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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Events_leading_to_the_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Events_leading_to_the_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Events leading to the revolt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Events_leading_to_the_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uprising</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uprising-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uprising subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_Camulodunum,_Londinium_and_Verulamium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_Camulodunum,_Londinium_and_Verulamium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Attacks on Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_Camulodunum,_Londinium_and_Verulamium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defeat_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defeat_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Defeat and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defeat_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Early literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revival_and_the_modern_legend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_and_the_modern_legend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Revival and the modern legend</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revival_and_the_modern_legend-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revival and the modern legend subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revival_and_the_modern_legend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-16th_and_17th_century_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_and_17th_century_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>16th and 17th century literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_and_17th_century_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Depiction_during_the_18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Depiction_during_the_18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Depiction during the 18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Depiction_during_the_18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_–_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_–_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>20th century – present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_–_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_film_and_TV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_film_and_TV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>In film and TV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_film_and_TV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>In Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boudica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 69 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="بوديكا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوديكا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudicca" title="Boudicca – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Boudicca" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Баўдзіка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Баўдзіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Будика – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Будика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudika" title="Boudika – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Boudika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudicca" title="Boudicca – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Boudicca" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddug_(Boudica)" title="Buddug (Boudica) – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Buddug (Boudica)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudicca" title="Boudicca – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Boudicca" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudicca" title="Boudicca – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Boudicca" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudicca" title="Boudicca – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Boudicca" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Βοαδίκεια – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοαδίκεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budiko" title="Budiko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Budiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budika" title="Budika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Budika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="بودیکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بودیکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boadic%C3%A9e" title="Boadicée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Boadicée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buadaca" title="Buadaca – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buadaca" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boadicea" title="Boadicea – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Boadicea" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%94%94%EC%B9%B4" title="부디카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부디카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budika" title="Budika – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Budika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B3d%C3%ADsea" title="Bódísea – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bódísea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudicca" title="Boudicca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Boudicca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94" title="בודיקיאה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בודיקיאה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE" title="ಬೌದಿಕಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೌದಿಕಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ბოუდიკა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოუდიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boud%C3%AEka" title="Boudîka – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Boudîka" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudicca" title="Boudicca – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Boudicca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C5%ABdika" title="Būdika – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Būdika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Будика – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Будика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബൊവാഡിസിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബൊവാഡിസിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="राणी बूडिका – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="राणी बूडिका" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="بوديكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوديكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AB" title="ブーディカ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブーディカ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudicca" title="Boudicca – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Boudicca" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodicca" title="Bodicca – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bodicca" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="بؤدیکا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بؤدیکا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudika" title="Boudika – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Boudika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boadiceia" title="Boadiceia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Boadiceia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Боудикка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боудикка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F" title="බූඩිකා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බූඩිකා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Будика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Будика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budika" title="Budika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Budika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudicca" title="Boudicca – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Boudicca" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudicca" title="Boudicca – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Boudicca" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Боудіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Боудіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%D8%AF%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="بؤدیکا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بؤدیکا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boudica" title="Boudica – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Boudica" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%8B%84%E5%8D%A1" title="布狄卡 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布狄卡" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Queen of the British Iceni tribe (d. 60/61)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses of this word (spelled this way and as Boadicea, Boudicca, Boudicea, etc.), see <a href="/wiki/Boudica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boudica (disambiguation)">Boudica (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Boudica</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Opie's painting of Boudica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg/220px-Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg/330px-Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg/440px-Queen_Boudica_by_John_Opie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1001" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Opie" title="John Opie">John Opie</a>'s <i>Boadicea Haranguing the Britons</i></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Queen of the Iceni</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">c. AD 60–61</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Consort of the king of the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">? – c. AD 60</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">AD 60/61</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prasutagus" title="Prasutagus">Prasutagus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 daughters</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Boudica</b> or <b>Boudicca</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, from <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brythonic</a> *<i>boudi</i> 'victory, win' + *<i>-kā</i> 'having' suffix, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="/wiki/Chronicle" title="Chronicle">chronicles</a> as <b>Boadicea</b> or <b>Boudicea</b>, and in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> as <b><span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">Buddug</span></span></b>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈbɨðɨɡ]</a></span>) was a queen of the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">ancient British Iceni</a> tribe, who led a <a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">failed uprising</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">conquering forces</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in AD 60 or 61. She is considered a British national heroine and a symbol of the struggle for justice and independence. </p><p>Boudica's husband <a href="/wiki/Prasutagus" title="Prasutagus">Prasutagus</a>, with whom she had two daughters, ruled as a nominally independent ally of Rome. He left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a>. When he died, his will was ignored, and the kingdom was annexed and his property taken. According to the Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, Boudica