)</span>. <i>Transfer European Review of Labour and Research; Quarterly Review of the Etui Research Department</i>. <a href="/wiki/Transfer_(journal)" title="Transfer (journal)">Transfer: European Review of Labour and Research</a>. <b>12</b>: 87–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F102425890601200109">10.1177/102425890601200109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1024-2589">1024-2589</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153819218">153819218</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304062553/http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=155589&fileOId=625408">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span> – via Lund University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transfer+European+Review+of+Labour+and+Research%3B+Quarterly+Review+of+the+Etui+Research+Department&rft.atitle=The+Swedish+unemployment+insurance+%E2%80%93+will+the+Ghent+system+survive%3F&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=87-98&rft.date=2006-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153819218%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1024-2589&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F102425890601200109&rft.aulast=Kjellberg&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Fluur%2Fdownload%3Ffunc%3DdownloadFile%26recordOId%3D155589%26fileOId%3D625408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWearing2014" class="citation news cs1">Wearing, David (22 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/22/worker-world-index-employment-rights-inequality">"Where's the worst place to be a worker? Most of the world"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106234242/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/may/22/worker-world-index-employment-rights-inequality">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Where%27s+the+worst+place+to+be+a+worker%3F+Most+of+the+world&rft.date=2014-05-22&rft.aulast=Wearing&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2014%2Fmay%2F22%2Fworker-world-index-employment-rights-inequality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economicfreedom-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-economicfreedom_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081225054021/http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm">"Index of Economic Freedom – Countries"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Economic_Freedom" title="Index of Economic Freedom">Index of Economic Freedom</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/research/features/index/countries.cfm">the original</a> on 25 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Index+of+Economic+Freedom&rft.atitle=Index+of+Economic+Freedom+%E2%80%93+Countries&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritage.org%2Fresearch%2Ffeatures%2Findex%2Fcountries.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/growing-unequal_9789264044197-en"><i>Growing Unequal? Income Distribution and Poverty in OECD Countries</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>. 2008. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F9789264044197-en">10.1787/9789264044197-en</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9264044180" title="Special:BookSources/978-9264044180"><bdi>978-9264044180</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209083703/http://www.keepeek.com/Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/social-issues-migration-health/growing-unequal_9789264044197-en">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2016</span> – via Keepeek 360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Growing+Unequal%3F+Income+Distribution+and+Poverty+in+OECD+Countries&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F9789264044197-en&rft.isbn=978-9264044180&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keepeek.com%2FDigital-Asset-Management%2Foecd%2Fsocial-issues-migration-health%2Fgrowing-unequal_9789264044197-en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stats.oecd.org/index.aspx?DataSetCode=rev">"OECD Revenue Statistics"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404101512/http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=REV">Archived</a> 4 April 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://capx.co/the-nordic-model-is-about-more-than-high-taxes/">"The Nordic model is about more than high taxes – CapX"</a>. 15 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170916214733/https://capx.co/the-nordic-model-is-about-more-than-high-taxes/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+model+is+about+more+than+high+taxes+%E2%80%93+CapX&rft.date=2015-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcapx.co%2Fthe-nordic-model-is-about-more-than-high-taxes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taxfoundation.org/how-scandinavian-countries-pay-their-government-spending/">"How Scandinavian Countries Pay for Their Government Spending – Tax Foundation"</a>. 10 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614105151/https://taxfoundation.org/how-scandinavian-countries-pay-their-government-spending">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Scandinavian+Countries+Pay+for+Their+Government+Spending+%E2%80%93+Tax+Foundation&rft.date=2015-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaxfoundation.org%2Fhow-scandinavian-countries-pay-their-government-spending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregoire2015" class="citation news cs1">Gregoire, Carolyn (1 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/10/happiest-countries_n_3894274.html">"The Happiest Countries In The World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i> (published 10 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041525/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/10/happiest-countries_n_3894274.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=The+Happiest+Countries+In+The+World&rft.date=2015-08-01&rft.aulast=Gregoire&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2013%2F09%2F10%2Fhappiest-countries_n_3894274.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRankin2017" class="citation news cs1">Rankin, Jennifer (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/20/norway-ousts-denmark-as-worlds-happiest-country-un-report">"Happiness is on the wane in the US, UN global report finds"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317205655/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/mar/20/norway-ousts-denmark-as-worlds-happiest-country-un-report">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Happiness+is+on+the+wane+in+the+US%2C+UN+global+report+finds&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.aulast=Rankin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2017%2Fmar%2F20%2Fnorway-ousts-denmark-as-worlds-happiest-country-un-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSachs2006" class="citation book cs1">Sachs, Jeffrey (2006). "Revisiting the Nordic Model: Evidence on Recent Macroeconomic Performance". <i>Perspectives on the Performance of the Continental Economies</i>. Center for Capitalism & Society, Venice Summer Institute. pp. 387–412. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.456.340">10.1.1.456.340</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F9780262015318.003.0012">10.7551/mitpress/9780262015318.003.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262015318" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262015318"><bdi>978-0262015318</bdi></a>. <q>First, like the Anglo-Saxon economies, the Nordic economies are overwhelmingly private-sector owned, open to trade, and oriented to international markets. Financial, labor, and product market forces operate powerfully throughout non-state sector. In short, these are capitalist economies. ... Second, there is no single Nordic model, and still less, an unchanging Nordic model. What has been consistently true for decades is a high level of public social outlays as a share of national income, and a sustained commitment to social insurance and redistributive social support for the poor, disabled, and otherwise vulnerable parts of the population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revisiting+the+Nordic+Model%3A+Evidence+on+Recent+Macroeconomic+Performance&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+the+Performance+of+the+Continental+Economies&rft.pages=387-412&rft.pub=Center+for+Capitalism+%26+Society%2C+Venice+Summer+Institute&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.456.340%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7551%2Fmitpress%2F9780262015318.003.0012&rft.isbn=978-0262015318&rft.aulast=Sachs&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nordic_Model:_Pros_and_Cons-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Nordic_Model:_Pros_and_Cons_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhinney2013" class="citation web cs1">McWhinney, James E. (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100714/nordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp">"The Nordic Model: Pros and Cons"</a>. Investopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209091218/https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100714/nordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Nordic model is a term coined to capture the unique combination of free market capitalism and social benefits that have given rise to a society that enjoys a host of top-quality services, including free education and free healthcare, as well as generous, guaranteed pension payments for retirees. These benefits are funded by taxpayers and administered by the government for the benefit of all citizens.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model%3A+Pros+and+Cons&rft.pub=Investopedia&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=McWhinney&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Farticles%2Finvesting%2F100714%2Fnordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/1221181/State_Shareholdings_in_Finland_2006.pdf/50a2bbc6-fbd3-4e80-9fda-a52f8d36893d">"State Shareholdings in Finland"</a>. <i>Valtioneuvoston kanslia</i>. Prime Minister's Office/Ministry of Trade and Industry. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826104358/https://vnk.fi/documents/10616/1221181/State_Shareholdings_in_Finland_2006.pdf/50a2bbc6-fbd3-4e80-9fda-a52f8d36893d">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Valtioneuvoston+kanslia&rft.atitle=State+Shareholdings+in+Finland&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvnk.fi%2Fdocuments%2F10616%2F1221181%2FState_Shareholdings_in_Finland_2006.pdf%2F50a2bbc6-fbd3-4e80-9fda-a52f8d36893d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valtioneuvoston_kanslia_2022-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Valtioneuvoston_kanslia_2022_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vnk.fi/en/state-shareholdings-and-parliamentary-authorisations">"State shareholdings and parliamentary authorisations"</a>. <i>Valtioneuvoston kanslia</i>. 8 April 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526105407/https://vnk.fi/en/state-shareholdings-and-parliamentary-authorisations">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Valtioneuvoston+kanslia&rft.atitle=State+shareholdings+and+parliamentary+authorisations&rft.date=2022-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvnk.fi%2Fen%2Fstate-shareholdings-and-parliamentary-authorisations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.government.se/government-policy/state-owned-enterprises/">"State-owned enterprises"</a>. <i>Regeringskansliet</i>. Government Offices of Sweden. 7 November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826104716/https://www.government.se/government-policy/state-owned-enterprises/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regeringskansliet&rft.atitle=State-owned+enterprises&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.government.se%2Fgovernment-policy%2Fstate-owned-enterprises%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/nfd/bilder/eierskap/engelsk-side/the-state-ownership-report_web.pdf">"The State Ownership Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Regjeringen</i>. Ministry of Trade, Industry and Fisheries. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210807105545/https://www.regjeringen.no/globalassets/departementene/nfd/bilder/eierskap/engelsk-side/the-state-ownership-report_web.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Regjeringen&rft.atitle=The+State+Ownership+Report&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fglobalassets%2Fdepartementene%2Fnfd%2Fbilder%2Feierskap%2Fengelsk-side%2Fthe-state-ownership-report_web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruening2017" class="citation web cs1">Bruening, Matt (5 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/2017/08/05/nordic-socialism-is-realer-than-you-think/">"Nordic Socialism Is Realer Than You Think"</a>. People's Policy Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210826105954/https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/2017/08/05/nordic-socialism-is-realer-than-you-think/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nordic+Socialism+Is+Realer+Than+You+Think&rft.pub=People%27s+Policy+Project&rft.date=2017-08-05&rft.aulast=Bruening&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.peoplespolicyproject.org%2F2017%2F08%2F05%2Fnordic-socialism-is-realer-than-you-think%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570835-nordic-countries-are-probably-best-governed-world-secret-their">"The secret of their success"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 31 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010033845/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570835-nordic-countries-are-probably-best-governed-world-secret-their">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+secret+of+their+success&rft.date=2013-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-report%2F21570835-nordic-countries-are-probably-best-governed-world-secret-their&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinLapuenteMoller2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Hopkin" title="Jonathan Hopkin">Hopkin, Jonathan</a>; Lapuente, Victor; Moller, Lovisa (29 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2014/01/29/lower-levels-of-inequality-are-linked-with-greater-innovation-in-economies/">"Lower levels of inequality are linked with greater innovation in economies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219180907/http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2014/01/29/lower-levels-of-inequality-are-linked-with-greater-innovation-in-economies/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lower+levels+of+inequality+are+linked+with+greater+innovation+in+economies&rft.pub=London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2014-01-29&rft.aulast=Hopkin&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Lapuente%2C+Victor&rft.au=Moller%2C+Lovisa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Feuroppblog%2F2014%2F01%2F29%2Flower-levels-of-inequality-are-linked-with-greater-innovation-in-economies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lane_Kenworthy" title="Lane Kenworthy">Lane, Kenworthy</a> (2013). <i>Social Democratic America</i>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eVTSAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA88">88</a>–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199322527" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199322527"><bdi>978-0199322527</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Democratic+America&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=88-93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199322527&rft.aulast=Lane&rft.aufirst=Kenworthy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lo.se/english/the_collective_agreement">"The Collective Agreement"</a>. 