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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Walls of Rome" redirects here. For for video game, see <a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Rome_(video_game)" title="Walls of Rome (video game)">Walls of Rome (video game)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg/220px-Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg/330px-Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg/440px-Servian_Wall-Termini_Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>Section of the <a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muralla_de_Lugo_-_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Muralla_de_Lugo_-_03.jpg/220px-Muralla_de_Lugo_-_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Muralla_de_Lugo_-_03.jpg/330px-Muralla_de_Lugo_-_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Muralla_de_Lugo_-_03.jpg/440px-Muralla_de_Lugo_-_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4841" data-file-height="3440" /></a><figcaption>Section of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_walls_of_Lugo" title="Roman walls of Lugo">Roman walls of Lugo</a>, Spain, 263–276 AD</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Defensive_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Defensive walls">Defensive walls</a> are a feature of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_architecture" title="Ancient Roman architecture">ancient Roman architecture</a>. The Romans generally fortified cities, rather than building stand-alone fortresses, but there are some fortified camps, such as the <a href="/wiki/Saxon_Shore#The_forts" title="Saxon Shore">Saxon Shore forts</a> like <a href="/wiki/Portus_Adurni" title="Portus Adurni">Porchester Castle</a> in England. City walls were already significant in <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_architecture" title="Etruscan architecture">Etruscan architecture</a>, and in the struggle for control of Italy under the early Republic many more were built, using different techniques. These included tightly fitting massive irregular polygonal blocks, shaped to fit exactly in a way reminiscent of later <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> work. The Romans called a simple rampart wall an <a href="/wiki/Agger_(ancient_Rome)" title="Agger (ancient Rome)">agger</a>; at this date great height was not necessary. The <a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a> around Rome was an ambitious project of the early 4th century BC. The wall was up to 10 metres (32.8 ft) in height in places, 3.6 metres (12 ft) wide at its base, 11 km (7 mi) long,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is believed to have had 16 main gates, though many of these are mentioned only from writings, with no other known remains. Some of it had a <i>fossa</i> or ditch in front, and an agger behind, and it was enough to deter <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a>. Later the <a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurelian Wall">Aurelian Wall</a> replaced it, enclosing an expanded city, and using more sophisticated designs, with small forts at intervals. </p><p>The Romans walled major cities and towns in areas they saw as vulnerable, and parts of many walls remain incorporated in later defences, as at <a href="/wiki/Roman_walls_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Roman walls of Córdoba">Córdoba</a> (2nd century BC), <a href="/wiki/Chester_city_walls" title="Chester city walls">Chester</a> (earth and wood in the 70s AD, stone from c. 100), and <a href="/wiki/York_city_walls" title="York city walls">York</a> (from 70s AD). Strategic walls <a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">defending the frontiers of the Empire</a> by running across open country were far rarer, and <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> (from 122) and the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a> (from 142, abandoned only 8 years after completion) are the most significant examples, both on the <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish</a> frontier. Most defences of the <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">borders of the Roman Empire</a> relied on <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">systems of forts and roads</a> without attempting a continuous barrier. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_defensive_walls&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG/220px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG/330px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG/440px-Trier_Porta_Nigra_BW_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3404" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Porta_Nigra" title="Porta Nigra">Porta Nigra</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, capital of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Gallia Belgica</a>, constructed between 186 and 200 AD.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hisarya_Fortress_057.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hisarya_Fortress_057.jpg/220px-Hisarya_Fortress_057.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hisarya_Fortress_057.jpg/330px-Hisarya_Fortress_057.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hisarya_Fortress_057.jpg/440px-Hisarya_Fortress_057.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Diocletianopolis_(Thrace)" title="Diocletianopolis (Thrace)">Diocletianopolis</a> city walls, <a href="/wiki/Hisarya,_Bulgaria" title="Hisarya, Bulgaria">Hisarya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Notable walls built by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a> include, in chronological order of construction: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murus_Romuli" title="Murus Romuli">Murus Romuli</a>, built around <a href="/wiki/Roma_Quadrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Roma Quadrata">early Rome</a> in remote antiquity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servian_Wall" title="Servian Wall">Servian Wall</a>, built around Rome in the early 4th century BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_walls_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Roman walls of Córdoba">Roman walls of Córdoba</a></li> <li>Colchester city walls, built after the <a href="/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica">Boudiccan revolt</a> c.65–80 A.D</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_city_walls" title="Chester city walls">Chester city walls</a>, originating as part of the fortress of Deva Victrix between 70 and 80 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_city_walls" title="York city walls">York city walls</a>, originally constructed around 71 AD when York was a Roman colony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a>, built in England beginning in 122 AD at the edge of Roman conquest to keep out the Scots</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>, a short-lived, advanced frontier wall built in Scotland north of Hadrian's Wall beginning in 142 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sofia" title="History of Sofia">Serdica</a> first defensive walls build between 176 and 180 under <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> as evidenced by inscriptions above the gates. Serdica again flourished in the 6th century during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>, when its defensive walls were reinforced by doubling their thickness and adding more towers, and whose remnants can still be seen today.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Wall" title="London Wall">London Wall</a>, built around Londinium between 190 and 225, probably between 200 and 220</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_walls_of_Lugo" title="Roman walls of Lugo">Roman walls of Lugo</a>, built between 263 and 276 AD to defend the Roman town of Lucus Augusti (in what is now Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian_Walls" title="Aurelian Walls">Aurelian Walls</a>, the later wall of Rome, built in the late 3rd century AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletianopolis_(Thrace)" title="Diocletianopolis (Thrace)">Diocletianopolis</a> city walls of 2.3 km total length were built in the early 4th century after the Gothic invasions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walls_of_Constantinople" title="Walls of Constantinople">Walls of Constantinople</a>, a great defensive wall that defended the metropolitan capital from the fourth century AD until 1453</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasian_Wall" title="Anastasian Wall">Anastasian Wall</a>, a wall named built in the late 5th century to ensure extra defenses for Constantinople. It was not very effective, and was abandoned in the 7th century.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Venta_Silurum,_Caerwent,_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Venta Silurum, Caerwent, Wales (page does not exist)">Venta Silurum, Caerwent, Wales</a>. Si o que Venta Silurum was a town in the Roman province of Britannia. The walls are some of the best examples in the UK.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_defensive_walls&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/48px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/64px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Walls,_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the Walls, Rome">Museum of the Walls, Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_military_frontiers_and_fortifications" title="Roman military frontiers and fortifications">Roman military frontiers and fortifications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">Limes (Roman Empire)</a>, a border defense or delimiting system of ancient Rome</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_defensive_walls&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fields, Nic; Peter Dennis <i>The Walls of Rome</i> Osprey Publishing; 10 Mar 2008 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-198-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-198-4">978-1-84603-198-4</a> p.10 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SDxrLQymWWwC&dq=height+servian+wall&pg=PA10">[1]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ancient_Roman_defensive_walls&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wilson, Barbara, Mee, Frances, <i>The City Walls and Castles of York: The Pictorial Evidence</i>, 2005, York Archaeological Trust, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-874454-36-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-874454-36-6">978-1-874454-36-6</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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