was <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flogged</a> and her daughters <a href="/wiki/Wartime_sexual_violence" title="Wartime sexual violence">raped</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> wrote that previous imperial donations to influential Britons were confiscated and the Roman financier and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> called in the loans he had forced on the reluctant Britons. </p><p>In 60/61, Boudica led the Iceni and other British tribes in revolt. They destroyed <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>), earlier the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Trinovantes" title="Trinovantes">Trinovantes</a>, but at that time a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a></i></span> for discharged Roman soldiers. Upon hearing of the revolt, the <a href="/wiki/Governors_of_Roman_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Governors of Roman Britain">Roman governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Paulinus" title="Gaius Suetonius Paulinus">Gaius Suetonius Paulinus</a> hurried from the island of <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Mona</a> (modern Anglesey) to <a href="/wiki/Londinium" title="Londinium">Londinium</a>, the 20-year-old commercial settlement that was the rebels' next target. Unable to defend the settlement, he evacuated and abandoned it. Boudica's army defeated a detachment of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a>, and burnt both Londinium and <a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a>. In all, an estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and Britons were killed by Boudica's followers. Suetonius, meanwhile, regrouped his forces, possibly in the <a href="/wiki/West_Midlands_(region)" title="West Midlands (region)">West Midlands</a>, and despite being heavily outnumbered, he decisively defeated the Britons. Boudica died, by suicide or illness, shortly afterwards. The crisis of 60/61 caused <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> to consider withdrawing all his imperial forces from Britain, but Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Roman control of the province. </p><p>Interest in these events was revived in the <a href="/wiki/English_Renaissance" title="English Renaissance">English Renaissance</a> and led to Boudica's fame in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> and as a cultural symbol in Britain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_sources">Historical sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dio_Cassius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="engraving of Cassius Dio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dio_Cassius.jpg/148px-Dio_Cassius.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dio_Cassius.jpg/222px-Dio_Cassius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Dio_Cassius.jpg/296px-Dio_Cassius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="340" data-file-height="411" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:179px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photograph of statue of Tacitus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/136px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/204px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg/272px-Wien-_Parlament-Tacitus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1952" data-file-height="2576" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> is referred to in four works from <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> written by three <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> historians: the <i><a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">Agricola</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 98</span>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 110s</span>) by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_pp._42–43_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_pp._42–43-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mention of the uprising by <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars" title="The Twelve Caesars">Lives of the Caesars</a></i> (121);<sup id="cite_ref-Suetonius_1914_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suetonius_1914-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the longest account, a detailed description of the revolt contained within <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>'s history of the Empire (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 202</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 235</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tacitus wrote some years after the rebellion, but his father-in-law <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Gnaeus Julius Agricola</a> was an eyewitness to the events, having served in Britain as a <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune</a> under <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Paulinus" title="Gaius Suetonius Paulinus">Suetonius Paulinus</a> during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_pp._42–43_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_pp._42–43-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cassius Dio began his history of Rome and its empire about 140 years after Boudica's death. Much is lost and his account of Boudica survives only in the <a href="/wiki/Epitome" title="Epitome">epitome</a> of an 11th-century <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Xiphilinus" title="John Xiphilinus">John Xiphilinus</a>. He provides greater and more lurid detail than Tacitus, but in general his details are often fictitious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandrei20184_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandrei20184-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both Tacitus and Dio give an account of battle-speeches given by Boudica, though it is thought that her words were never recorded during her life.<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_pp._42–43_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_pp._42–43-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adl_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although imaginary, these speeches, designed to provide a comparison for readers of the antagonists' demands and approaches to war, and to portray the Romans as morally superior to their enemy, helped create an image of <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a> that turned Boudica into a legendary figure.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-New86_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New86-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iceni_lands.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of Iceni lands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iceni_lands.svg/220px-Iceni_lands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iceni_lands.svg/330px-Iceni_lands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Iceni_lands.svg/440px-Iceni_lands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>A map of <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a> lands in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Boudica was the consort of <a href="/wiki/Prasutagus" title="Prasutagus">Prasutagus</a>, king of the <a href="/wiki/Iceni" title="Iceni">Iceni</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a tribe who inhabited what is now the English county of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a> and parts of the neighbouring counties of <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Pot_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pot-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iceni produced some of the earliest known British coins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200811,_54_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200811,_54-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had revolted against the Romans in 47 when the Roman governor <a href="/wiki/Publius_Ostorius_Scapula" title="Publius Ostorius Scapula">Publius Ostorius Scapula</a> planned to disarm all the peoples of Britain under Roman control. The Romans allowed the kingdom to retain its independence once the uprising was suppressed.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2008_pp._134–136_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2008_pp._134–136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events_leading_to_the_revolt">Events leading to the revolt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Events leading to the revolt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On his death in AD 60/61, Prasutagus made his two daughters as well as the Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> his heirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Pot_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pot-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans ignored the will, and the kingdom was absorbed into the province of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ell9294_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell9294-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Catus_Decianus" title="Catus Decianus">Catus Decianus</a>, procurator of Britain, was sent to secure the Iceni kingdom for Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2008_pp._134–136_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2008_pp._134–136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:50%; ; color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"Have we not been robbed entirely of most of our possessions, and those the greatest, while for those that remain we pay taxes? Besides pasturing and tilling for them all our other possessions, do we not pay a yearly tribute for our very bodies? How much better it would be to have been sold to masters once for all than, possessing empty titles of freedom, to have to ransom ourselves every year! How much better to have been slain and to have perished than to go about with a tax on our heads!... Among the rest of mankind death frees even those who are in slavery to others; only in the case of the Romans do the very dead remain alive for their profit. Why is it that, though none of us has any money (how, indeed, could we, or where would we get it?), we are stripped and despoiled like a murderer's victims? And why should the Romans be expected to display moderation as time goes on, when they have behaved toward us in this fashion at the very outset, when all men show consideration even for the beasts they have newly captured?" </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Part of a speech Cassius Dio gives Boudica<sup id="cite_ref-Dio_2015_pp._84–87_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dio_2015_pp._84–87-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>The Romans' next actions were described by Tacitus, who detailed pillaging of the countryside, the ransacking of the king's household, and the brutal treatment of Boudica and her daughters. According to Tacitus, Boudica was <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">flogged</a> and her daughters were <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raped</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ell9294_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell9294-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These abuses are not mentioned in Dio's account, who instead cites three different causes for the rebellion: the recalling of loans that were given to the Britons by <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a>; Decianus Catus's confiscation of money formerly loaned to the Britons by the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a>; and Boudica's own entreaties.<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Adl_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adl-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loans were thought by the Iceni to have been repaid by gift exchange.