6 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221130138/https://lo.se/english/the_collective_agreement">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Collective+Agreement&rft.date=2013-05-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flo.se%2Fenglish%2Fthe_collective_agreement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nordics.info/show/artikel/solidaristic-wage-policy#:~:text=While%20wage%20solidarity%20remains%20a,greater%20range%20for%20wage%20dispersion">"Solidaristic wage policy"</a>. 18 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220022515/https://nordics.info/show/artikel/solidaristic-wage-policy#:~:text=While%20wage%20solidarity%20remains%20a,greater%20range%20for%20wage%20dispersion">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solidaristic+wage+policy&rft.date=2019-02-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnordics.info%2Fshow%2Fartikel%2Fsolidaristic-wage-policy%23%3A~%3Atext%3DWhile%2520wage%2520solidarity%2520remains%2520a%2Cgreater%2520range%2520for%2520wage%2520dispersion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErlandsenLundsgaard2007" class="citation journal cs1">Erlandsen, Espen; Lundsgaard, Jens (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F084244078600">"How Regulatory Reforms in Sweden Have Boosted Productivity"</a>. <i>OECD Economics Department Working Paper</i>. OECD Economics Department Working Papers (577). Paris: OECD Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F084244078600">10.1787/084244078600</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OECD+Economics+Department+Working+Paper&rft.atitle=How+Regulatory+Reforms+in+Sweden+Have+Boosted+Productivity&rft.issue=577&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F084244078600&rft.aulast=Erlandsen&rft.aufirst=Espen&rft.au=Lundsgaard%2C+Jens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1787%252F084244078600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/dividedwestandwhyinequalitykeepsrising.htm"><i>Divided We Stand: Why Inequality Keeps Rising</i></a> (paperback ed.). Paris: OECD Publishing. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9264111639" title="Special:BookSources/978-9264111639"><bdi>978-9264111639</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182745/https://www.oecd.org/els/soc/dividedwestandwhyinequalitykeepsrising.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+We+Stand%3A+Why+Inequality+Keeps+Rising&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9264111639&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fels%2Fsoc%2Fdividedwestandwhyinequalitykeepsrising.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNilsson2018" class="citation news cs1">Nilsson, Patricia (29 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/3b9566e4-941a-11e8-b747-fb1e803ee64e">"Swedish society's big divisions – in 6 charts"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019034218/https://www.ft.com/content/3b9566e4-941a-11e8-b747-fb1e803ee64e">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Swedish+society%27s+big+divisions+%E2%80%93+in+6+charts&rft.date=2018-08-29&rft.aulast=Nilsson&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F3b9566e4-941a-11e8-b747-fb1e803ee64e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoikkala2019" class="citation news cs1">Hoikkala, Hanna (22 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/swedes-become-world-champions-with-100-stashing-cash-in-funds">"Swedes Become World Champions With 100% Stashing Cash in Funds"</a>. <i>BloombergQuint</i>. Bloomberg News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019034218/https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/swedes-become-world-champions-with-100-stashing-cash-in-funds">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BloombergQuint&rft.atitle=Swedes+Become+World+Champions+With+100%25+Stashing+Cash+in+Funds&rft.date=2019-05-22&rft.aulast=Hoikkala&rft.aufirst=Hanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloombergquint.com%2Fbusiness%2Fswedes-become-world-champions-with-100-stashing-cash-in-funds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeymanNorbäckPersson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Heyman, Fredrik; Norbäck, Pehr-Johan; Persson, Lars (24 June 2019). "The Turnaround of the Swedish Economy: Lessons from Large Business Sector Reforms". <i>The World Bank Research Observer</i>. <b>34</b> (2): 274–308. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fwbro%2Flky007">10.1093/wbro/lky007</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10986%2F35085">10986/35085</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0257-3032">0257-3032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+World+Bank+Research+Observer&rft.atitle=The+Turnaround+of+the+Swedish+Economy%3A+Lessons+from+Large+Business+Sector+Reforms&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=274-308&rft.date=2019-06-24&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10986%2F35085&rft.issn=0257-3032&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fwbro%2Flky007&rft.aulast=Heyman&rft.aufirst=Fredrik&rft.au=Norb%C3%A4ck%2C+Pehr-Johan&rft.au=Persson%2C+Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist2-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist2_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist2_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570842-oil-makes-norway-different-rest-region-only-up-point-rich">"Norway: The rich cousin – Oil makes Norway different from the rest of the region, but only up to a point"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 2 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315074202/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570842-oil-makes-norway-different-rest-region-only-up-point-rich">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Norway%3A+The+rich+cousin+%E2%80%93+Oil+makes+Norway+different+from+the+rest+of+the+region%2C+but+only+up+to+a+point&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-report%2F21570842-oil-makes-norway-different-rest-region-only-up-point-rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economist-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Economist_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570835-nordic-countries-are-probably-best-governed-world-secret-their">"The secret of their success"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 2 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010033845/https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570835-nordic-countries-are-probably-best-governed-world-secret-their">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+secret+of+their+success&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnews%2Fspecial-report%2F21570835-nordic-countries-are-probably-best-governed-world-secret-their&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage2018" class="citation news cs1">Savage, Maddy (10 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20180709-unlike-most-millennials-norways-are-rich">"Unlike most millennials, Norway's are rich"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180711013838/http://www.bbc.com/capital/story/20180709-unlike-most-millennials-norways-are-rich">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Unlike+most+millennials%2C+Norway%27s+are+rich&rft.date=2018-07-10&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Maddy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fcapital%2Fstory%2F20180709-unlike-most-millennials-norways-are-rich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandalBratbergThorsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind; Thorsen, Dag (2013). <i>The Nordic model of social democracy</i>. Springer. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137013279">10.1057/9781137013279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349436699" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349436699"><bdi>978-1349436699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+model+of+social+democracy&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137013279&rft.isbn=978-1349436699&rft.aulast=Brandal&rft.aufirst=Nik&rft.au=Bratberg%2C+%C3%98ivind&rft.au=Thorsen%2C+Dag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandalBratbergThorsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind; Thorsen, Dag (2013). <i>The Nordic model of social democracy</i>. Springer. pp. vi & 159. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2F9781137013279">10.1057/9781137013279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1349436699" title="Special:BookSources/978-1349436699"><bdi>978-1349436699</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+model+of+social+democracy&rft.pages=vi+%26+159&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2F9781137013279&rft.isbn=978-1349436699&rft.aulast=Brandal&rft.aufirst=Nik&rft.au=Bratberg%2C+%C3%98ivind&rft.au=Thorsen%2C+Dag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferragini_&_Seeleib-Kaiser_2011-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferragini_&_Seeleib-Kaiser_2011_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferragini_&_Seeleib-Kaiser_2011_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerraginaSeeleib-Kaiser2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ferragina, Emanuele; Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf">"Welfare Regime Debate: Past, Present, Futures?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Policy and Politics</i>. <b>39</b> (4). Policy Press: 583–611. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1332%2F030557311X603592">10.1332/030557311X603592</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146986126">146986126</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210729152045/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01347336/file/Welfare_regime_debate.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 29 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+and+Politics&rft.atitle=Welfare+Regime+Debate%3A+Past%2C+Present%2C+Futures%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=583-611&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1332%2F030557311X603592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146986126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ferragina&rft.aufirst=Emanuele&rft.au=Seeleib-Kaiser%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01347336%2Ffile%2FWelfare_regime_debate.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenworthy2014" class="citation journal cs1">Kenworthy, Lane (January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/140345/lane-kenworthy/americas-social-democratic-future">"America's Social Democratic Future"</a>. <i>Foreign Affairs</i>. <b>93</b> (January/February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224161458/http://foreignaffairs.com/articles/140345/lane-kenworthy/americas-social-democratic-future/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Affairs&rft.atitle=America%27s+Social+Democratic+Future&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=January%2FFebruary+2014&rft.date=2014-01&rft.aulast=Kenworthy&rft.aufirst=Lane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2F140345%2Flane-kenworthy%2Famericas-social-democratic-future&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenworthy2016" class="citation web cs1">Kenworthy, Lane (1 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thenextsystem.org/social-democracy">"Social Democracy"</a>. <i>The Next System Project</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508052539/https://thenextsystem.org/social-democracy">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2020</span>. <q>The chief goals social democracy attempts to realize, and that distinguish it from other actually-existing capitalisms, are economic security, equality (low inequality) of opportunity, and shared prosperity. ... Modern social democracy consists, to put it simply, of market capitalism plus generous and employment-friendly social policy... .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Next+System+Project&rft.atitle=Social+Democracy&rft.date=2016-03-01&rft.aulast=Kenworthy&rft.aufirst=Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthenextsystem.org%2Fsocial-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchröder2013" class="citation book cs1">Schröder, Martin (2013). <i>Integrating Varieties of Capitalism and Welfare State Research</i>. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 96, 144–145, 149, 155, 157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integrating+Varieties+of+Capitalism+and+Welfare+State+Research&rft.place=London&rft.pages=96%2C+144-145%2C+149%2C+155%2C+157&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkkola2011" class="citation journal cs1">Markkola, Pirjo (2011). Kettunen, Pauli; Petersen, Klaus (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ChHcCoq7f0C&pg=PA102">"The Lutheran Nordic Welfare States"</a>. <i>Beyond Welfare State Models. Transnational Historical Perspectives on Social Policy</i>. