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<span>Preservation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preservation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microbial_mats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbial_mats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Microbial mats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbial_mats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fossilization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fossilization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fossilization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fossilization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scale_of_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scale_of_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Scale of preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scale_of_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification_and_interpretation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification_and_interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Classification and interpretation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification_and_interpretation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification and interpretation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification_and_interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cnidarians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cnidarians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Cnidarians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cnidarians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protozoans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protozoans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Protozoans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protozoans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unique_phyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unique_phyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Unique phyla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unique_phyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lichen_hypothesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lichen_hypothesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Lichen hypothesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lichen_hypothesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Origin-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Origin subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Preservation_bias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preservation_bias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Preservation bias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preservation_bias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predation_and_grazing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predation_and_grazing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Predation and grazing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predation_and_grazing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Change_in_environmental_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Change_in_environmental_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Change in environmental conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Change_in_environmental_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assemblages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assemblages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Assemblages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assemblages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assemblages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assemblages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Avalon_assemblage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avalon_assemblage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Avalon assemblage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avalon_assemblage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-White_Sea_assemblage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_Sea_assemblage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>White Sea assemblage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_Sea_assemblage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nama_assemblage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nama_assemblage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Nama assemblage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nama_assemblage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_of_assemblages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_of_assemblages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Significance of assemblages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_of_assemblages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">32 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A5%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حيويات إدياكارية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حيويات إدياكارية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biota_del_periodu_Ediac%C3%A1ricu" title="Biota del periodu Ediacáricu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biota del periodu Ediacáricu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismes_ediacarians" title="Organismes ediacarians – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Organismes ediacarians" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinabuhing_Ediakariko" title="Kinabuhing Ediakariko – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kinabuhing Ediakariko" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediakarsk%C3%A1_fauna" title="Ediakarská fauna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ediakarská fauna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacara-faunaen" title="Ediacara-faunaen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ediacara-faunaen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacara-Fauna" title="Ediacara-Fauna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ediacara-Fauna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biota_del_periodo_Ediac%C3%A1rico" title="Biota del periodo Ediacárico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biota del periodo Ediacárico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C5%ADno_de_Ediacara" title="Faŭno de Ediacara – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faŭno de Ediacara" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacararreko_biota" title="Ediacararreko biota – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ediacararreko biota" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faune_de_l%27%C3%89diacarien" title="Faune de l'Édiacarien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Faune de l'Édiacarien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_de_Ediacara" title="Fauna de Ediacara – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fauna de Ediacara" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC_%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%EA%B5%B0" title="에디아카라 생물군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에디아카라 생물군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A2%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Էդիակարյան բիոտա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդիակարյան բիոտա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biota_Ediakara" title="Biota Ediakara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biota Ediakara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_di_Ediacara" title="Fauna di Ediacara – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fauna di Ediacara" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediakara-fauna" title="Ediakara-fauna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ediakara-fauna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biota_Ediakara" title="Biota Ediakara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biota Ediakara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacarische_biota" title="Ediacarische biota – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ediacarische biota" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%BE%A4" title="エディアカラ生物群 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エディアカラ生物群" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faunaen_i_ediacara" title="Faunaen i ediacara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Faunaen i ediacara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biot%C3%B2p_d%27Ediacara" title="Biotòp d'Ediacara – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Biotòp d'Ediacara" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_ediakarska" title="Fauna ediakarska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fauna ediakarska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biota_ediacarana" title="Biota ediacarana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biota ediacarana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Эдиакарская биота – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эдиакарская биота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacaran_biota" title="Ediacaran biota – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ediacaran biota" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediacarafauna" title="Ediacarafauna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ediacarafauna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ediyakaran_biyotas%C4%B1" title="Ediyakaran biyotası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ediyakaran biyotası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Едіакарська біота – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едіакарська біота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7" title="ایڈیاکاران بیوٹا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایڈیاکاران بیوٹا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khu_h%E1%BB%87_Ediacara" title="Khu hệ Ediacara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ediacara_biota.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Ediacara_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ediacara (disambiguation)">Ediacara</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ediacaran_sea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ediacaran_sea.png/280px-Ediacaran_sea.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ediacaran_sea.png/420px-Ediacaran_sea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Ediacaran_sea.png/560px-Ediacaran_sea.png 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>Life in the Ediacaran Period as imagined by researchers in 1980.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><i>Part of a series on</i></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size: 115%; background: rgb(127,160,86); padding: 0.4em;">The <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg/90px-Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg/135px-Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg/180px-Cambrian_explosion_taskforce_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="92" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px #aaa solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Fossil localities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maotianshan_Shales" title="Maotianshan Shales">Chengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_Passet" title="Sirius Passet">Sirius Passet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doushantuo_Formation" title="Doushantuo Formation">Doushantuo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px #aaa solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Key organisms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ediacaran biota</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimberella" title="Kimberella">Kimberella</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kimberichnus" title="Kimberichnus">Kimberichnus</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vernanimalcula" title="Vernanimalcula">Vernanimalcula</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale_type_fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgess Shale type fauna">Burgess-type</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrella" title="Marrella">Marrella</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiodont">Radiodonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halwaxiida" title="Halwaxiida">Halwaxiids</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opabinia" title="Opabinia">Opabinia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Odontogriphus" title="Odontogriphus">Odontogriphus</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Small_shelly_fauna" title="Small shelly fauna">Small shelly fauna</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helcionellid" title="Helcionellid">Helcionellids</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top: 1px #aaa solid;;color: var(--color-base)">Evolutionary concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <dl><dt>Trends</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_substrate_revolution" title="Cambrian substrate revolution">Cambrian substrate revolution</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Themes</dt> <dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a></li> <li>Stem and <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown groups</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CEXNAV" title="Template:CEXNAV"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CEXNAV" title="Template talk:CEXNAV"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CEXNAV" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CEXNAV"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ediacaran</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; formerly <b>Vendian</b>) <b>biota</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> period classification that consists of all life forms that were present on Earth during the <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a> Period (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 635–538.8 <a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">Mya</a></span>). These were enigmatic tubular and frond-shaped, mostly <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(zoology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sessility (zoology)">sessile</a>, organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-NAT-20201028_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAT-20201028-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-StratChart_2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StratChart_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">Trace fossils</a> of these organisms have been found worldwide, and represent the earliest known complex <a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">multicellular organisms</a>. The term "Ediacara biota" has received criticism from some scientists due to its alleged inconsistency, arbitrary exclusion of certain fossils, and inability to be precisely defined.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ediacaran biota may have undergone <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">evolutionary radiation</a> in a proposed event called the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_explosion" title="Avalon explosion">Avalon explosion</a>, <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=575">575</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was after the Earth had thawed from the <a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a> period's <a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">extensive glaciation</a>. This biota largely disappeared with the rapid increase in <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>. Most of the currently existing <a href="/wiki/Body_plan" title="Body plan">body plans</a> of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> first appeared in the <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil record</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> rather than the Ediacaran. For macroorganisms, the Cambrian biota appears to have almost completely replaced the organisms that dominated the Ediacaran fossil record, although relationships are still a matter of debate. </p><p>The organisms of the Ediacaran Period first appeared around <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=600">600</a> million years ago</span> and flourished until the cusp of the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=538.8">538.8</a> million years ago</span>, when the characteristic communities of fossils vanished. A diverse Ediacaran community was discovered in 1995 in <a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a>, Mexico, and is approximately 555 million years in age, roughly coeval with Ediacaran fossils of the <a href="/wiki/Ediacara_Hills" title="Ediacara Hills">Ediacara Hills</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While rare fossils that may represent survivors have been found as late as the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Cambrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Cambrian">Middle Cambrian</a> (510–500 Mya), the earlier fossil communities <a href="/wiki/End-Ediacaran_extinction" title="End-Ediacaran extinction">disappear from the record at the end of the Ediacaran</a> leaving only curious fragments of once-thriving <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ConwayMorris1993_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConwayMorris1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Multiple hypotheses exist to explain the disappearance of this biota, including <a href="/wiki/Preservation_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation bias">preservation bias</a>, a changing environment, the advent of <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a> and competition from other life-forms. A sampling, reported in 2018, of late Ediacaran strata across the scattered remnants of <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a> <span class="nowrap">(< 560 Mya)</span> suggests the flourishing of the organisms coincided with conditions of low overall productivity with a very high percentage produced by bacteria, which may have led to high concentrations of dissolved organic material in the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Determining where Ediacaran organisms fit in the <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biology)" title="Tree of life (biology)">tree of life</a> has proven challenging; it is not even established that most of them were animals, with suggestions that they were <a href="/wiki/Lichens" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichens">lichens</a> (fungus-alga symbionts), <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protists" class="mw-redirect" title="Protists">protists</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial">microbial</a> colonies, or hypothetical intermediates between plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Pflug_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pflug-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The morphology and habit of some taxa (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Funisia_dorothea" class="mw-redirect" title="Funisia dorothea">Funisia dorothea</a></i>) suggest relationships to <a href="/wiki/Porifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Porifera">Porifera</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> (e.g. <i><a href="/wiki/Auroralumina" title="Auroralumina">Auroralumina</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Kimberella" title="Kimberella">Kimberella</a></i> may show a similarity to <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, and other organisms have been thought to possess <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilateral symmetry">bilateral symmetry</a>, although this is controversial. Most <a href="/wiki/Macrofossil" title="Macrofossil">macroscopic fossils</a> are <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphologically</a> distinct from later life-forms: they resemble discs, tubes, mud-filled bags or quilted mattresses. Due to the difficulty of deducing evolutionary relationships among these organisms, some <a href="/wiki/Palaeontologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologist">palaeontologists</a> have suggested that these represent completely extinct lineages that do not resemble any living organism. Palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Seilacher" title="Adolf Seilacher">Adolf Seilacher</a> proposed a separate subkingdom level category <b>Vendozoa</b> (now renamed <b><a href="/wiki/Vendobionta" title="Vendobionta">Vendobionta</a></b>)<sup id="cite_ref-Seilacher1992_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seilacher1992-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Linnaean hierarchy for the Ediacaran biota. If these enigmatic organisms left no descendants, their strange forms might be seen as a "failed experiment" in multicellular life, with later multicellular life evolving independently from unrelated single-celled organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2018 study confirmed that one of the period's most-prominent and iconic fossils, <i><a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia</a></i>, included <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bobrov-Hope-etal-2018_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobrov-Hope-etal-2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggesting affinities to animals, fungi, or red algae.