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2008_pp._134–136_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2008_pp._134–136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dio gives Boudica a speech to her people and their allies reminding them that life was much better before the Roman occupation, stressing that wealth cannot be enjoyed under slavery and placing the blame upon herself for not expelling the Romans as they had done when <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> invaded.<sup id="cite_ref-Ell9294_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell9294-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The willingness of those seen as barbarians to sacrifice a higher quality of living under the Romans in exchange for their freedom and personal liberty was an important part of what Dio considered to be motivation for the rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-New86_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New86-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uprising">Uprising</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boudican_revolt" title="Boudican revolt">Boudican revolt</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_Camulodunum,_Londinium_and_Verulamium"><span id="Attacks_on_Camulodunum.2C_Londinium_and_Verulamium"></span>Attacks on Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Attacks on Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Boudican_Revolt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="map of the places involved in Boudica's rebellion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Boudican_Revolt.svg/280px-Map_of_the_Boudican_Revolt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Boudican_Revolt.svg/420px-Map_of_the_Boudican_Revolt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Map_of_the_Boudican_Revolt.svg/560px-Map_of_the_Boudican_Revolt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="518" /></a><figcaption>A map of the <a href="/wiki/Boudican_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudican Revolt">Boudican Revolt</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first target of the rebels was <a href="/wiki/Camulodunum" title="Camulodunum">Camulodunum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>), a Roman <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">colonia</a></i></span> for retired soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage88mode2up_88]_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage88mode2up_88]-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Roman_temple" title="Roman temple">Roman temple</a> had been erected there to Claudius, at great expense to the local population. Combined with brutal treatment of the Britons by the veterans, this had caused resentment towards the Romans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage70mode2up_71]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage70mode2up_71]-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Iceni and the Trinovantes comprised an army of 120,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._70_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._70-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dio claimed that Boudica called upon the British goddess of victory <a href="/wiki/Andraste" title="Andraste">Andraste</a> to aid her army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage54mode2up_55]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage54mode2up_55]-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the revolt had begun, the only Roman troops available to provide assistance, aside from the few within the colony, were 200 <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries_(Roman_military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliaries (Roman military)">auxiliaries</a> located in London, who were not equipped to fight Boudica's army. Camulodunum was captured by the rebels;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage90mode2up_90]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage90mode2up_90]-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those inhabitants who survived the initial attack took refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Claudius,_Colchester" title="Temple of Claudius, Colchester">Temple of Claudius</a> for two days before they were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_1978_p._91,_93_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster_1978_p._91,_93-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Petillius_Cerialis" title="Quintus Petillius Cerialis">Quintus Petillius Cerialis</a>, then commanding the <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX <i>Hispana</i></a>, attempted to relieve Camulodunum, but suffered an overwhelming defeat. The <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> with him were all killed and only the commander and some of his <a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">cavalry</a> escaped. After this disaster, Catus Decianus, whose behaviour had provoked the rebellion, fled abroad to <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage48mode2up_49]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage48mode2up_49]-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Suetonius was leading a <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Anglesey" title="Roman conquest of Anglesey">campaign against the island of Mona</a>, off the coast of North Wales. On hearing the news of the Iceni uprising, he left a garrison on Mona and returned to deal with Boudica.<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._70_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._70-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He moved quickly with a force of men through hostile territory to Londinium, which he reached before the arrival of Boudica's army<sup id="cite_ref-Webster_1978_p._91,_93_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Webster_1978_p._91,_93-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but, outnumbered, he decided to abandon the town to the rebels, who burned it down after torturing and killing everyone who had remained. The rebels also sacked the <i><a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Verulamium" title="Verulamium">Verulamium</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/St_Albans" title="St Albans">St Albans</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Vandrei_2018_p._2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandrei_2018_p._2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> north-west of London, though the extent of its destruction is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dio and Tacitus both reported that around 80,000 people were said to have been killed by the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Tacitus, the Britons had no interest in taking the Roman population as prisoners, only in slaughter by "<a href="/wiki/Gibbet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gibbet">gibbet</a>, fire, or cross".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dio adds that the noblest women were impaled on spikes and had their breasts cut off and sewn to their mouths, "to the accompaniment of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the groves of Andraste.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defeat_and_death">Defeat and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Defeat and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suetonius regrouped his forces. He amassed an army of almost 10,000 men at an unidentified location, and took a stand in a <a href="/wiki/Defile_(geography)" title="Defile (geography)">defile</a> with a wood behind. The Romans used the terrain to their advantage, launching javelins at the Britons before advancing in a wedge-shaped formation and deploying cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2008_pp._134–136_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2008_pp._134–136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Roman army was heavily outnumbered — according to Dio the rebels numbered 230,000<sup id="cite_ref-Pot_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pot-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> — but Boudica's army was crushed, and according to Tacitus, neither the women nor the animals were spared. Tacitus states that Boudica poisoned herself; Dio says she fell sick and died, after which she was given a lavish burial. It has been argued that these accounts are not mutually exclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandrei201846_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandrei201846-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Boudica</i> may have been an honorific title,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrénée-Hutchins201612_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrénée-Hutchins201612-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which case the name by which she was known during most of her life is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2008_p._141_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2008_p._141-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a> and translator <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Kenneth Jackson</a> concluded that the name <i>Boudica</i>—based on later developments in Welsh (<span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Buddug</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> (<span title="Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic-language text"><i lang="ghc">Buaidheach</i></span>)—derives from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Celtic_language" title="Proto-Celtic language">Proto-Celtic</a> feminine adjective *<i>boudīkā</i> 'victorious', which in turn is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> word *<i>boudā</i> 'victory', and that the correct spelling of the name in <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Common Brittonic</a> (the British Celtic language) is <i><span title="Celtic languages collective text"><i lang="cel">Boudica</i></span></i>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cel-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[boʊˈdiːkaː]</a></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Variations on the historically correct <i>Boudica</i> include <i>Boudicca</i>, <i>Bonduca</i>, <i>Boadicea</i>, and <i>Buduica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wai22_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wai22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a> version of her name is attested in inscriptions as <i>Boudiga</i> in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <i>Boudica</i> in <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a>, and <i>Bodicca</i> in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage14mode2up_15]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage14mode2up_15]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boudica's name was spelt incorrectly by Dio, who used <i>Buduica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wai22_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wai22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her name was also misspelled by Tacitus, who added a second 'c.' After the misspelling was copied by a medieval <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a>, further variations began to appear. Along with the second 'c' becoming an 'e,' an 'a' appeared in place of the 'u', which produced the medieval (and most common) version of the name, <i>Boadicea</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_2008_p._141_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies_2008_p._141-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DudWeb143_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DudWeb143-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The true spelling was totally obscured when <i>Boadicea</i> first appeared in around the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wai22_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wai22-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">William Cowper</a> used this spelling in his poem <i>Boadicea, an Ode</i> (1782), a work whose impact resulted in Boudica's reinvention as a British imperialistic champion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage150mode2up_152]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage150mode2up_152]-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_literature">Early literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest possible mentions of Boudica (excluding Tacitus' and Dio's accounts) was the 6th century work <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/De_Excidio_et_Conquestu_Britanniae" title="De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae">De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae</a></i></span> by the British monk <a href="/wiki/Gildas" title="Gildas">Gildas</a>. In it, he demonstrates his knowledge of a female leader whom he describes as a "treacherous lioness" who "butchered the governors who had been left to give fuller voice and strength to the endeavours of Roman rule."