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing: 102–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849809603" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849809603"><bdi>978-1849809603</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103161406/https://books.google.com/books?id=4ChHcCoq7f0C&pg=PA102#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beyond+Welfare+State+Models.+Transnational+Historical+Perspectives+on+Social+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Lutheran+Nordic+Welfare+States&rft.pages=102-118&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1849809603&rft.aulast=Markkola&rft.aufirst=Pirjo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ChHcCoq7f0C%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kettunen-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kettunen_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kettunen_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettunen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kettunen, Pauli (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/41875/nordwel1.pdf?sequence=1#page=18">"The Sellers of Labour Power as Social Citizens: A Utopian Wage Work Society in the Nordic Visions of Welfare"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>NordWel Studies in Historical Welfare State Research</i>: 16–45. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805170126/https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/41875/nordwel1.pdf?sequence=1#page=18">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NordWel+Studies+in+Historical+Welfare+State+Research&rft.atitle=The+Sellers+of+Labour+Power+as+Social+Citizens%3A+A+Utopian+Wage+Work+Society+in+the+Nordic+Visions+of+Welfare&rft.pages=16-45&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kettunen&rft.aufirst=Pauli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhelda.helsinki.fi%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10138%2F41875%2Fnordwel1.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%23page%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinnemäkiPortmanTilliNelson2019" class="citation book cs1">Sinnemäki, Kaius; Portman, Anneli; Tilli, Jouni; Nelson, Robert H, eds. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oa.finlit.fi/site/books/10.21435/sfh.25/read/?loc=On_the_Legacy_of_Lutheranism_in_Finland-19.xhtml"><i>On the Legacy of Lutheranism in Finland: Societal Perspectives</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21435%2Fsfh.25">10.21435/sfh.25</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9518581355" title="Special:BookSources/978-9518581355"><bdi>978-9518581355</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023150219/https://oa.finlit.fi/site/books/10.21435/sfh.25/read/?loc=On_the_Legacy_of_Lutheranism_in_Finland-19.xhtml">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Legacy+of+Lutheranism+in+Finland%3A+Societal+Perspectives&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.21435%2Fsfh.25&rft.isbn=978-9518581355&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foa.finlit.fi%2Fsite%2Fbooks%2F10.21435%2Fsfh.25%2Fread%2F%3Floc%3DOn_the_Legacy_of_Lutheranism_in_Finland-19.xhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2017" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Robert H. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j4FaDwAAQBAJ"><i>Lutheranism and the Nordic Spirit of Social Democracy: A Different Protestant Ethic</i></a>. Bristol: ISD. pp. 21, 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-87-7184-416-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-87-7184-416-0"><bdi>978-87-7184-416-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103161358/https://books.google.com/books?id=j4FaDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lutheranism+and+the+Nordic+Spirit+of+Social+Democracy%3A+A+Different+Protestant+Ethic&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=21%2C+121&rft.pub=ISD&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-87-7184-416-0&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj4FaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilson2008" class="citation book cs1">Hilson, Mary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_xi60bdHXoC&pg=PA112"><i>The Nordic Model: Scandinavia since 1945</i></a>. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 112–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861894618" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861894618"><bdi>978-1861894618</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103161358/https://books.google.com/books?id=m_xi60bdHXoC&pg=PA112#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model%3A+Scandinavia+since+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pages=112-133&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1861894618&rft.aulast=Hilson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_xi60bdHXoC%26pg%3DPA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosserRosser_Jr.2003" class="citation book cs1">Rosser, Mariana V.; Rosser Jr., J. Barkley (2003). <i>Comparative Economics in a Transforming World Economy</i>. MIT Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262182348" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262182348"><bdi>978-0262182348</bdi></a>. <q>Liberal corporatism is largely self-organized between labor and management, with only a supporting role for government. Leading examples of such systems are found in small, ethnically homogeneous countries with strong traditions of social democratic or labor party rule, such as Sweden's Nordic neighbors. Using a scale of 0.0 to 2.0 and subjectively assigning values based on six previous studies, Frederic Pryor in 1988 found Norway and Sweden the most corporatist at 2.0 each, followed by Austria at 1.8, the Netherlands at 1.5, Finland, Denmark, and Belgium at 1.3 each, and Switzerland and West Germany at 1.0 each. ... [W]ith the exception of Iceland, all the Nordic countries have higher taxes, larger welfare states, and greater corporatist tendencies than most social market economies.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Economics+in+a+Transforming+World+Economy&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0262182348&rft.aulast=Rosser&rft.aufirst=Mariana+V.&rft.au=Rosser+Jr.%2C+J.+Barkley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_E._McWhinney-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_E._McWhinney_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhinney2013" class="citation web cs1">McWhinney, James E. (25 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100714/nordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp">"The Nordic Model: Pros and Cons"</a>. Investopedia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209091218/https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100714/nordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2015</span>. <q>The model is underpinned by a capitalist economy that encourages creative destruction. While the laws make it is easy for companies to shed workers and implement transformative business models, employees are supported by generous social welfare programs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model%3A+Pros+and+Cons&rft.pub=Investopedia&rft.date=2013-06-25&rft.aulast=McWhinney&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investopedia.com%2Farticles%2Finvesting%2F100714%2Fnordic-model-pros-and-cons.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Esping-Andersen-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Esping-Andersen_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsping-Andersen1991" class="citation book cs1">Esping-Andersen, G. (1991). <i>The three worlds of welfare capitalism</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+three+worlds+of+welfare+capitalism&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Esping-Andersen&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Nordic_Council-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nordic_Council_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Nordic_Council_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Nordic_Council" class="citation web cs1">The Nordic Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407084537/http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/areas-of-co-operation/the-nordic-welfare-model/about-the-nordic-welfare-model">"About the Nordic welfare model"</a>. Norden. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/areas-of-co-operation/the-nordic-welfare-model/about-the-nordic-welfare-model">the original</a> on 7 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Nordic+welfare+model&rft.pub=Norden&rft.au=The+Nordic+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norden.org%2Fen%2Fabout-nordic-co-operation%2Fareas-of-co-operation%2Fthe-nordic-welfare-model%2Fabout-the-nordic-welfare-model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/last-mile-longest-gender-nordic-countries-brief.pdf">"Is the Last Mile the Longest?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Nordic Council of Ministers</i>. May 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630135346/https://www.oecd.org/els/emp/last-mile-longest-gender-nordic-countries-brief.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2019</span> – via OECD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Council+of+Ministers&rft.atitle=Is+the+Last+Mile+the+Longest%3F&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fels%2Femp%2Flast-mile-longest-gender-nordic-countries-brief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/multimedia/maps-and-charts/enhanced/WCMS_556528/lang--en/index.htm">"Which countries have the highest gender gap in the workplace?"</a>. <i>International Labor Organization</i>. 6 June 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205224707/http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/multimedia/maps-and-charts/enhanced/WCMS_556528/lang--en/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Labor+Organization&rft.atitle=Which+countries+have+the+highest+gender+gap+in+the+workplace%3F&rft.date=2017-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fglobal%2Fabout-the-ilo%2Fmultimedia%2Fmaps-and-charts%2Fenhanced%2FWCMS_556528%2Flang--en%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoustgaard2017" class="citation web cs1">Moustgaard, Ulrikke (19 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523172621/https://www.nikk.no/en/about-nikk/background/family-policy-2009-2011/nordic-family-policies-between-quotas-and-freedom-of-choice/">"Nordic family policies – between quotas and freedom of choice"</a>. <i>Nordic Information on Gender</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nikk.no/en/about-nikk/background/family-policy-2009-2011/nordic-family-policies-between-quotas-and-freedom-of-choice/">the original</a> on 23 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Information+on+Gender&rft.atitle=Nordic+family+policies+%E2%80%93+between+quotas+and+freedom+of+choice&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft.aulast=Moustgaard&rft.aufirst=Ulrikke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikk.no%2Fen%2Fabout-nikk%2Fbackground%2Ffamily-policy-2009-2011%2Fnordic-family-policies-between-quotas-and-freedom-of-choice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/thursdays_papers_finlands_gender_pay_gap_our_duty_to_help_and_cheaper_microbreweries/10333748">"Thursday's papers: Finland's gender pay gap, our duty to help, and cheaper microbreweries"</a>. <i>YLE</i>. 2 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421195232/https://yle.fi/uutiset/osasto/news/thursdays_papers_finlands_gender_pay_gap_our_duty_to_help_and_cheaper_microbreweries/10333748">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YLE&rft.atitle=Thursday%27s+papers%3A+Finland%27s+gender+pay+gap%2C+our+duty+to+help%2C+and+cheaper+microbreweries&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyle.fi%2Fuutiset%2Fosasto%2Fnews%2Fthursdays_papers_finlands_gender_pay_gap_our_duty_to_help_and_cheaper_microbreweries%2F10333748&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrum2013" class="citation magazine cs1">Drum, Kevin (26 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/09/we-can-reduce-poverty-if-we-want-we-just-have-want">"We Can Reduce Poverty If We Want To. We Just Have To Want To"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones_(magazine)" title="Mother Jones (magazine)">Mother Jones</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191116064014/https://www.motherjones.com/kevin-drum/2013/09/we-can-reduce-poverty-if-we-want-we-just-have-want/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mother+Jones&rft.atitle=We+Can+Reduce+Poverty+If+We+Want+To.+We+Just+Have+To+Want+To.&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft.aulast=Drum&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motherjones.com%2Fkevin-drum%2F2013%2F09%2Fwe-can-reduce-poverty-if-we-want-we-just-have-want&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-compareyourcountry.org-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-compareyourcountry.org_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compareyourcountry.org_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-compareyourcountry.org_75-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.compareyourcountry.org/inequality?cr=usa&lg=en">"Compare your country – Income distribution and poverty"</a>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103161405/http://www.compareyourcountry.org/inequality?cr=usa&lg=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Compare+your+country+%E2%80%93+Income+distribution+and+poverty&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.compareyourcountry.org%2Finequality%3Fcr%3Dusa%26lg%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Sawyer: <i>The Making of Sweden</i>. 1988, pp. 3–4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arnulf Krause: <i>Die Welt der Wikinger</i>. Campus, Frankfurt/Main 2006, pp. 155–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaecker2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Staecker, Jörn (2000). "Die normierte Bestattung – Gotlands Kirchfriedhöfe im Spiegel mittelalterlicher Normen und Gesetze" [The standardized burial – Gotland's church cemeteries as reflected in medieval norms and laws]. In Ruhe, Doris; Spieß, Karl-Heinz (eds.). <i>Prozesse der Normbildung und Normveränderung im mittelalterlichen Europa</i> [<i>Processes of norm formation and norm change in medieval Europe</i>] (in German). Stuttgart: Steiner. p. 149f.