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:23.660em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 1em 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">The Ediacara biota in context</div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:36em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−650 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.82em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:32.73em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−640 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−630 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.45em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−620 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−610 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−600 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.82em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−590 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.73em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−580 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.45em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−570 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−560 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−550 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−540 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.82em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.73em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−530 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−520 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.45em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−510 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−490 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:8em;height:36em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#ffffff"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,179,66);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.647em;height:25.353em;left:0.000em;width:0.800em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-12.676em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,141);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:10.647em;left:0.000em;width:0.800em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.324em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,204,92);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:31.636em;height:4.364em;left:0.800em;width:7.200em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.182em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian</a></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,217,106);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.647em;height:20.989em;left:0.800em;width:7.200em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:6.7em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-10.495em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(127,160,86);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:10.647em;left:0.800em;width:7.200em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.324em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:36.000em;left:7.920em;width:0.080em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:36.000em;left:0.720em;width:0.080em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-18.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#007777;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.182em;height:12.000em;left:6.800em;width:0.800em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#777700;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:12.000em;height:6.545em;left:6.160em;width:0.800em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.273em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:black;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:31.571em;height:0.131em;left:0.800em;width:7.200em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.065em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:black;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.604em;height:0.087em;left:0.000em;width:8.000em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.044em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:black;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:-0.065em;height:0.131em;left:0.720em;width:7.280em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.065em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:9.760em;height:36em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.647em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:green">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:green;display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0">Last Ediacaran communities</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:2.182em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:green">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:green;display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0">Last putative Ediacaran</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.091em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:green">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:green;display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Fossil_embryos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil embryos">Embryos</a>?</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:31.636em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.5em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0">Last <a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">extensive</a> <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:26.182em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:green">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:green;display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0">First Ediacaran megafossil</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:20.553em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Gaskiers_glaciation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaskiers glaciation (geology)">Gaskiers<br />glaciation</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:18.545em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Avalon_explosion" title="Avalon explosion">Avalon explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:20.727em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:-0.75em;left:-5.4em;width:8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:#007777;vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><i><a href="/wiki/Aspidella" title="Aspidella">Aspidella</a></i><br />discs</div></div></div><div class="annot-bar" style="width:auto;font-size:100%;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin-top:15.273em"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;text-align:left;top:-0.75em;left:-5.5em;width:8em"><div style="position:relative;width:auto;z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:#777700;vertical-align:middle;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><i>Charnia</i></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><td id="Legend" colspan="3" style="padding:0 0.2em 0.7em 1em"><table id="Legend" role="presentation" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em;border-style:none;float:left;clear:both"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0"><span style="background:rgb(254,179,66);padding:0em .1em;border:solid 1px #242020;height:1.5em;width:1.5em;margin:.25em .9em .25em .25em"> </span></td><td style="padding:0"><div><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> <br />(last <a href="/wiki/Era_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Era (geology)">era</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0"><span style="background:rgb(153,192,141);padding:0em .1em;border:solid 1px #242020;height:1.5em;width:1.5em;margin:.25em .9em .25em .25em"> </span></td><td style="padding:0"><div><a href="/wiki/Palaeozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeozoic">Palaeozoic</a> <br />(first era of the <a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Phanerozoic</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:21.000em">Axis scale: million years <br />References: Waggoner (1998),<sup id="cite_ref-Waggoner1998t_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waggoner1998t-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hofmann, Narbonne, & Aitken (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="nomobile toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:29.760em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:#77bb77;padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_evolutionary_history_of_life" title="Timeline of the evolutionary history of life"><span style="color:#ffffff;">Life timeline</span></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Life_timeline" title="Template:Life timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Life_timeline" title="Template talk:Life timeline"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Life_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Life timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:50em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:49.67em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:48.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:47.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:46.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:45.47em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−4000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:44.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:43.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:42.23em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:41.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:40.03em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:38.91em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:37.78em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−3000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:35.49em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.33em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.15em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.96em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.76em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.53em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.04em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:25.76em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.46em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.79em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.41em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.08em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1000 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.54em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.96em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.56em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−500 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:7.70em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">—</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:13em;height:50em;float:left;border:none"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e5cc7f;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:50.000em;left:0.910em;width:12.090em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-25.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:45.470em;height:3.469em;left:1.040em;width:11.960em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.735em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Water</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#aebfd1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:45.470em;left:1.040em;width:0.130em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-22.735em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:41.137em;height:4.333em;left:1.170em;width:11.830em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.167em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">Single-celled life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3d9ff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:41.137em;left:1.170em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-20.568em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:28.044em;height:13.093em;left:1.430em;width:11.570em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.546em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_photosynthesis" title="Evolution of photosynthesis">Photosynthesis</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#99ffff;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:28.044em;left:1.430em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.022em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:22.870em;height:5.174em;left:1.690em;width:11.310em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.587em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryotes</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#b3ffea;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:22.870em;left:1.690em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-11.435em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.141em;height:12.729em;left:1.950em;width:11.050em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.365em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Multicellular_organism" title="Multicellular organism">Multicellular life</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccffe7;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:10.141em;left:1.950em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.070em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:4.443em;height:9.789em;left:2.210em;width:1.170em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.894em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;">P<br />l<br />a<br />n<br />t<br />s</span></a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#77dd00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:4.443em;left:2.210em;width:0.260em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.221em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:4.808em;height:5.333em;left:3.380em;width:9.620em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.667em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropods</a> <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffff00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:4.443em;left:2.470em;width:3.510em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.53em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.221em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant#Evolutionary_history" title="Flowering plant">Flowers</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:2.081em;height:4.435em;left:3.380em;width:5.070em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.5em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.218em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosaurs</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:4.808em;left:8.580em;width:4.420em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.404em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffcc00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.826em;height:2.982em;left:8.450em;width:4.290em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.15em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:87%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.491em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#e6b880;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:3.298em;left:5.980em;width:2.600em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-0.225em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.649em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">Birds</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ffbbbb;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.826em;left:8.710em;width:4.030em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:90%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.913em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Primate" title="Primate">Primates</a></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#993c00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:45.470em;height:4.530em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.265em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.80em;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean"><span style="color:#ffffff;">H<br />a<br />d<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#936a00;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:31.962em;height:13.508em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:-1.2em;left:-0.05em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.754em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean"><span style="color:#ffffff;"><br /><br /><br />A<br />r<br />c<br />h<br />e<br />a<br />n</span></a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#f1c309;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.141em;height:21.821em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-10.911em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic"><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />P<br />r<br />o<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#c1e0c1;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:10.141em;left:0.000em;width:0.910em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.25em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;font-size:100%;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.070em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="display:block; text-align:center; line-height: 0.85em;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">P<br />h<br />a<br />n<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:12.956em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-6.478em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#ccbbaa;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:4.808em;left:12.714em;width:0.286em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.404em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.860em;height:50em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:50.000em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">Earth formed</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.922em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_water_on_Earth" title="Origin of water on Earth">Earliest water</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:48.422em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor" title="Last universal common