<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._61_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._61-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People" title="Ecclesiastical History of the English People">Ecclesiastical History of the English People</a></i> (731) and the 9th century work <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Brittonum" title="Historia Brittonum">Historia Brittonum</a></i> by the Welsh monk <a href="/wiki/Nennius" title="Nennius">Nennius</a> include references to the uprising of 60/61—but do not mention Boudica.<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._61_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._61-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No contemporary description of Boudica exists. Dio, writing more than a century after her death, provided a detailed description of the Iceni queen (translated in 1925): "In stature she was very tall, in appearance most terrifying, in the glance of her eye most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of the tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a large golden necklace; and she wore a tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened with a brooch. This was her invariable attire."<sup id="cite_ref-Ell9294_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ell9294-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dio_2015_pp._84–87_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dio_2015_pp._84–87-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revival_and_the_modern_legend">Revival and the modern legend</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Revival and the modern legend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_and_17th_century_literature">16th and 17th century literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 16th and 17th century literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudica_depicted_in_Holinshed%E2%80%99s_Chronicles_(1577).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Tudor illustration of Boudica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Boudica_depicted_in_Holinshed%E2%80%99s_Chronicles_%281577%29.jpg/300px-Boudica_depicted_in_Holinshed%E2%80%99s_Chronicles_%281577%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Boudica_depicted_in_Holinshed%E2%80%99s_Chronicles_%281577%29.jpg/450px-Boudica_depicted_in_Holinshed%E2%80%99s_Chronicles_%281577%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Boudica_depicted_in_Holinshed%E2%80%99s_Chronicles_%281577%29.jpg/600px-Boudica_depicted_in_Holinshed%E2%80%99s_Chronicles_%281577%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2140" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>Boudica depicted as a <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> queen in <i><a href="/wiki/Holinshed%27s_Chronicles" title="Holinshed's Chronicles">Holinshed's Chronicles</a></i> (1577)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> the works of Tacitus and Cassius Dio became available in England, after which her status changed as it was interpreted by historians, poets and <a href="/wiki/Dramatist" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramatist">dramatists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boudica appeared as 'Voadicia' in a history, <i>Anglica Historia</i>, by the Italian scholar <a href="/wiki/Polydore_Vergil" title="Polydore Vergil">Polydore Vergil</a>, and in the Scottish historian <a href="/wiki/Hector_Boece" title="Hector Boece">Hector Boece</a>'s <i>The History and Chronicles of Scotland</i> (1526) she is 'Voada'—the first appearance of Boudica in a British publication.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKn7jypUqKbwCpgPA41_41],_50_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams2009[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidKn7jypUqKbwCpgPA41_41],_50-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boudica was called 'Voadicia' in the English historian <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Holinshed" title="Raphael Holinshed">Raphael Holinshed</a>'s <i>Chronicles</i>, published between 1577 and 1587.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A narrative by the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Petruccio_Ubaldini" title="Petruccio Ubaldini">Petruccio Ubaldini</a> in <i>The Lives of the Noble Ladies of the Kingdom of England and Scotland</i> (1591) includes two female characters, 'Voadicia' and 'Bunduica', both based on Boudica.<sup id="cite_ref-Law_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Law-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1570s to the 1590s, when <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a>'s England was at war with Spain, Boudica proved to be a valuable asset for the English.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage118mode2up_118]_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage118mode2up_118]-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The English poet <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a> used the story of Boudica in his poem <i><a href="/wiki/Complaints_(poetry_collection)#The_Ruines_of_Rome" title="Complaints (poetry collection)">The Ruines of Time</a></i>, involving a story about a British heroine he called 'Bunduca'.<sup id="cite_ref-Cur_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cur-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variation of this name was used in the <a href="/wiki/Jacobean_era" title="Jacobean era">Jacobean</a> play <i><a href="/wiki/Bonduca" title="Bonduca">Bonduca</a></i> (1612), a <a href="/wiki/Tragicomedy" title="Tragicomedy">tragicomedy</a> that most scholars agree was written by <a href="/wiki/John_Fletcher_(playwright)" title="John Fletcher (playwright)">John Fletcher</a>, in which one of the characters was Boudica.<sup id="cite_ref-Iop76_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iop76-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A version of that play called <i>Bonduca, or the British Heroine</i> was set to music by the English composer <a href="/wiki/Henry_Purcell" title="Henry Purcell">Henry Purcell</a> in 1695.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the choruses, "<a href="/wiki/Britons,_Strike_Home!" title="Britons, Strike Home!">Britons, Strike Home!</a>", became a popular patriotic song in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Pri123_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pri123-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Depiction_during_the_18th_and_19th_centuries">Depiction during the 18th and 19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Depiction during the 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudica_statue,_Westminster_(8433726848).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Boudica's statue in London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Boudica_statue%2C_Westminster_%288433726848%29.jpg/220px-Boudica_statue%2C_Westminster_%288433726848%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Boudica_statue%2C_Westminster_%288433726848%29.jpg/330px-Boudica_statue%2C_Westminster_%288433726848%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Boudica_statue%2C_Westminster_%288433726848%29.jpg/440px-Boudica_statue%2C_Westminster_%288433726848%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3394" data-file-height="2946" /></a><figcaption>The statue <i><a href="/wiki/Boadicea_and_Her_Daughters" title="Boadicea and Her Daughters">Boadicea and Her Daughters</a></i> near <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Millennium_Pier" title="Westminster Millennium Pier">Westminster Pier</a>, London</figcaption></figure> <p>During the late 18th century, Boudica was used to develop ideas of English nationhood.<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._146–152_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._146–152-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Illustrations of Boudica during this period—such as in Edward Barnard's <i>New, Complete and Authentic History of England</i> (1790) and the drawing by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stothard" title="Thomas Stothard">Thomas Stothard</a> of the queen as a classical heroine—lacked historical accuracy. The illustration of Boudica by <a href="/wiki/Havell_family#Robert_Havell_Sr." title="Havell family">Robert Havell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_Smith" title="Charles Hamilton Smith">Charles Hamilton Smith</a>'s <i>The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands from the Earliest Periods to the Sixth Century</i> (1815) was an early attempt to depict her in an historically accurate way.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage152mode2up_153]_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage152mode2up_153]-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cowper's 1782 poem <i>Boadicea: An Ode</i> was the most notable literary work to champion the resistance of the Britons, and helped to project British ideas of imperial expansion. It caused Boudica to become a British <a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">cultural icon</a> and be perceived as a national heroine.<sup id="cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._146–152_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._146–152-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a>'s poem <i>Boädicéa</i> (written in 1859, and published in 1864) drew on Cowper's poem. Depicting the Iceni queen as a violent and bloodthirsty warrior, the poem also forecasted the rise of British imperialism. Tennyson's image of Boudica was taken from the <a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">engraving</a> produced in 1812 by Stothard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage154mode2up_154]_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage154mode2up_154]-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another work, the poem "Boadicea" (1859) by Francis Barker, contained strongly patriotic and Christian themes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage158mode2up_158]_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage158mode2up_158]-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A range of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> children's books mentioned Boudica; <i>Beric the Briton</i> (1893), a novel by <a href="/wiki/G._A._Henty" title="G. A. Henty">G. A. Henty</a>, with illustrations by William Parkinson, had a text based on the accounts of Tacitus and Dio.