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+normierte+Bestattung+%E2%80%93+Gotlands+Kirchfriedh%C3%B6fe+im+Spiegel+mittelalterlicher+Normen+und+Gesetze&rft.btitle=Prozesse+der+Normbildung+und+Normver%C3%A4nderung+im+mittelalterlichen+Europa&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=149f&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Staecker&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussen2022" class="citation journal cs1">Rasmussen, Magnus Bergli (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9477.12222">"Farmers and the Origin of the Welfare State: Evidence from 308 Roll Call Votes between 1882 and 1940"</a>. <i>Scandinavian Political Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (2): 202–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9477.12222">10.1111/1467-9477.12222</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-6757">0080-6757</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220311035056/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9477.12222">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Farmers+and+the+Origin+of+the+Welfare+State%3A+Evidence+from+308+Roll+Call+Votes+between+1882+and+1940&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=202-226&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9477.12222&rft.issn=0080-6757&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Magnus+Bergli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-9477.12222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NordicModelArrivalandDecline1-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NordicModelArrivalandDecline1_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeggel2014" class="citation journal cs1">Veggel, Noralv (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalofbusiness.org/index.php/GJMBR/article/view/1472/1379">"The Nordic Model – Its Arrival and Decline"</a>. <i>Global Journal of Management and Business Research: Administration and Management</i>. <b>14</b> (9): 60–94. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-4588">2249-4588</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009194712/https://journalofbusiness.org/index.php/GJMBR/article/view/1472/1379">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Journal+of+Management+and+Business+Research%3A+Administration+and+Management&rft.atitle=The+Nordic+Model+%E2%80%93+Its+Arrival+and+Decline&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=60-94&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2249-4588&rft.aulast=Veggel&rft.aufirst=Noralv&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalofbusiness.org%2Findex.php%2FGJMBR%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1472%2F1379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Economy_and_Finance_1999_d937-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Economy_and_Finance_1999_d937_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/euro/eu-countries-and-euro/finland-and-euro_en">"Finland and the euro"</a>. <i>Economy and Finance</i>. 1 January 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230912134254/https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/euro/eu-countries-and-euro/finland-and-euro_en">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economy+and+Finance&rft.atitle=Finland+and+the+euro&rft.date=1999-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomy-finance.ec.europa.eu%2Feuro%2Feu-countries-and-euro%2Ffinland-and-euro_en&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemurtas2018" class="citation news cs1">Demurtas, Alice (9 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grapevine.is/news/2018/05/09/iceland-no-longer-following-nordic-welfare-model/">"Iceland No Longer Following Nordic Welfare Model"</a>. <i>The Reykjavík Grapevine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210831013308/https://grapevine.is/news/2018/05/09/iceland-no-longer-following-nordic-welfare-model/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Reykjav%C3%ADk+Grapevine&rft.atitle=Iceland+No+Longer+Following+Nordic+Welfare+Model&rft.date=2018-05-09&rft.aulast=Demurtas&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrapevine.is%2Fnews%2F2018%2F05%2F09%2Ficeland-no-longer-following-nordic-welfare-model%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/gov/gov-at-a-glance-2021-iceland.pdf">"Government at a Glance 2021: Country Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></i>. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230624235128/https://www.oecd.org/gov/gov-at-a-glance-2021-iceland.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OECD&rft.atitle=Government+at+a+Glance+2021%3A+Country+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fgov%2Fgov-at-a-glance-2021-iceland.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFagerbergCappelenMjøsetSkarstein1990" class="citation journal cs1">Fagerberg, Jan; Cappelen, Adne; Mjøset, Lars; Skarstein, Rune (May 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271521097">"The Decline of Social-Democratic State Capitalism in Norway"</a>. <i>New Left Review</i>: 60–94<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>Norway has, together with Sweden, often been idealized as the most successful case of postwar social democracy...the neo-liberal 'blue wave' which rolled over Western Europe in the 1980s has had considerably greater impact in Norway than in Sweden, combining with the pressures of a destabilized international economy to threaten many of the postwar structures. This makes it easier to appreciate the earlier accomplishments of social democracy, but it also shows that the Nordic innovations often depended upon the convergence of specific national conditions with the dynamic phase of Western capitalism that lasted from 1945 to 1973.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Social-Democratic+State+Capitalism+in+Norway&rft.pages=60-94&rft.date=1990-05&rft.aulast=Fagerberg&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft.au=Cappelen%2C+Adne&rft.au=Mj%C3%B8set%2C+Lars&rft.au=Skarstein%2C+Rune&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F271521097&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAcher2007" class="citation news cs1">Acher, John (6 September 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200508062116/https://uk.reuters.com/article/norway-economy-forecasts/update-1-statistics-norway-raises-07-gdp-outlook-cuts-08-idUKL0674675920070906">"Update 1-Statistics Norway raises '07 GDP outlook, cuts '08"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.reuters.com/article/norway-economy-forecasts/update-1-statistics-norway-raises-07-gdp-outlook-cuts-08-idUKL0674675920070906">the original</a> on 8 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Update+1-Statistics+Norway+raises+%2707+GDP+outlook%2C+cuts+%2708&rft.date=2007-09-06&rft.aulast=Acher&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fnorway-economy-forecasts%2Fupdate-1-statistics-norway-raises-07-gdp-outlook-cuts-08-idUKL0674675920070906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2004" class="citation book cs1">Carson, Marcus (2004). <i>From Common Market to Social Europe?: Paradigm Shift & Institutional Change in European Union Policy on Food, Asbestos & Chemicals, & Gender Equality</i>. Stockholm: Stockholm University. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9122020882" title="Special:BookSources/978-9122020882"><bdi>978-9122020882</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Common+Market+to+Social+Europe%3F%3A+Paradigm+Shift+%26+Institutional+Change+in+European+Union+Policy+on+Food%2C+Asbestos+%26+Chemicals%2C+%26+Gender+Equality&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=Stockholm+University&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-9122020882&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-O'Hara_1999-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-O'Hara_1999_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara1999" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Phillip (1999). <i>Encyclopedia of Political Economy: L–Z</i>. London: Routledge. p. 1248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415154260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415154260"><bdi>978-0415154260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Economy%3A+L%E2%80%93Z&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1248&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415154260&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2006" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Sheri (2006). <i>The Primacy of Politics: Social Democracy and the Making of Europe's Twentieth Century</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139457590" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139457590"><bdi>978-1139457590</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Primacy+of+Politics%3A+Social+Democracy+and+the+Making+of+Europe%27s+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1139457590&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Sheri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoschonas2002" class="citation book cs1">Moschonas, Gerassimos (2002). <i>In the Name of Social Democracy: The Great Transformation, 1945 to the Present</i>. Translated by Elliott, Gregory. London: Verso Books. pp. 69–70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1859846391" title="Special:BookSources/978-1859846391"><bdi>978-1859846391</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Name+of+Social+Democracy%3A+The+Great+Transformation%2C+1945+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=Verso+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1859846391&rft.aulast=Moschonas&rft.aufirst=Gerassimos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara1999" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Phillip (1999). <i>Encyclopedia of Political Economy: L–Z</i>. Routledge. p. 1248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415154260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415154260"><bdi>978-0415154260</bdi></a>. <q>The critical issues were perhaps revealed most clearly in the Swedish case. Among the most advanced of the social welfare states, Sweden in the early 1980s faced a pivotal choice between capitalism and the transition to socialism. In the discourse focused upon its nagging problems of international imbalances, declining competitiveness, and capital flight, two polar solutions emerged. Olaf Palme supported an aggressive use of workers' funds, by which capital formation would have been largely collectivized in two generations. The funds would have come to own predominant stakes in Swedish corporations on behalf of workers. The other alternative was to retrench the welfare state and provide conditions favorable to private capitals formation. Palme's proposal appears never to have garnered widespread support and was left with no champion in the wake of his assassination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Economy%3A+L%E2%80%93Z&rft.pages=1248&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0415154260&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMander2013" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mander" title="Jerry Mander">Mander, Jerry</a> (24 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/books/there-are-good-alternatives-us-capitalism-no-way-get-there?page=0%2C2">"There Are Good Alternatives to US Capitalism, But No Way to Get There"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Alternet" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternet">Alternet</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020041538/https://www.alternet.org/books/there-are-good-alternatives-us-capitalism-no-way-get-there?page=0%2C2">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternet&rft.atitle=There+Are+Good+Alternatives+to+US+Capitalism%2C+But+No+Way+to+Get+There&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft.aulast=Mander&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alternet.org%2Fbooks%2Fthere-are-good-alternatives-us-capitalism-no-way-get-there%3Fpage%3D0%252C2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders2013" class="citation news cs1">Sanders, Bernie (26 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-bernie-sanders/what-can-we-learn-from-de_b_3339736.html">"What Can We Learn From Denmark?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210152900/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-bernie-sanders/what-can-we-learn-from-de_b_3339736.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post&rft.atitle=What+Can+We+Learn+From+Denmark%3F&rft.date=2013-05-26&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Bernie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Frep-bernie-sanders%2Fwhat-can-we-learn-from-de_b_3339736.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIssenberg2010" class="citation news cs1">Issenberg, Sasha (9 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/01/09/sanders_a_growing_force_on_the_far_far_left/?page=1">"Sanders a growing force on the far, far left"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140404153943/http://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2010/01/09/sanders_a_growing_force_on_the_far_far_left/?page=1">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span>. <q>You go to Scandinavia, and you will find that people have a much higher standard of living, in terms of education, health care, and decent paying jobs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Sanders+a+growing+force+on+the+far%2C+far+left&rft.date=2010-01-09&rft.aulast=Issenberg&rft.aufirst=Sasha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2Fwashington%2Farticles%2F2010%2F01%2F09%2Fsanders_a_growing_force_on_the_far_far_left%2F%3Fpage%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAleem2015" class="citation web cs1">Aleem, Zeeshan (4 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mic.com/articles/117334/bernie-sanders-says-the-u-s-could-learn-a-lot-from-scandinavia-here-s-why-he-s-right">"Bernie Sanders Says the U.S. Could Learn a Lot From Scandinavia. Here's Why He's Right"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mic_(media_company)" title="Mic (media company)">Mic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505190042/http://mic.com/articles/117334/bernie-sanders-says-the-u-s-could-learn-a-lot-from-scandinavia-here-s-why-he-s-right">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mic&rft.atitle=Bernie+Sanders+Says+the+U.S.