ancestor">LUCA</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:45.470em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest fossils</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:44.615em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Heavy_Bombardment" title="Late Heavy Bombardment">LHB meteorites</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:41.137em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_oxygen" title="Geological history of oxygen">Earliest oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:35.170em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Pongola_glaciation" title="Pongola glaciation">Pongola glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:30.024em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event" title="Great Oxidation Event">Atmospheric oxygen</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:29.534em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Huronian_glaciation" title="Huronian glaciation">Huronian glaciation</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:27.037em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction#Origin_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sexual reproduction</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:28.044em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Multicellular life</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:21.789em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Earliest fungi</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.231em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.25em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_history_of_plants" title="Evolutionary history of plants">Earliest plants</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:12.956em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.4em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Caveasphaera" title="Caveasphaera">Earliest animals</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:12.038em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:11.436em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ediacaran biota</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.141em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.15em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:8.833em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Hirnantian_glaciation" title="Hirnantian glaciation">Hirnantian ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:7.627em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod" title="Tetrapod">Earliest tetrapods</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.517em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Late_Paleozoic_icehouse" title="Late Paleozoic icehouse">Karoo ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.887em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0.1em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Hominoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominoid">Earliest hominoid</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.129em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:-0.2em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary ice age</a>*</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:26.000em"><div style="float:left;font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Myr" class="mw-redirect" title="Myr">million years ago</a>)</div><div style="float:right;font-size:95%;">*<i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_glaciation" title="Timeline of glaciation">Ice Ages</a></i></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The first Ediacaran fossils discovered were the disc-shaped <i><a href="/wiki/Aspidella" title="Aspidella">Aspidella</a> terranovica</i> in 1868. Their discoverer, Scottish geologist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Murray_(geologist)" title="Alexander Murray (geologist)">Alexander Murray</a>, found them useful aids for correlating the age of rocks around <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehling1999a_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehling1999a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since they lay below the "Primordial Strata" of the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a> that was then thought to contain the very first signs of animal life, a proposal four years after their discovery by <a href="/wiki/Elkanah_Billings" title="Elkanah Billings">Elkanah Billings</a> that these simple forms represented fauna was dismissed by his peers. Instead, they were interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">gas escape</a> structures or inorganic <a href="/wiki/Concretion" title="Concretion">concretions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehling1999a_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehling1999a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No similar structures elsewhere in the world were then known and the one-sided debate soon fell into obscurity.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehling1999a_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehling1999a-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1933, <a href="/wiki/Georg_G%C3%BCrich" title="Georg Gürich">Georg Gürich</a> discovered specimens in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> but assigned them to the Cambrian Period.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurich1933_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurich1933-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Reg_Sprigg" title="Reg Sprigg">Reg Sprigg</a> noticed "jellyfishes" in the <a href="/wiki/Ediacara_Hills" title="Ediacara Hills">Ediacara Hills</a> of Australia's <a href="/wiki/Flinders_Ranges" title="Flinders Ranges">Flinders Ranges</a>, which were at the time believed to be Early Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprigg1947_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprigg1947-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldest_multi-cellular_animal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Oldest_multi-cellular_animal.jpg/220px-Oldest_multi-cellular_animal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Oldest_multi-cellular_animal.jpg/330px-Oldest_multi-cellular_animal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Oldest_multi-cellular_animal.jpg/440px-Oldest_multi-cellular_animal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Palaeontologist Guy Narbonne examining Ediacaran fossils in Newfoundland</figcaption></figure> <p>It was not until the British discovery of the iconic <i><a href="/wiki/Charnia" title="Charnia">Charnia</a></i> that the <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> was seriously considered as containing life. This <a href="/wiki/Frond" title="Frond">frond</a>-shaped fossil was found in England's <a href="/wiki/Charnwood_Forest" title="Charnwood Forest">Charnwood Forest</a> first by a 15 year-old girl in 1956 (<a href="/wiki/Tina_Negus" title="Tina Negus">Tina Negus</a>, who was not believed<sup id="cite_ref-Mason-2007-Disc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-2007-Disc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and then the next year by a group of three schoolboys including 15 year-old <a href="/wiki/Roger_Mason_(geologist)" title="Roger Mason (geologist)">Roger Mason</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the detailed <a href="/wiki/Geologic_map" title="Geologic map">geological mapping</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Geological_Survey" title="British Geological Survey">British Geological Survey</a>, there was no doubt these fossils sat in Precambrian rocks. Palaeontologist <a href="/wiki/Martin_Glaessner" title="Martin Glaessner">Martin Glaessner</a> finally, in 1959, made the connection between this and the earlier finds<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and with a combination of improved dating of existing specimens and an injection of vigour into the search, many more instances were recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All specimens discovered until 1967 were in coarse-grained <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> that prevented preservation of fine details, making interpretation difficult. <a href="/wiki/Shiva_Balak_Misra" title="Shiva Balak Misra">S.B. Misra</a>'s discovery of fossiliferous <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a>-beds at the <a href="/wiki/Mistaken_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistaken Point">Mistaken Point</a> assemblage in Newfoundland changed all this as the delicate detail preserved by the fine ash allowed the description of features that were previously undiscernible.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the first discovery of Ediacarans in deep water sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poor communication, combined with the difficulty in correlating globally distinct <a href="/wiki/Formation_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Formation (geology)">formations</a>, led to a plethora of different names for the biota. In 1960 the French name "Ediacarien" – after the Ediacara Hills – was added to the competing terms "Sinian" and "Vendian"<sup id="cite_ref-Termier1960_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Termier1960-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for terminal-Precambrian rocks, and these names were also applied to the life-forms. "Ediacaran" and "Ediacarian" were subsequently applied to the epoch or period of <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geological time</a> and its corresponding rocks. In March 2004, the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> ended the inconsistency by formally naming the terminal <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">period</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic</a> after the Australian locality.<sup id="cite_ref-Knoll2006_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knoll2006-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "Ediacaran biota" and similar ("Ediacara" / "Ediacaran" / "Ediacarian" / "Vendian" and "fauna" / "biota") has, at various times, been used in a geographic, stratigraphic, taphonomic, or biological sense, with the latter the most common in modern literature.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preservation">Preservation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ediacaran_type_preservation" title="Ediacaran type preservation">Ediacaran type preservation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbial_mats">Microbial mats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Microbial mats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg/220px-Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg/330px-Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg/440px-Cyanobacterial-algal_mat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Modern <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyanobacterial">cyanobacterial</a>-algal mat, salty lake on the <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> seaside</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mats</a> are areas of sediment stabilised by the presence of colonies of microbes that secrete sticky fluids or otherwise bind the sediment particles. They appear to migrate upwards when covered by a thin layer of sediment but this is an illusion caused by the colony's growth; individuals do not, themselves, move. If too thick a layer of sediment is deposited before they can grow or reproduce through it, parts of the colony will die leaving behind fossils with a characteristically wrinkled ("elephant skin") and tubercular texture.<sup id="cite_ref-Runnegar1992_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runnegar1992-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Ediacaran strata with the texture characteristics of microbial mats contain fossils, and Ediacaran fossils are almost always found in beds that contain these microbial mats. Although microbial mats were once widespread before the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_substrate_revolution" title="Cambrian substrate revolution">Cambrian substrate revolution</a>, the evolution of grazing organisms vastly reduced their numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhuravlev2001_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhuravlev2001-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These communities are now limited to inhospitable <a href="/wiki/Refugium_(population_biology)" title="Refugium (population biology)">refugia</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Stromatolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Stromatolites">stromatolites</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Hamelin_Pool_Marine_Nature_Reserve" title="Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve">Hamelin Pool Marine Nature Reserve</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shark_Bay" title="Shark Bay">Shark Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, where the salt levels can be twice those of the surrounding sea.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossilization">Fossilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fossilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charniodiscus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Charniodiscus.png/170px-Charniodiscus.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Charniodiscus.png/255px-Charniodiscus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Charniodiscus.png/340px-Charniodiscus.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="1821" /></a><figcaption>The fossil <i><a href="/wiki/Charniodiscus" title="Charniodiscus">Charniodiscus</a></i> is barely distinguishable from the "elephant skin" texture on this cast.</figcaption></figure> <p>The preservation of Ediacaran fossils is of interest, since as soft-bodied organisms they would normally not fossilize. Further, unlike later soft-bodied fossil biota such as the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solnhofen_Limestone" title="Solnhofen Limestone">Solnhofen Limestone</a>, the Ediacaran biota is not found in a restricted environment subject to unusual local conditions: they are global. The processes that were operating must therefore have been systemic and worldwide. Something about the Ediacaran Period permitted these delicate creatures to be left behind; the fossils may have been preserved by virtue of rapid covering by ash or sand, trapping them against the mud or microbial mats on which they lived.<sup id="cite_ref-Narbonne1998_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narbonne1998-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their preservation was possibly enhanced by the high concentration of silica in the oceans before silica-secreting organisms such as sponges and diatoms became prevalent.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ash beds provide more detail and can readily be dated to the nearest million years or better using <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is more common to find Ediacaran fossils under sandy beds deposited by storms or in <a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">turbidites</a> formed by high-energy bottom-scraping ocean currents.<sup id="cite_ref-Narbonne1998_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narbonne1998-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soft-bodied organisms today rarely fossilize during such events, but the presence of widespread microbial mats probably aided preservation by stabilising their impressions in the sediment below.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scale_of_preservation">Scale of preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scale of preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The rate of cementation of the overlying substrate relative to the rate of decomposition of the organism determines whether the top or bottom surface of an organism is preserved. Most disc-shaped fossils decomposed before the overlying sediment was cemented, whereupon ash or sand slumped in to fill the void, leaving a cast of the organism's underside. Conversely, <a href="/wiki/Pneu_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Pneu structure">quilted fossils</a> tended to decompose <i>after</i> the cementation of the overlying sediment; hence their upper surfaces are preserved. Their more resistant nature is reflected in the fact that, in rare occasions, quilted fossils are found <i>within</i> storm beds as the high-energy sedimentation did not destroy them as it would have the less-resistant discs. Further, in some cases, the <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitation</a> of minerals formed a "death mask", ultimately leaving a positive, cast-like impression of the organism.<sup id="cite_ref-Gehling1999b_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gehling1999b-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background:#7b7;">Forms of Ediacaran fossil </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width:250px;">The earliest discovered potential embryo, preserved within an acanthomorphic <a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">acritarch</a>. The term 'acritarch' describes a range of unclassified cell-like fossils. </td> <td style="width:150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Doushantou_Embryo_Yinetal2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The earliest discovered potential embryo, preserved within an acanthomorphic acritarch."><img alt="The earliest discovered potential embryo, preserved within an acanthomorphic acritarch." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/Doushantou_Embryo_Yinetal2007.jpg/150px-Doushantou_Embryo_Yinetal2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/46/Doushantou_Embryo_Yinetal2007.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="205" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:250px;"><i>Tateana inflata</i> ('<i><a href="/wiki/Cyclomedusa" title="Cyclomedusa">Cyclomedusa</a>' radiata</i>) were originally believed to have been Medusoids, although recent research suggests that they were holdfasts of <a href="/wiki/Petalonamae" title="Petalonamae">Petalonamids</a>. </td> <td style="width:150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyclomedusa_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tateana inflata (= 'Cyclomedusa' radiata) is attachment disk of unknown organism"><img alt="Tateana inflata (= 'Cyclomedusa' radiata) is attachment disk of unknown organism" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cyclomedusa_cropped.jpg/150px-Cyclomedusa_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cyclomedusa_cropped.jpg/225px-Cyclomedusa_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cyclomedusa_cropped.jpg/300px-Cyclomedusa_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="1142" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:250px;">A cast of <i><a href="/wiki/Charnia" title="Charnia">Charnia</a></i>, the first accepted complex Precambrian organism. <i>Charnia</i> was once interpreted as a relative of the <a href="/wiki/Sea_pen" title="Sea pen">sea pens</a>. </td> <td style="width:150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charnia_Spun.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cast of Charnia"><img alt="A cast of Charnia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Charnia_Spun.jpg/150px-Charnia_Spun.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Charnia_Spun.jpg/225px-Charnia_Spun.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Charnia_Spun.jpg/300px-Charnia_Spun.