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage158mode2up_159–160]_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage158mode2up_159–160]-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Boadicea_and_Her_Daughters" title="Boadicea and Her Daughters">Boadicea and Her Daughters</a></i>, a statue of the queen in her <a href="/wiki/War_chariot" class="mw-redirect" title="War chariot">war chariot</a>, complete with <a href="/wiki/Anachronism" title="Anachronism">anachronistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Scythed_chariot" title="Scythed chariot">scythes</a> on the wheel axles, was executed by the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Thornycroft" title="Thomas Thornycroft">Thomas Thornycroft</a>. He was encouraged by <a href="/wiki/Prince_Albert,_Prince_Consort" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Albert, Prince Consort">Prince Albert</a>, who lent his horses for use as models.<sup id="cite_ref-Mac_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mac-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The statue, Thornycroft's most ambitious work, was produced between 1856 and 1871, cast in 1896, and positioned on the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Embankment" title="Victoria Embankment">Victoria Embankment</a> next to <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Bridge" title="Westminster Bridge">Westminster Bridge</a> in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage162mode2up_162–165]_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage162mode2up_162–165]-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="text-align:left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portraits_and_Dresses_of_the_Most_Remarkable_Personages_in_England_Prior_to_the_Norman_Conquest_Plate_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The History of England (1791), illustration by Francis West"><img alt="18th century depiction of Boudica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Portraits_and_Dresses_of_the_Most_Remarkable_Personages_in_England_Prior_to_the_Norman_Conquest_Plate_1.jpg/142px-Portraits_and_Dresses_of_the_Most_Remarkable_Personages_in_England_Prior_to_the_Norman_Conquest_Plate_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Portraits_and_Dresses_of_the_Most_Remarkable_Personages_in_England_Prior_to_the_Norman_Conquest_Plate_1.jpg/214px-Portraits_and_Dresses_of_the_Most_Remarkable_Personages_in_England_Prior_to_the_Norman_Conquest_Plate_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Portraits_and_Dresses_of_the_Most_Remarkable_Personages_in_England_Prior_to_the_Norman_Conquest_Plate_1.jpg/284px-Portraits_and_Dresses_of_the_Most_Remarkable_Personages_in_England_Prior_to_the_Norman_Conquest_Plate_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2920" data-file-height="4617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The History of England</i> (1791), illustration by Francis West</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 171.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 169.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boudicca-or-Boadicea.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An engraving by William Sharp after Thomas Stothard (1812)"><img alt="Early 19th century engraving" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Boudicca-or-Boadicea.jpg/254px-Boudicca-or-Boadicea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Boudicca-or-Boadicea.jpg/381px-Boudicca-or-Boadicea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Boudicca-or-Boadicea.jpg/508px-Boudicca-or-Boadicea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="709" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An engraving by <a href="/wiki/William_Sharp_(engraver)" title="William Sharp (engraver)">William Sharp</a> after Thomas Stothard (1812)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature_of_Queen_Caroline_as_Boudica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A caricature of Queen Caroline (1820)"><img alt="Caricature of Queen Caroline as Boudica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Caricature_of_Queen_Caroline_as_Boudica.jpg/322px-Caricature_of_Queen_Caroline_as_Boudica.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Caricature_of_Queen_Caroline_as_Boudica.jpg/483px-Caricature_of_Queen_Caroline_as_Boudica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Caricature_of_Queen_Caroline_as_Boudica.jpg/643px-Caricature_of_Queen_Caroline_as_Boudica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2261" data-file-height="1583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A caricature of <a href="/wiki/Caroline_of_Brunswick" title="Caroline of Brunswick">Queen Caroline</a> (1820)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Hamilton_Smith_-_Boudica.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Havell, The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands (1821)"><img alt="19th century illustration of Boudica and other Britons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles_Hamilton_Smith_-_Boudica.png/204px-Charles_Hamilton_Smith_-_Boudica.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles_Hamilton_Smith_-_Boudica.png/307px-Charles_Hamilton_Smith_-_Boudica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Charles_Hamilton_Smith_-_Boudica.png/408px-Charles_Hamilton_Smith_-_Boudica.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Robert Havell, <i>The Costume of the Original Inhabitants of the British Islands</i> (1821)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 113.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 111.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Frontispiece-Boudica.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Cassell's Illustrated History of England (1857)"><img alt="Engraving of Bodica's rebellion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Frontispiece-Boudica.jpg/167px-Frontispiece-Boudica.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Frontispiece-Boudica.jpg/251px-Frontispiece-Boudica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Frontispiece-Boudica.jpg/334px-Frontispiece-Boudica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1790" data-file-height="2413" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Cassell" title="John Cassell">John Cassell</a>'s <i>Illustrated History of England</i> (1857)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 239.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 237.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Boadicea_Shows_the_marks_of_the_Roman_Rods.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="G.A. Henty, Beric, the Briton (1893)"><img alt="1893 illustration of Boudica" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boadicea_Shows_the_marks_of_the_Roman_Rods.jpg/356px-Boadicea_Shows_the_marks_of_the_Roman_Rods.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boadicea_Shows_the_marks_of_the_Roman_Rods.jpg/534px-Boadicea_Shows_the_marks_of_the_Roman_Rods.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boadicea_Shows_the_marks_of_the_Roman_Rods.jpg/711px-Boadicea_Shows_the_marks_of_the_Roman_Rods.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2211" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/G.A._Henty" class="mw-redirect" title="G.A. Henty">G.A. Henty</a>, <i>Beric, the Briton</i> (1893)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_–_present"><span id="20th_century_.E2.80.93_present"></span>20th century – present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 20th century – present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boudica was once thought to have been buried at a place which lies now between platforms 9 and 10 in <a href="/wiki/London_King%27s_Cross_railway_station" title="London King's Cross railway station">King's Cross station</a> in London. There is no evidence for this and it is probably a post-World War II invention.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Colchester#Colchester_Town_Hall" title="Colchester">Colchester Town Hall</a>, a life-sized statue of Boudica stands on the south facade, sculpted by L J Watts in 1902; another depiction of her is in a <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> window by <a href="/wiki/Clayton_and_Bell" title="Clayton and Bell">Clayton and Bell</a> in the council chamber.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boudica was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">suffragettes</a> as one of the symbols of the campaign for <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a>. In 1908, a "Boadicea Banner" was carried in several <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a> marches. She appears as a character in <i>A Pageant of Great Women</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Hamilton" title="Cicely Hamilton">Cicely Hamilton</a>, which opened at the <a href="/wiki/Scala_Theatre" title="Scala Theatre">Scala Theatre</a>, London, in November 1909 before a national tour, and she was described in a 1909 pamphlet as "the eternal feminine... the guardian of the hearth, the avenger of its wrongs upon the defacer and the despoiler".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A "vocal minority" has claimed Boudica as a Celtic Welsh heroine.<sup id="cite_ref-Vandrei_HT_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandrei_HT-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statue of Boudica in the Marble Hall at <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_City_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiff City Hall">Cardiff City Hall</a> was among those unveiled by <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> in 1916, though the choice had gained little support in a public vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Chappell_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chappell-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vandrei_HT_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vandrei_HT-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It shows her with her daughters and without warrior trappings.<sup id="cite_ref-vads_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vads-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Permanent exhibitions describing the Boudican Revolt are at the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_London" title="Museum of London">Museum of London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colchester_Castle" title="Colchester Castle">Colchester Castle Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/St_Albans_Museums#Verulamium_Museum" title="St Albans Museums">Verulamium Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage198mode2upqVerulamiumMuseum_198–199]_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage198mode2upqVerulamiumMuseum_198–199]-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 36-mile (58 km) <a href="/wiki/Long_distance_footpath" class="mw-redirect" title="Long distance footpath">long distance footpath</a> called <a href="/wiki/Boudica%27s_Way" title="Boudica's Way">Boudica's Way</a> passes through countryside between <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diss,_Norfolk" title="Diss, Norfolk">Diss</a> in Norfolk.