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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">All-German People's Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Popular_Panalem%C3%A1n" title="Partido Popular Panalemán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Popular Panalemán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_populaire_pan-allemand" title="Parti populaire pan-allemand – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti populaire pan-allemand" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Popolare_Pan-Tedesco" title="Partito Popolare Pan-Tedesco – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Popolare Pan-Tedesco" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtdeutsche_Volkspartei" title="Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtdeutsche_Volkspartei" title="Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesamtdeutsche_Volkspartei" title="Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei – Swedish" lang="sv" 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">All-German People's Party</div> <div style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;" class="nickname">Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gesamtdeutsche_Volkspartei_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A German election poster. On the left there is an armed soldier in front of some gravestones. On the Right there is a cheerful Olympian holding a football. The main caption reads "Either way, you can choose" in German." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gesamtdeutsche_Volkspartei_poster.jpg/180px-Gesamtdeutsche_Volkspartei_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gesamtdeutsche_Volkspartei_poster.jpg/270px-Gesamtdeutsche_Volkspartei_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Gesamtdeutsche_Volkspartei_poster.jpg/360px-Gesamtdeutsche_Volkspartei_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">1953 election poster by the party, pushing their anti-re-armament message</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Leader</a></th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1952</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Split from</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Merged into</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stoever11_220_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoever11_220-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrality (international relations)">Neutralism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Stoever11_220_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stoever11_220-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political position</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a> to <a href="/wiki/Center-left_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-left politics">centre-left</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sauer99_151_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauer99_151-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Germany" title="Politics of Germany">Politics of Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Germany" title="List of political parties in Germany">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Germany" title="Elections in Germany">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004,_Helene_Wessel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-17490-0004%2C_Helene_Wessel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="508" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Helene Wessel</a> on the GVP founding convention 1952</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R95855,_Bethel,_Generalsynode,_Gustav_Heinemann_spricht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R95855%2C_Bethel%2C_Generalsynode%2C_Gustav_Heinemann_spricht.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R95855%2C_Bethel%2C_Generalsynode%2C_Gustav_Heinemann_spricht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R95855%2C_Bethel%2C_Generalsynode%2C_Gustav_Heinemann_spricht.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R95855%2C_Bethel%2C_Generalsynode%2C_Gustav_Heinemann_spricht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R95855%2C_Bethel%2C_Generalsynode%2C_Gustav_Heinemann_spricht.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R95855%2C_Bethel%2C_Generalsynode%2C_Gustav_Heinemann_spricht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a> in 1949</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>All-German People's Party</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei</i>, GVP) was a minor <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> active between 1952 and 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a Christian, pacifist, centre-left<sup id="cite_ref-Sauer99_151_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sauer99_151-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> party that opposed the <a href="/wiki/Wiederbewaffnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiederbewaffnung">re-armament</a> of West Germany because it believed that the remilitarisation and <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> integration would make German reunification impossible, deepen the division of Europe and pose a danger to peace. </p><p>Most members were dissidents from the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">Christian Democratic Union</a> or <a href="/wiki/German_Centre_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Centre Party">German Centre Party</a> who disagreed with the foreign and intra-German policy of <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>'s government. The party failed to win broader public support, only gaining 1.2% in the federal election. The party dissolved and many members joined the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party</a> (SPD), with a number of former GVP activists rising to high-ranking positions, including two Presidents of Germany, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foundation_and_aims">Foundation and aims</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Foundation and aims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The party was formed by a number of former <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)">CDU</a> or <a href="/wiki/German_Centre_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Centre Party">German Centre Party</a> members and former <a href="/wiki/Confessing_Church" title="Confessing Church">Confessing Church</a> supporters, who opposed the re-armament of Germany and a close co-operation with the Western powers. The forerunner of the party was the "Emergency Association for Peace in Europe" <i>(Notgemeinschaft für den Frieden Europas)</i>, founded in November 1951 by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scholl" title="Robert Scholl">Robert Scholl</a>, the father of the resistance activist <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Scholl" title="Sophie Scholl">Sophie Scholl</a> .<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heinemann was the president of the synod of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_Germany" title="Evangelical Church in Germany">Evangelical Church in Germany</a> and had been a CDU member and minister of the interior in Adenauer's first cabinet from 1949 to 1950 before he resigned in protest against Adenauer's secret negotiations with the Americans about a West German contribution to a Western military alliance. Together with <a href="/wiki/Helene_Wessel" title="Helene Wessel">Helene Wessel</a>, then chair of the Catholic Centre Party, and two other persons he formed the steering committee of the party which did not have a chairman. Heinemann and Wessel often appeared together in order to appeal to both Protestants and Catholics. </p><p>The party believed in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a> and favoured <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscites</a>. It refused to monopolise Christian faith for anticommunist positions and advocated to fight <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> and religious prejudice. On economic issues, the party refrained from taking a definite position given that its members' views were too diverse.