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1907" data-file-height="741" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:250px;"><i><a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia</a></i> displays the characteristic quilted appearance of Ediacaran enigmata. </td> <td style="width:150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cast of Dickinsonia"><img alt="A cast of Dickinsonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/150px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/225px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/DickinsoniaCostata.jpg/300px-DickinsoniaCostata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:250px; vertical-align:top;"><i><a href="/wiki/Spriggina" title="Spriggina">Spriggina</a></i> was originally interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelid</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropod</a>. However, lack of known limbs, and glide reflected <a href="/wiki/Isomer_(Proarticulata)" title="Isomer (Proarticulata)">isomers</a> instead of true <a href="/wiki/Segmentation_(biology)" title="Segmentation (biology)">segments</a>, rejects any such classification despite some superficial resemblance. </td> <td style="width:150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spriggina_Floundensi_4.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spriggina may be one of the predators that led to the demise of the Ediacaran fauna"><img alt="Spriggina may be one of the predators that led to the demise of the Ediacaran fauna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Spriggina_Floundensi_4.png/150px-Spriggina_Floundensi_4.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Spriggina_Floundensi_4.png/225px-Spriggina_Floundensi_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Spriggina_Floundensi_4.png/300px-Spriggina_Floundensi_4.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:250px;">Late Ediacaran <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeonassa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeonassa (page does not exist)">Archaeonassa</a></i>-type trace fossils are commonly preserved on the top surfaces of sandstone strata. </td> <td style="width:150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ediacaran_trace_fossil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Late Ediacaran Archaeonassa-type trace fossils are commonly preserved on the top surfaces of sandstone strata"><img alt="Late Ediacaran Archaeonassa-type trace fossils are commonly preserved on the top surfaces of sandstone strata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ediacaran_trace_fossil.jpg/150px-Ediacaran_trace_fossil.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ediacaran_trace_fossil.jpg/225px-Ediacaran_trace_fossil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Ediacaran_trace_fossil.jpg/300px-Ediacaran_trace_fossil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1194" data-file-height="1251" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width:250px;"><i><a href="/wiki/Epibaion" title="Epibaion">Epibaion</a> waggoneris</i>, chain of trace platforms and the imprint of the body of <i><a href="/wiki/Yorgia" title="Yorgia">Yorgia</a> waggoneri</i> (right), which created these traces on microbial mat. </td> <td style="width:150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorgia_trace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Yorgia chain of trace platforms terminate by the body of the animal (right)."><img alt="Yorgia chain of trace platforms terminate by the body of the animal (right)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Yorgia_trace.jpg/150px-Yorgia_trace.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Yorgia_trace.jpg/225px-Yorgia_trace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Yorgia_trace.jpg/300px-Yorgia_trace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Ediacaran biota exhibited a vast range of <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphological</a> characteristics. Size ranged from millimetres to metres; complexity from "blob-like" to intricate; rigidity from sturdy and resistant to jelly-soft. Almost all forms of <a href="/wiki/Symmetry_(biology)#Bilateral_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Symmetry (biology)">symmetry</a> were present. These organisms differed from earlier, mainly microbial, fossils in having an organised, differentiated multicellular construction and centimetre-plus sizes.<sup id="cite_ref-Narbonne1998_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Narbonne1998-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These disparate morphologies can be broadly grouped into <a href="/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon" title="Wastebasket taxon">form taxa</a>: </p> <dl><dt>"Embryos"</dt> <dd>Recent discoveries of Precambrian multicellular life have been dominated by reports of embryos, particularly from the <a href="/wiki/Doushantuo_Formation" title="Doushantuo Formation">Doushantuo Formation</a> in China. Some finds<sup id="cite_ref-Chen2004_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen2004-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> generated intense media excitement<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some have claimed they are instead inorganic structures formed by the precipitation of minerals on the inside of a hole.<sup id="cite_ref-BengtsonBudd2004_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengtsonBudd2004-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other "embryos" have been interpreted as the remains of the giant <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>-reducing bacteria akin to <i><a href="/wiki/Thiomargarita" title="Thiomargarita">Thiomargarita</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bailey2007_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bailey2007-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a view that, while it had enjoyed a notable gain of supporters<sup id="cite_ref-BaileyvsXiao_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BaileyvsXiao-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Knolletal2006_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knolletal2006-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as of 2007, has since suffered following further research comparing the potential Doushantuo embryos' morphologies with those of <i>Thiomargarita</i> specimens, both living and in various stages of decay.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recent discovery of comparable Ediacaran fossil embryos from the Portfjeld Formation in Greenland has significantly expanded the paleogeograpical occurrence of Doushantuo-type fossil "embryos" with similar biotic forms now reported from differing paleolatitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>Microfossils dating from <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=632.5">632.5</a> million years ago</span> – just 3 million years after the end of the Cryogenian glaciations – may represent embryonic 'resting stages' in the life cycle of the earliest known animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Leiming2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leiming2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative proposal is that these structures represent adult stages of the multicellular organisms of this period.<sup id="cite_ref-Newman2006_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newman2006-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microfossils of <i><a href="/wiki/Caveasphaera" title="Caveasphaera">Caveasphaera</a></i> are thought to foreshadow the evolutionary origin of animal-like embryology.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Discs</dt> <dd>Circular fossils, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ediacaria" title="Ediacaria">Ediacaria</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclomedusa" title="Cyclomedusa">Cyclomedusa</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Rugoconites" title="Rugoconites">Rugoconites</a></i> led to the initial identification of Ediacaran fossils as <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">cnidaria</a>, which include jellyfish and corals.<sup id="cite_ref-Sprigg1947_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sprigg1947-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further examination has provided alternative interpretations of all disc-shaped fossils: not one is now confidently recognised as a jellyfish. Alternate explanations include <a href="/wiki/Holdfast_(biology)" title="Holdfast (biology)">holdfasts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-McMenamin1998_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMenamin1998-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the patterns displayed where two meet have led to many 'individuals' being identified as microbial colonies,<sup id="cite_ref-Dima2001_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dima2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grezhdankin2007_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grezhdankin2007-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and yet others may represent scratch marks formed as stalked organisms spun around their holdfasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen2002_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen2002-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Bags</dt> <dd>Fossils such as <i><a href="/wiki/Pteridinium" title="Pteridinium">Pteridinium</a></i> preserved within sediment layers resemble "mud-filled bags". The scientific community is a long way from reaching a consensus on their interpretation.<sup id="cite_ref-UndergroundInNamibia_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UndergroundInNamibia-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Toroids</dt> <dd>The fossil <i>Vendoglossa tuberculata</i> from the Nama Group, Namibia, has been interpreted as a dorso-ventrally compressed stem-group metazoan, with a large gut cavity and a transversely ridged <a href="/wiki/Ectoderm" title="Ectoderm">ectoderm</a>. The organism is in the shape of a flattened torus, with the long axis of its toroidal body running through the approximate center of the presumed gut cavity.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Quilted organisms</dt> <dd>The organisms considered in Seilacher's revised definition of the Vendobionta<sup id="cite_ref-Seilacher1992_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seilacher1992-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> share a "quilted" appearance and resembled an inflatable <a href="/wiki/Mattress" title="Mattress">mattress</a>. Sometimes these quilts would be torn or ruptured prior to preservation: Such damaged specimens provide valuable clues in the reconstruction process. For example, the three (or more) petaloid fronds of <i><a href="/wiki/Swartpuntia" title="Swartpuntia">Swartpuntia</a> germsi</i> could only be recognised in a posthumously damaged specimen – usually multiple fronds were hidden as burial squashed the organisms flat.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These organisms appear to form two groups: the <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> <a href="/wiki/Rangeomorph" title="Rangeomorph">rangeomorphs</a> and the simpler <a href="/wiki/Erniettomorphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Erniettomorphs">erniettomorphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Xiao2009_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiao2009-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Including such fossils as the iconic <i><a href="/wiki/Charnia" title="Charnia">Charnia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Swartpuntia" title="Swartpuntia">Swartpuntia</a></i>, the group is both the most iconic of the Ediacaran biota and the most difficult to place within the existing <a href="/wiki/Tree_of_life" title="Tree of life">tree of life</a>. Lacking any mouth, gut, reproductive organs, or indeed any evidence of internal anatomy, their lifestyle was somewhat peculiar by modern standards; the most widely accepted hypothesis holds that they sucked nutrients out of the surrounding seawater by osmotrophy<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Osmosis" title="Osmosis">osmosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Laflamme2009_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laflamme2009-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, others argue against this.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Non-Vendobionts</dt></dl> <dl><dd>Possible <a href="/wiki/Stem_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Stem group">early forms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Extant_taxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Extant taxon">living</a> <a href="/wiki/Phylum" title="Phylum">phyla</a>, excluding them from some definitions of the Ediacaran biota. The earliest such fossil is the reputed bilaterian <i><a href="/wiki/Vernanimalcula" title="Vernanimalcula">Vernanimalcula</a></i> claimed by some, however, to represent the infilling of an egg-sac or <a href="/wiki/Acritarch" title="Acritarch">acritarch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BengtsonBudd2004_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengtsonBudd2004-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chen,_et_al.2004_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chen,_et_al.2004-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, <i><a href="/wiki/Ikaria_wariootia" title="Ikaria wariootia">Ikaria wariootia</a></i> was claimed to represent one of the oldest organisms with anterior and posterior differentiation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later examples are almost universally accepted as bilaterians and include the mollusc-like <i><a href="/wiki/Kimberella" title="Kimberella">Kimberella</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fedonkin1997_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedonkin1997-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Spriggina" title="Spriggina">Spriggina</a></i> (pictured)<sup id="cite_ref-McMenamin2003_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMenamin2003-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the shield-shaped <i><a href="/wiki/Parvancorina" title="Parvancorina">Parvancorina</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose affinities are currently debated.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A suite of fossils known as the <a href="/wiki/Small_shelly_fossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Small shelly fossil">small shelly fossils</a> are represented in the Ediacaran, most famously by <i><a href="/wiki/Cloudinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloudinid">Cloudina</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Germs1972_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Germs1972-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a shelly tube-like fossil that often shows evidence of predatory boring, suggesting that, while predation may not have been common in the Ediacaran Period, it was at least present.<sup id="cite_ref-Hua2003BoringsInCloudinaShells_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hua2003BoringsInCloudinaShells-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bengtson1992PredatorialBorings_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bengtson1992PredatorialBorings-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organic microfossils known as <a href="/wiki/Small_carbonaceous_fossil" title="Small carbonaceous fossil">small carbonaceous fossils</a> are found in Ediacaran sediments, including the spiral-shaped <i><a href="/wiki/Cochleatina" title="Cochleatina">Cochleatina</a></i> which spans the Ediacaran–Cambrian boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ediacaria</i> also survived well into the Cambrian. Representatives of modern taxa existed in the Ediacaran, some of which are recognisable today. <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">Sponges</a>, red and green <a href="/wiki/Alga" class="mw-redirect" title="Alga">algæ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> are all easily recognisable with some pre-dating the Ediacaran by nearly three billion years. Possible arthropods have also been described.<sup id="cite_ref-Ivantsov2006_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivantsov2006-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Surface trails left by <i><a href="/wiki/Treptichnus" title="Treptichnus">Treptichnus</a></i> bear similarities to modern <a href="/wiki/Priapulida" title="Priapulida">priapulids</a>. Fossils of the hard-shelled <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">foraminifera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Platysolenites" title="Platysolenites">Platysolenites</a></i> are known from the latest Ediacaran of western <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, coexisting with <i>Cloudina</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Namacalathus" title="Namacalathus">Namacalathus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Filaments</dt> <dd>Filament-shaped structures in Precambrian fossils have been observed on many occasions. <a href="/wiki/Frondose" title="Frondose">Frondose</a> fossils in Newfoundland have been observed to have developed filamentous bedding planes, inferred to be <a href="/wiki/Stolon" title="Stolon">stolonic</a> outgrowths.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of Brazilian Ediacaran fossils found filamentous microfossils, suggested to be eukaryotes or large <a href="/wiki/Microbial_metabolism" title="Microbial metabolism">sulfur-oxidizing-bacteria</a> (SOBs).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fungus-like filaments found in the Doushantuo Formation have been interpreted as eukaryotes and possibly fungi, providing possible evidence for the evolution and terrestrialization of fungi ~635 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">Trace fossils</a></dt> <dd>With the exception of some very simple <a href="/wiki/Skolithos" title="Skolithos">vertical burrows</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fedonkin_1985_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedonkin_1985-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the only Ediacaran burrows are horizontal, lying on or just below the surface of the seafloor. Such burrows have been taken to imply the presence of motile organisms with heads, which would probably have had a bilateral symmetry. This could place them in the <a href="/wiki/Bilateria" title="Bilateria">bilateral</a> <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a> of <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but they could also have been made by simpler organisms feeding as they slowly rolled along the sea floor.<sup id="cite_ref-Matz2008_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matz2008-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Putative "burrows" dating as far back as <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1,100">1,100</a> million years</span> may have been made by animals that fed on the undersides of microbial mats, which would have shielded them from a chemically unpleasant ocean;<sup id="cite_ref-Seilacher1998_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seilacher1998-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however their uneven width and tapering ends make a biological origin so difficult to defend<sup id="cite_ref-Budd2000_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Budd2000-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that even the original proponent no longer believes they are authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>The burrows observed imply simple behaviour, and the complex efficient feeding traces common from the start of the Cambrian are absent. Some Ediacaran fossils, especially discs, have been interpreted tentatively as trace fossils but this hypothesis has not gained widespread acceptance. As well as burrows, some trace fossils have been found directly associated with an Ediacaran fossil. <i><a href="/wiki/Yorgia" title="Yorgia">Yorgia</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia</a></i> are often found at the end of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil trackway">long pathways</a> of trace fossils matching their shape;<sup id="cite_ref-Ivantsov2002_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ivantsov2002-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> these fossils are thought to be associated with <a href="/wiki/Cilium" title="Cilium">ciliary</a> feeding but the precise method of formation of these disconnected and overlapping fossils largely remains a mystery.