+Could+Learn+a+Lot+From+Scandinavia.+Here%27s+Why+He%27s+Right&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft.aulast=Aleem&rft.aufirst=Zeeshan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmic.com%2Farticles%2F117334%2Fbernie-sanders-says-the-u-s-could-learn-a-lot-from-scandinavia-here-s-why-he-s-right&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchatz2020" class="citation web cs1">Schatz, Daniel (15 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/bernie-sanders-wrong-democratic-socialism-sweden-everywhere-else-ncna1158636">"I'm a Scandinavian political scientist. Bernie's wrong about democratic socialism"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230707162310/https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/bernie-sanders-wrong-democratic-socialism-sweden-everywhere-else-ncna1158636">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=I%27m+a+Scandinavian+political+scientist.+Bernie%27s+wrong+about+democratic+socialism.&rft.date=2020-03-15&rft.aulast=Schatz&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fthink%2Fopinion%2Fbernie-sanders-wrong-democratic-socialism-sweden-everywhere-else-ncna1158636&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetti2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petti, Edoardo (1 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://formiche.net/2014/12/renzi-blair-parla-pellicani/">"Le critiche di D'Alema alla Terza Via? Frutto della presunzione storica del Pci. Parla Pellicani"</a>. <i>Formiche.net</i> (in Italian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221124810/https://formiche.net/2014/12/renzi-blair-parla-pellicani/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Formiche.net&rft.atitle=Le+critiche+di+D%27Alema+alla+Terza+Via%3F+Frutto+della+presunzione+storica+del+Pci.+Parla+Pellicani&rft.date=2014-12-01&rft.aulast=Petti&rft.aufirst=Edoardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fformiche.net%2F2014%2F12%2Frenzi-blair-parla-pellicani%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Klein, Naomi</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA276"><i>The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Picador_(imprint)" title="Picador (imprint)">Picador</a>. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0312427993" title="Special:BookSources/978-0312427993"><bdi>978-0312427993</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103161401/https://books.google.com/books?id=PwHUAq5LPOQC&pg=PA276#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shock+Doctrine%3A+The+Rise+of+Disaster+Capitalism&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0312427993&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPwHUAq5LPOQC%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhymanBaimbridgeMullen2012" class="citation book cs1">Whyman, Philip; Baimbridge, Mark; Mullen, Andrew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e-M_cdwdgoMC&pg=PA108"><i>The Political Economy of the European Social Model (Routledge Studies in the European Economy)</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415476294" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415476294"><bdi>978-0415476294</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103161402/https://books.google.com/books?id=e-M_cdwdgoMC&pg=PA108#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2020</span>. <q>In short, Gorbachev aimed to lead the Soviet Union towards the Scandinavian social democratic model.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+European+Social+Model+%28Routledge+Studies+in+the+European+Economy%29&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0415476294&rft.aulast=Whyman&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Baimbridge%2C+Mark&rft.au=Mullen%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De-M_cdwdgoMC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews2014" class="citation news cs1">Matthews, Dylan (9 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/09/this-sociologist-has-a-plan-to-make-america-more-like-sweden/">"This sociologist has a plan to make America more like Sweden"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114091917/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/01/09/this-sociologist-has-a-plan-to-make-america-more-like-sweden/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=This+sociologist+has+a+plan+to+make+America+more+like+Sweden&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Fwonkblog%2Fwp%2F2014%2F01%2F09%2Fthis-sociologist-has-a-plan-to-make-america-more-like-sweden%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/03/news/economy/stiglitz-income-inequality/index.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Scandinavian Dream' is true fix for America's income inequality"</a>. <i>CNN Money</i>. 3 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200608125534/https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/03/news/economy/stiglitz-income-inequality/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+Money&rft.atitle=%27Scandinavian+Dream%27+is+true+fix+for+America%27s+income+inequality&rft.date=2015-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2015%2F06%2F03%2Fnews%2Feconomy%2Fstiglitz-income-inequality%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/after-i-lived-in-norway-america-felt-backward-heres-why/">"After I Lived in Norway, America Felt Backward. Here's Why"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nation" title="The Nation">The Nation</a></i>. 28 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130013750/https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/after-i-lived-in-norway-america-felt-backward-heres-why/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nation&rft.atitle=After+I+Lived+in+Norway%2C+America+Felt+Backward.+Here%27s+Why&rft.date=2016-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenation.com%2Farticle%2Farchive%2Fafter-i-lived-in-norway-america-felt-backward-heres-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901042717/http://www.globalhealthminders.dk/prof-jeffrey-sachs-plea-to-the-nordic-countries/">"Prof Jeffrey Sachs' plea to the Nordic countries"</a>. <i>Global Health Minders</i>. 18 November 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalhealthminders.dk/prof-jeffrey-sachs-plea-to-the-nordic-countries/">the original</a> on 1 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Health+Minders&rft.atitle=Prof+Jeffrey+Sachs%27+plea+to+the+Nordic+countries&rft.date=2015-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalhealthminders.dk%2Fprof-jeffrey-sachs-plea-to-the-nordic-countries%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSales2016" class="citation news cs1">Sales, Ben (23 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.721012">"Survey: Israeli Jews Want Broader Welfare State, Israeli Arabs Prefer 'American Model'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020075457/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.721012">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Survey%3A+Israeli+Jews+Want+Broader+Welfare+State%2C+Israeli+Arabs+Prefer+%27American+Model%27&rft.date=2016-05-23&rft.aulast=Sales&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F1.721012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardhanRoemer1992" class="citation journal cs1">Bardhan, Pranab; Roemer, Johen E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.6.3.101">"Market socialism, a case for rejuvenation"</a>. <i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>. <b>6</b> (3): 104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.6.3.101">10.1257/jep.6.3.101</a></span>. <q>[W]e believe that social democracy requires rather special political circumstances that are absent in many countries for which our market socialism proposal may be feasible. Since it (social democracy) permits a powerful capitalist class to exist (90 percent of productive assets are privately owned in Sweden), only a strong and unified labor movement can win the redistribution through taxes that is characteristic of social democracy. It is idealistic to believe that tax concessions of this magnitude can be effected simply through electoral democracy without an organized labor movement, when capitalists organize and finance influential political parties. Even in the Scandinavian countries, strong apex labor organizations have been difficult to sustain and social democracy is somewhat on the decline now.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Economic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Market+socialism%2C+a+case+for+rejuvenation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=104&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fjep.6.3.101&rft.aulast=Bardhan&rft.aufirst=Pranab&rft.au=Roemer%2C+Johen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1257%252Fjep.6.3.101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJónsson2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jónsson, Guðmundur (8 August 2014). "Iceland and the Nordic Model of Consensus Democracy". <i>Scandinavian Journal of History</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 510–528. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03468755.2014.935473">10.1080/03468755.2014.935473</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0346-8755">0346-8755</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143545092">143545092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+History&rft.atitle=Iceland+and+the+Nordic+Model+of+Consensus+Democracy&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=510-528&rft.date=2014-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143545092%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0346-8755&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03468755.2014.935473&rft.aulast=J%C3%B3nsson&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%B0mundur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckmanLandersøn2017" class="citation journal cs1">Heckman, James; Landersøn, Rasmus (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nber.org/papers/w22465.pdf">"The Scandinavian Fantasy: The Sources of Intergenerational Mobility in Denmark and the US"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Journal_of_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian Journal of Economics">Scandinavian Journal of Economics</a></i>. <b>119</b> (1): 178–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fsjoe.12219">10.1111/sjoe.12219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5476927">5476927</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28649168">28649168</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170722081621/http://www.nber.org/papers/w22465.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Economics&rft.atitle=The+Scandinavian+Fantasy%3A+The+Sources+of+Intergenerational+Mobility+in+Denmark+and+the+US&rft.volume=119&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=178-230&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5476927%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28649168&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fsjoe.12219&rft.aulast=Heckman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Landers%C3%B8n%2C+Rasmus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nber.org%2Fpapers%2Fw22465.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality">"Mind the 100 Year Gap: 2020"</a>. <i>World Economic Forum</i>. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213113412/https://www.weforum.org/reports/gender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Economic+Forum&rft.atitle=Mind+the+100+Year+Gap%3A+2020&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weforum.org%2Freports%2Fgender-gap-2020-report-100-years-pay-equality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2016" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Keith (2016). "Doing (Oppressive) Gender via Men's Relations with Children". In Häyrén, Anneli; Wahlström Henriksson, Helena (eds.). <i>Critical Perspectives on Masculinities and Relationalities: In Relation to What?</i>. New York: Springer. pp. 23–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319290119" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319290119"><bdi>978-3319290119</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Doing+%28Oppressive%29+Gender+via+Men%27s+Relations+with+Children&rft.btitle=Critical+Perspectives+on+Masculinities+and+Relationalities%3A+In+Relation+to+What%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=23-34&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3319290119&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHearnPringle2006" class="citation book cs1">Hearn, Jeff; Pringle, Keith (2006). <i>European Perspectives on Men and Masculinities: National and Transnational Approaches</i>. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230594470" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230594470"><bdi>978-0230594470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Perspectives+on+Men+and+Masculinities%3A+National+and+Transnational+Approaches&rft.place=Houndmills&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0230594470&rft.aulast=Hearn&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft.au=Pringle%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2011" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Keith (2011). "Comparative Studies of Well-Being in Terms of Gender, Ethnicity and the Concept of Bodily Citizenship: Turning Esping-Andersen on His Head?". In Golańska, Dorota; Hearn, Jeff; Olesky, Elżbieta H. (eds.). <i>The Limits of Gendered Citizenship: Contexts and Complexities</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 137–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415851268" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415851268"><bdi>978-0415851268</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Comparative+Studies+of+Well-Being+in+Terms+of+Gender%2C+Ethnicity+and+the+Concept+of+Bodily+Citizenship%3A+Turning+Esping-Andersen+on+His+Head%3F&rft.btitle=The+Limits+of+Gendered+Citizenship%3A+Contexts+and+Complexities&rft.place=London&rft.pages=137-156&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0415851268&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalkamarHearnPringle2018" class="citation book cs1">Balkamar, Dag; Hearn, Jeff; Pringle, Keith (2018). "Men, Masculinities and Social Policy". In Shaver, Sheila (ed.). <i>Handbook of Gender and Social Policy</i>. Oxford: Edward Elgar. pp. 55–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1785367120" title="Special:BookSources/978-1785367120"><bdi>978-1785367120</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Men%2C+Masculinities+and+Social+Policy&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Gender+and+Social+Policy&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=55-73&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1785367120&rft.aulast=Balkamar&rft.aufirst=Dag&rft.au=Hearn%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Pringle%2C+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickel2019" class="citation news cs1">Hickel, Jason (6 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/12/6/the-dark-side-of-the-nordic-model">"The dark side of the Nordic model"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629180110/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/12/6/the-dark-side-of-the-nordic-model">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=The+dark+side+of+the+Nordic+model&rft.date=2019-12-06&rft.aulast=Hickel&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fopinions%2F2019%2F12%2F6%2Fthe-dark-side-of-the-nordic-model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivanHickel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, Dylan; Hickel, Jason (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2022.106026">"Capitalism and extreme poverty: A global analysis of real wages, human height, and mortality since the long 16th century"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_Development_(journal)" title="World Development (journal)">World Development</a></i>. <b>161</b>: 106026. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2022.106026">10.1016/j.worlddev.2022.106026</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:252315733">252315733</a>. <q>...amongst the developed capitalist countries, the social democracies with generous welfare states (i.e., Scandinavia) have superior health outcomes to neo-liberal states like the US. Poverty alleviation and gains in human health have historically been linked to socialist political movements and public action, not to capitalism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Capitalism+and+extreme+poverty%3A+A+global+analysis+of+real+wages%2C+human+height%2C+and+mortality+since+the+long+16th+century&rft.volume=161&rft.pages=106026&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2022.106026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A252315733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Dylan&rft.au=Hickel%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.worlddev.2022.106026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGustavsson2021" class="citation web cs1">Gustavsson, John (12 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thedispatch.com/article/why-the-nordic-model-wouldnt-work/">"Why the Nordic Model Wouldn't Work in the U.S."</a> <i>The Dispatch</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618204400/https://thedispatch.com/article/why-the-nordic-model-wouldnt-work/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Why+the+Nordic+Model+Wouldn%27t+Work+in+the+U.S.&rft.date=2021-10-12&rft.aulast=Gustavsson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthedispatch.com%2Farticle%2Fwhy-the-nordic-model-wouldnt-work%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2018/09/21/what-is-wrong-with-the-nordic-model/">"What is wrong with the Nordic model?"</a>. <i>EUROPP</i>. 21 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230618204359/https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2018/09/21/what-is-wrong-with-the-nordic-model/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EUROPP&rft.atitle=What+is+wrong+with+the+Nordic+model%3F&rft.date=2018-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.lse.ac.uk%2Feuroppblog%2F2018%2F09%2F21%2Fwhat-is-wrong-with-the-nordic-model%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americamagazine.org/content/all-things/continuing-revelation-scandinavian-economies">"The "Continuing Revelation" of Scandinavian Economies"</a>. <i>America</i>. 22 July 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190901042717/https://www.americamagazine.org/content/all-things/continuing-revelation-scandinavian-economies">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=The+%22Continuing+Revelation%22+of+Scandinavian+Economies&rft.date=2016-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericamagazine.org%2Fcontent%2Fall-things%2Fcontinuing-revelation-scandinavian-economies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2015/10/31/9650030/denmark-prime-minister-bernie-sanders">"Denmark's prime minister says Bernie Sanders is wrong to call his country socialist"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. 31 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200204164216/https://www.vox.com/2015/10/31/9650030/denmark-prime-minister-bernie-sanders">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Denmark%27s+prime+minister+says+Bernie+Sanders+is+wrong+to+call+his+country+socialist&rft.date=2015-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2F2015%2F10%2F31%2F9650030%2Fdenmark-prime-minister-bernie-sanders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlestaloHortKuhnle2009" class="citation journal cs1">Alestalo, Matti; Hort, Sven E. O.; Kuhnle, Stein (June 2009). "The Nordic Model: Conditions, Origins, Outcomes, Lessons". <i>Working Papers</i> (41). Hertie School of Governance. 55860282.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Nordic+Model%3A+Conditions%2C+Origins%2C+Outcomes%2C+Lessons&rft.issue=41&rft.date=2009-06&rft.aulast=Alestalo&rft.aufirst=Matti&rft.au=Hort%2C+Sven+E.+O.&rft.au=Kuhnle%2C+Stein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlyth2001" class="citation journal cs1">Blyth, Mark (2001). "The Transformation of the Swedish Model: Economic Ideas, Distributional Conflict, and Institutional Change". <i>World Politics</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 1–26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fwp.2001.0020">10.1353/wp.2001.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154911616">154911616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Politics&rft.atitle=The+Transformation+of+the+Swedish+Model%3A+Economic+Ideas%2C+Distributional+Conflict%2C+and+Institutional+Change&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-26&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fwp.2001.0020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154911616%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blyth&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Booth" title="Michael Booth">Booth, Michael</a> (2015). <a href="/wiki/The_Almost_Nearly_Perfect_People" title="The Almost Nearly Perfect People"><i>The Almost Nearly Perfect People: Behind the Myth of the Scandinavian Utopia</i></a>. London: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0099546078" title="Special:BookSources/978-0099546078"><bdi>978-0099546078</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Almost+Nearly+Perfect+People%3A+Behind+the+Myth+of+the+Scandinavian+Utopia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0099546078&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandalBratbergThorsen2013" class="citation book cs1">Brandal, Nikolai; Bratberg, Øivind; Thorsen, Dag Einar (2013). <i>The Nordic Model of Social Democracy</i>. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137013262" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137013262"><bdi>978-1137013262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model+of+Social+Democracy&rft.place=Basingstoke&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1137013262&rft.aulast=Brandal&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rft.au=Bratberg%2C+%C3%98ivind&rft.au=Thorsen%2C+Dag+Einar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBucken-Knapp2009" class="citation book cs1">Bucken-Knapp, Gregg (2009). <i>Defending the Swedish Model: Social Democrats, Trade Unions, and Labor Migration Policy Reform</i>. Lanham: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739138182" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739138182"><bdi>978-0739138182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+the+Swedish+Model%3A+Social+Democrats%2C+Trade+Unions%2C+and+Labor+Migration+Policy+Reform&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0739138182&rft.aulast=Bucken-Knapp&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristiansen2006" class="citation book cs1">Christiansen, Niels Finn; et al. (2006). <i>The Nordic Model of Welfare: A Historical Reappraisal</i>. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8763503419" title="Special:BookSources/978-8763503419"><bdi>978-8763503419</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model+of+Welfare%3A+A+Historical+Reappraisal&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pub=Museum+Tusculanum+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-8763503419&rft.aulast=Christiansen&rft.aufirst=Niels+Finn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilson2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hilson" title="Mary Hilson">Hilson, Mary</a> (2008). <i>The Nordic Model: Scandinavia Since 1945</i>. London: Reaktion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861893666" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861893666"><bdi>978-1861893666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Model%3A+Scandinavia+Since+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Reaktion&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1861893666&rft.aulast=Hilson&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgbalTodi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Igbal, Razi; Todi, Padma (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2212-5671%2815%2901301-5">"The Nordic Model: Existence, Emergence and Sustainability"</a>. <i>Procedia Economics and Finance</i>. <b>30</b>: 336–351. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2212-5671%2815%2901301-5">10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01301-5</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Procedia+Economics+and+Finance&rft.atitle=The+Nordic+Model%3A+Existence%2C+Emergence+and+Sustainability&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=336-351&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2212-5671%2815%2901301-5&rft.aulast=Igbal&rft.aufirst=Razi&rft.au=Todi%2C+Padma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS2212-5671%252815%252901301-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenworthy2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lane_Kenworthy" title="Lane Kenworthy">Kenworthy, Lane</a> (2014). <i>Social Democratic America</i>. Oxford/New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199322510" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199322510"><bdi>978-0199322510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Democratic+America&rft.place=Oxford%2FNew+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199322510&rft.aulast=Kenworthy&rft.aufirst=Lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettunenLundbergÖsterbergPetersen2015" class="citation book cs1">Kettunen, Pauli; Lundberg, Urban; Österberg, Mirja; Petersen, Klaus (2015). "The Nordic Model and the Rise and Fall of Nordic Cooperation". In Strang, Joahan (ed.). <i>Nordic Cooperation: A European Region in Transition</i> (illustrated ed.). London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315755366-4">10.4324/9781315755366-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317626954" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317626954"><bdi>978-1317626954</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Nordic+Model+and+the+Rise+and+Fall+of+Nordic+Cooperation&rft.btitle=Nordic+Cooperation%3A+A+European+Region+in+Transition&rft.place=London&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781315755366-4&rft.isbn=978-1317626954&rft.aulast=Kettunen&rft.aufirst=Pauli&rft.au=Lundberg%2C+Urban&rft.au=%C3%96sterberg%2C+Mirja&rft.au=Petersen%2C+Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kjellberg, Anders (2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/sv/publications/the-nordic-model-of-industrial-relations"><i>The Nordic Model of Industrial Relations</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324033035/https://portal.research.lu.se/sv/publications/the-nordic-model-of-industrial-relations">Archived</a> 24 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Lund: Department of Sociology.</li> <li>Kjellberg, Anders (2023) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/141188161/The_Nordic_model_of_industrial_relations_comparing_Denmark_Finland_Norway_and_Sweden.pdf"><i>The Nordic Model of Industrial Relations: comparing Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221174629/https://lucris.lub.lu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/141188161/The_Nordic_model_of_industrial_relations_comparing_Denmark_Finland_Norway_and_Sweden.pdf">Archived</a> 21 December 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Department of Sociology, Lund University and Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvist2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kvist" title="Jon Kvist">Kvist, Jon</a> (2012). <i>Changing Social Equality: The Nordic Welfare Model in the 21st Century</i>. Bristol: Policy Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847426604" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847426604"><bdi>978-1847426604</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Social+Equality%3A+The+Nordic+Welfare+Model+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Policy+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1847426604&rft.aulast=Kvist&rft.aufirst=Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLakey2016" class="citation book cs1">Lakey, George (2016). <i>Viking Economics: How the Scandinavians Got It Right – and How We Can, Too</i>. Brooklyn: <a href="/wiki/Melville_House_Publishing" title="Melville House Publishing">Melville House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612195360" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612195360"><bdi>978-1612195360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Viking+Economics%3A+How+the+Scandinavians+Got+It+Right+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3Band+How+We+Can%2C+Too&rft.place=Brooklyn&rft.pub=Melville+House&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1612195360&rft.aulast=Lakey&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Livingston, Michael A. (2021). <i>Dreamworld or Dystopia? The Nordic Model and Its Influence in the 21st Century</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMjoset1987" class="citation journal cs1">Mjoset, Lars (Summer 1987). "Nordic Economic Policies in the 1970s and 1980s". <i>International Organization</i>. <b>41</b> (3). Cambridge: The MIT Press: 403–456. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020818300027533">10.1017/S0020818300027533</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F15263">10852/15263</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2706751">2706751</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54187082">54187082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Nordic+Economic+Policies+in+the+1970s+and+1980s&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=403-456&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F15263&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54187082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2706751%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020818300027533&rft.aulast=Mjoset&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartanen2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anu_Partanen" title="Anu Partanen">Partanen, Anu</a> (2017). <i>The Nordic Theory of Everything: In Search of a Better Life</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062316554" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062316554"><bdi>978-0062316554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Theory+of+Everything%3A+In+Search+of+a+Better+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0062316554&rft.aulast=Partanen&rft.aufirst=Anu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Sandberg, Åke, ed. (2013). <i>Nordic Lights: Work, Management and Welfare in Scandinavia</i>. Stockholm: SNS Förlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9186949372" title="Special:BookSources/978-9186949372"><bdi>978-9186949372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordic+Lights%3A+Work%2C+Management+and+Welfare+in+Scandinavia&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pub=SNS+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9186949372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMobekkSimon2019" class="citation journal cs1">Mobekk, Hilde; Simon, Carsta (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6901638">"Dugnad: A Fact and a Narrative of Norwegian Prosocial Behavior"</a>. <i>Perspectives on Behavior Science</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 815–834. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40614-019-00227-w">10.1007/s40614-019-00227-w</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6901638">6901638</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31976461">31976461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Behavior+Science&rft.atitle=Dugnad%3A+A+Fact+and+a+Narrative+of+Norwegian+Prosocial+Behavior&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=815-834&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6901638%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31976461&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40614-019-00227-w&rft.aulast=Mobekk&rft.aufirst=Hilde&rft.au=Simon%2C+Carsta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6901638&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirsafian2023" class="citation journal cs1">Mirsafian, Arvand (2023). "Taylorism, Worker Resistance, and Industrial Relations in Sweden". <i>International Review of Social History</i>. <b>68</b> (3): 429–451. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS002085902300041X">10.1017/S002085902300041X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Taylorism%2C+Worker+Resistance%2C+and+Industrial+Relations+in+Sweden&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=429-451&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS002085902300041X&rft.aulast=Mirsafian&rft.aufirst=Arvand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANordic+model" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalutmaning.se/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Davos-The-nordic-way-final.pdf">"The Nordic Way"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110304190551/http://www.globalutmaning.se/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/Davos-The-nordic-way-final.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Davos: <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>. January 2011. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</li> <li>Thorsen, Dag Einar; Brandal, Nik; Bratberg, Øivind (8 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fabians.org.uk/utopia-sustained-the-nordic-model-of-social-democracy/">Utopia sustained: "The Nordic model of social democracy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Society" title="Fabian Society">Fabian Society</a>. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/news/special-report/21570835-nordic-countries-are-probably-best-governed-world-secret-their">"The secret of their success"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a></i>. 2 February 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</li> <li>Sanders, Bernie (26 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rep-bernie-sanders/what-can-we-learn-from-de_b_3339736.html">"What Can We Learn From Denmark?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Huffington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huffington Post">The Huffington Post</a></i>. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</li> <li>Isaacs, Julia (25 September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2013/09/25/economic-mobility-without-economic-growth/scandinavias-economic-mobility-is-not-driven-by-growth">"What Is Scandinavia Doing Right?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</li> <li>Stahl, Rune Møller Stahl; Mulvad, Andreas Møller (4 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobinmag.com/2015/08/national-review-williamson-bernie-sanders-sweden/">"What Makes Scandinavia Different?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jacobin_(magazine)" title="Jacobin (magazine)">Jacobin</a></i>. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kommunekredit.dk/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/TheNordicModel.pdf">"The Nordic Model: Local Government, Global Competitiveness in Denmark, Finland and Sweden"</a>. KommuneKredit. August 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2020.</li> <li>Goodman, Peter S. (11 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/11/business/sweden-economy-immigration.html">"The Nordic Model May Be the Best Cushion Against Capitalism. Can It Survive Immigration?"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Retrieved 3 October 2020.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://norden.se/om-norden/">"Om Norden"</a> (in Swedish). Föreningen Norden. Retrieved 3 December 2019.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nordics.info/themes/the-nordic-model/">"The Nordic Model"</a>. <i>Nordics</i>. Aarhus University. Retrieved 3 October 2020.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Capitalism" title="Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Capitalism" title="Template talk:Capitalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Capitalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Aspects and <a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">perspectives</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchy_of_production" title="Anarchy of production">Anarchy of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_cycle" title="Business cycle">Business cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centralisation" title="Centralisation">Centralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_(economics)" title="Competition (economics)">Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_depression" title="Economic depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deregulation" title="Deregulation">Deregulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_bubble" title="Economic bubble">Economic bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrepreneurship" title="Entrepreneurship">Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopreneurship" title="Ecopreneurship">Ecopreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">Financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Revolution" title="Financial Revolution">Financial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_capitalist_theory" title="History of capitalist theory">History of capitalist theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invention" title="Invention">Invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy#Capitalism" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">Market failure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchantilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchantilism">Merchantilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_capitalism_by_school_of_thought" title="Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought">Perspectives on capitalism by school of thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profit_(economics)" title="Profit (economics)">Profit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_rights_(economics)" title="Property rights (economics)">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_labour" title="Wage labour">Wage labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">Wealth</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_capitalism" title="Corporate capitalism">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_market#General_principles" title="Free market">Free-market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Laissez-faire capitalism">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism" title="Right-libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market capitalism">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed capitalism">Mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_monopoly_capitalism" title="State monopoly capitalism">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="National capitalism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-capitalism" title="Neo-capitalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">Neoliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic capitalism">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-capitalism" title="Anarcho-capitalism">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Raw capitalism">Raw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulated_market" title="Regulated market">Regulated market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capitalism" title="Regulatory capitalism">Regulatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine capitalism">Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Social capitalism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="State-sponsored capitalism">State-sponsored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_capitalism" title="Culture of capitalism">Cultural aspects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)" title="Black Friday (shopping)">Black Friday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_mobility" title="Economic mobility">Economic mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li>Mainstream</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_foundation" title="Private foundation">Private foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law#In_relation_to_economics" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_alienation" title="Social alienation">Social alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_order" title="Spontaneous order">Spontaneous order</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_association" title="Freedom of association">Freedom of association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_market_flexibility" title="Labour market flexibility">Labour market flexibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">Labour supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Productivity" title="Productivity">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicate" title="Syndicate">Syndicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_venture_capital" title="Social venture capital">Social venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_capitalism" title="Criticism of capitalism">Criticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_propaganda" title="Capitalist propaganda">Capitalist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_work" title="Critique of work">Critique of work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_fundamentalism" title="Market fundamentalism">Market fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antithesis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">Anarcho-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">Anarcho-primitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarcho-syndicalism" title="Anarcho-syndicalism">Anarcho-syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">Collectivist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communalism_(Bookchin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communalism (Bookchin)">Communalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-market_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market socialism">Free-market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">Green anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_anarchism" title="Individualist anarchism">Individualist anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_socialism" title="Libertarian socialism">Libertarian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_anarchism" title="Market anarchism">Market anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_socialism" title="Market socialism">Market socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutualism_(economic_theory)" title="Mutualism (economic theory)">Mutualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-capitalism" title="Post-capitalism">Post-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-scarcity_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-scarcity economy">Post-scarcity economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_anarchism" title="Social anarchism">Social anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndicalism" title="Syndicalism">Syndicalism</a></li></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_democracy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_democracy" title="Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Social democracy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_democracy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social democracy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_democracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_social_democracy" title="History of social democracy">History</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Declaration" title="Frankfurt Declaration">Frankfurt Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godesberg_Program" title="Godesberg Program">Godesberg Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalist%E2%80%93defencist_schism" title="Internationalist–defencist schism">Internationalist–defencist schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keynesian_economics" title="Keynesian economics">Keynesianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labor movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Marxism" title="Orthodox Marxism">Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nordic model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy#Second_International_era_and_reform_or_revolution_dispute_(1889–1914)" title="Social democracy">Reformist–revolutionary dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_capitalism" title="Welfare capitalism">Welfare capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Rose_(symbolism)#Socialism_and_social_democracy" title="Rose (symbolism)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/75px-Red_rose_02.