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elections_and_legacy">Elections and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elections and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the only <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a> election the party took part in, <a href="/wiki/1953_German_federal_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1953 German federal election">the 1953 election</a>, they managed to obtain only 1.3% of votes (for the common list with the East German-funded <i><a href="/wiki/Bund_der_Deutschen" title="Bund der Deutschen">Bund der Deutschen</a></i> ("Alliance of Germans"). The only—moderate—electoral success of the GVP were the local elections in the state of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> (both Heinemann's and Wessel's home state) on October 28, 1956, where the party got 78 seats. After they could only win 1.6% in the <a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> legislative election of 1956, the GVP was formally disbanded on May 19, 1957. </p><p>The party recommended that members join the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>. Some members had already left the GVP for the SPD. The Social Democrats had refused to adopt GVP members on their lists for the federal election of 1957 but granted good list positions to some former GVP members (among them Heinemann and Wessel). This helped SPD to open itself to parts of the Christian, especially Protestant, middle-class.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of former GVP members had substantial careers in the Social Democratic party. <a href="/wiki/Erhard_Eppler" title="Erhard Eppler">Erhard Eppler</a> became federal minister on development aid, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Schmude" title="Jürgen Schmude">Jürgen Schmude</a> on education and <a href="/wiki/Diether_Posser" title="Diether Posser">Diether Posser</a> state minister in North Rhine-Westphalia. Most noteworthy, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a>, two of the only three SPD <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany" title="President of Germany">Presidents of Germany</a>, had both been earlier GVP members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Siegfried Heimann: <i>Die Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei</i>; in: Richard Stöss (Hrsg.): <i>Parteien-Handbuch. Die Parteien der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1945–1980</i>, Band 2; Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1984; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-531-11592-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-531-11592-8">3-531-11592-8</a></li> <li>Barbara Jobke: <i>Aufstieg und Verfall einer wertorientierten Bewegung. Dargestellt am Beispiel der Gesamtdeutschen Volkspartei</i>; Universität, Dissertation Tübingen 1974</li> <li>Diether Koch: <i>Heinemann und die Deutschlandfrage</i>; München: Kaiser, 1972; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-459-00813-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-459-00813-X">3-459-00813-X</a></li> <li>Josef Müller: <i>Die Gesamtdeutsche Volkspartei. Entstehung und Politik unter dem Primat nationaler Wiedervereinigung 1950-1957</i>; Düsseldorf: Droste-Verlag, 1990; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7700-5160-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-7700-5160-2">3-7700-5160-2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=All-German_People%27s_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Stoever11_220-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stoever11_220_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stoever11_220_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStöver2011" class="citation book cs1">Stöver, Bernd (2011). <i>Der Kalte Krieg: Geschichte eines radikalen Zeitalters, 1947 - 1991</i>. C. H. Beck. p. 220.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Kalte+Krieg%3A+Geschichte+eines+radikalen+Zeitalters%2C+1947+-+1991&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=C.+H.+Beck&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=St%C3%B6ver&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-German+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sauer99_151-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sauer99_151_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sauer99_151_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSauer1999" class="citation book cs1">Sauer, Thomas (1999). <i>Westorientierung im deutschen Protestantismus?</i>. Oldenbourg. p. 151, note 109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Westorientierung+im+deutschen+Protestantismus%3F&rft.pages=151%2C+note+109&rft.pub=Oldenbourg&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-German+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDilling2022" class="citation journal cs1">Dilling, Matthias (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/social-science-history/article/abs/denominational-conflicts-and-party-breakthrough-the-negative-case-of-the-allgerman-peoples-party/81DE0CE3E1C9B48A4388C63196DE61AD">"Denominational Conflicts and Party Breakthrough: The Negative Case of the All-German People's Party"</a>. <i>Social Science History</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 505–529. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fssh.2022.1">10.1017/ssh.2022.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0145-5532">0145-5532</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247983650">247983650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=Denominational+Conflicts+and+Party+Breakthrough%3A+The+Negative+Case+of+the+All-German+People%27s+Party&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=505-529&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A247983650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0145-5532&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fssh.2022.1&rft.aulast=Dilling&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fsocial-science-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fdenominational-conflicts-and-party-breakthrough-the-negative-case-of-the-allgerman-peoples-party%2F81DE0CE3E1C9B48A4388C63196DE61AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-German+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinkler2000" class="citation book cs1">Winkler, Heinrich August (2000). <i>Germany: The Long Road West, 1933–1990</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%3A+The+Long+Road+West%2C+1933%E2%80%931990&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Winkler&rft.aufirst=Heinrich+August&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-German+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulenbach2012" class="citation book cs1">Faulenbach, Bernd (2012). <i>Geschichte der SPD: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart</i>. C.H. Beck. p. 76.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+SPD%3A+Von+den+Anf%C3%A4ngen+bis+zur+Gegenwart&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Faulenbach&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAll-German+People%27s+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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