<sup id="cite_ref-Oslo_2008_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oslo_2008-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potential <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">mollusc</a> <i>Kimberella</i> is associated with scratch marks, perhaps formed by a <a href="/wiki/Radula" title="Radula">radula</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fedonkin2007_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedonkin2007-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification_and_interpretation">Classification and interpretation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classification and interpretation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diorama_of_the_Ediacaran_biota_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Diorama_of_the_Ediacaran_biota_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/220px-Diorama_of_the_Ediacaran_biota_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Diorama_of_the_Ediacaran_biota_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/330px-Diorama_of_the_Ediacaran_biota_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Diorama_of_the_Ediacaran_biota_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/440px-Diorama_of_the_Ediacaran_biota_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A reconstruction of the Ediacaran biota at the <a href="/wiki/Field_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Field Museum of Natural History">Field Museum</a> in Chicago</figcaption></figure> <p>Classification of the Ediacarans is inevitably difficult, hence a variety of theories exist as to their placement on the tree of life. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Glaessner" title="Martin Glaessner">Martin Glaessner</a> proposed in <i>The Dawn of Animal Life</i> (1984) that the Ediacaran biota were recognizable <a href="/wiki/Crown_group" title="Crown group">crown group</a> members of modern phyla, but were unfamiliar because they had yet to evolve the characteristic features we use in modern classification.<sup id="cite_ref-Glaessner1984_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glaessner1984-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998 <a href="/wiki/Mark_A._S._McMenamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark A. S. McMenamin">Mark McMenamin</a> claimed Ediacarans did not possess an <a href="/wiki/Embryo" title="Embryo">embryonic</a> stage, and thus could not be animals. He believed that they independently evolved a <a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brains</a>, meaning that "the path toward intelligent life was embarked upon more than once on this planet".<sup id="cite_ref-McMenamin1998_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMenamin1998-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018 analysis of ancient <a href="/wiki/Sterol" title="Sterol">sterols</a> was taken as evidence that one of the period's most-prominent and iconic fossils, <i><a href="/wiki/Dickinsonia" title="Dickinsonia">Dickinsonia</a></i>, was an early animal.<sup id="cite_ref-Bobrov-Hope-etal-2018_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobrov-Hope-etal-2018-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cnidarians">Cnidarians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cnidarians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgularia_sp._(Purple_sea_pen).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Virgularia_sp._%28Purple_sea_pen%29.jpg/170px-Virgularia_sp._%28Purple_sea_pen%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Virgularia_sp._%28Purple_sea_pen%29.jpg/255px-Virgularia_sp._%28Purple_sea_pen%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Virgularia_sp._%28Purple_sea_pen%29.jpg/340px-Virgularia_sp._%28Purple_sea_pen%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sea_pen" title="Sea pen">sea pen</a>, a modern cnidarian bearing a passing resemblance to <i><a href="/wiki/Charnia" title="Charnia">Charnia</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Since the most primitive <a href="/wiki/Eumetazoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumetazoans">eumetazoans</a>—multi-cellular animals with tissues—are <a href="/wiki/Cnidarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidarians">cnidarians</a>, and the first recognized Ediacaran fossil <i><a href="/wiki/Charnia" title="Charnia">Charnia</a></i> looks very much like a <a href="/wiki/Sea_pen" title="Sea pen">sea pen</a>, the first attempt to categorise these fossils designated them as <a href="/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">jellyfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_pen" title="Sea pen">sea pens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, more recent discoveries have established that many of the circular forms formerly considered "cnidarian medusa" are actually holdfasts – sand-filled vesicles occurring at the base of the stem of upright frond-like Ediacarans. A notable example is the form known as <i><a href="/wiki/Charniodiscus" title="Charniodiscus">Charniodiscus</a></i>, a circular impression later found to be attached to the long 'stem' of a frond-like organism that now bears the name.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The link between frond-like Ediacarans and sea pens has been thrown into doubt by multiple lines of evidence; chiefly the derived nature of the most frond-like pennatulacean octocorals, their absence from the fossil record before the Tertiary, and the apparent cohesion between segments in Ediacaran frond-like organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some researchers have suggested that an analysis of "growth poles" discredits the pennatulacean nature of Ediacaran fronds.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Antcliffe2007_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Antcliffe2007-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protozoans">Protozoans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Protozoans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xenophyophore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xenophyophore.jpg/220px-Xenophyophore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xenophyophore.jpg/330px-Xenophyophore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Xenophyophore.jpg/440px-Xenophyophore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption>A single-celled xenophyophore in the <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Rift" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Rift">Galapagos Rift</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Seilacher" title="Adolf Seilacher">Adolf Seilacher</a> has suggested that in the Ediacaran, animals take over from giant <a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protists</a> as the dominant life form.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern <a href="/wiki/Xenophyophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenophyophore">xenophyophores</a> are giant single-celled protozoans found throughout the world's oceans, largely on the <a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">abyssal plain</a>. Genomic evidence suggests that the xenophyophores are a specialised group of <a href="/wiki/Foraminifera" title="Foraminifera">Foraminifera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unique_phyla">Unique phyla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Unique phyla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seilacher has suggested that the Ediacaran organisms represented a unique and extinct grouping of related forms descended from a common ancestor (<a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>) and created the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdom</a> Vendozoa,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seilacher1989_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seilacher1989-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> named after the now-obsolete <a href="/wiki/Vendian" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendian">Vendian</a> era. He later excluded fossils identified as <a href="/wiki/Metazoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Metazoa">metazoans</a> and relaunched the <a href="/wiki/Phylum_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylum (biology)">phylum</a> "Vendobionta", which he described as "quilted" <a href="/wiki/Cnidarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Cnidarians">cnidarians</a> lacking <a href="/wiki/Cnidocyte" title="Cnidocyte">stinging cells</a>. This absence precludes the current cnidarian method of feeding, so Seilacher suggested that the organisms may have survived by <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbiosis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chemoautotrophic" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemoautotrophic">chemoautotrophic</a> organisms.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_A._S._McMenamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark A. S. McMenamin">Mark McMenamin</a> saw such feeding strategies as characteristic for the entire biota, and referred to the marine biota of this period as a "Garden of Ediacara".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lichen_hypothesis">Lichen hypothesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Lichen hypothesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ediacaran_petrography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ediacaran_petrography.jpg/220px-Ediacaran_petrography.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ediacaran_petrography.jpg/330px-Ediacaran_petrography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Ediacaran_petrography.jpg/440px-Ediacaran_petrography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1870" data-file-height="1326" /></a><figcaption>Greg Retallack's analysis of thin sections and substrates of a variety of Ediacaran fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack2016b_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack2016b-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His findings have been disputed by other scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2013_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2013-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xiao_2013_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiao_2013-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Switek_2012_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Switek_2012-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Greg_Retallack" class="mw-redirect" title="Greg Retallack">Greg Retallack</a> has proposed that Ediacaran organisms were <a href="/wiki/Lichen" title="Lichen">lichens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Retallack2013_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack2013-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that thin sections of Ediacaran fossils show lichen-like compartments and <a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">hypha</a>-like wisps of ferruginized clay,<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack2016b_106-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack2016b-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that Ediacaran fossils have been found in strata that he interprets as desert soils.<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack2013_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack2013-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suggestion has been disputed by other scientists; some have described the evidence as ambiguous and unconvincing, for instance noting that <i>Dickinsonia</i> fossils have been found on rippled surfaces (suggesting a marine environment), while trace fossils like <i>Radulichnus</i> could not have been caused by needle ice as Retallack has proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2013_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones_2013-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Xiao_2013_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiao_2013-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Switek_2012_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Switek_2012-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ben Waggoner notes that the suggestion would place the root of the <a href="/wiki/Cnidaria" title="Cnidaria">Cnidaria</a> back from around 900 mya to between 1500 mya and 2000 mya, contradicting much other evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-Waggoner1995_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waggoner1995-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Waggoner2004_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waggoner2004-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Matthew Nelsen, examining phylogenies of <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">ascomycete</a> fungi and <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyta" title="Chlorophyta">chlorophyte</a> algae (components of lichens), calibrated for time, finds no support for the hypothesis that lichens predated the <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_interpretations">Other interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several classifications have been used to accommodate the Ediacaran biota at some point,<sup id="cite_ref-Waggoner1998_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waggoner1998-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Protozoans" class="mw-redirect" title="Protozoans">protozoans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbial</a> colonies,<sup id="cite_ref-Dima2001_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dima2001-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to hypothetical intermediates between plants and animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Pflug_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pflug-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new extant genus discovered in 2014, <i><a href="/wiki/Dendrogramma" title="Dendrogramma">Dendrogramma</a></i>, which at the time of discovery appeared to be a <a href="/wiki/Basal_metazoan" class="mw-redirect" title="Basal metazoan">basal metazoan</a> but of unknown taxonomic placement, had been noted to have similarities with the Ediacaran fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-jko_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jko-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has since been found to be a <a href="/wiki/Siphonophore" class="mw-redirect" title="Siphonophore">siphonophore</a>, possibly even sections of a more complex species.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It took almost 4 billion years from the formation of the Earth for Ediacaran fossils to first appear, 655 million years ago. While putative fossils are reported from <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=3,460">3,460</a> million years ago</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Schopf1987_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schopf1987-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hofmann1999_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hofmann1999-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first uncontroversial evidence for life is found <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=2,700">2,700</a> million years ago</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Archer2006_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archer2006-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cells with nuclei certainly existed by <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=1,200">1,200</a> million years ago</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield2000_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield2000-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It could be that no special explanation is required: the slow process of evolution simply required 4 billion years to accumulate the necessary adaptations. Indeed, there does seem to be a slow increase in the maximum level of complexity seen over this time, with more and more <a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_complexity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of complexity">complex forms of life evolving</a> as time progresses, with traces of earlier semi-complex life such as <i><a href="/wiki/Nimbia_occlusa" title="Nimbia occlusa">Nimbia</a></i>, found in the <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=610">610</a> million year old</span> Twitya formation,<sup id="cite_ref-Fedonkin1980_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedonkin1980-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and older rocks dating to <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=770">770</a> million years ago</span> in Kazakhstan.<sup id="cite_ref-Meert2010_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meert2010-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg/220px-AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg/330px-AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg/440px-AntarcticaDomeCSnow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="688" /></a><figcaption>Global <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> might have delayed or prevented the establishment of multicellular life.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the early Earth, reactive elements, such as <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>, existed in a <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduced</a> form that would react with any free oxygen produced by <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesising</a> organisms. Oxygen would not be able to build up in the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a> until all the iron had rusted (producing <a href="/wiki/Banded_iron_formation" title="Banded iron formation">banded iron formations</a>), and all the other reactive elements had been oxidised. <a href="/wiki/Donald_Canfield" title="Donald Canfield">Donald Canfield</a> detected records of the first significant quantities of atmospheric oxygen just before the first Ediacaran fossils appeared<sup id="cite_ref-Canfield1996_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield1996-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and the presence of atmospheric oxygen was soon heralded as a possible trigger for the Ediacaran <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Canfield2007_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canfield2007-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxygen seems to have accumulated in two pulses; the rise of small, sessile (stationary) organisms seems to correlate with an early oxygenation event, with larger and mobile organisms appearing around the second pulse of oxygenation.<sup id="cite_ref-Fike2006_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fike2006-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the assumptions underlying the reconstruction of atmospheric composition have attracted some criticism, with widespread anoxia having little effect on life where it occurs in the Early Cambrian and the Cretaceous.<sup id="cite_ref-Butterfield2009_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Butterfield2009-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">Periods of intense cold</a> have also been suggested as a barrier to the evolution of multicellular life. The earliest known embryos, from China's <a href="/wiki/Doushantuo_Formation" title="Doushantuo Formation">Doushantuo Formation</a>, appear just a million years after the Earth emerged from a <a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">global glaciation</a>, suggesting that ice cover and cold oceans may have prevented the emergence of multicellular life.