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/113px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Red_rose_02.svg/150px-Red_rose_02.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="579" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Marxism" title="Democracy in Marxism">Marxist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">Environmental protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gradualism" title="Gradualism">Gradualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)#Socialism" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_reform" title="Land reform">Land reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_nationalism" title="Left-wing nationalism">Left-wing nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">Mixed economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Reformism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformist Left">Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformism" title="Reformism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_corporatism" title="Social corporatism">Social corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;">Variants</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_socialism" title="Ethical socialism">Ethical socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein#Opinions" title="Eduard Bernstein">Evolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_socialism" title="Liberal socialism">Liberal socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_of_the_21st_century" title="Socialism of the 21st century">Socialism of the 21st century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democrats" title="List of social democrats">People</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Allende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacinda_Ardern" title="Jacinda Ardern">Ardern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Attlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obafemi_Awolowo" title="Obafemi Awolowo">Awolowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">Batlle y Ordóñez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">Bebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfikar_Ali_Bhutto" title="Zulfikar Ali Bhutto">Bhutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Brandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Branting" title="Hjalmar Branting">Branting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Callaghan" title="James Callaghan">Callaghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1zaro_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="Lázaro Cárdenas">Cárdenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Clark" title="Helen Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Craxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Crosland" title="Anthony Crosland">Crosland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Jeremy Corbyn">Corbyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacy_Daszy%C5%84ski" title="Ignacy Daszyński">Daszyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_V._Debs" title="Eugene V. Debs">Debs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Douglas" title="Tommy Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_Drees" title="Willem Drees">Drees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Ebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Ecevit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fraser" title="Peter Fraser">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gaitskell" title="Hugh Gaitskell">Gaitskell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Felipe González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">Goulart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Hardie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding" title="Rudolf Hilferding">Hilferding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jaurès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsun_Chang" title="Carsun Chang">Junmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsu_Katayama" title="Tetsu Katayama">Katayama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_K%C3%A9thly" title="Anna Kéthly">Kéthly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Kirk" title="Norman Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Lagos" title="Ricardo Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Lassalle" title="Ferdinand Lassalle">Lassalle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Layton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_L%C3%A9vesque" title="René Lévesque">Lévesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Liebknecht" title="Wilhelm Liebknecht">Liebknecht (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Liebknecht (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsay_MacDonald" title="Ramsay MacDonald">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Myrdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olof_Palme" title="Olof Palme">Palme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Plekhanov" title="Georgi Plekhanov">Plekhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano_Prodi" title="Romano Prodi">Prodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Joseph_Savage" title="Michael Joseph Savage">Savage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thorvald_Stauning" title="Thorvald Stauning">Stauning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Thomas" title="Norman Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joop_den_Uyl" title="Joop den Uyl">Den Uyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Webb,_1st_Baron_Passfield" title="Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield">Webb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson" title="Harold Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._S._Woodsworth" title="J. S. Woodsworth">Woodsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noe_Zhordania" title="Noe Zhordania">Zhordania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span style="vertical-align:1px;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_democratic_parties" title="List of social democratic parties">Organizations</a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Union_Confederation" title="International Trade Union Confederation">International Trade Union Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Socialist_Youth" title="International Union of Socialist Youth">International Union of Socialist Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_European_Socialists" title="Party of European Socialists">Party of European Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Alliance" title="Progressive Alliance">Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_International" title="Socialist International">Socialist International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_European_Socialists" title="Young European Socialists">Young European Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="History of the Social Democratic Party of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democracy in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_socialism" title="Types of socialism">Types of socialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Socialism" title="Portal:Socialism">Socialism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_models_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_models_in_Europe" title="Template:Social models in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_models_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Social models in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_models_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social models in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_models_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_social_model" title="European social model">Social models in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_model" title="Anglo-Saxon model">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_social_model#Mediterranean_model" title="European social model">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nordic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">Rhine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q921098#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q921098#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q921098#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1762389/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010006189">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000294966&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007602265805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&oldid=1255613492">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&oldid=1255613492</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capitalism" title="Category:Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Corporatism" title="Category:Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_policy_in_Europe" title="Category:Economic policy in Europe">Economic policy in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economic_systems" title="Category:Economic systems">Economic systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mixed_economies" title="Category:Mixed economies">Mixed economies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nordic_politics" title="Category:Nordic politics">Nordic politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political-economic_models" title="Category:Political-economic models">Political-economic models</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_democracy" title="Category:Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Welfare_in_Europe" title="Category:Welfare in Europe">Welfare in Europe</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_periodical_ignored" title="Category:CS1 errors: periodical ignored">CS1 errors: periodical ignored</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2024">Use dmy dates from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_March_2019" title="Category:EngvarB from March 2019">EngvarB from March 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 November 2024, at 20:49<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nordic_model&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-88l8n","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.761","walltime":"1.984","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8696,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":396158,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2410,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":535297,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1635.279 1 -total"," 60.21% 984.630 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.71% 322.386 43 Template:Cite_book"," 13.75% 224.880 37 Template:Cite_web"," 13.55% 221.601 23 Template:Cite_journal"," 10.20% 166.741 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 9.18% 150.147 1 Template:Economic_systems_sidebar"," 7.75% 126.805 22 Template:Cite_news"," 5.72% 93.606 1 Template:Short_description"," 3.75% 61.295 10 Template:Portal-inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.067","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8320399,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Denmark\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Faroe Islands\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Finland\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Iceland\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Norway\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n [\"text\"] = \"Sweden\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","180","15.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","15.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","140","12.1"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","3.4"],["tostring","40","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","40","3.4"],["[others]","360","31.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-5w7wd","timestamp":"20241122143709","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Nordic model","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Nordic_model","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q921098","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q921098","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2007-06-04T22:15:04Z","dateModified":"2024-11-05T20:49:03Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/aa\/Map_of_Scandinavia.svg","headline":"economic and social policies common to the Nordic countries, including a comprehensive welfare state and collective bargaining at the national level, while being based on the economic foundations of free market capitalism"}</script> </body> </html>