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_film_and_TV">In film and TV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In film and TV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boadicea_(film)" title="Boadicea (film)">Boadicea</a></i> (1927), a British silent <a href="/wiki/Historical_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical film">historical film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Hill" title="Sinclair Hill">Sinclair Hill</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Neilson-Terry" title="Phyllis Neilson-Terry">Phyllis Neilson-Terry</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_Queen" title="Warrior Queen">Warrior Queen</a></i> (1978), a British television series created by Martin Mellett and starring <a href="/wiki/Sian_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Sian Phillips">Sian Phillips</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boudica_(2003_film)" title="Boudica (2003 film)">Boudica</a></i> (2003), a British <a href="/wiki/Biographical_film" title="Biographical film">biographical</a>-<a href="/wiki/Historical" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical">historical</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television film</a> directed by Bill Anderson and starring <a href="/wiki/Alex_Kingston" title="Alex Kingston">Alex Kingston</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boudica_(2023_film)" title="Boudica (2023 film)">Boudica</a></i> (2023), a British <a href="/wiki/Action_film" title="Action film">action</a> <a href="/wiki/Drama_(film_and_television)" title="Drama (film and television)">drama</a> film directed by <a href="/wiki/Jesse_V._Johnson" title="Jesse V. Johnson">Jesse V. Johnson</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Olga_Kurylenko" title="Olga Kurylenko">Olga Kurylenko</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Music">In Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: In Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boadicea_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boadicea (song)">Boadicea (song)</a></i> (1987), a song by <a href="/wiki/Enya" title="Enya">Enya</a> from her self-titled album <a href="/wiki/Enya_(album)" title="Enya (album)">Enya (album)</a> released by <a href="/wiki/BBC_Records" title="BBC Records">BBC Records</a> (UK) and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a> (USA)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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class="div-col"> <ul><li><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Gwenllian_ferch_Gruffydd" title="Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd">Gwenllian ferch Gruffydd</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horrible_Histories:_The_Movie_%E2%80%93_Rotten_Romans" title="Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans">Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_warriors_in_folklore" title="List of women warriors in folklore">List of women warriors in folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_ancient_warfare" title="Women in ancient warfare">Women in ancient warfare</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The sources describe Boudica as a wife and not a queen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200860_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200860-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">xanthotrichos</i></span> ('tawny') can also mean 'red–brown' or 'auburn', or a shade <i>short</i> of brown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200962_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200962-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTacitus" class="citation book cs1">Tacitus. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_14#31"><i>The Annals</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals&rft.au=Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Annals_%28Tacitus%29%2FBook_14%2331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_pp._42–43-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_pp._42–43_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_pp._42–43_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_pp._42–43_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHingleyUnwin2006">Hingley & Unwin 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicaironagewa0000hing/page/42/mode/2up">42–43</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suetonius_1914-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suetonius_1914_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuetonius1914" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Suetonius_Tranquillus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus">Suetonius</a> (1914). "Lives of the Caesars, Book VI: Nero". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/12031250.html"><i>Suetonius</i></a> (in Latin and English). Vol. 2. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Carew_Rolfe" title="John Carew Rolfe">Rolfe, John Carew</a>. Cambridge, Massaschsetts: Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc1.32106005389009?urlappend=%3Bseq=169%3Bownerid=9007199263401368-175">157</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/647029284">647029284</a> – via HathiTrust. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"... a disaster in Britain where two important towns were sacked and great numbers of citizens and allies were butchered; ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lives+of+the+Caesars%2C+Book+VI%3A+Nero&rft.btitle=Suetonius&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massaschsetts&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F647029284&rft.au=Suetonius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2Fapi%2Fvolumes%2Foclc%2F12031250.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._52–53_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHingleyUnwin2006">Hingley & Unwin 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicaironagewa0000hing/page/52/mode/2up">52–53</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandrei20184-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandrei20184_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVandrei2018">Vandrei 2018</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1995" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Michael (1995). <i>Greek and Roman Historians: Information and Misinformation</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415117704" title="Special:BookSources/0415117704"><bdi>0415117704</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+and+Roman+Historians%3A+Information+and+Misinformation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0415117704&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adl-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adl_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2008" class="citation journal cs1">Adler, Eric (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25471937">"Boudica's Speeches in Tacitus and Dio"</a>. <i>The Classical World</i>. <b>101</b> (2): 173–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fclw.2008.0006">10.1353/clw.2008.0006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8418">0009-8418</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25471937">25471937</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162404957">162404957</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+World&rft.atitle=Boudica%27s+Speeches+in+Tacitus+and+Dio&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=173-195&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0009-8418&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162404957%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25471937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fclw.2008.0006&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25471937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2019" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Birgitta (2019). <i>The Roman Invasion of Britain: archaeology versus history</i>. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-15267-5-663-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-15267-5-663-3"><bdi>978-15267-5-663-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Invasion+of+Britain%3A+archaeology+versus+history&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+UK&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-15267-5-663-3&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Birgitta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-New86-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New86_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-New86_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewark1989" class="citation book cs1">Newark, Timothy (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenwarlordsill0000newa/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Women Warlords: an illustrated military history of female warriors</i></a></span>. London: Blandford. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07137-1-965-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-07137-1-965-9"><bdi>978-07137-1-965-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+Warlords%3A+an+illustrated+military+history+of+female+warriors&rft.place=London&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Blandford&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-07137-1-965-9&rft.aulast=Newark&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenwarlordsill0000newa%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200860-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200860_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2008">Davies 2008</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pot-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pot_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pot_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pot_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Potter, T. W. (2004). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/2732">"Boudicca (d. AD 60/61)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F2732">10.1093/ref:odnb/2732</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boudicca+%28d.+AD+60%2F61%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F2732&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=T.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F2732&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies200811,_54-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavies200811,_54_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2008">Davies 2008</a>, pp. 11, 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2008_pp._134–136-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2008_pp._134–136_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2008_pp._134–136_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2008_pp._134–136_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2008_pp._134–136_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2008">Davies 2008</a>, pp. 134–136</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ell9294-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ell9294_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ell9294_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ell9294_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ell9294_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2021" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Simon (2021). <i>Britain</i>. Roman Conquests. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-15267-6-568-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-15267-6-568-0"><bdi>978-15267-6-568-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+UK&rft.series=Roman+Conquests&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Books+Limited&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-15267-6-568-0&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dio_2015_pp._84–87-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dio_2015_pp._84–87_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dio_2015_pp._84–87_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCassius_Dio2015">Cassius Dio 2015</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004124510?urlappend=%3Bseq=95%3Bownerid=13510798888475493-99">84–87</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage88mode2up_88]-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage88mode2up_88]_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1978">Webster 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicabritishre0000webs/page/88/mode/2up">88</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage70mode2up_71]-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage70mode2up_71]_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHingleyUnwin2006">Hingley & Unwin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicaironagewa0000hing/page/70/mode/2up">71</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._70-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._70_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._70_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHingleyUnwin2006">Hingley & Unwin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicaironagewa0000hing/page/70/mode/2up">70</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage54mode2up_55]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage54mode2up_55]_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHingleyUnwin2006">Hingley & Unwin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicaironagewa0000hing/page/54/mode/2up">55</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage90mode2up_90]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage90mode2up_90]_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1978">Webster 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicabritishre0000webs/page/90/mode/2up">90</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webster_1978_p._91,_93-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_1978_p._91,_93_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Webster_1978_p._91,_93_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1978">Webster 1978</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicabritishre0000webs/page/90/mode/2up">91, 93</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage48mode2up_49]-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage48mode2up_49]_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHingleyUnwin2006">Hingley & Unwin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicaironagewa0000hing/page/48/mode/2up">49</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vandrei_2018_p._2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vandrei_2018_p._2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVandrei2018">Vandrei 2018</a>, p. 2 "After sacking the settlements of Camulodunum (present-day Colchester) and Verulamium (now St Albans) Boudica's army brought its destructive force to Londinium. Footnote 4: The destruction of Verulamium follows that of Londinium in some accounts."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus" class="citation book cs1">Tacitus. <i>Annals</i>. p. 14.33. <q>eadem clades municipio Verulamio fuit – Like ruin fell on the town of Verulamium</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals&rft.pages=14.33&rft.au=Tacitus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2022" class="citation book cs1">Wall, Martin (2022). "2. The treacherous lioness: Boudicca and the great British revolt (60–61)". <i>The Lost Battlefields of Britain</i>. Stroud, England: <a href="/wiki/Amberley_Publishing" title="Amberley Publishing">Amberley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1445697086" title="Special:BookSources/978-1445697086"><bdi>978-1445697086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+The+treacherous+lioness%3A+Boudicca+and+the+great+British+revolt+%2860%E2%80%9361%29&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Battlefields+of+Britain&rft.place=Stroud%2C+England&rft.pub=Amberley&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1445697086&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barry_Cunliffe" title="Barry Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Barry W</a> (1978). <i>Iron Age Communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland, and Wales from the seventh century BC until the Roman conquest</i>. London; Boston: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge & Kegan Paul</a>. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8725-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8725-6"><bdi>978-0-7100-8725-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Age+Communities+in+Britain%3A+an+account+of+England%2C+Scotland%2C+and+Wales+from+the+seventh+century+BC+until+the+Roman+conquest&rft.place=London%3B+Boston&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8725-6&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Barry+W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenshall2008" class="citation book cs1">Henshall, K. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cC19DAAAQBAJ"><i>Folly and Fortune in Early British History: from Caesar to the Normans</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58379-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-58379-5"><bdi>978-0-230-58379-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folly+and+Fortune+in+Early+British+History%3A+from+Caesar+to+the+Normans&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-58379-5&rft.aulast=Henshall&rft.aufirst=K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcC19DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVandrei201846-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVandrei201846_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVandrei2018">Vandrei 2018</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrénée-Hutchins201612-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrénée-Hutchins201612_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrénée-Hutchins2016">Frénée-Hutchins 2016</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies_2008_p._141-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2008_p._141_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_2008_p._141_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavies2008">Davies 2008</a>, p. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson" title="Kenneth H. Jackson">Jackson, Kenneth</a> (1979). "Queen Boudica?". <i>Britannia</i>. <b>10</b>: 255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F526060">10.2307/526060</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/526060">526060</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251373737">251373737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Britannia&rft.atitle=Queen+Boudica%3F&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=255&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251373737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F526060%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F526060&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wai22-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wai22_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wai22_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wai22_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite2007" class="citation book cs1">Waite, John (2007). <i>Boudica's Last Stand: Britain's Revolt Against Rome, A.D. 60–61</i>. Cheltenham, UK: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07524-3-809-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-07524-3-809-2"><bdi>978-07524-3-809-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boudica%27s+Last+Stand%3A+Britain%27s+Revolt+Against+Rome%2C+A.D.+60%E2%80%9361&rft.place=Cheltenham%2C+UK&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-07524-3-809-2&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage14mode2up_15]-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster1978[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicabritishre0000webspage14mode2up_15]_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1978">Webster 1978</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicabritishre0000webs/page/14/mode/2up">15</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DudWeb143-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DudWeb143_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudleyWebster1962" class="citation book cs1">Dudley, Donald R.; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Webster_(archaeologist)" title="Graham Webster (archaeologist)">Webster, Graham</a> (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rebellionofboudi0000dona/page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Rebellion of Boudicca</i></a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge_%26_Kegan_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Routledge & Kegan Paul">Routledge & Kegan Paul</a>. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3648719">3648719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rebellion+of+Boudicca&rft.place=London&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3648719&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rft.au=Webster%2C+Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frebellionofboudi0000dona%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage150mode2up_152]-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage150mode2up_152]_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hingley & Unwin 2006, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicaironagewa0000hing/page/150/mode/2up">152</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._61-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._61_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hingley_Unwin_2006_p._61_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHingleyUnwin2006">Hingley & Unwin 2006</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicaironagewa0000hing/page/60/mode/2up">61</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams200962-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams200962_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilliams2009">Williams 2009</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Law-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Law_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Law_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Law_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Law_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lawson, Stephanie (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22459%2FHR.XIX.01.2013.06">"Nationalism and Biographical Transformation: the case of Boudicca"</a>. <i>Humanities Research</i>. <b>19</b>. 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Priory Press. pp. 21–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cardiff%27s+Civic+Centre%3A+A+historical+guide&rft.pages=21-26&rft.pub=Priory+Press&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Edgar+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vads-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vads_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vads.ac.uk/digital/collection/PMSA/id/1229/">"Statue of Buddug – Boadicea"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statue+of+Buddug+%E2%80%93+Boadicea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vads.ac.uk%2Fdigital%2Fcollection%2FPMSA%2Fid%2F1229%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage198mode2upqVerulamiumMuseum_198–199]-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHingleyUnwin2006[httpsarchiveorgdetailsboudicaironagewa0000hingpage198mode2upqVerulamiumMuseum_198–199]_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHingleyUnwin2006">Hingley & Unwin 2006</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicaironagewa0000hing/page/198/mode/2up?q=Verulamium+Museum">198–199</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.norfolk.gov.uk/out-and-about-in-norfolk/norfolk-trails/long-distance-trails/boudicca-way">"Boudicca Way (Norwich to Diss)"</a>. <i>www.norfolk.gov.uk</i>. Norfolk County Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.norfolk.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Boudicca+Way+%28Norwich+to+Diss%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.norfolk.gov.uk%2Fout-and-about-in-norfolk%2Fnorfolk-trails%2Flong-distance-trails%2Fboudicca-way&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassius_Dio2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (2015) [1925]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004124510?urlappend=%3Bseq=70%3Bownerid=13510798888475493-74">"Epitome of Book LXII"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001181660"><i>Roman history</i></a> (in Ancient Greek and English). Vol. VIII. Translated by Cary, Earnest; Foster, Herbert Baldwin. London; New York: William Heinemann; G. P. Putnam's Sons. pp. 61–171. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015004124510?urlappend=%3Bseq=70">2027/mdp.39015004124510</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-434-99176-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-434-99176-1"><bdi>978-0-434-99176-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/906698883">906698883</a> – via HathiTrust.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epitome+of+Book+LXII&rft.btitle=Roman+history&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=61-171&rft.pub=William+Heinemann%3B+G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015004124510%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D70&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F906698883&rft.isbn=978-0-434-99176-1&rft.au=Cassius+Dio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015004124510%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D70%253Bownerid%3D13510798888475493-74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2008" class="citation book cs1">Davies, John A. (2008). <i>The Land of Boudica: Prehistoric and Roman Norfolk</i>. Oxford: Oxford Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-905223-33-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-905223-33-6"><bdi>978-1-905223-33-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/458727322">458727322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+of+Boudica%3A+Prehistoric+and+Roman+Norfolk&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+Books&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F458727322&rft.isbn=978-1-905223-33-6&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrénée-Hutchins2016" class="citation book cs1">Frénée-Hutchins, Samantha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3pAGDAAAQBAJ"><i>Boudica's Odyssey in Early Modern England</i></a>. London; New York: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-13171-7-296-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-13171-7-296-3"><bdi>978-13171-7-296-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boudica%27s+Odyssey+in+Early+Modern+England&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-13171-7-296-3&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9n%C3%A9e-Hutchins&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3pAGDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHingleyUnwin2006" class="citation book cs1">Hingley, Richard; Unwin, Christina (2006) [2005]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicaironagewa0000hing/mode/2up"><i>Boudica: Iron Age Warrior Queen</i></a></span>. London: Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4060-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4060-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-4060-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/741691125">741691125</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boudica%3A+Iron+Age+Warrior+Queen&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F741691125&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4060-0&rft.aulast=Hingley&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Unwin%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboudicaironagewa0000hing%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandrei2018" class="citation book cs1">Vandrei, Martha (2018). <i>Queen Boudica and Historical Culture in Britain: An Image of Truth</i>. Oxford, UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881672-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-881672-0"><bdi>978-0-19-881672-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1009182312">1009182312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Boudica+and+Historical+Culture+in+Britain%3A+An+Image+of+Truth&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1009182312&rft.isbn=978-0-19-881672-0&rft.aulast=Vandrei&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Webster_(archaeologist)" title="Graham Webster (archaeologist)">Webster, Graham</a> (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudicabritishre0000webs"><i>Boudica, the British revolt against Rome AD 60</i></a></span>. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-6043-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-6043-8"><bdi>978-0-8476-6043-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1348905150">1348905150</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boudica%2C+the+British+revolt+against+Rome+AD+60&rft.place=Totowa%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littlefield&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1348905150&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-6043-8&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboudicabritishre0000webs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2009" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Carolyn D. (2009). <i>Boudica and Her Stories: Narrative Transformations of a Warrior Queen</i>. Newark: University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-079-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-079-9"><bdi>978-0-87413-079-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/316736523">316736523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boudica+and+Her+Stories%3A+Narrative+Transformations+of+a+Warrior+Queen&rft.place=Newark&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316736523&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-079-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Carolyn+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Cowper" title="William Cowper">Cowper, William</a> (1787). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poemsbywilliamc03cowpgoog/page/n363/mode/2up">"Boadicea"</a>. <i>Poems: by William Cowper, of the Inner Temple, Esq. in Two Volumes</i>. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). London: J. Johnson – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boadicea&rft.btitle=Poems%3A+by+William+Cowper%2C+of+the+Inner+Temple%2C+Esq.+in+Two+Volumes&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=J.+Johnson&rft.date=1787&rft.aulast=Cowper&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoemsbywilliamc03cowpgoog%2Fpage%2Fn363%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fraser" title="Antonia Fraser">Fraser, Antonia</a> (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/warriorqueensboa0000fras_y4m3/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>The Warrior Queens: Boadicea's Chariot</i></a></span>. London: Arrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-07493-1-675-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-07493-1-675-4"><bdi>978-07493-1-675-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Warrior+Queens%3A+Boadicea%27s+Chariot&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Arrow&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-07493-1-675-4&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwarriorqueensboa0000fras_y4m3%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/annalsofimperial1988taci/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Tacitus: The Annals of Imperial Rome</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Grant, Michael</a> (Revised ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. 1988 [1956]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01404-4-060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-01404-4-060-7"><bdi>978-01404-4-060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tacitus%3A+The+Annals+of+Imperial+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-01404-4-060-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fannalsofimperial1988taci%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Marguerite (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outskirts.arts.uwa.edu.au/volumes/volume-31/marguerite-johnson">"Boadicea and British Suffrage Feminists"</a>. <i>Outskirts</i>. <b>31</b>. Perth: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Australia" title="University of Western Australia">University of Western Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1445-0445">1445-0445</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Outskirts&rft.atitle=Boadicea+and+British+Suffrage+Feminists&rft.volume=31&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1445-0445&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Marguerite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outskirts.arts.uwa.edu.au%2Fvolumes%2Fvolume-31%2Fmarguerite-johnson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Sharon (1988). "Boadicea: warrior, mother and myth". In Holden, Pat; Macdonald, Sharon; Ardener, Shirley (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SCUbpgTPeOgC"><i>Images of Women in Peace and War: cross-cultural and historical perspectives</i></a>. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-02991-1-764-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-02991-1-764-1"><bdi>978-02991-1-764-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boadicea%3A+warrior%2C+mother+and+myth&rft.btitle=Images+of+Women+in+Peace+and+War%3A+cross-cultural+and+historical+perspectives&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-02991-1-764-1&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSCUbpgTPeOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Tacitus, Cornelius (1906). Fisher, Charles Dennis (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0077%3Abook%3D14%3Achapter%3D31"><i>Annales ab excessu divi Augusti (Latin text)</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annales+ab+excessu+divi+Augusti+%28Latin+text%29&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Tacitus&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3DPerseus%253Atext%253A1999.02.0077%253Abook%253D14%253Achapter%253D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boudica&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boudica" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Boudica">Boudica</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Boadicea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Boadicea">"Boadicea" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. III (9th ed.). 1878. p. 841.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boadicea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=841&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaverfield1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Haverfield" title="Francis J. Haverfield">Haverfield, Francis J.</a> (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Boadicea"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Boadicea">"Boadicea" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). p. 94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boadicea&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=94&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Haverfield&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoudica" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/21px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/42px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/16011925">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/105144042">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/22935324">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/232160307253957740906">4</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/150160307353757741129">5</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/55151776757518011688">6</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/1294159234458403371727">7</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1808623/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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