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 2008, a team analysed the range of basic body structures ("disparity") of Ediacaran organisms from three different fossil beds: Avalon in Canada, <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=575">575</a> million years ago</span> to <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=565">565</a> million years ago</span>; White Sea in Russia, <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=560">560</a> million years ago</span> to <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=550">550</a> million years ago</span>; and Nama in Namibia, <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=550">550</a> million years ago</span> to <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=542">542</a> million years ago</span>, immediately before the start of the Cambrian. They found that, while the White Sea assemblage had the most species, there was no significant difference in disparity between the three groups, and concluded that before the beginning of the Avalon timespan these organisms must have gone through their own evolutionary "explosion", which may have been similar to the famous <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preservation_bias">Preservation bias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Preservation bias"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The paucity of Ediacaran fossils after the Cambrian could simply be due to conditions no longer favoring the fossilization of Ediacaran organisms, which may have continued to thrive unpreserved for a considerable time.<sup id="cite_ref-Runnegar1992_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Runnegar1992-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if they were common, more than the occasional specimen<sup id="cite_ref-ConwayMorris1993_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ConwayMorris1993-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> might be expected in exceptionally <a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">preserved fossil</a> assemblages (Konservat-<a href="/wiki/Lagerstatten" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagerstatten">Lagerstätten</a>) such as the <a href="/wiki/Burgess_Shale" title="Burgess Shale">Burgess Shale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maotianshan_shales" class="mw-redirect" title="Maotianshan shales">Chengjiang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shu_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shu-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no reports of Ediacara-type organisms in the Cambrian period are widely accepted at present, a few disputed reports have been made, as well as unpublished observations of 'vendobiont' fossils from 535 Ma Orsten-type deposits in China.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predation_and_grazing">Predation and grazing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Predation and grazing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kimberella_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kimberella_crop.jpg/220px-Kimberella_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Kimberella_crop.jpg/330px-Kimberella_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Kimberella_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kimberella" title="Kimberella">Kimberella</a></i> might have had a predatory or grazing lifestyle.</figcaption></figure> <p>It has been suggested that by the Early Cambrian, organisms higher in the <a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">food chain</a> caused the microbial mats to largely disappear. If these grazers first appeared as the Ediacaran biota started to decline, then it may suggest that they destabilised the microbial mats in a "<a href="/wiki/Cambrian_substrate_revolution" title="Cambrian substrate revolution">Cambrian substrate revolution</a>", leading to displacement or detachment of the biota; or that the destruction of the microbial <a href="/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrate (marine biology)">substrate</a> destabilized the ecosystem, causing extinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-BottjerEtAl2000CambrianSubstrateRevolution_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BottjerEtAl2000CambrianSubstrateRevolution-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seilacher1994_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seilacher1994-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively, skeletonized animals could have fed directly on the relatively undefended Ediacaran biota.<sup id="cite_ref-McMenamin1998_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMenamin1998-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if the interpretation of the Ediacaran age <i><a href="/wiki/Kimberella" title="Kimberella">Kimberella</a></i> as a grazer is correct then this suggests that the biota had already had limited exposure to "predation".<sup id="cite_ref-Fedonkin1997_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fedonkin1997-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition">Competition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Competition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waptia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Waptia.jpg/220px-Waptia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Waptia.jpg/330px-Waptia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Waptia.jpg/440px-Waptia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Cambrian animals such as <i><a href="/wiki/Waptia" title="Waptia">Waptia</a></i> might have competed with, or fed upon, Ediacaran life-forms.</figcaption></figure> <p>Increased competition due to the evolution of key innovations among other groups, perhaps as a response to predation, may have driven the Ediacaran biota from their niches.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley1973_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley1973-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the supposed "competitive exclusion" of <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a> by <a href="/wiki/Bivalvia" title="Bivalvia">bivalve molluscs</a> was eventually deemed to be a coincidental result of two unrelated trends.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Change_in_environmental_conditions">Change in environmental conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Change in environmental conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Great changes were happening at the end of the Precambrian and the start of the Early Cambrian. The breakup of the <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">supercontinents</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rising sea levels (creating shallow, "life-friendly" seas),<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a nutrient crisis,<sup id="cite_ref-Brasier1992a_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brasier1992a-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fluctuations in atmospheric composition, including oxygen and carbon dioxide levels,<sup id="cite_ref-Brasier1992b_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brasier1992b-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and changes in <a href="/wiki/Ocean_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean chemistry">ocean chemistry</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lowenstein2001_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowenstein2001-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (promoting <a href="/wiki/Biomineralisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biomineralisation">biomineralisation</a>) could all have played a part.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assemblages">Assemblages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Assemblages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Late Ediacaran macrofossils are recognized globally in at least 52 formations and a variety of <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">depositional</a> conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2022_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2022-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each formation is commonly grouped into three main types, known as <a href="/wiki/Faunal_assemblage" title="Faunal assemblage">assemblages</a> and named after typical localities. Each assemblage tends to occupy its own time period and region of morphospace, and after an initial burst of diversification (or extinction) changes little for the rest of its existence.<sup id="cite_ref-Erwin2008_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erwin2008-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:solid;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.3em 0 0.8em 1.4em;overflow:hidden;min-width:23.050em"><tbody><tr><td colspan="3" id="Title" style="padding:1em 1em 0 1em"><div style="background-color:rgb(254,217,106);padding:0 0.2em 0 0.2em;font-weight:bold;text-align:center">Late Ediacaran Assemblages</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" id="Navbox" style="padding:0;margin:0 1em 0 0;text-align:right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><span>This box: </span><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ediacaran_assemblages_graphical_timeline" title="Template:Ediacaran assemblages graphical timeline"><span title="View this template">view</span></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Ediacaran_assemblages_graphical_timeline&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Ediacaran assemblages graphical timeline (page does not exist)"><span title="Discuss this template">talk</span></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ediacaran_assemblages_graphical_timeline" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ediacaran assemblages graphical timeline"><span title="Edit this template">edit</span></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:32em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.22em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−575 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:28.26em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.29em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−570 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.33em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.36em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−565 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.40em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.44em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−560 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.47em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.51em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−555 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.54em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:10.58em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−550 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.61em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−545 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.69em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.72em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−540 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.76em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:7.5em;height:32em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,179,66);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:30.222em;left:0.000em;width:0.825em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-15.111em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">N<br />e<br />o<br />p<br />r<br />o<br />t<br />e<br />r<br />o<br />z<br />o<br />i<br />c</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,141);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:0.000em;width:0.825em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.05em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">P<br />Z</a></b></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(254,217,106);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:30.222em;left:0.900em;width:6.600em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:14.25em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-15.111em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran</a></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(127,160,86);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:0.900em;width:6.600em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0.1em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian</a></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#27A1D9;border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:8.015em;left:7.162em;width:0.338em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.007em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:0.157em;left:0.000em;width:7.500em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.079em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#D95353;border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:11.443em;height:18.780em;left:7.162em;width:0.338em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-9.390em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:7.425em;width:0.075em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FEB757;border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:18.436em;height:11.686em;left:1.575em;width:5.250em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-5.843em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;line-height:12px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Avalon_assemblage" title="Avalon assemblage">Avalon<br />Assemblage</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FEB757;border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.578em;height:7.858em;left:1.575em;width:5.250em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.929em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;line-height:12px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/White_Sea_assemblage" title="White Sea assemblage">White Sea<br />Assemblage</a></span></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#FEB757;border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.935em;height:8.543em;left:1.575em;width:5.250em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.272em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:85%;line-height:12px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Nama_assemblage" title="Nama assemblage">Nama<br />Assemblage</a></span></div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:9.650em;height:32em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.935em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">Second pulse of the <a href="/wiki/End-Ediacaran_extinction" title="End-Ediacaran extinction">end-Ediacaran extinction</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:5.471em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">~<a href="/wiki/Baykonurian_glaciation" title="Baykonurian glaciation">Baykonurian glaciation</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:10.578em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;">First pulse of the <a href="/wiki/End-Ediacaran_extinction" title="End-Ediacaran extinction">end-Ediacaran extinction</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:30.222em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Avalon_Explosion" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalon Explosion">Avalon Explosion</a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:18.436em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div class="annot-nudge" style="font-size:100%;float:left;position:relative;top:0em"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Shuram_excursion" title="Shuram excursion">Shuram excursion</a> reaches its peak</span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><td id="Legend" colspan="3" style="padding:0 0.2em 0.7em 1em"><table id="Legend" role="presentation" class="toccolours" style="margin-left:3.1em;border-style:none;float:left;clear:both"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0"><span style="background:#27A1D9;padding:0em .1em;border:solid 1px #242020;height:1.5em;width:1.5em;margin:.25em .9em .25em .25em"> </span></td><td style="padding:0"><div>Major <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">Glacial period</a></div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0"><span style="background:#D95353;padding:0em .1em;border:solid 1px #242020;height:1.5em;width:1.5em;margin:.25em .9em .25em .25em"> </span></td><td style="padding:0"><div><a href="/wiki/Shuram_excursion" title="Shuram excursion">Shuram excursion</a><sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 0.5em;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:20.500em"><span style="line-height:1.1"><b>Stratigraphic scale of the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a> subdivisions and Ediacaran biotic assmblages</b><br />Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago</span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Avalon_assemblage">Avalon assemblage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Avalon assemblage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Avalon_assemblage" title="Avalon assemblage">Avalon assemblage</a></div> <p>The Avalon assemblage is defined at <a href="/wiki/Mistaken_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Mistaken Point">Mistaken Point</a> one the <a href="/wiki/Avalon_Peninsula" title="Avalon Peninsula">Avalon Peninsula</a> of Canada, the oldest locality with a large quantity of Ediacaran fossils.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assemblage is easily dated because it contains many fine ash-beds, which are a good source of <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircons</a> used in the uranium-lead method of <a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">radiometric dating</a>. These fine-grained ash beds also preserve exquisite detail. Constituents of this biota appear to survive through until the extinction of all Ediacarans at the base of the Cambrian.<sup id="cite_ref-Erwin2008_148-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erwin2008-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One interpretation of the biota is as deep-sea-dwelling <a href="/wiki/Rangeomorph" title="Rangeomorph">rangeomorphs</a><sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Charnia" title="Charnia">Charnia</a></i>, all of which share a <a href="/wiki/Fractal" title="Fractal">fractal</a> growth pattern. They were probably preserved <i>in situ</i> (without post-mortem transportation), although this point is not universally accepted. The assemblage, while less diverse than the White Sea or Nama assemblages, resembles <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> suspension-feeding communities, which may suggest <a href="/wiki/Filter_feeder" title="Filter feeder">filter feeding</a> as the assemblage is often found in water too deep for photosynthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="White_Sea_assemblage">White Sea assemblage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: White Sea assemblage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Sea_assemblage" title="White Sea assemblage">White Sea assemblage</a></div> <p>The White Sea or Ediacaran assemblage is named after Russia's <a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a> or Australia's <a href="/wiki/Ediacara_Hills" title="Ediacara Hills">Ediacara Hills</a> and is marked by much higher diversity than the Avalon or Nama assemblages.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2022_147-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2022-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Australia, they are typically found in red gypsiferous and calcareous paleosols formed on <a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">loess</a> and flood deposits in an arid cool temperate paleoclimate.<sup id="cite_ref-Retallack2013_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Retallack2013-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most fossils are preserved as imprints in microbial beds,<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a few are preserved <i>within</i> sandy units.<sup id="cite_ref-Grazhdankin2004_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grazhdankin2004-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Erwin2008_148-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erwin2008-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nama_assemblage">Nama assemblage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nama assemblage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nama_assemblage" title="Nama assemblage">Nama assemblage</a></div> <p>The Nama assemblage is best represented in <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>. It is marked by extreme biotic turnover, with rates of extinction exceeding rates of origination for the whole period.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans2022_147-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans2022-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three-dimensional preservation is most common, with organisms preserved in sandy beds containing internal bedding. Dima Grazhdankin believes that these fossils represent burrowing organisms,<sup id="cite_ref-UndergroundInNamibia_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UndergroundInNamibia-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Guy Narbonne maintains they were surface dwellers.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These beds are sandwiched between units comprising interbedded sandstones, siltstones and <a href="/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shales</a>—with microbial mats, where present, usually containing the fossils. The environment is interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Sand_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bar">sand bars</a> formed at the mouth of a <a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">delta</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">distributaries</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grazhdankin2004_154-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grazhdankin2004-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mattress-like vendobionts (<i><a href="/wiki/Ernietta" title="Ernietta">Ernietta</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Pteridinium" title="Pteridinium">Pteridinium</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rangea" title="Rangea">Rangea</a></i>) in these sandstones form a very different assemblage from vermiform fossils (<i><a href="/wiki/Cloudina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloudina">Cloudina</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Namacalathus" title="Namacalathus">Namacalathus</a></i>) of Ediacaran "wormworld" in marine <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a> of Namibia.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance_of_assemblages">Significance of assemblages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Significance of assemblages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since they are globally distributed – described on all continents except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> – geographical boundaries do not appear to be a factor;<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same fossils are found at all palaeolatitudes (the latitude where the fossil was created, accounting for <a href="/wiki/Continental_drift" title="Continental drift">continental drift</a> - an application of <a href="/wiki/Paleomagnetism" title="Paleomagnetism">paleomagnetism</a>) and in separate <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">sedimentary basins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grazhdankin2004_154-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grazhdankin2004-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An analysis of one of the White Sea fossil beds, where the layers cycle from continental seabed to inter-tidal to estuarine and back again a few times, found that a specific set of Ediacaran organisms was associated with each environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Grazhdankin2004_154-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grazhdankin2004-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, while there is some delineation in organisms adapted to different environments, the three assemblages are more distinct temporally than paleoenvironmentally.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, the three assemblages are often separated by temporal boundaries rather than environmental ones (timeline at right). </p><p>As the Ediacaran biota represent an early stage in multicellular life's history, it is unsurprising that not all possible <a href="/wiki/Guild_(ecology)" title="Guild (ecology)">modes of life</a> are occupied. It has been estimated that of 92 potentially possible modes of life – combinations of feeding style, tiering and motility — no more than a dozen are occupied by the end of the Ediacaran. Just four are represented in the Avalon assemblage.<sup id="cite_ref-Bambach2007_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bambach2007-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ediacaran_biota" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ediacaran biota">Ediacaran biota</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large_ornamented_Ediacaran_microfossil" title="Large ornamented Ediacaran microfossil">Large ornamented Ediacaran microfossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ediacaran_genera" title="List of Ediacaran genera">List of Ediacaran genera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huainan_biota" title="Huainan biota">Huainan biota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francevillian_biota" title="Francevillian biota">Francevillian biota</a>, another, much earlier <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> possibly pluricellular biota.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> "In April 1957, I went rock-climbing in Charnwood Forest with two friends, Richard Allen and Richard Blachford ('Blach'), fellow students at Wyggeston Grammar School, Leicester. I was already interested in geology and knew that the rocks of the Charnian Supergroup were Precambrian although I had not heard of the Australian fossils. <dl><dd></dd></dl> Richard Allen and I agree that Blach (who died in the early 1960s) drew my attention to the leaf-like fossil holotype now on display in Leicester City Museum. I took a rubbing and showed it to my father, who was Minister of the Great Meeting Unitarian Chapel in East Bond Street, taught part-time at University College (soon to be Leicester University) and thus knew Trevor Ford. We took Trevor to visit the fossil site and convinced him that it was a genuine fossil. His publication of the discovery in the <i>Journal of the Yorkshire Geological Society</i> established the genus Charnia and aroused worldwide interest. ... I was able to report the discovery because of my father's encouragement and the enquiring approach fostered by my science teachers. Tina Negus saw the frond before I did but no one took her seriously."<sup id="cite_ref-Mason-2007-Disc_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mason-2007-Disc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NAT-20201028-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NAT-20201028_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWatson2020" class="citation journal cs1">Watson, Traci (28 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02985-z">"These bizarre ancient species are rewriting animal evolution"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> (news). <b>586</b> (7831): <span class="nowrap">662–</span>665. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.586..662W">2020Natur.586..662W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02985-z">10.1038/d41586-020-02985-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33116283">33116283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=These+bizarre+ancient+species+are+rewriting+animal+evolution&rft.volume=586&rft.issue=7831&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E662-%3C%2Fspan%3E665&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33116283&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-020-02985-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.586..662W&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Traci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-020-02985-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StratChart_2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StratChart_2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2022-02.pdf">Stratigraphic chart 2022</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/wiki/International_Stratigraphic_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="International Stratigraphic Commission">International Stratigraphic Commission</a>. February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-information.bristol.ac.uk/files/67154984/Resubmission_Merged_PDF.pdf">"Framboidal pyrite shroud confirms the 'death mask' model for moldic preservation of Ediacaran soft-bodied organisms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PALAIOS</i>. <b>31</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">259–</span>274. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016Palai..31..259L">2016Palai..31..259L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2110%2Fpalo.2015.095">10.2110/palo.2015.095</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F535d288a-68ee-4481-8553-6b7d2e45dacb">1983/535d288a-68ee-4481-8553-6b7d2e45dacb</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:132601490">132601490</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PALAIOS&rft.atitle=Framboidal+pyrite+shroud+confirms+the+%27death+mask%27+model+for+moldic+preservation+of+Ediacaran+soft-bodied+organisms&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E274&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1983%2F535d288a-68ee-4481-8553-6b7d2e45dacb&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A132601490%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2110%2Fpalo.2015.095&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016Palai..31..259L&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=Alexander+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-information.bristol.ac.uk%2Ffiles%2F67154984%2FResubmission_Merged_PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chen2004-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chen2004_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenBottjerOliveriDornbos2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, J-Y; Bottjer, DJ; Oliveri, P; Dornbos, SQ; Gao, F; Ruffins, S; Chi, H; Li, CW; Davidson, EH (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1099213">"Small Bilaterian Fossils from 40 to 55 Million Years Before the Cambrian"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>305</b> (5681): <span class="nowrap">218–</span>222. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305..218C">2004Sci...305..218C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1099213">10.1126/science.1099213</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15178752">15178752</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:115443209">115443209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Small+Bilaterian+Fossils+from+40+to+55+Million+Years+Before+the+Cambrian&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5681&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E222&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1099213&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A115443209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15178752&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305..218C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=J-Y&rft.au=Bottjer%2C+DJ&rft.au=Oliveri%2C+P&rft.au=Dornbos%2C+SQ&rft.au=Gao%2C+F&rft.au=Ruffins%2C+S&rft.au=Chi%2C+H&rft.au=Li%2C+CW&rft.au=Davidson%2C+EH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1099213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/5112628">"Fossil may be ancestor of most animals"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 3 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Fossil+may+be+ancestor+of+most+animals&rft.date=2004-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F5112628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Mullen2004" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Leslie Mullen (5 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628183833/http://www.astrobio.net/exclusive/1005/earliest-bilateral-fossil-discovered">"Earliest Bilateral Fossil Discovered"</a>. <i>Astrobiology Magazine</i>. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology+Magazine&rft.atitle=Earliest+Bilateral+Fossil+Discovered&rft.date=2004-06-05&rft.au=Leslie+Mullen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astrobio.net%2Fexclusive%2F1005%2Fearliest-bilateral-fossil-discovered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BengtsonBudd2004-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BengtsonBudd2004_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BengtsonBudd2004_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBengtsonBudd2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bengtson, S.; Budd, G. (19 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101338">"Comment on "Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>306</b> (5700): 1291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101338">10.1126/science.1101338</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15550644">15550644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22Small+bilaterian+fossils+from+40+to+55+million+years+before+the+Cambrian%22&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5700&rft.pages=1291&rft.date=2004-11-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101338&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15550644&rft.aulast=Bengtson&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Budd%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1101338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bailey2007-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bailey2007_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">e.g. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyJoyeKalanetraFlood2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, J. V.; Joye, S. B.; Kalanetra, K. M.; Flood, B. E.; Corsetti, F. A. (January 2007). "Evidence of giant sulphur bacteria in Neoproterozoic phosphorites". <i>Nature</i>. <b>445</b> (7124): <span class="nowrap">198–</span>201. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.445..198B">2007Natur.445..198B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05457">10.1038/nature05457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17183268">17183268</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4346066">4346066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Evidence+of+giant+sulphur+bacteria+in+Neoproterozoic+phosphorites&rft.volume=445&rft.issue=7124&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E201&rft.date=2007-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05457&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4346066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17183268&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.445..198B&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=J.+V.&rft.au=Joye%2C+S.+B.&rft.au=Kalanetra%2C+K.+M.&rft.au=Flood%2C+B.+E.&rft.au=Corsetti%2C+F.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span>, summarised by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonoghue2007" class="citation journal cs1">Donoghue, P.C.J. 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"Palaeontology: undressing and redressing Ediacaran embryos". <i>Nature</i>. <b>446</b> (7136): <span class="nowrap">E9 –</span> <span class="nowrap">E10</span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.446....9X">2007Natur.446....9X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05753">10.1038/nature05753</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17410133">17410133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4406666">4406666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Palaeontology%3A+undressing+and+redressing+Ediacaran+embryos&rft.volume=446&rft.issue=7136&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE9+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EE10%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05753&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4406666%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17410133&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Natur.446....9X&rft.aulast=Xiao&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+C.&rft.au=Yuan%2C+X.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span> And Bailey <i>et al.</i>.'s reply: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey,_J._V.Joye,_S._B.Kalanetra,_K._M.Flood,_B._E.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bailey, J. V.; Joye, S. B.; Kalanetra, K. M.; Flood, B. E.; Corsetti, F. A. (2007). 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E.; Jensen, S. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190915160434/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/biological-reviews/article/critical-reappraisal-of-the-fossil-record-of-the-bilaterian-phyla/84D1DF6738A47E565B400A50590E15E2">"A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla"</a>. <i>Biological Reviews</i>. <b>75</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">253–</span>295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x">10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10881389">10881389</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39772232">39772232</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S000632310000548X">the original</a> on 15 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biological+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+critical+reappraisal+of+the+fossil+record+of+the+bilaterian+phyla&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E253-%3C%2Fspan%3E295&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A39772232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10881389&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x&rft.au=Budd%2C+G.+E.&rft.au=Jensen%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.cambridge.org%2Fabstract_S000632310000548X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen,_S.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, S. (2008). "Paleontology: Reading Behavior from the Rocks". <i>Science</i>. <b>322</b> (5904): <span class="nowrap">1051–</span>1052. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1166220">10.1126/science.1166220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129734373">129734373</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Paleontology%3A+Reading+Behavior+from+the+Rocks&rft.volume=322&rft.issue=5904&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1051-%3C%2Fspan%3E1052&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1166220&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129734373%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Jensen%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ivantsov2002-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ivantsov2002_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvantsov,_A._Y.Malakhovskaya,_Y._E.2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ivantsov, A. Y.; Malakhovskaya, Y. E. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704183947/http://vend.paleo.ru/pub/Ivantsov_et_Malakhovskaya_2002-e.pdf">"Giant Traces of Vendian Animals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Doklady Earth Sciences</i> (in Russian). <b>385</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">618–</span>622. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vend.paleo.ru/pub/Ivantsov_et_Malakhovskaya_2002-e.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Doklady+Earth+Sciences&rft.atitle=Giant+Traces+of+Vendian+Animals&rft.volume=385&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E618-%3C%2Fspan%3E622&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Ivantsov%2C+A.+Y.&rft.au=Malakhovskaya%2C+Y.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvend.paleo.ru%2Fpub%2FIvantsov_et_Malakhovskaya_2002-e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oslo_2008-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oslo_2008_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvantsov2008" class="citation conference cs1">Ivantsov, A.Yu. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200118235203/http://www.cprm.gov.br/33IGC/1323085.html"><i>Feeding traces of the Ediacaran animals</i></a>. International Geological Congress. HPF-17 Trace fossils : Ichnological concepts and methods. Oslo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cprm.gov.br/33IGC/1323085.html">the original</a> on 18 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Feeding+traces+of+the+Ediacaran+animals&rft.place=Oslo&rft.series=HPF-17+Trace+fossils+%3A+Ichnological+concepts+and+methods&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ivantsov&rft.aufirst=A.Yu.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cprm.gov.br%2F33IGC%2F1323085.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fedonkin2007-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fedonkin2007_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedonkin,_M.A.Simonetta,_AIvantsov,_A.Y.2007" class="citation cs2">Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007), "New data on <i>Kimberella</i>, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (eds.), <i>The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota</i>, Special publications, vol. 286, London: Geological Society, pp. <span class="nowrap">157–</span>179, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1144%2FSP286.12">10.1144/SP286.12</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-233-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86239-233-5"><bdi>978-1-86239-233-5</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/156823511">156823511</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+data+on+Kimberella%2C+the+Vendian+mollusc-like+organism+%28White+sea+region%2C+Russia%29%3A+palaeoecological+and+evolutionary+implications&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Ediacaran+Biota&rft.place=London&rft.series=Special+publications&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E179&rft.pub=Geological+Society&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F156823511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1144%2FSP286.12&rft.isbn=978-1-86239-233-5&rft.au=Fedonkin%2C+M.A.&rft.au=Simonetta%2C+A&rft.au=Ivantsov%2C+A.Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span> <dl><dd></dd></dl> For a more cynical perspective see<br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield2006" class="citation journal cs1">Butterfield, N.J. (December 2006). "Hooking some stem-group "worms": Fossil lophotrochozoans in the Burgess Shale". <i>BioEssays</i>. <b>28</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1161–</span>1166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbies.20507">10.1002/bies.20507</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-9247">0265-9247</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17120226">17120226</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29130876">29130876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioEssays&rft.atitle=Hooking+some+stem-group+%22worms%22%3A+Fossil+lophotrochozoans+in+the+Burgess+Shale&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1161-%3C%2Fspan%3E1166&rft.date=2006-12&rft.issn=0265-9247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29130876%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17120226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fbies.20507&rft.aulast=Butterfield&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glaessner1984-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glaessner1984_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlaessner,_M._F.1984" class="citation book cs1">Glaessner, M. F. (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dawnofanimallife0000glae"><i>The Dawn of Animal Life: A Biohistorical Study</i></a></span>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31216-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31216-5"><bdi>978-0-521-31216-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9394425">9394425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dawn+of+Animal+Life%3A+A+Biohistorical+Study&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9394425&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31216-5&rft.au=Glaessner%2C+M.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdawnofanimallife0000glae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan,_Stephen_K.Lewis,_David_N.2001" class="citation journal cs1">Donovan, Stephen K.; Lewis, David N. (2001). "Fossils explained 35. The Ediacaran biota". <i>Geology Today</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">115–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.0266-6979.2001.00285.x">10.1046/j.0266-6979.2001.00285.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128395097">128395097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology+Today&rft.atitle=Fossils+explained+35.+The+Ediacaran+biota&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.0266-6979.2001.00285.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128395097%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Donovan%2C+Stephen+K.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+David+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1958" class="citation journal cs1">Ford, T.D. (1958). 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"Ediacaran epifaunal tiering". <i>Geology</i>. <b>30</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">627–</span>630. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Geo....30..627C">2002Geo....30..627C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0627%3AEET%3E2.0.CO%3B2">10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0627:EET>2.0.CO;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geology&rft.atitle=Ediacaran+epifaunal+tiering&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E627-%3C%2Fspan%3E630&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0091-7613%282002%29030%3C0627%3AEET%3E2.0.CO%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Geo....30..627C&rft.au=Clapham%2C+M.E.&rft.au=Narbonne%2C+G.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRetallack_G._J.2012" class="citation report cs1">Retallack G. 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Further citations available in caption to Fig. 8.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarbonne2005" class="citation journal cs1">Narbonne, Guy M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070221084932/http://geol.queensu.ca/people/narbonne/NarbonneAREPS2005Final.pdf">"The Ediacara biota: Neoproterozoic origin of animals and their ecosystems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences</i>. <b>33</b>: <span class="nowrap">421–</span>442. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005AREPS..33..421N">2005AREPS..33..421N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.33.092203.122519">10.1146/annurev.earth.33.092203.122519</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geol.queensu.ca/people/narbonne/NarbonneAREPS2005Final.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 21 February 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2009</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's University, Canada">Queen's University, Canada</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Earth+and+Planetary+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Ediacara+biota%3A+Neoproterozoic+origin+of+animals+and+their+ecosystems&rft.volume=33&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E442&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.earth.33.092203.122519&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005AREPS..33..421N&rft.aulast=Narbonne&rft.aufirst=Guy+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeol.queensu.ca%2Fpeople%2Fnarbonne%2FNarbonneAREPS2005Final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchiffbauer2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Schiffbauer, J.F. 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Vol. 26, no. 11. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSATG265A.1">10.1130/GSATG265A.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F77824">1807/77824</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:52204161">52204161</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GSA+Today&rft.atitle=The+Latest+Ediacaran+Wormworld+Fauna%3A+Setting+the+Ecological+Stage+for+the+Cambrian+Explosion&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1807%2F77824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A52204161%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FGSATG265A.1&rft.aulast=Schiffbauer&rft.aufirst=J.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaggoner1999" class="citation journal cs1">Waggoner, Ben (1999). "Biogeographic analyses of the Ediacara biota: A conflict with paleotectonic reconstructions". <i><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_(journal)" title="Paleobiology (journal)">Paleobiology</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">440–</span>458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0094837300020315">10.1017/S0094837300020315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2666048">2666048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:130817983">130817983</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Biogeographic+analyses+of+the+Ediacara+biota%3A+A+conflict+with+paleotectonic+reconstructions&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E440-%3C%2Fspan%3E458&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A130817983%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2666048%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0094837300020315&rft.aulast=Waggoner&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoagDarrochLaflamme2016" class="citation journal cs1">Boag, Thomas H.; Darroch, Simon A.F.; Laflamme, Marc (2016). "Ediacaran distributions in space and time: testing assemblage concepts of earliest macroscopic body fossils". <i><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_(journal)" title="Paleobiology (journal)">Paleobiology</a></i>. <b>42</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">574–</span>594. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fpab.2016.20">10.1017/pab.2016.20</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Paleobiology&rft.atitle=Ediacaran+distributions+in+space+and+time%3A+testing+assemblage+concepts+of+earliest+macroscopic+body+fossils&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E574-%3C%2Fspan%3E594&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fpab.2016.20&rft.aulast=Boag&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft.au=Darroch%2C+Simon+A.F.&rft.au=Laflamme%2C+Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bambach2007-159"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bambach2007_159-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBambachBush,_A.M.Erwin,_D.H.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Bambach, R.K.; Bush, A.M.; Erwin, D.H. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2006.00611.x">"Autecology and the filling of Ecospace: Key metazoan radiations"</a>. <i>Palæontology</i>. <b>50</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2006.00611.x">10.1111/j.1475-4983.2006.00611.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pal%C3%A6ontology&rft.atitle=Autecology+and+the+filling+of+Ecospace%3A+Key+metazoan+radiations&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4983.2006.00611.x&rft.aulast=Bambach&rft.aufirst=R.K.&rft.au=Bush%2C+A.M.&rft.au=Erwin%2C+D.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1475-4983.2006.00611.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerek_BriggsPeter_Crowther2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Derek_Briggs" title="Derek Briggs">Derek Briggs</a>; Peter Crowther, eds. (2001). <i>Palæobiology II: A synthesis</i>. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science. pp. Chapter 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-632-05147-2"><bdi>978-0-632-05147-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43945263">43945263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pal%C3%A6obiology+II%3A+A+synthesis&rft.place=Malden%2C+MA&rft.pages=Chapter+1&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43945263&rft.isbn=978-0-632-05147-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span> — Excellent further reading for the keen – includes many interesting chapters with macroevolutionary theme.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMenamin,_M.A.S.1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_A._S._McMenamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark A. S. McMenamin">McMenamin, M.A.S.</a> (1998). <i>The Garden of Ediacara: Discovering the first complex life</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10558-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-10558-3"><bdi>978-0-231-10558-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3758852">3758852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garden+of+Ediacara%3A+Discovering+the+first+complex+life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3758852&rft.isbn=978-0-231-10558-3&rft.au=McMenamin%2C+M.A.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span> — A popular science account of these fossils, with a particular focus on the <a href="/wiki/Namibian" class="mw-redirect" title="Namibian">Namibian</a> fossils.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2019" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wood_(geologist)" title="Rachel Wood (geologist)">Wood, R.A.</a> (June 2019). "The rise of animals: New fossils and analyses of ancient ocean chemistry reveal the surprisingly deep roots of the <a href="/wiki/Cambrian_explosion" title="Cambrian explosion">Cambrian explosion</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>. Vol. 320, no. 6. pp. <span class="nowrap">24–</span>31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+rise+of+animals%3A+New+fossils+and+analyses+of+ancient+ocean+chemistry+reveal+the+surprisingly+deep+roots+of+the+Cambrian+explosion&rft.volume=320&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=2019-06&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ediacaran_biota&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2020" class="citation news cs1">Watson, Traci (28 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02985-z">"These bizarre ancient species are rewriting animal evolution"</a>. News. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> (review)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2022</span>. <q>Early fossils with guts, segmented bodies and other sophisticated features reveal a revolution in animal life – before the Cambrian explosion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=These+bizarre+ancient+species+are+rewriting+animal+evolution&rft.date=2020-10-28&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Traci&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fd41586-020-02985-z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span> — Ediacaran biota review article, with nice illustrations</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010035019/http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/paleontology/Ediacara.html">"The Ediacaran assemblage"</a>. <i>peripatus.gen.nz</i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peripatus.gen.nz/paleontology/Ediacara.html">the original</a> on 10 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=peripatus.gen.nz&rft.atitle=The+Ediacaran+assemblage&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peripatus.gen.nz%2Fpaleontology%2FEdiacara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span> — Thorough, though slightly out-of-date, description</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725191154/http://www.complex-life.org/database">"Database of Ediacaran biota"</a>. <i>complex-life.org</i>. July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.complex-life.org/database">the original</a> on 25 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=complex-life.org&rft.atitle=Database+of+Ediacaran+biota&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.complex-life.org%2Fdatabase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span> — compilation up to 7/2010</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070528175308/http://geol.queensu.ca/museum/exhibits/ediac/drook/">"The oldest complex animal fossils"</a>. Kingston, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's University, Canada">Queen's University</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geol.queensu.ca/museum/exhibits/ediac/drook">the original</a> on 28 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+oldest+complex+animal+fossils&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeol.queensu.ca%2Fmuseum%2Fexhibits%2Fediac%2Fdrook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070405091608/http://geol.queensu.ca/museum/exhibits/ediac/ediac.html">"Ediacaran fossils of Canada"</a>. Kingston, Ontario: <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's University, Canada">Queen's University</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geol.queensu.ca/museum/exhibits/ediac/ediac.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ediacaran+fossils+of+Canada&rft.place=Kingston%2C+Ontario&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeol.queensu.ca%2Fmuseum%2Fexhibits%2Fediac%2Fediac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2013-08-03/sa-pastoral-property-nilpena-holds-animal-fossils/4862432">"Earth's oldest animal ecosystem held in fossils at Nilpena Station in SA outback"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(Australia)" title="ABC News (Australia)">ABC News</a>. 5 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Earth%27s+oldest+animal+ecosystem+held+in+fossils+at+Nilpena+Station+in+SA+outback&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2013-08-03%2Fsa-pastoral-property-nilpena-holds-animal-fossils%2F4862432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/tv/programs/landline/old-site/content/2013/s3817544.htm"><i>Meet the fossils</i></a> (TV program audio & transcript). <i><a href="/wiki/Landline_(TV_series)" title="Landline (TV series)">Landline</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">Australian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. 3 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+the+fossils&rft.series=%27%27Landline%27%27&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2013-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Ftv%2Fprograms%2Flandline%2Fold-site%2Fcontent%2F2013%2Fs3817544.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdiacaran+biota" class="Z3988"></span> — ABC TV show on Ediacaran fossils at Nilpena</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header"><span class="spoken-wikipedia-listen-to">Listen to this article</span> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">35</span> minutes</span>)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="2088" data-mwtitle="Ediacara_biota.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Ediacara_biota.ogg" type="audio/ogg; 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